英语词汇学复习题(A)

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词汇学试题及答案

词汇学试题及答案

词汇学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 词汇学是研究语言中词汇的科学,它主要研究的是语言中的()。

A. 词汇的构成B. 词汇的意义C. 词汇的运用D. 词汇的演变答案:A2. 下列哪一项不是词汇学的研究内容?()A. 词义的演变B. 词义的分类C. 词义的辨析D. 语法规则答案:D3. 词汇学中,词素是指()。

A. 构成词的基本单位B. 词的发音单位C. 词的书写单位D. 词的意义单位答案:A4. 在词汇学中,语义场是指()。

A. 词义的分类B. 词义的演变C. 词义的辨析D. 一组词义相关的词答案:D5. 词汇学研究中,同义词是指()。

A. 意义完全相同的词B. 意义相近的词C. 形式相同的词D. 用法相同的词答案:B6. 下列哪一项不是词汇学中词义的分类?()A. 抽象意义B. 具体意义C. 语法意义D. 色彩意义答案:C7. 词汇学中,词义的演变通常包括()。

A. 词义的扩大B. 词义的缩小C. 词义的转移D. 以上都是答案:D8. 词汇学中,词义的辨析主要研究的是()。

A. 词与词之间的联系B. 词与词之间的差异C. 词与词之间的相似性D. 词与词之间的对立答案:B9. 在词汇学中,词义的模糊性是指()。

A. 词义的不确定性B. 词义的明确性C. 词义的多重性D. 词义的单一性答案:A10. 词汇学中,词义的多义性是指()。

A. 一个词有多种意义B. 一个词只有一种意义C. 一个词的意义是固定的D. 一个词的意义是单一的答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 词汇学中的词素是指构成词的________。

答案:基本单位2. 语义场是指一组________的词。

答案:词义相关3. 同义词是指意义________的词。

答案:相近4. 词义的演变包括词义的________、________和________。

答案:扩大、缩小、转移5. 词义的辨析主要研究的是词与词之间的________。

《英语词汇学》自考真题试题及答案解析

《英语词汇学》自考真题试题及答案解析

《英语词汇学》自考真题试题及答案解析总分:102分题量:51题一、单选题(共51题,共0分)1.“Woman”becomes“Frau”inGerman,“femme”inFrenchand“fùnǔ”inChinese.Thisexampleshowsthatindifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanbe representedbydifferent______.A.soundsB.formsC.unitiesD.meanings正确答案:A本题解析:暂无解析2.Thefollowingwordsofthebasicwordstockdenotethemostcommonthingsandphe nomenaoftheworldaroundusEXCEPT______.A.fireB.hotC.photoscanningD.sister正确答案:C本题解析:暂无解析3.Aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationan dspelling.WhichofthefollowingwordscomesfromChinese?A.BazaarB.KowtowC.RajahD.Blitzkrieg正确答案:B本题解析:暂无解析4.TheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyismadeupofthelanguagesofthefollowingE XCEPT______.A.EuropeB.theFarEastC.IndiaD.theNearEast正确答案:B本题解析:暂无解析5.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthemainsourcesofnewwordsinthepresent-d ayEnglishvocabulary?A.Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology.B.Social,economicandpoliticalchangesC.Theinvasionofforeigncountries.D.Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.正确答案:C本题解析:暂无解析6.ModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthefollowingchannelsEXCEPT___ ___.A.creationB.borrowingC.semanticchangeD.lexicalchange正确答案:D本题解析:暂无解析7.Howmanymonomorphemicwordsarethereinthefollowingwords?catsbossworkim propertriedA.1B.2C.3D.4正确答案:B本题解析:暂无解析8.Amongthefollowingwords,“______”doesNOThaveinflectionalaffixes.A.likedB.children’sC.happierD.it’s正确答案:D本题解析:暂无解析9.WhichofthefollowingwordsdoesNOThavesuffixes?A.NorthwardB.WidenC.HappyD.Worker.正确答案:C本题解析:暂无解析10.Amongthefollowingwords,“______”containsanegativeprefix.A.amoralB.de-composeC.antiwarD.foretell正确答案:A本题解析:暂无解析11.Fromtheviewpointofwordformation,theword“smog”isa______.poundB.conversionC.clippingD.blending正确答案:D本题解析:暂无解析12.Whichofthefollowingispartiallyconverted?A.AwhiteB.AdrunkC.ThepoorD.Finals正确答案:C本题解析:暂无解析13.Onecanfigureoutthemeaningof“airmail”tobe“mailbyair”byits______.A.onomatopoeicmotivationB.morphologicalmotivationC.semanticmotivationD.etymologicalmotivation正确答案:B本题解析:暂无解析14.Whenareadercomesacrosstheword“home”inhisreading,thewordmayremindhimofhis“family,friends,warmth,safety,etc.”Inthissense,theword“home”conveys______.A.connotativemeaningB.stylisticmeaningC.affectivemeaningD.collocativemeaning正确答案:A本题解析:暂无解析15.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?A.Grammaticalmeaningreferstothepartofspeech,tensesofverbsandstylistic featuresofwords.B.Unlikeconceptualmeaning,associativemeaningisunstableandindeterminat e.C.Affectivemeaningindicatesthelistener’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestionD.Collocationcannotaffectthemeaningofwords.正确答案:B本题解析:暂无解析16.Wordsthatareidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaningar ecalled______.A.perfecthomonymsB.homographsC.homophonesD.homonyms正确答案:B本题解析:暂无解析17.ThedifferencesbetweensynonymsexistinthefollowingareasEXCEPT______.A.denotationB.connotationC.referenceD.application正确答案:C本题解析:暂无解析18.“Apple,pear,peach,orange,lemon,etc.”makeupthe______of“fruit”.A.synonymsB.homonymsC.superordinatetermD.semanticfield正确答案:D本题解析:暂无解析19.______ofmeaningisaprocessbywhichawordthatoriginallyhadaspecialized meaninghasnowbecomegeneralized.A.DegradationB.ElevationC.ExtensionD.Specilization正确答案:C本题解析:暂无解析20.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneoftheextra-linguisticfactorsthatcausech angesinmeaning?A.Culturalreason.B.HistoricalreasonC.ClassreasonD.Psychologicalreason正确答案:A本题解析:暂无解析21.Theword“minister”originallymeant“aservant”,butnowhaschangedto “aheadofaministry”.Thisprocessofmeaningchangeiscalled______.A.extensionB.elevationC.degradationD.specialization正确答案:B本题解析:暂无解析22.Ingrammaticalcontext,themeaningofawordmaybeinfluencedbythe______in whichitoccurs.A.structureB.sentenceC.phraseD.clause正确答案:A本题解析:暂无解析23.Thereisanambiguityinthesentence“Heisahardbusinessman”dueto______.A.polysemyB.homonymyC.synonymyD.antonymy正确答案:A本题解析:暂无解析24.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthecontextclues?A.DefinitionB.PolysemyC.SynonymyD.Antonymy.正确答案:B本题解析:暂无解析25.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthecharacteristicsofidioms?A.Thepartofspeechofeachelementinanidiomisveryimportant.B.Theconstituentsofidiomscaneplaced.’tberC.Thewordorderinanidiomcan’tbechanged.D.Anidiomfunctionsasoneword.正确答案:A本题解析:暂无解析26.Idiomsnominalinnaturehavea(n)______asthekeywordineachandfunctionas anouninsentences.A.verbB.adjectiveC.prepositionD.noun正确答案:D本题解析:暂无解析27.Lexicalmanipulationisoneaspectoftherhetoricalfeaturesofidioms.Thef ollowingEXCEPT______belongtolexicalmanipulation.A.alliterationB.reiterationC.repetitionD.juxtaposition正确答案:A本题解析:暂无解析28.OxfordAdvancedLearnersDictionary’,3rdEdition(1980),isamongthebest -knownBritish______dictionaries.A.unabridgedB.deskC.pocketD.bilingual正确答案:B本题解析:暂无解析29.Generally,adictionarycoversthefollowingcontentsEXCEPT______.A.spellingB.pronunciationC.definitionD.syntacticalrules正确答案:D本题解析:暂无解析30.CollinsCOBUILDEnglishLanguageDictionary(1987)hassomeuniquefeatures suchasdefinition,extracolumnand______.A.pronunciationB.grammarcodesageexamplesnguagecodes正确答案:C本题解析:暂无解析31.Theprofessorworkedfor7hoursata________.A.stretchB.extendC.expandD.prolong正确答案:A本题解析:此题考查的是固定词组搭配。

