英语专业八级语言学辅导材料

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TEM8英语专业8级+翻译辅导讲座

英语专业八级考试翻译辅导讲座材料一、八级考试大纲对翻译测试的要求和规定1、测试目的：考察学生英汉两种语言的互译能力2、题型：本题为主观试题。

分两部分：第一部分汉译英，由300字左右的汉语短文组成，其中有150字左右的文字或段落用横线标出或用黑体字打印，要求考生将此部分译成英语。

第二部分英译汉。

由300个单词左右的英语短文组成，其中150个左右单词文字或段落用横线标出或用黑体字打印，要求考生将此部分译成汉语。

3、测试要求：汉译英要求考生运用汉译英理论与技巧，以每小时译约250－300汉字的速度将要求译出的部分译完，约150字左右。

译文要求忠实原文，语言表达通顺流畅。

英译汉要求考生运用英译汉理论与技巧，以每小时译约250英语单词的速度将要求译出的部分译完，约150单词左右。

译文要求忠实原文，语言表达通顺流畅。

4、考试时间：60分钟，两部分的写作时间可互相调剂使用。

二、考试项目、时间、题数及分数三、翻译原文的主要文体及话题主要问题为散文、议论文和政论文。

汉语散文的特点是形散神不散。

所以在翻译成英文时，要适当增加英语连词、副词等以使语句连贯，意义完整。

议论文既有描述，又有议论，夹叙夹议。

注意时态变化和习惯用法。

政论文往往语句较长，且不时地用被动语态。

所以在翻译时，语句结构要作调整，语态要作变化。

话题涉及社会热点，人生感悟，教育批评，读书学习等。

四、翻译中的关键问题一）理解问题：1. 词汇量问题：生词；熟词的多义性；粗心大意弄错词a. I grudge every marriage in that it means a fresh supply of orangeblossom, the promise of so much golden fruit cut short.* 我（妒忌）每场婚礼，因为它意味着要供应桔子花，这么多金色的水果的希望就砍断了。

b. It was tempting to say that Sept 11 changed all that, just as it istempting to say that every hero needs a villain, and goodness needsevil as its grinding stone. But try to look a widow in the eye andtalking about all the good that has come of this.* 令人引诱的说出9.11事件改变了这一切，正如（）英雄需要恶棍来陪衬，善良需要邪恶来作为磨刀石。

专八复习资料推荐

专八复习资料推荐专八，又叫英语专业八级考试，是英语专业本科毕业生的等级考试之一，通常被视为专业英语水平的代表。

对于考生来说，备战专八并不是一件轻松的事情，需要的不仅仅是坚定的决心和充足的时间，还需要足够的复习资料。

对于专八考试的备考资料，网上的资源丰富多彩，但我们要谨慎地选择优质的资料来进行备考。

以下是一些备受推崇的专八复习资料推荐：1.《考研英语历年真题精析》（王彦、刘洪波著）这是一本全面整理了专业英语历年真题的参考书，不仅有试题整理，还有详细的解析和词汇注解，对于备考专八来说非常实用，是备考过程中不可或缺的一本参考书。

2.《新编大学英语用法》（张道真主编）这是一本英语语言学的经典教材，既包括基础语法知识的讲解，又有丰富的语言实例和练习，可以辅助考生在专家考试中拥有英语语言学的深度理解。

3.《21天攻克雅思写作》（刘洪波著）雅思考试是全球公认的英语水平考试之一，而雅思写作是考生们比较头痛的一部分。

本参考书由专业考试解析师写作，提供简单易懂数以百计的写作实例和技巧，并对作文的常见题型进行深入讲解，可谓是一本能够帮助考生快速提升写作水平的教材。

4.《英语听力原版教材精选》（陆大龙著）英语听力考试是专八考试的重要部分，但是有效的英语听力训练却比较难找，这本书就为考生提供了宝贵的参考。

本书选取了多部优秀的英语听力原版教材，附有听力材料、听力理解和课后练习，可以帮助考生更好地掌握英语听力技巧。

5.《新东方专八写作指导》（刘毅著）刘毅老师有着丰富的英语教学经验，他的著作涉及多个考试科目。

这本参考书针对专八写作，系统地梳理了各类文章的写作方法和技巧，并附有大量的实例和模板，可以为考生的写作提供有力的支持。

除了以上推荐的参考书外，学习工具也是备考专八必不可少的。

前一段时间，网上出现了一款备受好评的英语学习App“AI易阅”。

该App基于智能语音识别和AI技术，能够为用户提供真实的英语口语训练和听力训练，以及各种题型的模拟考试。

专八语言学整理

专八语言学整理语言学——戴炜栋（牟杨译本的学习指南）重要人物汇总1. Ferdinand de Saussure索绪尔the founding father of modern structural linguistics 现代结构主义语言学创始人●提出语言language和言语speech的区别●词的横组合及纵聚合是其句法理论的重要部分Syntagmatic and Paradigmaticrelations is important part of Saussure’s syntactic theory.2. Noam Chomsky乔姆斯基：the founder of generative grammar生成语法创始人●1957简作TG Grammar的研究模式●普遍语法的概念3．Daniel Johns琼斯：the most famous system of Cardinal vowels最有名的标准元音系统4．M.A.K. Halliday英国语言学家韩礼德：系统功能语法Systemic-functional Grammar，与Chomsky提出的转换生成语法：Transformational-Generative grammar相区分5. Geoffrey Leech利奇：提出语义学Semantics的七种意义6. C. Morris he R. Carnap美国哲学家:将符号学Semiotics划分为三个分支7. J. Austin 和 J. Searle英国哲学家： Speech Act Theory：20世纪50年代认为语言不仅可以用来表述，更可以用来“做事doing things”，即“to do things with words”8. P.Grice格莱斯——美国哲学家：合作原则The Cooperative Principles9. Ogden and Richards 奥登和理查兹——semantic triangle or triangle of significance语义三角理论p63Chapter one Introduction1.语言学的定义:对语言进行的科学研究(the scientific study of language)2.语言学的范围语音学音位学语言学内部的主要分支形态学句法学语义学语用学社会语言学跨学科分支心理语言学应用语言学规定性与描写性共时性与历时性言语与文字3.语言学中的一些重要区分语言与言语语言能力与语言运用传统语法与现代语言学4.语言的定义5.语言的识别特征6.语言的作用术语双解1.linguistics(语言学)：Linguistics refers to the scientific study of language.对语言进行科学研究的学科。