词汇学考试题及答案

词汇学考试题及答案

1.give the definition of the lexicology.2. give the definition of the word3. what are the main three types of word formation and the main features of the three types?4. what are they characteristics of the English idioms?5. what do you think of the course: English lexicology.第一题Lexicology is a branch of linguistics inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. (WNWD)English lexicology is a subbranch of linguistics. But it embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology, semantics, etymology, stylistics, lexicography. Morphology: the branch of grammar, studies the structure or form of words, primarily through the use of morpheme construct.Etymology: traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.Semantics: the study of meanings of different linguistics levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.Stylistics: the study of style, concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects.Lexicography: record the language as it is used so as to present the genuine picture of words to the reader, providing authoritative reference. (Edit a dictionary).第二题The definition of a word comprises the following points:(1) a minimal free form of a language;(2) a sound unity;(3) a unit of meaning;(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.第三题The most productive word formations are affixations, compounding and conversion. The rest of new words come from shortening including clipping and acronymy, together with words born out of blending and other means. While applying the rules, we should remember that there are always exceptions.1. AffixationAffixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, the words formed in this way are called derivations.1.1 Prefixation. It is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. The majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class-changing nature.Negative prefixes: a-, dis-, in- (il-, ir-, im-), non-, un-.Reversative prefixes: de-, dis-, un-.Pejorative prefixes: mal-, mis-, pseudo-.Prefixes of degree or size: arch-, extra-, hyper-, macro-, micro-,mini-, out-, over-, sub-, super-, sur-, ultra-, under-.Prefixes of orientation and attitude: anti-, contra-, counter-, pro-.Locative prefixes: extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele-, trans-.Prefixes of time and order: ex-, fore-, post-, pre-, re-.Number prefixes: bi-, multi- (poly-), semi- (hemi-), tri-, uni- (mono-). Miscellaneous prefixes: auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.1.2 SuffixationIt is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. They mainly change the word class.Noun suffixes:a. Denominal nouns: Concrete: -eer, -er, -ess, -ette, - let; Abstract: -age, -dom, -ery, -ery (-ry), -hood, -ing, -sim, -ship.b. Deverbal nouns:To create nouns denoting people: -ant, -ee, -ent, -er (-or).To produce abstract nouns, denoting action, result, process, state, etc.: -age, -al, -ance, -ation (-ition, -tion, -sion, -ion), -ence, -ing, -ment.c. De-adjective nouns: -ity, -ness.d. Noun and adjective suffixes: can be used both as nouns and adjectives: -ese, -an, -ist.Adjective suffixes:a. Denominal suffixes: -ed, -ful, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -y; -al (-ial, -ical), -esque, -ic, -ous (-eous, -ious).(Both –ic and –ical can be affixed to the same stem in some cases, but differ in meaning.)b. Deverbal suffixes: –able (-ible), -ive (-ative, -sive).Adverb suffixes: -ly, -ward(s), -wise.Verb suffixes: -ate, -en, - (i)fy, -ize (-ise).Some seemingly productive vogue affixes like –nik are still considered slang.2. CompoundingIt is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems, also called composition. Words formed in this way are called compounds.A compound is a ‘lexicology unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word’. They can be written solid, hyphenated and open.2.1 Characteristics of CompoundsOpen compounds are the same in form as free phrases. The difference:Phonetic features: In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element. Semantic features: Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. Grammatical features: A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence.2.2 Formation of CompoundsThe three major classes of compounds:Noun compounds: n+n; n+v; v+n; a+n; n+v-ing; v-ing+n; n+v-er; adv+v; v+adv; v-ing+adv; adv+v-ing.All of these patterns are more or less productive except the last two.Adjective compounds: n+v-ing; a+v-ing; n+a; a+a; n+v-ed; a (adv) +v-ed; n (a) +n-ed; num+n; num+n-ed; adv+v-ing; v-ed+adv.Very productive: n+v-ing, n+a, n+v-ed.Verb compounds.The limited number of verbs are created either through conversion or backformation.3. ConversionIt is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This process is also known as functional shift.Conversion to NounVerb to noun: Almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns, which are semantically related to the original verbs in various ways according to Quirk et al: State (of mind or sensation); Event or activity; Result of the action; Doer of the action; Tool or instrument to do the action with; Place of action.Many simple nouns converted from verbs can be used with have, take, make, give etc. to form phrases to replace the verb or denote a brief action.Adjective to noun: Not all adjectives which are converted can achieve a full noun status. Words fully converted: They can be: common adjectives, participles and others. Words partially converted: This class generally refer to a group of the kind. Miscellaneous conversion: This covers nouns converted from conjunctions, models, finite verbs, prepositions, etc.Conversion to verbsA noun can be converted to a verb without any change. This is both economical and vivid.Noun to verb: ways: to put in or on N; to give N r to provide with N; to remove N from; to do with N; to be or act as N; to make or change into N; to send or go by N. Verbs of this type are all transitive except the last one.Adjective to verb: This is not as productive as that of nouns. They can be used either transitively to mean ‘to make…adjective’ or intransitively ‘to become adjective’. Verbs restricted to transitive use are still, forward, free, bare, blind and so on. Miscellaneous conversionIn some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain change: which affect pronunciation or spelling or stress distribution. The most common changes are: V oiceless to voiced consonant; Initial to end stress.第四题Idioms are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms(俗语), Catchphrases(标语),slang expressions (俚语),proverbs(谚语),etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of Idioms: Semantic Unity and Structured StabilitySemantic Unity: Being phrases or sentences, Idioms each consist of more than one word, but each is a semantic unity, e.g. keep in mind, take off. The semantic unity ofidioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning and the meaning of the idiom. For example, ‘How do you do’ does not mean ‘In what way do you do things’.Structural Stability: The structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable: the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced; the word order cannot be inverted or changed; the constituents of an idiom cannot be deleted or added to; many idioms are grammatically unanalysable.第五题English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study many usage examples. Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved.Lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学), stylistics(文体论), lexicography(词典编撰).Aims of the course1)Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.2)Offer an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary.3)Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation4)Study the use of English words , their meanings and changes in meaning, theirsense relations.The significance of the course1)Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power(active vocabulary).2)Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words moreeffectively.3)Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately andappropriately.4)Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguisticphenomena in your learning experiences.5)Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processingas well as language production.。

08词汇学试题A

08词汇学试题A

2008-2009学年第一学期《英语词汇学》课程期末考试试卷(A)———年级—————专业学生姓名——————学号—I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket(30%).1.Homonyms are generally words different in ____ but eitheridentical both in____ or identical only in____.a.sound/meaning and spelling/meaning or spellingb.meaning/sound and spelling /sound or spellingc.spelling/meaning and sound/sound or spellingd.none of the above2.Relative synonyms also called near-synonyms are similar ornearly the same in_____.a.stylistic meaningb.affective meaningc.conceptual meaningd.co locative meaning3.____ is not the narrowing of word-meaning.a. a common word is turned into a proper nounb.some phrases are shortened and only one element of the originalis left to retain the meaning of wholec.Material nouns are used to refer to objects made of themd.An word of abstract meaning is used as a conctete meaning4.Extra-linguistic factors of word-meaning change include____.a.historical and class reasonb.historical and psychological reasonc.psychological and class reasond.all the above5.Borrowing ads a source of homonymy in English can beillustrated by_____.a.long(not short)b.fair(a market)c.rock(rock’n’roll)d.ad(advertisement)6.The functions of context don’t include____.a.elimination of ambiguityb.indication of referentsc.provision of clues for inferring word-meaningd.leading to ambiguity7.During American Civil War, the word “ Copperhead”, a venomoussnake in the South of America, was endowed with the new meaning “ the northerners who were secretly aiding and abetting the south” because of ___.a.class reasonb.psychological reasonc.historical reasond.religious reason8.The most important sources of synonyms are perhaps ____.a.dialects and regional Englishb.borrowingc.figurative and euphemistic use of wordsd.coincidence with idiomatic expressions9.Homographs are words identical only in ____ but different in twoother aspects.a.soundb.meaningc.spellingd.sense10.Connotative meaning varies considerably according to____.a.cultureb.historical periodc.the experience of the individuald.all the above11.“Domicile ” is _____.a.formalb.neutralrmald.none of the above12.A concept has _____ referring expressions.a.oneb.manyc. a fewd.none of the above13.The grammatical meaning s of a word refer to that part of themeaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept of relationship such as___.a.part of speech of wordsb.singular and plural meaning of nounsc.tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional formsd.all the above14.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the sameword can be dealt with from ____ angles.a.oneb.twoc.threed.four15.In radiation, the secondary meaning of a word derived from theprimary manning of a word by____.a.transferb.extensionc.specializationd.all the above and others16.A legal term “ Alibi” signifying “plea that the accused is not at theplace when the crime is committed”now means “excuse”. This change of word –meaning is called ____.a.transferb.narrowingc.extensiond.degradation17._______ is the most important of all features of basic words.a.stabilityb.productivityc. polysemyd. all national character18.Until 1066, the influence on English was mainly______.tinb. Frenchc. Germanicd. Celtic19.Modern English is considered to be a/an ____ language.a. inflectedb.analyticc. syntheticd. new20.______ si the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.a.prefixationb. derivationc. Suffixationd. compounding21. Words produced by conversion are primarily______.a. nounsb. adjectivesc. verbs.d. all the above22.We shall classify prefixes on semantic basis into ___ groups.a.sevenb. eightc. nined. eleven23.Indo-Iranian comprises the modern languages except______.a.Persianb. Bengalic. Hindi, Romanyd. Polish24. _______ is used in particular discipline and academic areas.a.Jargonb.Terminologyc. slangd. Argot25. “Ex” in the word “ex-prisoner” is ______.a. free rootb. bound rootc. inflectional affixd. derivational affix26. The words of the basic word stock consistute____of the English vocabulary.a. a small percentageb.a large percentagec. fifty percentd. sixtypercent27. Between 1250 and 1500, about ____ words of French origin poured into Englisha. 7000b.6000.c.9000d. 1000028. The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is called_____.a. wordb. morphemec. morphsd. root29. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is not______.a.free rootb.free morphemesc. stemd. bound root30. Modes of vocabulary development are three classes excepta.creationb. semantic changec. borrowingd. form changeII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1.The number of inflectional affixes is ____ and stable, whichmakes English on of the easiest language to learn.2.Words produced through compounding yield_____ of all the newwords.3.Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,and____.4.Old English was a highly____ language just like modern German.5.Derivational affixes can be further divided into____ and suffixes.pounding is the formation of___ by joining two or morestems.7.According to the functions of affixes, we can put them intogroups:______ and derivational affixes.8.The basic word stock is ___ of the vocabulary accumulated overcenturies.9.With the development of market economy psywar becomes moreand more popular. “psywar” means______.10.Such words as “the richer”, “the poor”, “a republican”are allexamples of ______.11.Scandinavian language refers to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danishand_________.12.The English words “power”, “crime” are derived from______.13.Prefixes do not gengerally change_____ of the stem but onlymodify its meaning14.The most common types of word-meaning changes are extensionand _______.15.A word has many meanings, but when a word is first coined, it isalways ______.16.Extension of meaning, also known as ______, is the name givento the widening of meaning which some words undergo.17.In some cases, the meaning of a word may be influenced by____in which it occurs. This is called grammatical context.18.Concatenation describes a process where each of the latermeaning is related only to ____ like chains.19.Associative meaning is _____ supp;emented to the conecptualmeaning.20.Context can fall into___ and non-linguistic context.21.Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the____ of variousmeaning s of the same word in a certain historical period of time.22.Lexical meaning has conceptual meaning and ________.23.lexical meaning and ______ meaning make up the word meaning.24.Absolute synonyms ae testricted to highly________.25.Narrowing of meaning is the opposite of________.26.Linguistic context includes lexical context and______.27.The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of wordsetc. are often hue to _____.28.The attitudes of classes have made inroads into lexical meaning inthe case of elevation or_____.29.Context can help eliminate ambiguity, provide clues for inferringword-meaning and give___ of referents.30.Word meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing,degradation, elevation and _______.III. Study the following or expressions and identify 1) types of affixes 2) types of word formation 3) types of meaning1.disagree2.woekfare(work+ welfare)3.unusual4.out-going5.white book----a white6.outbreak7.one-eyed8.babysitter---babysit9.dorm(dormitory)10.attendanceIV. Define the following terms.(10%)1.extra-linguistic context2.prefixation3.semantic change4.conceptual meaning5.specialisationV. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.(12%)1.What are the three areas to account for the difference betweensynonyms? Illustrate your points.2.Why do we say “English is a heavy borrower”?3.Why is context very important for the understanding of wordmeaning?VI. Analyze an comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(18%)1.Analyze the morphological structures of the following words andpoint out the types of the morphemes.dishearten, idealistic, unfriendly2.Collocation can affect the meaning of words。

英语词汇学试题复习参考(分章节)

英语词汇学试题复习参考(分章节)