专业英语八级复习资料

八级是通过考试发展的英语等级认证。

英语专业八级考试(TEM-8，Test for English Majors，Grade 8)，全称为全国高等学校英语专业高年级阶段统测。

接下来为你专业英语八级复习资料, 希翼对你有匡助。

美国概况1. In area, the United States is the largest country in the world.A 2ndB 3rdC 4thD 5th2.The 50th state in America isA AlaskaB TexasC HawaiiD Rhode Island3. Mauna Loa, the world’s largest active volcano, is located inA HawaiiB AlaskaC TexasD Perth4. Richard Nixon resigned in 1974 because of .A the Great DepressionB the Black Power MovementC the Watergate ScandalD the Isolation policy5.All the following universities are located in New England EXCEPTA YaleB HarvardC MITD Berkeley6.The United States has less than 6% of the world’s population; yet it produces about of the total world output.A 20%B 25%C 30%D 35%7.What forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States?A The Rio Grande RiverB The southern Rocky MountainsC The Colorado RiverD The Gulf of California8. The US formally entered the Second World War inA 1937B 1939 C1941 D 19439. The Presidents during the American Civil War was .A Andrew JacksonB Abraham LincolnC Thomas JeffersonD George Washington10 The emblem of the Democratic Party is .A elephantB donkeyC bearD bull答案及解析:1.C 按领土面积计算：美国是继俄罗斯，加拿大，中国之后的第四名。

专八考试知识语言学部分

语素morpheme的定义：the smallest meaningful unit of language.
语素可以分为自由语素free morpheme 和粘着语素bound morpheme. 自由语素可以单独出现或单独构成词语，比如 pleasant, cell. 粘着语素必须与其他语素一起出现，不能独立成词，比如 dis- ex- con-
上下义：例如animal-the pole bear, kangaroo, crocodile。其中animal是上义词super ordinate, 剩下的词叫下义词 hyponyms.
句子之间的语义关系semantic relations between sentences 有以下几种：1、蕴含entailment 例如：A.他去了中国。B.他去了亚洲。A蕴含于B。A entails B. 判断方法：A真B真，B假A假，A假B不一定，B真A不一定。 2.、预设 presupposition 例如：A.我的自行车需要修理。B.我有自行车。A预设于B。A presupposes B. 判断方法：其中的一个句子以另一个为前提条件。A真B真，A假B还真。
is called ______. (2008) A. hyponymy. B. synonymy. C. polysemy. D. homonymy. 考点：考察词汇之间的涵义关系sense relations.
记忆：涵义关系有5个：同义关系synonymy, 反义关系antonymy, 一词多义
①① 语用学 1. The speech act theory was first put forward by ______. (2005) 2. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of

英语专八语言学知识复习资料汇编

英语专八语言学知识复习资料汇编语言学知识在英语专业八级考试中占有重要地位，是单选题目的重要组成部分，掌握好语言学知识可有效提高专业八级考试成绩。

语言学知识共包括以下六个部分：语言学本质、语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学六个部分，这六部分从学习程度上分别以单词、句子、句群、段落知识依次递进，考生逐一理解掌握，才能打牢语言学基础知识，下面我们开始吧！第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征（Design Features）任意性Arbitratriness双层结构Duality多产性productive移位性Displacemennt文化传播性Cultural Transmission二、语言的功能（Functions of Language）传达信息功能Informative：最主要功能The main functio n人际功能Interpersonal：establish and maintain their identity行事功能performative：现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge，naming，and curses表情功能Emotive：表达强烈情感的语言，如感叹词/句exclamatory expressions寒暄功能Phatic：应酬话phatic language，比如“吃了没？”“天儿真好啊！” 等等元语言功能Metalingual：用语言来谈论、改变语言本身，如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学Core linguistic语音学Phonetics音位学Phonology形态学Morphology句法学Syntax.语义学Semantics语用学Pragmatics2. 边缘语言学Peripheral:·心理语言学psycho-linguistics·社会语言学socio-linguistics·人类语言学anthropo-linguistics·计算机语言学computer-linguistics四、语言学中几对基本概念1. 规定性研究Prescriptive与描述性研究DescriptivePrescriptive：着重于语言中“标准Standards”认为语言中存在着一种地位最高的语言形态，如标准语法/语音等，为规定人们如何说话、写作Descriptive：着重于语言中“事实Facts”，目的是描述人们一般是怎样说话、写作的2. 共时研究Synchronic和历时研究Diachronic3．语言Langue和言语Parole（由Ferdinand de Saussure索绪尔提出）Langue：指语言系统的整体the whole linguistic system，所有语言使用个体头脑中存储的word-image的总和，这个整体相对比较稳定。

TEM8 英语专八英美文学培训资料

T E M8英语专八英美文学英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期 (449-1066)A. Pagan poetry(异教诗歌):Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报B. Religious poetry:Caedmon(凯德蒙 610-680): 《赞美诗》（Anthem）,大多取材余《圣经》（Bible）故事。

Cynewulf(基涅武甫 9C): 《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）C. Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735)《英吉利人教会史》（Historian Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）Alfred the Great(848-901)Father of English Prose《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle）2) The Medieval Period中世纪 (1066-ca.1485 / 1500):Cavalier literature骑士文学A.Romance中世纪传奇故事 (1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 linesGeoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400): the father of English poetry; Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)The Canterbury Tales; The Parliament of Fowls；The Book of the DuchessThe House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》William Langland(朗兰 1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》B.English ballads（15th C）Thomas Malory(1395-1471) :Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴 (1500-1660):人文主义humanism; 十四行诗Sonnets; 无韵诗Blank verse; 戏剧Drama; 斯宾塞诗体Spenserian；University Wits 大学才子派1) 诗歌a. Thomas Wyatt(怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士 1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想 - “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》;Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc. Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poetThe Shepherd Calendar《牧人日历》；Amoretti《爱情小唱》The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian Stanza Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔 1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里 1553-160，散文家，剧作家&小说家)：Eupheus《尤菲绮斯》Euphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根 1561-1626)：Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classicPhilosophical: New Instrument《新工具》New Atlantis《新大溪岛》Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Professionals: Maxims of the Law《法律格言》3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe: University Wits 大学才子派First made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。

专八语言学知识Linguistics

《英语语言学概论》重、难点提示第一章语言的性质语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。

第二章语言学语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。

第三章语音学发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。

第四章音位学音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。

第五章词法学词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。

第六章词汇学词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。

第七章句法句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。

第八章语义学语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。

第九章语言变化语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）；第十章语言、思维与文化语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。