英语词汇学试题复习参考(分章节)英语词汇学试题Introduction and Chapter 1Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry(练习1)I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarilythrough the use of _________construct.A. wordB. formC. morphemeD. rootis traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words.A. SemanticsB. LinguisticsC. EtymologyD. StylisticsEnglish is derived from the language of early ______ tribes.A. GreekB. RomanC. ItalianD. Germanic4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc.A. linguisticB. grammaticalC. arbitraryD. semanticis the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effectsA. situationB. contextC. timeD. placeshares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference.A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic7. Terminology consists of _______ terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas.A. technicalB. artisticC. differentD. academic8. __________refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades, and professions communicate among themselves.A. SlangB. JargonC. Dialectal wordsD. Argot9 ._________ belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A. JargonB. ArgotC. Dialectal wordsD. Slang10. Argot generally refers to the jargon of use is confined to the sub-cultural groups and outsiders can hardly understand it.A. workersB. criminalsC. any personD. policemanare words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.A. ArgotB. SlangC. JargonD. Dialectal words12. Archaisms are words or forms that were once in _________use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A. commonB. littleC. slightD. great13. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings.A. newB. oldC. badD. good14. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal15. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. newII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _____of words.lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.18.English lexicology embraces other academic disciplines, such as morphology,______,etymology, stylistics, ________.19.There are generally two approaches to the study of words , namely synchronic and _______./doc/152063694.html,nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 2) content words and functional words 3) native words and borrowed words 4)characteristics of the basic word stock.A B21 . Stability ( ) A. E-mail22. Collocbility( ) B. aught23. Jargon( ) C. por24. Argot ( ) D. uponwords( ) E. hypo26. Neologisms ( ) F. at heart27. Aliens ( ) G. man28. Semantic-loans( ) H. dip29. Archaisms ( ) I. fresh30. Empty words ( ) J. emirIV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) characteristics of the basic word stock 2) types of nonbasic vocabulary.31. dog cheap ( ) 32 a change of heart ( )33. can-opener ( ) ( )35. bottom line ( ) ( )37. auld ( ) 38. futurology ( )( ) 40. take ( )V. Define the following terms.41. word 42. Denizens 43. Aliens 44. Translation-loans 45. Semantic-loans VI. Answer the following Questionsthe relationship between sound and meaning, sound and form with examples.47. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock Illustrate your points with examples.48. Give the types of nonbasic vocabulary with examples.VII. Analyze and comment on the following.49. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a , never.50. Group the following borrowed words into Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans.Dream, pioneer, kowtow, bazaar, lama, master-piece, port, shirtKey to Exercises:I. 1. historical, usages 18. semantics, . vocabularyII.21. G 22. F23. E24. H25. C26. A27. the basic word stock; productivity32. the basic word stock; collocabilitybasic word stock; argotword stock; slang35. nonbasic word stock; jargon36. nonbasic word stock ;terminologyword stock; dialectal words38. nonbasic word stock ,neologisms39. nonbasic word stock; archaisms40. the basic word stock; polysemyV-----VI. (see the course book)VII. 49. Content words: earth, clould, run, walk, frequently, never, fiveFunctional words: on, of, upon, be, the, but, a.50. Denizens: port, shirt,Aliens: bazaar, kowtowTranslation-loans: lama, masterpieceSemantic-loans:dream, pioneerChapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 3 Word Formation I(练习2)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternativeanswers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000( some put it 5,000)languages, whichcan be grouped into the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar.A. 500B. 4000C. 300D. 20002.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be a highly ______language.A. inflectedB. derivedC. developedD. analyzed3.After the _________, the Germanic tribes called Angles ,Saxons, and Jutes came in greatnumbers.A. GreeksB. IndiansC. RomansD. French4.The introduction of ________had a great impact on the English vocabulary.A. HinduismB. ChristianityC. BuddhismD. Islamism5.In the 9th century the land was invaded again byNorwegian and Danish Vikings. With theinvaders, many ________words came into the English language.A. GreekB. RomanC. CelticD. Scandinavian6.It is estimated that at least ______ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modernEnglish.A. 500B. 800C. 1000 .D. 9007.The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continualflow of ______ words into English.A. FrenchB. GreekC. RomanD. Latin8.By the end of the _______century , English gradually came back into the schools, the lawcourts, and government and regained social status.A. 12thB. 13thC. 14th9.As a result , Celtic made only a ________contribution to the English vocabulary.A. smallB. bigC. greatD. smaller10. The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as Prussian, Lithuanian, Polish, Czech, Bulgarian, Slovenian and _______.A. GreekB. RomanC. IndianD. Russian11.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian , Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which arederived from the dead language.A. SanskritB. LatinC. RomanD. Greek12.Greek is the modern language derived from _______.A. LatinB. HellenicC. Indian D . Germanic13.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian allbelong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon14.The ________family consists of the four Northern EuropeanLanguages: Norwegian, Icelandic,Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages.A. GermanicB. Indo-EuropeanC. AlbanianD. Hellenic15.By the end of the _______century , virtually all of the people who held political or socialpower and many of those in powerful Church positions were of Norman French origin.A. 10th D. 13thII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.Now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as _______.17.. If we say that Old English was a language of full endings , Middle English was one of______.18.It can be concluded that English has evoked from a synthetic language (Old English) tothe present _____ language.19.The surviving languages accordingly fall into eight principal groups , which can be groupedinto an Eastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-Iranian ,Armenian and Albanian; a Western set :Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, _______.20.It is necessary to subdivide Modern English into Early (1500-1700)and _____ Modern English. III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) origin of the words 2)history off English development 3) language family.A B21. Celtic ( )22. religious ( )( ) C. Persian24. French ( )25. Old English ( ) E. abbot( ) F. skirtEnglish ( ) G. sunu28. Modern English ( ) H. lernen29. Germanic family ( ) I. freight( ) J. NorwegianIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify types of morphemes underlined.31. earth ( ) ( )33. predictor ( ) 34. radios ( )35. prewar ( ) 36. happiest ( )37. antecedent ( ) 38. northward ( )38. sun ( ) 40. diction ( )V. Define the following terms.41. free morphemes 42. bound morphemes 43. root 44. stemVI. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.46. Describe the characteristics of Old English .47. Describe the characteristics of Middle English.48. Describe the characteristics of Modern English.VII. Answer the following questions with examples.49. What are the three main sources of new words50. How does the modern English vocabulary developKey to exercises:I.II. English 17. Leveled endings 18. analytic 19. Germanic (1700-up to the present )III.21. D 22. E 23. F 24. A 25. G 26. I 27. H 28. B 29. J 30. CIV.31. free morpheme/ free root 32. bound root 33. suffix 34. inflectional affix35. prefix 36. Inflectional affix 37. prefix 38. suffix 39. free morpheme/free rootroot( See the course book )VII. 49. The three main sources of new words are :(1)The rapid development of modern science and technology ,. astrobiology, greenrevolution ;(2)Social , economic and political changes; . Watergate, soy milk;(3)The influence of other cultures and language; . felafel, Nehru Jackets.50. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: (1) creation, . consideration, carefulness; (2) semantic change, . Polysemy, homonymy ; (3) borrowing ;. tofu, gongful. Chapter 3 The Development of the English Vocabulary and Chapter 4 Word Formation II(练习3)I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locativeprefixes2.The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice,mis trust.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes3.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes4.The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ .A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes5.The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________.A. number prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. pejorative prefixesD. locativeprefixesare contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size7. Rugby ,afghan and champagne are words coming from ________./doc/152063694.html,s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames8. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________./doc/152063694.html,s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames, fore tell and post-election contain________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. locative prefixes10.Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______A. names of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames11.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.A.negative prefixesB. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes12.The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student andcontra flow are _____-.A.prefixes of degree or sizeB. prefixes of orientation and attitudeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes13.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________./doc/152063694.html,s of booksB. names of placesC. names of peopleD. tradenames14.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes15.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixesII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16. Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as_____., also called ________, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems . Words formed in this way are called _________.18. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.19. _________ is the formation of new words by combiningparts of two words or a word plusa part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.20 A common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called _______.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to types of suffixation.A B21. Concrete denominal noun suffixes ( ) A. priceless22. Abstract denominal noun suffixes ( ) B. downward23. Deverbal noun suffixes(denoting people.) ( ) C. engineer24. Deverbal nouns suffixes( denoting action, etc) ()D. darken25. De-adjective noun suffixes ()Eviolinist26. Noun and adjective suffixes ( )27. Denominal adjective suffixes ( ) G. arguable28. Deverbal adjective suffixes ( )29. Adverb suffixes ( ) I. adulthood30. Verb suffixes ( ) J. survivalIV.Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of clipping 2) types of acronymy and write the full terms.( ) 32. stereo ( ) 33. flu ( ) 34. pub ( ) 35. c/o ( )36. V-day ( ) 37. TB ( ) 38. disco ( ) ( ) 40. perm ( )V.Define the following terms .41. acronymy 42. back-formation 43. initialisms 44. prefixation 45.suffixationVI. Answer the following questions with examples.46. What are the characteristics of compounds47. What are the main types of blendings48. What are the main types of compoundsVII. Analyze and comment on the following:49. Use the following examples to explain the types of back-formation.(1) donate ----donation emote----emotion(2) loaf—loafer beg------beggar(3) eavesdrop---eavesdropping babysit---babysitter(4) drowse—drowsy laze---lazy50. Read the following sentence and identify the types of conversion of the italicized words.(1) I’m very grateful for your help. (2) The rich must help the poor.(3)His argument contains too many ifs and buts. (4) They are better housed and clothed.(5) The photograph yellowed with age. (6) We downed a few beers.Key to exercises :1. B2. C3. A4. B5. AII. 16. derivation , compounds 18. Conversion 19. Blending(pormanteau)III. 22. I 23. H 24. J. Front clipping, earthquake32. Back clipping, stereophonicand back clipping, influenzaclipping, public house35. Initialisms, care of36. Acronyms, Victory Day37. Initialisms, tuberculosis38. Back clipping, discotheque39. Front clipping, helicopter40. Phrase clipping, permanent wavesV-VI. (See the course book). There are mainly four types of back-formation.(1)From abstract nouns (2) From human nouns (3) From compound nouns and others(4) From adjectives50. (1)Verb to noun (2) Adjective to noun (3) Miscellaneous conversion to noun(4 ) Noun to verb (5) Adjective (6) Miscellaneous conversion to verbChapter 5 Word Meaning (练习4)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting2._______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the humanmind.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SenseD. Context3.Sense denotes the relationships _______the language.A. outsideB. withC. beyondD. inside4. Most English words can be said to be ________.A. non-motivatedB. motivatedC. connectedD. relatedis a(n) _______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. semanticallyC. onomatopoeicallyD. etymologically6.Hopeless is a ______motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically7.In the sentence ‘ He is fond of pen ’ , pen is a ______ motivated word.A. morphologicallyB. onomatopoeicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically8.Walkman is a _______motivated word.A. onomatopoeicallyB. morphologicallyC. semanticallyD. etymologically9.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexicalmeaning in particular.A. grammatical meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. arbitrary meaningunstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period, and the experience of the individual.A.Stylistic meaningB. Connotative meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Affective meaning meaning indicates the speaker’s _______towards the person or thing in question.A. feeling .B. likingC. attitudeD. understanding12. _________ are affective words as they are expressions of emotions such as oh, dear me, alas.A. PrepositionsB. InterjectionsC. ExclamationsD. Explanations13. It is noticeable that _______overlaps with stylistic and affective meanings because ina sense both stylistic and affective meanings are revealed by means of collocations.A.conceptual meaningB. grammatical meaningC. lexical meaningD. collocative meaningthe same language, the same concept can be expressed in ______.A. only one wordB. two wordsC. more than threeD. different wordsis the relationship between language and the ______.A. speakersB. listenersC. worldD. specific countryII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______/doc/152063694.html,pounds and derived words are ______ words and the meanings of many are the sum totalof the morphemes combined.18. _______ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.19. The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the historyof the word explains the meaning of the word.20. Lexical meaning itself has two components : conceptual meaning and _________.III. Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) types of motivation 2) types of meaning.A B21. Onomotopooeic motivation ( ) A. tremble with fear22. Collocative meaning ( ) B. skinny23. Morphological motivation ( ) C. slender24. Connotative meaning ( ) D. hiss25. Semantic motivation ( ) E. laconic26. Stylistic meaning ( ) F. sun (a heavenly body)27. Etymological motivation ( )28. Pejorative meaning ( ) H. home29. Conceptual meaning ( ) I. horse and plug30. Appreciative meaning ( ) J. pen and awordthe following words or expressions and identify 1)types of motivation 2) types of meaning.31. neigh ( ) 32. the mouth of the river ( )33. reading-lamp ( ) 34. tantalus ( )35. warm home ( ) 36. the cops ( )37. dear me ( ) 38. pigheaded ( )39. handsome boy ( ) 40. diligence ( )III.Define the following terms .41. motivation 42. grammatical meanings 43. conceptual meaning 44. associative meaning 45. affective meaning IV.Answer the following questions . Your answers should be clear and short.46. What is reference 47. What is concept 48. What is senseV.Analyze and comment on the following.49. Study the following words and explain to which type of motivation they belong.50. Explain the types of associative meaning with examples.Key to exercises:I. 1. CII.16. meanings motivation meaningIII.21. DIV.31. Onomatopoeic motivation 32. Semantic motivation33. Morphological motivation 34. Etymological motivation35. Connotative meaning meaning37. Affective meaning 38. pejorative39. collocative meaning 40. appreciativeV-VI. See the course book.VI.49. (1) Roar and buzz belong to onomatopoeic motivation.(2)Miniskirt and hopeless belong to morphological motivation.(3) The leg of a table and the neck of a bottle belong to semantic motivation.(4) Titanic and panic belong to etymological motivation.50. Associative meaning comprises four types:(1)Connotative meaning . It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by theconceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother , denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc..(2)Stylistic meaning. Apart feom their conceptual meanings, many words have stylisticfeatures, which make them appropriate for different contexts. These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of words . For example, pregnant, expecting, knockingup, in the club, etc.,all can have the same conceptual meaning, but differ in their stylistic values.(3)Affective meaning. It indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thingin question. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories :appreciative or pejorative. For example, famous, determined are words of positive overtones;notorious, pigheaded are of negative connotations implying disapproval, contempt or criticism.(4)Collocative meaning. It consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. For example, we say : pretty girl, pretty garden; we don’t say pretty typewriter. But sometimes there is some overlap between the collocations of the two words.Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field (练习5)of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.1.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages2.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and developmentof the semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional3._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and thesecondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection4. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning ofa word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenationimportant criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage6. ________refer to one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning.A. PolysemantsB. SynonymsC. AntonymsD. Hyponyms7. The sense relation between the two words tulip and floweris _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy8. _________ are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, . bow/bau/; bow/beu/.A. HomophonesB. HomographsC. Perfect homonymsD. Antonyms9. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms10.The antonyms big and small are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms11.The antonyms husband and wife are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms/doc/152063694.html,position and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms13.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employedin a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms14.From the diachronic point of view, when the word was created, it was endowed with onlyone meaning . The first meaning is called ______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. basic meaning15.Synchronically, the basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called_______.A. primary meaningB. derived meaningC. central meaningD. secondary meaningII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.16.One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their____, the second principal consideration is ________.17.In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one ______whereas homonyms。