第十一章语用学语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。

英语专八复习资料3

第三部分：英语语言学一.语言学导论1.design feature of language（语言的定义特征）Defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication1)Arbitrariness（任意性）-----the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to theirmeaning.2)Duality(二层性)-----the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of theprimary level are composed of elements of the secondary level.举例：Sounds>syllables>words>phrases>clauses>sentences>texts/discourses3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)-----Language can be used to create new meaningsbecause of its duality举例1：/k/,/a:/,/p/----carp or park举例2：England,defeated,FranceEngland defeated France.France defeated England.4)Displacement（移位性）------Human languages enable their users to symbolize somethingwhich are not present at the moment of communication.5)Cultural Transmission(文化传递性)------language is passed on from generation togeneration through teaching and learning rather than instinct.4.Important Distinctions in Linguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)⏹1)Descriptive（描述性）vs.Prescriptive（规定性）Descriptive:describing how things are.Prescriptive:prescribing how things ought to be举例：Don't say X.People don't say X.The first is a prescriptive command,while the second is a descriptive statement.⏹2).Synchronic（共时性）vs.Diachronic（历时性）Synchronic:takes a fixed instant as its point of observation.Diachronic:the study of a language through the course of its history.举例：研究1800年的英语发音Synchronic studies(共时性研究)研究1800-1900的法语语法变化Diachronic studies(历时研究)⏹3).langue（语言）&parole（言语）Theorist：Saussure（索绪尔）,father of modern linguisticsLangue:abstract linguistic systemParole:actual realization of langue举例：汉语系统langue每个中国人在不同具体场景中说出的具体话语parole⏹4)Competence（语言能力）and performance（语言运用）Theorist:Chomsky(乔姆斯基)Competence:user's knowledge of rules about the linguistic system.Performance:the actual realization of this knowledge in concrete situations.nguage Families(世界语言分类)3.important distinctions in linguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念) langue（语言）&parole（言语）Competence（语言能力）and performance（语言运用）4.scope of linguistics(语言学的研究范围)1）按研究内容来分2）按研究导向来分39.Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A.Arbitrariness.B.Productivity.C.Cultural transmission.D.Finiteness.40.The distinction between parole and langue was made byA.HallidayB.ChomskyC.BloomfieldD.Saussure38.Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A.Arbitrariness.B.DisplacementC.Duality.D.Diachronicity38.Which of the following does NOT belong to the Indo-European Family?A.FrenchB.BengaliC.Vietnamee 属于南亚语系孟-高棉语族越-芒语支D.Polish39.Modern linguistics attempts to describe and analyze the language people actually use,and notto lay down rules for “correct linguistic behavior,so it is supposed to beA.descriptiveB.prescriptivemunicativeD.predictive二.语音学和音系学1.语音学(phonetics)和音系学(phonology)的定义和区别★Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages:how they are produced,transmittedand how they are received.语音学分类●articulatory phonetics(发音语音学):speaker’s production ●acoustic phonetics （声学语音学）:transmission’s medium ●auditory phonetics(听觉语音学):receiver’s reception★Phonology:aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how thesesounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.★区别:meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的语音）举例:too 和tea 中的/t/发too 中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea 中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处,音系学不研究2.语音学重要概念:清音和浊音Position of the vocal folds(声带):voicing(浊音)and voiceless(清音)Voiceless(清音)：vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting the air stream go through without causing obstruction清音举例：[p,s,t]Voicing/Voiced（浊音）：vocal cords held together,letting the air stream vibrates浊音:[b,z,d]1.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.2.As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels,the description of the consonants andvowels cannot be done along the same lines.3.音系学重要概念:音子，音位,超音段特征音系学定义：study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.音系学重要概念:●phone音子------a phonetic unit;the speech sounds we hear and produce during communicationare all phones举例:too和tea中的/t/发too中的/t/时,舌位更靠近口腔前部发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部所以too和tea中的/t/两个不同的音子●phoneme音位(音系研究的基本单位)-----phonological and abstract unit,a unit of distinctivevalue;the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.举例：tea和sea,/t/和/s/是两个不同的音位morpheme●supra-segmental features超音段特征-----Suprasegmental features:phonemic features that occurabove the level of the segments.●Supra-segmental features(超音段特征)：1.stress（重音）------sound feature which are caused by the differing rate of vibration of the vocalfolds.举例:perfect(adj)和perfect(v)tone(声调)/pitch(音高):举例:mā妈,má麻,mă马，mà骂2.intonation（语调）：pitch,stress,and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation.38.The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is_______A.morphologyB.general linguisticsC.phonologyD.semantics39.Which of the following is a CORRECT definition of a phone?A.It is a phonological unitB.It is a speech soundC.It is an abstract sound featureD.It is an actual realization of a phoneme40.When pitch,stress,and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation,they are collectively known asA.toneB.pronunciationC.voicingD.intonationWhat is the point of departure of phonology?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme(音位)What is the point of departure of phonetics?A.phoneB.soundC.voiceD.phoneme三.形态学1.语素的定义和分类1).morpheme(语素）.The most basic element of meaning in language，a n element that cannot befurther divided into smaller units without altering its meaning.举例：⏹ball⏹football⏹balls2)Types of MorphemesFree morphemes vs.Bound morphemes（自由语素和黏着语素）:Free morphemes:those that may constitute words by themselves,eg boy,girl,table,nation.Bound morphemes:those that cannot occur alone,eg-s,-ed,dis-,un-.Inflectional morpheme(屈折语素)=inflectional affix(屈折词缀)：change the grammatical meaning(number,aspect,case,tense)1.Inflectional morpheme（改变语法含义）:2.改变名称的性，数，格：-ess,-s,3.改变动词的时,态，体:-ing,-ed,4.改变形容词的级：-er,-estDerivational morpheme（派生语素）=inflectional affix(派生词缀）:change the lexical meaning1.Derivational morpheme(改变词义):2.改变词义：dis-,un-,multi-,micro-3.改变词性：en-,-full,-mentDis+like+s↓↓↓derivational free inflectional morphemelight+en+ed↓↓↓free derivational inflectional morpheme3.词的分类（classification of words）词的分类-按构词法分⏹如何区分派生词（derivational word）和合成词(compound word):拆开后看各个组成的语素能否都单独成词，如果可以，就是合成词，如果不能就是派生词。

英语专八人文知识之语言学部分

复习专八的同志们注意啦，个人潜心整理--人文知识之语言学部分，希望能帮上点儿忙，一起加油！作者：張旭BEYONDTEM-8 语言学知识复习总结重要概念梳理CNU 张旭ZX第一节语言的本质一、语言的普遍特征（Design Features）1任意性Arbitratriness：shu 和Tree都能表示“树”这一概念；同样的声音，各国不同的表达方式2双层结构Duality：语言由声音结构和意义结构组成（the structure of sounds and meaning）3多产性productive:语言可以理解并创造无限数量的新句子，是由双层结构造成的结果（Understand and create unlimited number with sentences）4移位性Displacemennt：可以表达许多不在场的东西，如过去的经历、将来可能发生的事情，或者表达根本不存在的东西等5文化传播性Cultural Transmission：语言需要后天在特定文化环境中掌握二、语言的功能（Functions of Language）6 1. 传达信息功能Informative：最主要功能The main function7 2. 人际功能Interpersonal：人类在社会中建立并维持各自地位的功能establish and maintain their identity8 3. 行事功能performative：现实应用——判刑、咒语、为船命名等Judge，naming，and curses9 4. 表情功能Emotive：表达强烈情感的语言，如感叹词/句exclamatoryexpressions10 5. 寒暄功能Phatic：应酬话phatic language，比如“吃了没？”“天儿真好啊！”等等11 6. 元语言功能Metalingual：用语言来谈论、改变语言本身，如book可以指现实中的书也可以用“book这个词来表达作为语言单位的“书”三、语言学的分支1. 核心语言学Core linguisticl 语音学Phonetics：关注语音的产生、传播和接受过程，着重考察人类语言中的单音。