(完整版)英语词汇学复习题。。。。

(完整版)英语词汇学复习题。。。。

Key to chapter 11 .What is a word? 1.A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2.In what way are words related to vocabulary?V ocabulary refers to the sum total of all the words in a language. In other words, vocabulary is composed of words and words make up vocabulary. If we compare vocabulary to a family, words are family members.3.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples .Sound is the physical aspect of a word and meaning is what the sound refers to. Sound and meaning are not intrinsically related and their collection is arbitrary and conventional. For example, tree/tri:/ means 树in English because the English-speaking people have agreed to do so just as Chinese people use/shù/ (树) to refer to the same thing. This explains why people of different languages use different sounds to express the same concept. However, in the same languages, the same sound can denote different meanings, e.g. /rait/ can mean right, rite, and write.4 .Enumerate the causes for the differences between sound and form of english wordsThere are generally four major causes of the differences between sound and form. ⑴ There are more phonemes than letters in English, so there is no way to use one letter to represent one phoneme. ⑵ The stabilization of spelling by printing, which breaks the synchronized change of sound and spelling. ⑶ Influence of the work of scribes, who deliberately changed the spelling of words and ⑷ borrowing, which introduces many words which are against English rules of pronunciation and spelling.5 .Give examples to show the influence of early scribes on english spellingEarly scribes changed the spelling of many words while copying things for others because the original spelling forms in cursive writing were difficult for people to recognize, such as sum, cum, wuman, munk and so on. Later, the letter u with vertical lines was replaced with o, resulting in the current spelling forms like some, come, woman, monk. The changed spelling forms are more distinguishable to readers.6.What are the characteristics of basic word stockWords of the basic word stock form the common core of the English language. They are the words essential to native speakers’ daily communication. Such words are characterized by all national character, stability, polysemy, productivity and collocability.7.choose the standard meaning form from the list on the right to match each of the slang words on the leftA tart loose woman b. bloke fellow c.gat pistol d. swell great e. chicken cowardF .blue fight g. smoky police h full drunk i. dame woman j. beaver girl8.given the modern equivalents for the following archaic wordshaply = perhaps albeit= although methinks = it seems to me eke= also bade= bidsmooth= truth morn= morning troth= pledge ere= before quoth = said hallowed= holy billow= wave/ the sea9.Explain neologisms with examplesNeologisms refer to newly-coined words or old words with new meanings. For example, euro(欧元), e-book(电子书), SARS(非典), netizen(网民), are newly-coined words. Words like mouse(鼠标),web(网络),space shuttle(航天飞机) etc. are old words which have acquired new meanings.10.What is the fundamental difference between content and functional wordsBy notion, words fall into content words and functional words. Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which have clear notions; whereas functional words are void of notions but are mainly used to connect content words into sentences. Content words are numerous and changing all the time, while functional words are small in number and stable. But functional words have much higher frequency in use than content words.11.How do you account for the role of native words in english in relation to loan words ?Native words form a small portion of the English vocabulary, but they make up the mainstream of the basic word-stock which belongs to the common core of the English language. Compared with most loan-words, native words are mostly essential to native speakers’ daily communication and enjoy a much higher frequency in actual use.12. Categorize the following borrowed words into denizens , aliens translation loans and semantic loans Denizens Aliens Translation loans Semantic loans kettle confrere chopsticks dream die pro patria black humour skirt parvenu long time no see wall Wunderkind typhoon husband Mikado Key to chapter 21. Why should students of english lexicology study the In-European language family?The Indo-Europe Language Family is one of the most important language families in the world. It is made up of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European Language Family have different degrees of influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.2.make a tree diagram to show the family relations of the modern language given below3. W hat are the fundamental differences between the vocabularies of the 3 periods of development ? Do you think we can divide the historical development in other ways ? Defend your argument.The vocabularies of the three periods differ greatly from one anther. Old English has (1) a small vocabulary (50 000—60 000), (2) a small number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian only and (3) the words full of endings. Middle English has (1) a comparatively large vocabulary, (2) a tremendous number of foreign words from French and Latin and (3) word endings leveled. Modern English has (1) a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary, (2) tremendous borrowings and (3) words with lost endings.Yes, we can divide the developments in other ways, for example, Old English period can be called Anglo-Saxon period. And Middle English might start from 1066, the time of Norman Conquest. But in doing so, the logical continuation of thee three phases of the original division is lost.4. what characteristics of english make the english language heterogeneous ?it is receptivity and adaptability of the English language that make it possible for English to borrow heavily from other majorIndo-European Language FamilyBalto-Slavic Lithuanian Prussian Polish Slavenian Russian BulgarianIndo-Iranian Hindi PerianCeltic Breton Scottish IrishItalic Spanish French Italian PortugueseRoumanianHellenic GreekGermanic English Swedish German Icelangic Danish Dutchlanguages of the world, so that the English vocabulary eventually has become heterogeneous.5.Account for the popularity of english in the present world from a linguistic perspective.The popularity of English lies in the fact that English is ready to borrow from other languages and to adapt itself to new situations and new developments, that it has accepted elements from all other major languages and that it has simple reflection and a relatively fixed word order. All these make the language comparatively easy to learn and to use.6 course human events necessary peopledissolve political connected assume powersseparate equal station nature entitledecent respect opinions requires declarecauses impel separationFrom the words picked out, we can see that most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What we left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.7.Give a brief account of the 4 phases of Latin borrowing with 2 or 3 examples for each period.Latin borrowing can be divided into four phase: (1) Pre-Anglo-Saxon period,(2)Old English period, (3) middle English period and (4) Modern English period. Borrowings in the first period are mainly common words such as wall, wine, kettle and so on; Words borrowed in the second period are mainly religious terms such as candle, nun, church; the third period saw word borrowed often via French such as frustrate, history, infancy and so on and in the forth period Words borrowed from Latin are usually abstract formal terms like status, nucleus, minimum.8.tell the difference elements that make up the following hybrids.eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek +Latin Falsehood [Latin +English ] pacifist [Latin +Greek ] Saxophone [German +Greek ] heirloom [French +English ] Joss house [Portuguese +English ] television [Greek + Latin ] 9.put the following French loan word into 2 groups , one being early borrowings and the other late ones .amateur (late) finace (late) Empire (late) peace (early) Courage (early) garage (late) Judgement (early) chair (early) Chaise (late) grace (early) Servant (early) routine (late) Jealous (early) savate (late) Genre (late) gender (early)Debut (late) morale (late) State (early) chez (late) Ballet (late)ment on Jespersen's remark on Scandinavian element in english "An englishman cannot thrive or be ill or die without Scandinavian words, they are to the language what bread and eggs are to the daily fare.Jespersen’s comment reveals the importance of Scandinavian words in E nglish. Just as people cannot live without bread and eggs, so English language cannot operate properly without Scandinavian words.11. Match the Italian musical terms with the proper definitionsallegro f. 轻快Alto i. 女低音Andante j 行板Crescendo b. 渐强Diminuendo g. 渐弱Forte e. 强Largo d. 缓慢Piano h. 轻Pianoforte a. 轻转慢Soprano c. 女高音12.Look up these words in a dictionary to determine the language from which each has been borrowedcherub(Hebrew)chipmunk(American Indian ) Chocolate(Mexican ) coolie(Hindi) Cotton (Arabic) jubilee (Greek) Lasso (Spanish) loot (Hindi) Sabbath (Hebrew) shampoo (Hindi) Snorkel (German) ttamale (Mexican)Tepee (American) tulip (Turkish) V oodoo (African) kibitz (German) Wok (Chinese) sauerbraten (German)13. Here is a menu of loan words from various sources . Choose a word to fill in each space .a. alligatorb. Lococ. rodeod.. Bonanzae. igloof. Blitzkriegg. wigwamh. Canoei. hurricanej. Boomerangk. poncho14.Describe the characteristics of contemporary vocabularythe characteristics of the contemporary vocabulary can be summarized as follows: (1) the vocabulary is huge in size and heterogeneous;(2) it has tremendous borrowings from all other major languages of the world; (3) the words have lost their endings; (4) it is growing swiftly by means of word-formation because of the development of science and technology, social, economic and political changes andinfluence of other cultures and languages.15.What are the major modes of vocabulary development in contemporary english ?the major modes of vocabulary development of contemporary are creation, that is by means of word-formation; semantic change, adding new meanings to old words; borrowing words from other language and revival of old-fashioned words, which has a insignificant role.Key to chapter 31.write the terms in the blanks according to the definitionsa. morphemeb. allomorphc. bound morphemed. free morphemee. affixf. inflectional affixg. derivational affix h. rooti. stem j. base2. What is the difference between grammatical and lexical morphemes,and inflectional and derivational morphemes .give examples to illustrate their relationshipsInflectional morphemes are the suffixes added to the end of words to denote grammatical concepts such as –s(-es), -ed, -ing and –est (to show superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs) whereas derivational morphemes are prefixes and suffixes added to words to form new words such as pre-, dis-, un-, -tion, -er, -ness and so on.Grammatical morphemes are those used to show grammatical concepts, including inflectional suffixes as mentioned above and functional words (prepositions, pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs), for example, but, the, do and Was; lexical morphemes are derivational affixes including both prefixes and suffixes3.Analyse the words in terms of root, stem ,baseIndividualisticindividualist + ic [stem , base]individual + ist [stem, base ]individu + al [stem, base ]in + dividu [root, stem, base ]undesirablesun +desirable [stem, base ]desir + able [root, stem, base ]anize the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationshipsKey to chapter 4Enumerate the three important means of word formation and explain their respective role in the expansion of English vocabulary.The three means of word formation are affixation, which creates 30% to 40% of the total number of new words ;compounding ,which brings 28% to 30% of all the new words; and conversion, which provides English with 26% of the new words.Affixation1.What is affixation? What is its alternative name ?Affixation, also called derivation, is the formation of new words by adding affixes to stems. Affixation Includes prefixation and suffixation according to the types of Affixes used to forms new words.2.What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?Prefixation is to create new words by adding prefixes to base while suffixation makes new words by adding suffixes to base.3.What are the characteristics of prefixes and suffixes?Generally speaking, prefixes do not change part of speech of base but only modify their meaning whereas suffixes do change part of speech but seldom modify the meaning of bases.4.What is the best way to classify prefixes ? Why ?The best way to classify prefixes is on the basis of meaning because prefixes only change the meaning of bases in general.5. Form negatives with each of following words by using one of these prefixes dis~,il~.im~ , in~,ir~ ,non~, un~,non-smoker incapable impractical disobey insecurity irrelevantimmature inability/disability unofficially unwillingness illegal disagreementillogical disloyal inconvenient non-athletic6. harden horrify modernizememorize falsify apologizedeepen glorify sterilizelengthen intensify beautifyfatten sympathizea. apologizeb. beautifyc. lengtheningd. sympathizede. to fattenf. falsify/hardeng. memorizing h. Sterilize7. a. employee b. politician c. participantd. waitresse. conductorf. teacherg. pianist h. examinee/examiner8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-worldmono- = one: monorail, monoculturesuper- = over, above: superstructure, supernaturalauto- = self: autobiography, automobilesub- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutritionmini- = little, small: minicrisis, miniwarpre- = before: prehistorical, preelectionex- = former: ex-teacher, ex-filmerCompounding1.Why are the criteria by which to differentiate compounds from free phrases? What do you think of these criteria?The three criteria are(1)stress pattern, that is, stress in a compound falls on the first element but on the second in a free phrase, e.g. '- -(compound), - ' -(free phrase);(2)meaning, that is, the meanings of a compound is usually not the combination of the meaning of thecomponent parts, but the free phrase is, e.g. hot line(compound: busy line),hot potato(free phrase: potato which is hot);(3)grammatical unity, that is, the different elements form a grammatical unit, which does not allow internal change, e.g. easy chair(compound: a special arm chair),easier chair(free phrase: a less easy chair).However, every rule has expectations. The same is true of the criteria. Three are examples against each of the three rules.2. heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]movie-goer [place + V.-er] baking powder [ adv+n.]far- reaching [Adv+v.-ing] dog-tired [adv + adj]lion-hearted [adv + n.-ed] love-sick [adv + adj]boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ adj+ n]on-coming [adv+v] tax-free [adv +adj]light-blue [adj + adj] goings-on [V +adv]Whereas conversation is the derivation of new words by adding zero affixes, such as single(adj.)→single(v.).3.Wh at are the usual methods to form compound words ? Give examples.There are two ways to form verb compounds. For example, first name (v. from first name) and honeymoon (v. from honeymoon) are words created by means of conversion: words such as proofread (v. from proofreading)and chain-smoke (v. from chain smoker)are formed by means of backformation.4.well-bred 有教养的well-behaved 守规矩的culture-bound 含文化的homebound 回家的needle work 针织品homework 家庭作业praiseworthy 值得表扬的respectworthy 值得尊敬的bar-woman 吧女sportswoman 女运动员nationwide 全国的college-wide 全校的clear-minded 头脑清晰的strong-minded 意志坚强的military-style 军事风格的newstyle 新款self-control 自制self-respect 自尊budget-related 有预算的politics-related 与政治相关的water-proof 防水fire-proof 防火once-fashionable 曾经流行的once-powerful 曾经强大的news-film 新闻片news-letter 时事通讯mock-attack 演习mock-sadness 假悲伤sister-in-law 嫂/弟媳妇father-in-law 岳父/公公home-baked 自家烤的home-produced 自制的half-way 半途的/半路的half-done 半生不熟的ever-lasting 永久的ever-green 常青的age-conscious 年龄敏感的status-conscious 身份敏感的campus-based 以校园为基地的market-based 基于市场的Conversion1.What is conversion? What do you think of the alternatives functional shift and zero-derivation?Conversion is the formation of new words by turning words of one part of speech to those of another part of speech, The term functional shift reveals the actual function of conversion, i.e. change of the functions of words .the term zero-derivation approachesconversion from the perspective of derivation because it is a way of deriving new words by adding zero affixes, hence zero derivation.2.In what way is conversion different from suffixation?Although both are called derivation ,suffixation is the derivation of new words by adding suffixes to bases, such as simple (adj.)→simplify(v.)3 what causes of words are most frequently converted ?The classes most frequently involved in conversation are nouns and verbs.4 in what way are verbs converted from nouns semantically related to original nouns and vice versa ?Verbs converted to nouns usually are related to the original verbs in six different ways. The new nouns converted from verbs refer to (1)state of mind or sensation, e.g .desire(state of desiring); (2) event or activity, e.g. swim (the activity of swimming );(3) result of the action, e.g. buy (the result of buying);(4) doer of the action, e.g. bore (the person whom bores); (5) tool or instrument, e,g, paper (doing something with paper ) and (6) place, e.g. turn(the place of turning).Nouns converted to verbs are generally related to the original nouns in sever different ways . The new verbs usually mean (1) to put in or on the noun, e. g. peel (to remove the peel from );(4) to do with the noun, e.g. Shoulder (to do something with shoulder); (5) to be or act as the noun, e. g. tutor (to be the tutor) ;(6) to make or change into the noun, e.g. cash (7) to send or go by the noun ,e. g. ship (to send by ship).5.Explain partial conversion and full conversion with examplesWhen adjectives are converted into nouns, some are completely changed, thus known as full conversation, and others are partially changed, thus known as partial conversion. Adjectives which are fully converted can achieve a full noun status, i. e. having all the characteristics of nouns. That means they can take a / an shorts, finals. Adjectives which are partially converted still keep adjective features. They should always be used with the, and they cannot take -s/-es to show plural forms. Moreover, the words can have comparative or superlative degrees: the poor, the poorer ,the young, the very unfortunate.6.What changes are occasionally involved in the process of conversion?The changes occasionally involved are (1) change of spelling accompanied by pronunciation ,e. G. Life/laIf/→live/liv/ , breat h /breɚ/→breathe /bri:ỏ/ and blood /blʌd/→ bleed / bli:d/ ;(2) change of pronunciation and stress ,e. g. use . n /ju :s / → use v. / ju:z / and permit n. /'p :mit/→ v. /p 'mit / and so on.7.a .stomach [n.→v.] b. Room [n.→ v.] c.wolf [n → v] e/go [v → n] e.familiar [a → n] f.innocent [a → n]g.flat [a → n] h. ah/ ouch [int → v]i.war m [a → n]j.has-been/might-have-been [finite v → n]k.Hamlet [proper n → v]l.buy [v → n]m.smooth [a → v]Blendingmotel motor + hotel) 汽车旅馆humint (human + intelligence) 情报advertisetics (advertisement + statistics) 广告统计学psywarrior (psychological warrior) 心理战专家hoverport (hovercraft + port 气垫船码头chunnel (channel + tunnel) 海峡隧道hi-fi (high + fidelity) 高保真音响cinemactress (cinema + actress) 电影演员Clippingcopter (helicopter) front clipping dorm (dormitory) back clipping lab (laboratory) back clippingprefab (prefabricated house) phrase clipping gas (gasoline) back clipping prof (professor) back clippingscope (telescope) front clipping champ (champion) back clipping sarge (sergeant) back clippingmike (microphone) back clipping ad (advertisement) back clipping tec (detective) ront and back clippingAcronymy1.both initialisms and acronyms are formed to a certain extent from initial letters. Is there any difference between them ? Illustrate your point with examplesYes, there is a difference between them. The difference lies in the formation and pronunciation. Initialisms are formations pronounced letter by letter, e.g. UFO(unidentified flying object), BBC(B ritish B roadcasting C orporation), VIP(very important person) and acronyms are formed to conform to the rule of spelling and pronunciation, that is, the words look and sound like ordinary words, e.g. AIDS/eidz/(acquired immune deficiency syndrome), MAD(mutually assured destruction), radar(radio detecting and ranging).2.what do the short forms stand for ?kg =k ilogram ft=f oot cf =c onfer cm=c entimeter $=d ollar ibid = i bide etc. = e t cetera VIP=v ery i mportant p erson OPEC=O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountries TOEFL=t est of E nglish as a f oreign l anguage3. a. SALT b. radar c. AIDSd. BASICe. Laserf. WHOg. sonar h. G-manBackformation1. Both back-formation and back-clipping are ways of making words by removing the endings of words . How you account for coexistence of the 2 ?can you illustrate the difference ?It is true that both are means of making new words by removing the end part of the words. But they have differences. For a back-formed word , what is removed is the supposed suffix ,e.g. auth------author , donate------donation , loaf-----loafer , the forms –-or,--ion , --er coincide with the their suffixes . For back clipping , however , what is removed is usually different from the existing suffixes ,e.g. ad------advertisement , gas-------gasoline , exam------examination , etc.2.Cive the original words from which the following words are back-formedLase (laser) escalate(escalator) Babysit (babysitter) peeve (peevish) Orate (orator) commute (commuter)Communization of proper namesa.Tantalize -------Tantalus : to tease or torment by keeping sth. wanted out of reachb.b Argus-eyed--------Argus : to be extremely watchfula.narcissim--------Narcissus : excessive admiration of oneself or one’s appearanceb.sabotage-------Sabots : (1) to destroy or damage deliberately(2) deliberate damage or destructione. martinet--------Martinet : strict /stern (military) trainerf . yahoo-------Yahoo : a lout or ruffiang. Shylock--------Shylock: a ruthless money lenderh. hovering-------Hoover: cleaning by using a vacuum cleanerKey to Chapter 51. What is reference ?Reference is the connection between the word form and what the form refers to in the world. (or: Reference is the relationship between language and the world.)2. What is concept ?Concept is a notion or idea, formed in the mind as a result of cognition, which reflects the objective world.3. What is sense ?The sense of a word shows its place in a system of semantic relationships with other words in the language. It is often used to substitute meaning.4.What is motivation? Does this theory contradict the theory of "arbitrariness" and "conventionality' concerning the relationshipbetween linguistic symbols and their senses ?Motivation explains the relationship between the linguistic symbol and its meaning, or the logical reason why a certain word has a certain meaning.As mentioned earlier, the relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. Motivation seems to contradict the theory. The answer is “yes and no”. By “yes”, we mean all the mono-morphemic words in a language are non-motivated except a few onomatopoeic words which imitate the natural sounds or noises. By “no”, we mean many multi-morphemic words are motivated, for in many cases the meaning of the whole word is the combination of the morphemes. The morphemic structure explains the meaning.5. What are the 4 types of motivation? Explain them with examplesThe four types of motivation are onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation. Onomatopoeic motivation explains onomatopoeic words whose meaning is based on the pronunciation of the words such as miaow, thump, peng, etc. ; morphological motivation explains the words whose morphological structure throws light on their meaning, such as profiteer(profit+eer), darkroom(dark+room), deconstruction (de+construct+ion), etc. ; semantic motivation explains the figurative meaning of words whose literal meaning suggests the figurative meaning such as the tongue of fire, the mouth of the river, the face of the earth; etymological motivation explains the words whose meaning is closely related to their origins such as banting(therapy for keeping slim by going on a diet discovered by Doctor Banting) and Brille(language used by the blind created by Brille).6. apes-gibber birds-sing/twitter cattle-low crickets-chirp doves-coo foxes-yelpgeese-gabble sheep-bleat wolves-howl monkeys-chatter pigs- grunt hyenas-laugh turkeys-gobble swans-cry7. What is the difference between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning?Grammatical meaning refers to the part of meaning which shows grammatical relationship such as part of speech of words, plural forms of nouns, tense of verbs, etc. and lexical meaning includes all the rest of the meanings of a word apart from the grammatical meaning, i.e. conceptual meaning and associative meaning.8. What ar ethe characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning is fundamental, universal and stable whereas associative meaning is secondary, contextual, open-ended or indeterminate, thus changing.9. What connotations do you think we word atomic might have for each of the following people ?a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with atomic, such as “benefit”, “energy”, etc.b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War Ⅱ, might have all the negative associations with atomic, such as “suffering”, “killing”, “death”, “horror”, etc.c. To a student of nuclear physics, atomic might be associated with “mystery”, “science”, “knowledge”, etc.10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)fluent: speaking easily, smoothly and expressively (positive)gabby: inclined to chatter (negative)mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)11.No Appreciative Neutral Pejorativea. particular fastidious/fussyb. critical fault-finding/picky。