专八考试知识语言学部分

语言学部分一、语言与语言学1, which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language ? (2005) A. arbitrariness. B. productivity. C. cultural transmission. D. finiteness.考点: 语言的区别性特征（design features）记忆：CD PAD. Cultural transmission. Displacement. Productivity (creativity). Arbitrariness. Duality.2. The distinction between parole and langue was made by _____. (2006)A. Halliday.B. Chomsky.C. BloomfieldD. Saussure.考点：语言流派的主要代表人物、四对儿概念的区分。

记忆：四对概念分别是：descriptive & prescriptive. Synchronic & diachronic. Langue & Parole. Competence & performance.代表人物：Saussure对应parole & Langue。

Chomsky对应Competence & performance3. language is a tool of communication. The symbol “high way closed” on a high way serves _____. (2010)A. an expressive function.B. an informative function.C. a performative function.D. a persuasive function.考点：语言的基本功能。

语言学知识(专八)

语言学知识语言学是对语言的系统研究，对于一个学习英语的人来说，应该懂一点语言学的知识，它可以在理论上对学习语言有指导作用，有助于更好的学习语言，下面介绍一点语言学知识。

I. Introduction1. What is LanguageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. What is Linguistics(语言学)Linguistics is the scientific study of language.3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics3.1 Speech and WritingOne general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) StudiesThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).4.The Scope of LinguisticsGeneral linguistics is the study of language as a whole.Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.Historical Linguistics(历史语言学) is the study of language changes.Anthropological linguistics(人文语言学) uses the theories and methods of anthropology to study language variation and language use in relation to the cultural patterns and beliefs of man.Neurolinguistics(神经语言学) studies the neurological basis of language development and use in human beings.Mathematical linguistics(数学语言学) studies the mathematical features of language, often employing models and concepts of mathematics.Computational linguistics(计算语言学) is an approach to linguistics in which mathematical techniques and concepts(概念) are applied, often with the aid of a computer.II. Phonetics(语音学）1. scope of phoneticsSpeech sounds may be studied from different angles, thus we have at least three branches of phonetics:Articulatory phonetics(发音语音学）we may examine the way in which a speech sound is produced to discover which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate(协调）in the process.Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）we may look into the impression a speaker makes on the hearer as mediated(调节）by the ear, the auditory nerve(神经）and the brain.Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学）we study the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted（传送）between mouth and ear.2. The vocal organsThe vocal organs may be viewed as consisting of three parts, the initiator of the air-stream,(气流发生器官）the producer of voice（声音发生器官）and the resonating cavities.（声音共振器官）3. Consonants(辅音）Places of articulation(发音部位）: bilabial,(双唇）Labiodentals,（唇齿）dental,（齿）alveolar,（齿龈）retroflex,（卷舌）palate-alveolar,（上齿龈）palatal,（上颚）velar,（软腭）uvular,（小舌）glottal(声门）Manners of articulation: plosive,（暴破）nasal,（鼻音）trill,（颤音）lateral,（边音）fricative,（摩擦）approximant,（近似音）affricate（破擦）4. Vowels (元音）The classification of vowels: the height of tongue raising (high, mid, low), the position of the highest part of the tongue(front, central, back), and the degree of lip rounding(rounded, unrounded)III. Phonology（音韵学）1. phonemes(音素）：a distinctive(有区别的）sound in a language.2. Allophones(音位变体）：The nondistinctive sounds are members of the same phoneme.3. Minimal pairs(最小对立体）：word forms which differ from each other only by one sound.4. Free variation (自由变异）：If two sounds occurring in the same environment(环境）, they does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word.5. Complementary distribution(补充分类）：Not all the speech sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur in the same environment6.Suprasegmental phonology(超音段音位）：the study of phonological properties(性质）of units lager than the segment-phoneme. They are syllable(音节），stress,（重音）word stress, sentence stress. pitch （音调）and intonation（语调）.IV. Morphology（词法）1. inflection(构形法）：the grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes.(屈折词缀）2. Word-formation(构词）：the processes(过程）of word variations signaling lexical relationships.（表明词法关系）They are compound(合成）and derivation (派生）.3. Morpheme(词素）：the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content.4. Allomorph(同质异象变体）：some morphemes have considerable variation, for instance, alternate shapes or phonetic forms.5. Types of morphemes: They are roots,(词根）affix（词缀）and stem（词干）.6. Lexicon(语言词汇）：in its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary.7. Closed-class words(封闭性）and open-class words(开放性）：the former whose membership is fixed or limited and the latter whose membership is in principle(实际上）indefinite or unlimited.8. Word class(词性）：It displays a wider range of more precisely defined classes.9. Lexeme(词位）：the smallest unit in the meaning system of a language that can be distinguished from other smaller units.10. Idiom(习语，成语）：Most phrasal lexemes are idioms. It is especially true for a sequence of words(词序）which is semantically（语义上）and often syntactically(句法上）restricted.（限制）11. Collocation(搭配）：the habitual(习惯的）co-occurrences （同时出现）of individual lexical items.V. Syntax (句法）1. Positional relation or word order（词序）：the sequential(顺序）arrangement of wordsin a language.2. Construction or constituent (句子结构）：the overall process of internal (内部）organization of a grammatical unit .3. Syntactic function(句法功能）：the relationship between a linguistic form and other parts of the linguistic pattern in which it is used. The names of functions are expressed in terms of subjects, objects, predicates, modifiers,(修饰语）complements（补语）, etc.4. Category(范畴）：It refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, e.g. noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb phrase, etc. The categories of the noun include number, gender, case and countability.5. Phrase: a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the subject-predicate structure typical of clause.6. Clause: a group of words with its own subject and predicate, if it is included in a larger sentence.7. Sentence: It is the minimum part of language that expresses a complete thought.VI. Semantics1. Conceptualism or mentalism (概念主义）：Following F. De Saussure(索学尔）'s "sign" theory, the linguistic sign is said to consist of a signifier （所指）and signified（被指）, i.e., a sound image and a concept, liked by a psychological（心理的）"associative" bond.（相关了解）2. Mechanism(机械主义）：Some linguists, Bloomfield,(布鲁费尔德）for example, turned to science to counter（反）-act the precious theories and this leads to what call the mechanistic approach（方法）. The nature of this theory has nothing to do with the scientific study of mental phenomena.（智力现象）3. Contextualism （语境主义）：It is based on the presumption(假定）that one can derive meaning from or reduce it to observable context.4. Behaviorism (行为主义）：Behaviourists attempt to define (定义）the meaning of a language form as "the situation(情景）in which the speaker utters（说话）it and the response（反应）it calls forth in the hearer."5. functionalism (功能主义）：functionalists as represented (代表）by the Prague school（布拉格学派）linguists and neo-Firthian （新弗斯）linguists, approach the problem from an entirely new orientation（方法）. They argue（争辩）that meaning could only be interpreted （解释）from its use or function in social life.6. Sense relationships: While reference deals with the relationship between the linguistic elements, words, sentences, etc.,and the non-linguistic world of experience, sense relates to the complex system of relationships that hold between the linguistic elements themselves. They include synonymy(同义词），antonymy(反义词）,hyponymy(下层次）Polysemy(一词多义）and Homonymy (同音异义词）7. Semantic analysis: It includes 1) componential（成分）analysis which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components.(意义成分）2) predication (表述）analysis in which the meaning of a sentence is not merely the sum of the meanings of the words which compose it. 3) relational components in which the semantic analysis of some words presents a complicated picture, because they show relations between two and perhaps more terms.VII. Language variation (语言变化）1. Lexical change(词汇的变化）：changes in lexis.2. Invention: (新造词）new entities.3. Compounding合成词）New words are sometimes constructed by combining two old words.4. Blending: (混合词）：It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two roots are blended by joining the initial part of the first root and the final part of the second root, or by joining the initial parts of the two roots.5. Abbreviation or clipping缩写）A new word is created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part.6. acronym取首字母的缩写词）It is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified (修饰）headword.7. metanalysis再分化）It refers to a process through which a division is made where there were note before.8. Back-formation逆构词）It refers to an abnormal(非正常）type of word-formationwhere a shorter word is derived by deleting(去掉）an imagined affix from a longer form already present in the language.9. Analogical creation:(类比造词）It can account for（说明）the co-existence of two forms, regular and irregular, in the conjugation(结合）of some English verbs.10. Borrowing（借用）：English in its development has managed to widen her vocabulary by borrowing words from other languages.11. Phonological change(音变）：It is related to language variation in the phonological system of language. It includes loss,(省音）addition,（加音）assimilation,（同化）dissimilation.（异化）12. Grammatical change: Changes in both morphology（词法）and syntax（句法）are listed under this heading.13. Semantic change:(语义变化）It includes broadening,（语义扩大）narrowing,（语义缩小）meaning shift,（意义转化）class shift（词性转换）and folk etymology.（词源变化）14. Orthographic change ：(正字法）Changes can also be found at the graphetic level.[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。

ABC of Linguistics语言学基础专八必备

• A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language which distinguish two words. • pit -- bit /p/, /i/, /t/ -- /b/, /i/, /t/ • ban – bin • An allophone is any of the different forms of a phoneme. • /p/: deep, pit, speak
• minimal pair: two words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound (one phoneme) and which also differ in meaning. e.g. • bear --- pear • Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. • morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language. A morpheme cannot be divided without altering or destroying its meaning. e.g. • „kind‟ is one morpheme, while „unkindness‟ has three morphemes: un- (negative prefix), kind (stem), -ness (noun-forming suffix). • Morphemes can have grammatical functions. eg. She talks. (There are two morphemes in „talks‟.)

专八人文知识材料-语言学

人文知识部分的考察一共有10道题目，包括四道文化题目、三道文学题目、三道语言学题目。

纵观历年真题，英语语言学部分主要考察语言学的概念，并根据概念进行实例分析。

对于语言学，英语专业的学生要掌握以下知识点：1.语言的基本概念及特征：任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性和文化传递性。

2.语言学的基本概念：口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言语、语言能力与语言运用、语言潜势与语言行为。

3.语音学：发音器官的英文名称、英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法、语音学的定义，发音语音学、听觉语音学、声学语音学、元音及辅音的分类、严式与宽式音标。

4.音位学：音位理论、最小对立体，自由变异、互补分布、语音的相似性、区别性特征、超音段音位学、音节、重音等。

5.词法学：词法的定义、曲折词与派生词、构词法、词素的定义、词素变体、自由词素、粘着词素等。

6.句法：句法的定义、范畴、短语规则、句子规则，表层结构和深层结构、转换与生成。

7.语义学：语义的定义、语义的有关理论、意义种类、词汇意义关系、句子语义关系。

8.语用学：语用学的定义、语义学与语用学的区别、语境与意义、言语行为理论、合作原则语言变化。

9.语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）10.语言与社会：社会语言学的概念、语言变体、语域、双语现象与双言制。

11.语言思维与文化：语言与文化的定义、萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说、语言与思维的关系、语言与文化的关系、中西文化的异同。

12.语言习得：语言习得的基本理论、语言习得的认知因素、语言环境与关键期假设，语言习得的过程、语言习得过程中的非典型性发展。

13.二语习得：母语习得与二语习得之间的关系、对比分析、错误分析、中介语、输入假说。

个体差异等。

14.语言与大脑：神经语言学与心理语言学的基本概念15.现代语言学理论与流派语言和语言学1、语言的区别性特征：Design of features of language任意性 arbitrariness 指语言符号和它代表的意义没有天然的联系二重性 duality 指语言由两层结构组成创造性 creativity 指语言可以被创造移位性 displacement 指语言可以代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、时间、观点2、语言的功能信息功能 informative人际功能 interpersonal施为功能 performative感情功能 emotive function寒暄功能 phatic communication娱乐功能 recreational function元语言功能 metalingual function3、语言学主要分支语音学 phonetics 研究语音的产生、传播、接受过程，考查人类语言中的声音音位学 phonology 研究语音和音节结构、分布和序列形态学 morphology 研究词的内部结构和构词规则句法学 syntax 研究句子结构，词、短语组合的规则语义学 semantics 不仅关心字词作为词汇的意义，还有语言中词之上和之下的意义。

英语专业八级复习资料

英语专业八级复习资料英语专业八级考试是英语专业学生必须要面对的一道坎。

这项考试要求学生具备较高的英语水平，包括听、说、读、写、译等多方面的能力。

针对这一考试，英语专业八级复习资料是必不可少的选择。

第一部分：听力听力是英语专业八级考试的重点之一。

如果要在听力这个环节取得好成绩，就需要有针对性的练习资料。

建议可参考《全国英语专业八级听力模拟试题》、《英语专业八级听力精讲精练》等几本权威的英语听力辅导资料。

同时，还可以在网络上寻找相关的英语听力练习资源，如ETS官网等。

第二部分：口语英语专业八级口语考试主要测试学生的口语流利度和表达能力。

想要突破口语难题，就需要不断的练习和磨练。

有些学生可能缺乏口语练习的机会，这时候可以借助录音设备或者与外教进行语言交流，通过模拟真实的考场环境，加强自己的口语表达能力。

第三部分：翻译英语专业八级考试中，翻译是一个关键的环节，要求考生能够熟练进行中英文翻译。

翻译练习是提高英语翻译水平不可缺少的环节。

推荐参考《全国英语专业八级考试翻译模拟试题及答案解析》、《英语专业八级翻译》等几本翻译专业辅导资料，通过反复的练习来掌握翻译技巧和模式。

第四部分：阅读和写作英语专业八级考试的阅读和写作环节常常会成为许多学生的瓶颈。

针对这一问题，可选择参考《全国英语专业八级阅读理解模拟试题及答案解析》、《英语专业八级大作文》等辅导资料。

阅读理解需要考生在词汇、语法和逻辑等方面不断提高，通过大量阅读来提高自己的阅读能力。

写作练习则需要学生不断练习各类写作题目，模拟真实的考试环境，提高自己的写作水平。

总结英语专业八级考试是具有挑战性的一个考试，不仅需要广泛而深厚的英语知识，还需要强大的应对能力。

针对如上几部分，学生要想通过考试，就必须要有相关的复习资料来进行练习和提高。

同时，也要有充分的信心和准备，不断努力，相信自己一定能够取得优异的成绩。

英语专业八级语言学辅导材料

英语专业八级语言学辅导材料Section 1 What is Linguistics?nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal sysmbols used for human _____.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Language is _______.A. instinctiveB. non-instincitveC. staticD. genetically transmitted3. A linguist regards the changes in language and languages use as ______.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. naturalD. abnormal4. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang5. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ____.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative6. _____ is a grammatical description of a language specially designed as an aid to teaching that language to native or foreign learners.A. Descriptive grammarB. Prescriptive grammarC. Pedagogical grammarD. Universal grammar7. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say sui sui ping an (every year be sage and happy) as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive.C. Performative.D. Recreatioal.8. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barrirs caused by time and place, due to this featue of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. Transferability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.9. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play accoridng to the functiona of language?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. Emotive.B. Phatic.C. Performative.D. Interpersonal.10. Which branch of lingusitcs studies the similarities and differences among languages?A. Diachronic linguistics.B. Synchronic linguistics.C. Prescriptive linguistics.D. comparative linguistics.11. _____ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of therules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole12. _____ deals with language application to other fields, particualrly educaiton.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics参考答案：1-6 BBCACC 7-12 CCBDACSection 2 Phonology1.Pitch variation is known as ______ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a _____ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are ______ of the p phoneme.A. analogues.B. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as ____.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as ____ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ____.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phonetics.B. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phonetics.D. Neither of them.8. Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?A. [z]B. [w]C. [θ]D. [v]9. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]10. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]11. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrationg?A. V oicelessB. V oicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant12. Which consonant represents the following description: voiceless labiodental fricative?A. [f]B. [θ]C. [z]D. [s]参考答案：ACDADD 7-12 BBABBASection 3 Morphology1.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called _______ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are _____ morphemes in the word denationalizaiton.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called _________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. free morphemes5. Morphology is generally divided into two fields: the study of word-formation and _________.A. affixationB. etymologyC. inflectionD. root6. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and ______.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation7. ______ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. AffixationB. Back-formationC. InsertionD. Addition8. The word TB is formed in the way of _______.A. acronymyB. clipppingC. initialismD. blending9. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed”in the word “learned” is known as a(n) ________.A. derivaitonal morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form10. The words like cosmat and sitcom are formed by ______.A. blendingB. clippingC. backformationD. acronymy11. The stem of disagreements is _____.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement12. All of them are meaningful except for ______.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD. allomorph参考答案：1-6 AACBCC 7-12 BCCADBSection 4 Syntax1.The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is ______.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome2. The phrse “on the shelf” belongs to _____ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentric（离心结构）C. subordinateD. coordinate3. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves” isa _____ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex4. Iin a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called a(n) _____ clause.A. finiteB. non-infiniteC. embedded （嵌入句）D. matrix5. _____ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.A. MorphologyB. syntaxC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics6. ________ does not belong to major syntactic categories.A. AuxiliaryB. NPC. ND. PP7. __________ refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another.A. ConjoiningB. EmbeddingC. CorcordD. Government8. The term __ is used in a narrow sense to conclude only reflexives like myself and reciprocals like each other.A. pronominalB. anaphorC. re-expressionD. binding9. In Halliday’s view, the _________ funciton of language is realized as the transitivity system in clauses as a representation of experience.A. ideationalB. interpersonalC. textualD. social10. The criterion used in IC analysis is ___________.A. transformationB. conjoiningC. groupingD. substitutability11. __________ is a type of control over the form of some words by other words incertain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category.A. ConcordB. GovernmentC. BindingD. C-command12. The phrase “my small child’s cot” is an ambiguous phrase, which can be revealed by ________ tree diagrams.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four参考答案：1-6 DBACBA 7-12 ABADBCSection 5 Semantics1._________ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum fromcasual to formal according to the type of communicative context.A. Stylistic variationB. Ideolectal variationC. Social variationD. Regional variation2. Cold and hot are a pair of _____ antonyms.A. gradableB. complementaryC. reversalD. converseness3. Idioms are _____.A. sentencesB. naming unitsC. phrasesD. communication units4. _______ describes whether a proposition is true or false.A. TruthB. Truth valueC. Truth conditionD. Falsehood5. “John hit Peter” and “Peter was hit by John” are the same _______>A. propositionB. sentenceC. utteranceD. truth6. Bull: [BOVINE] [MALE] [ADULT] is an example of ______.A. componential analysisB. predication analysisC. compositionalityD. selection restriction7. The semantic triangle holds that the meaning of a word __________.A. is interpreted through the mediation of concept.B. Is related to the thing it refers to.C. Is the idea associated with that word in the minds of speakers/D. Is the image it is represented in the mind.8.When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and the falsityof sentence (b) guarantees the falsity of sentnece (a), we can say that _____.A.sentence (a) presupposes sentence (b)B. sentence (a) entails sentence (b)C. sentence (a) is inconsistent with sentence (b)D. sentence (a) contradicts sentence (b)9. “Tom likes apples.” is a case of ________.A. two-place predicationB. one-place predicationC. two-place argumentD. one-place argument10. “John killed Bill but bill didn’t die” ia a(n) _____.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction11. The particular words or constructions that produce presuppotions is called _____.A. presupposition conditionB. truth conditionC. presupposition triggerD. truth value12. Lexical ambiguity arises from pplysymy or __ which can not be determined by the context.A. homonymyB. antonymyC. meronymyD. synonymy参考答案：1-6 AABBAA 7-12 ABADCASection 6 Pragmatics1._________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effectsuccessful communication.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Psycholinguistics2. ___________ found that natural language had its own logic and conclude cooperative principle.A. John AustinB. John FirthC. Paul GriceD. William Jones3. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ______.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics4. ________ proposed that speech act can fall into five general categories.A. AustinB. SearleC. SapirD. Chomsky5. Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the ____.A. declarationsB. directivesC. commissivesD. expressives6. The illocutionary point of the _ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. declarationB. expressivesC. commissivesD. directives7. Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _____. X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner8. The violation of one or more of the conversational ______ (of the CP) can, when the listener fully understands the speaker, create conversational implicature, and humor sometimes.A. standardsB. principlesC. levelsD. maxims9. Most of the vilations of the maxims of the CP give rise to ______.A. breakdown of conversationB. confusion of one’s intentionC. hostitility between speakers and the listenersD. conversational implicatures10. Speech Act Theory was proposed by _____ in 1962.A. SaussureB. AustinC. ChomskyD. Grimm11. The maxim of quantity requires: ________.A. contribute as informative as requiredB. do not contribute more than is requiredC. do not say what has little evidenceD. both A and B12. according to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.A. commissivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declaratives参考答案：1-6 BCBBCB 7-12 CDDBDASection 7 Language and society1.________ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speechsituations.A. SlangB. Address termsC. RegistersD. Education varieties2. In sociolinguistics, ____ refers to a group of institutionalized social situations typically constrained by a common set of behavioral rules.A. domainB. situationC. societyD. community3. _____ is defined as any regionally or socially defined human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. A speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A country4. _____ variation of language is th emost discernible and definable in speech variation.A. RegionalB. SocietyC. StylisticD. Idiolectal5. ___________ is not a typical example of official bilingualism.A. CanadaB. FinlandC. BelgiumD. Germany6. ________ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straight forward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communicaiton.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard language7. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in ____ and vocabulary.A. diglossiaB. bilingualismC. pidginizationD. blending8. _______ is a causal use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of arbitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech.A. Lanugage tabooB. SlangC. Address termsD. register variety9. _______ variety refers to speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. RegionalB. SocialC. StylisticD. Idiolectal10. In a speech community people have something in common _____ language or a particular variety of language and rules and rules for using it.A. sociallyB. linguisticallyC. culturallyD. pragmatically11. Probably the most widespread and familiar ethnic variety of the English language is ____.A. British EnglishB. American EnglishC. Black EnglishD. Australian English12. ______ in a person’s speech, or writing, usually ranges on a continuum from casual to formal according to the type of communicative content.A. Regional variationB. Social variationC. Stylistic variationD. Idiolectal variation参考答案：1-6 CAAADC 7-12 CBABCDSection 8 Psycholinguistics1.______ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. SociolinguisticsB. PsycholinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. Morphology2. Which of the major mental functions listed below is not under the control of the left hemisphere in most people?A. Language and speech.B. Visual and spacial skills.C. Redaing and writing.D. Analytic reasoning.3. Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ____.A. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and the angular gyrusB. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and cerebral cortexC. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and neuronsD. Broca’s area, Wernick e’s area and Exner’s area4. When we speak, words are sent to _______, which determines the details of their form and pronunciation.A. Broca’s areaB. Wernicke’s areaC. the angualr gyrusD. motor area5. What kind of patients cannot convet a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa?A. The linguistic deprivationB. Broca’s aphasicsC. Wernicke’s aphasicsD. The damage on the angular gyrus6. When we listen, the word is heard and comprehend via ______ area.A. Broca’sB. motorC. neuronsD. wernicke’s7. ___________ is the mental functions under the control of the right hemisphere.A. Language and speechB. CalculationC. Holistic reasoningD. Associative thought8. Stimuli heard in the left ear are reported less accurately than those heard in the right ear. This phenomenon is known as the _______.A. brain lateralizaitonB. linguistic lateralizationC. right ear advantageD. cerebral plasticity9. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases:A. no-wordB. babblingC. talkingD. uttering10. At the age of four, children ____________.A. can master the essentials of their mother tongueB. can only babble several soundsC. can name the things around them onlyD. Can write out the grammatical rules of their language11. ________ refers to the gradual and suconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A. LearningB. CompetenceC. PerformanceD. Acquisition12. Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experienced the world differently, that is relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of ______________.A. linguistic determinationB. linguistic relativismC. linguistic nativismD. linguistic behaviorism参考答案：1-6 BBAADD 7-12 CCBADBSection 9 Language Acquisition1.___________ modifications are not only successful, but have the added advantageof providing learnrs with continued access to the very linguistic items they have yet to acquire.A. ElaborativeB. LinguisticC. ConversationalD. Discourse2. Negative transfer in learning a second language is known as ________.A. interferenceB. interlanguageC. fossilizationD. acculturation3. Beside the genetic predisposition for language acquisition, language ______ is necessary for successful language acquisition.A. instructionB. correctionC. imitationD. input and interaction4. Intelligibility means that any human being can be both a producer and a ________ of messages.A. senderB. receiverC. mediumD. none of above5. ________ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. CompetenceB. PerformanceC. LearningD. Acquisition6. In ______, researchers take part in the activities they are studying.A. particular observationB. non-participant observationC. experimentD. introspection7. _______ are devised to reveal what a learner knows: the rules he is using and the systems and categories he is working with.A. experimentsB. quasi-experimentsC. testsD. tasks8. ________ sees errors as the result of the intrusion of L1 habits over which the learner had no control.A. error analysisB. performance analysisC. contrstive analysisD. discourse analysis9. It is a case of ________ when a speaker produced two negative utterances in close proximity to each other, in the same context, wile addressing the same person and with similar amounts of planning time:No look my card.Don’t look my card.A. free variationB. systematic variationC. linguistic variationD. context variation10. ________ is the language used when speakers are communicationg spontaneously and freely and consequently not atteding to the forms they choose.A. careful styleB. vernacular styleC. cognitive styleD. style continnum11. The characteristic of languistic environment for L2 acquisition is that linguistic adjustments and ______ have been made to non-native speakers.A. noisy utterancesB. caretaker speechesC. ill-formed structuresD. conversational adjustments12. ________ theories of learning of learning hold that an organism’s nuture, orexperience, is of more importance to development than its nature, or innate contributions.A. EnvironmentalistB. NativistC. InteractionalD. Mentalist参考答案：1-6 AADBCA 7-12 DCABDASection 10 Schools of Linguistics1.The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is _____.A. FirthB. SaussureC. HallidayD. Chomsky2. The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of _____.A. functionB. meaningC. signsD. system3. The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is ______.A. BoasB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. Harris4. The theory of _______ considers that all sentences are generated from a semantic structure.A. Case GrammarB. Stratificational GrammarC. Relational GrammarD. Generative Semantics5. Generally speaking, the _____ specifies whether a cetain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.A. SlotB. ClassC. RoleD. Cohesion6. _________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.A. TraditionalB. StrucutralC. FunctionalD. Generative7. Hjelmslev is a Danish linguist and the central figure of the ______.A. Prague SchoolB. Copenhagen SchoolC. London SchoolD. Generative Semantics8. _______ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.A. StratificationalB. CaseC. RelationalD. Montague9. In Halliday’s view, the _ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.A. personalB. heuristicC. imaginativeD. informative10. The rheme in the the sentence “On it stood Jane” is ________.A. On itB. stoodC. On it stoodD. Jane11. Chomsky follows _________in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.A. empiricismB. behavirourismC. rationalismD. mentalism12. TG Grammar has seen _____ stages of development.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six参考答案：1-6 BACDAA 7-12 BABDCC。

历年英语专业八级考试语言学精华汇编(1)

English英语专八学习语言学重点精华汇总一什么是语言学语言学的鼻祖要知道Saussure是Father of Modern Linguistics，他出版了一部很具代表性的著作Course in General Linguistics●语言及语言学的两个定义要清楚：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication Linguistics is a branch of science,which takes language as its object of investigation.●一些重要的对立性的概念，同学一定要区别开1.Prescriptive+Descriptive（规定一定要这样说或写+实际上我们是这么说或写）2.Synchronic+Diachronic（Saussure提出，研究某一特定时间段内的语言+研究在每一个历史阶段的语言）ngue+Parole（Saussure提出，Sociological角度出发）（一套完整的语言系统，规定了条条框框+我们现实中说的语言，按现实走，所以会变）petence+Performance（Chomsky提出，Psychological角度出发）（理想情况下说话者完全遵守语言规则+我们在现实生活中的语言运用）●Language5特征：随意性Arbitrariness(Saussure提出)+双重性Duality+多产性Productivity+移位性Displacement（语言可表达非现实的东西，如龙）+文化传播性Cultural Transmission （要靠后天学习才会掌握）●其他衍伸的学科（按字面上的理解即可）Psycholinguistics心理语言学/语言心理学、Sociolinguistics社会语言学、Anthropological Linguistics人类语言学二语音学Phonetics●定义：研究的是speech sounds,如speech production，研究的对象是Phone●国际音标图叫做the International Phonetic Alphabet/IPA chart:特别注意：什么是变音符Diacritics？是额外附加到我们所熟知的字母音标的。

专八语言学资料2

专⼋语⾔学资料2【 1 】As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A. descriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. prescriptiveD. psycholinguistic【 2 】The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as __.A.+animate,+male,+human,-adultB.+animate,+male,+human,+adultC.+animate,-male,+human,-adultD.+animate,-male,+human,+adult【 3 】The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in and vocabulary.A. usageB. grammarC. pronunciationD. structure【 4 】According to_____, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language user.A. Roman JacobsonB. Leonard BloomfieldC. Kenneth PikeD. Noam Chomsky【 5 】The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day,eight days a week."obviously violates the maxim of ______.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner【 6 】Which of the following is NOT related to Noam Chomsky?A. Deep StructureB. Theme and RhemeC. Transformational ComponentD. Surface Structure【7 】The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A. semanticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics【8 】Which of the following are NOT relational antonyms?A. give: receiveB. father: sonC. clever: stupidD. teacher: student【9 】Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics ofspeech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?A. SemanticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneticsD. Pragmatics【10 】“I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of ________A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement【11 】Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A. elaborationB. simplificationC. external borrowingD. internal borrowing【12 】“Don?t end a sentence with a preposition.” This is an example of _____ rules.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. transformationalD. functional【13 】A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. subordinatorC. prepositionD. particle【14 】refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium ofA. Lingua francaB. PidginC. CreoleD. Standard language【15 】Which of the following is the correct description of [v]?A. voiceless labiodental fricativeB. voiced labiodental stopC. voiceless labiodental stopD. voiced labiodental fricative【16 】According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisition【17 】_________meaning is concerned with the relationship between a word andthe thing it refers to.A. DenotativeB. ConnotativeC. AffectiveD. Reflective【18 】Which of the following are gradable antonyms?A. good---badB. male----femaleC. alive----deadD. buy-----sell【19 】Modern English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GermanicB. RomanC. ItalianD. Greek【20 】Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns?A. voiceB. numberC. caseD. gender【21 】In the following conversation:- Beirut is in Peru, isn't it?- And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.The second person violates the__________.A. Quantity MaximB. Quality MaximC. Manner MaximD. Relation Maxim【22 】There are__________ diesis in the sentence she has sold it here yesterday.A. 6B.5C. 4D. 3【23 】The sense relation between ewe and sheep is _________A. synonymB. polysemyC. hyponymyD. homonymy【24 】The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism【25 】In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and Danish Vikings. With the invaders, many ________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. ScandinavianC. CelticD. Roman【26 】“Can I borrow your bike?” _____ “ You have a bike.”A. presupposesB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. is synonymous with【27 】When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he isperforming__________.A. a perlocutionary actB. an illocutionary actC. a locutionary actD. none of the above【28 】The original meaning of wife is _______.A. a married womanB. a young womanC. womanD. widowed woman【29 】“We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. behaviorismC. the naming theoryD. contexutalism【30 】In Shakespearean line …rats and mice and such small deer?, deer obviously designates …_____? in general.A. animalB. a doeC. a deer-like animalD. buck【 1 】Arbitrariness means you can use languages in any way you like.【 2 】The meaning of meat changed by mode of degradation.【 3 】One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their etymology.【 4 】In some languages, grammatical gender had little to do with the biological sex.【 5 】Geographical barriers are the only source of regional variation of language. 【 6 】Language change is a gradual and constant process, therefore often indiscernible to speakers of the same generation.【7 】The naming theory is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for.【8 】Language use varies from one speech community to another, from one regional group to another, from one social group to another, and even from one individual to another.【9 】A person?s social backgrounds do not exert a shaping influence on his choice of linguistic features.【10 】A linguistic taboo refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" society from general use.【 1 】C is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix.【 2 】The p relation is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in structure, or between one element present and the others absent.【 3 】Affective meaning indicates the speaker?s a towards the person or thing in question.【 4 】Homonymy refers to cases where lexemes with the same phonological or m_________________ shape have different meanings.【 5 】Cooperative principle: Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted p or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.【 6 】Speakers give us clues about when they are finished speaking, about when they are going to change a topic, or when they expect us to speak or not to speak. These clues are known as discourse m .【7 】The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .【8 】 A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a m of communication among groups of people from diverse linguistic backgrounds.【9 】The t is the starting point for the message; it is the ground from which the clause is taking off.【10 】Language is a : no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.1~5：Conversion paradigmatic attitude morphological purpose6~10：markers bilabial medium theme arbitrary。

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