词汇学期末考试题及答案

词汇学期末考试题及答案

词汇学期末考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 词汇学研究的核心对象是()。

A. 语音B. 语法C. 词汇D. 语义答案:C2. 词义的最小单位是()。

A. 语素B. 词C. 短语D. 句子答案:A3. 以下哪个词属于多义词?()A. 桌子B. 苹果C. 跑D. 笔答案:C4. 词义的演变通常不包括()。

A. 词义扩大B. 词义缩小C. 词义转移D. 词义创新答案:D5. 以下哪个词属于外来词?()A. 沙发B. 电脑C. 汽车D. 火车答案:A6. 词义的引申通常是基于()。

A. 词的本义B. 词的引申义C. 词的转用义D. 词的比喻义答案:A7. 以下哪个词属于同义词?()A. 快速和迅速B. 桌子和椅子C. 红色和蓝色D. 学习和平息答案:A8. 以下哪个词属于反义词?()A. 高和矮B. 桌子和椅子C. 红色和蓝色D. 学习和平息答案:A9. 以下哪个词属于成语?()A. 马到成功B. 桌子C. 红色D. 学习答案:A10. 以下哪个词属于专业术语?()A. 电脑B. 桌子C. 红色D. 学习答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)1. 词汇学是研究语言中的词汇及其变化规律的学科。

2. 词义的演变包括词义扩大、词义缩小和词义转移。

3. 多义词是指一个词具有两个或两个以上相关或不相关的意义。

4. 外来词是指从其他语言借用过来的词。

5. 词义的引申通常是基于词的本义。

6. 同义词是指意义相同或相近的词。

7. 反义词是指意义相反或相对的词。

8. 成语是指由四个或四个以上汉字组成的固定短语,具有特定的意义和用法。

9. 专业术语是指在特定领域内使用的具有特定意义的词。

10. 词汇的创新是指根据语言发展的需要,创造出新的词汇。

三、简答题(每题10分,共40分)1. 简述词汇学的研究内容。

词汇学主要研究语言中的词汇及其变化规律,包括词的构成、词义的演变、词的分类、词的用法等方面。

2. 简述词义演变的类型。

《英语词汇学》期末考试复习题

《英语词汇学》期末考试复习题

英语词汇学期末考试复习题一、单项选择题1.According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.A.soundsB.meaningC.formD.function【正确答案】 B2.A word is a ______ that stands for something else in the world.A.symbolB.systemC.structureD.pattern【正确答案】 A3.We consider that the written form of a natural language is the written record of the ______ form.A.writerB.practicalC.oralD.grammatical【正确答案】 C4.In spite of the differences, at least ______ percent of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns.A.sixtyB.seventyC.eightyD.ninety【正确答案】 C5.Words may fall into content words and functional words by ______.e frequencyB.notionC.originD.stability【正确答案】 B6.Among the feature of words of the basic word stock, ______ is the most important one that may differentiate words of common use from all others.A.all national characterB.stabilityC.productivityD.collocability【正确答案】 A7.______ belong to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words.A.JargonsB.SlangsC.ArgotsD.Dialectal words【正确答案】 B8.Native words in English are words brought to Britain in the ______ century by some German tribes.A.eighthB.seventhC.fifthD.sixth【正确答案】 C9.Which of the following words isn’t the alien?A.decorB.bazaarC.shiftD.emir【正确答案】 C10._______ are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.A.ArchaismsB.SlangC.ArgotD.Dialectal words【正确答案】 A11.The Indo-European language family accordingly fall into _______ principle groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and Western set.A.eightB.sixC.fiveD.several【正确答案】 A12.The first peoples known to inhabit England were ______.A.CeltsB.RomansC.Anglo-SaxonsD.Jutes【正确答案】 A13.Old English has a vocabulary of about ______ words.A.30000 to 40000B.40000 to 50000C.50000 to 60000D.60000 to 70000【正确答案】 C14.Between 1250 and 1500 about ______ words of French poured into English.A.7000B.8000C.9000D.10000【正确答案】 Cually we regard which of the following periods as Early Modern English?A.450 to 1150B.1150 to 1500C.1500 to 1600D.1500 to 1700【正确答案】 D16.In the growth of present-day English vocabulary, there are three main sources of new words: the rapid development of modern science and technology; social, economic and political changes; the influence of ______.A.the educational systemB.other cultures and languagesC.the government systemD.the society changes【正确答案】 B17.In modern times, ______ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.A.creationB.semantic changeC.borrowingD.reviving archaic or obsolete words【正确答案】 A18.American English like to use ______.A.creationB.reviving archaic or obsolete wordsC.semantic changeD.borrowing【正确答案】 B19.In the Eastern set, _______ and ________ are each the only modern language respectively.A.Italic, GermanicB.Armenian, AlbanianC.Celtic, HellenicD.Balto-Slavic, Into-Iranian【正确答案】 B20.The ________ is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.A.GermanicB.Balto-SlavicC.Indo-EuropeanD.Indo-Iranian【正确答案】 C21.______ is the smallest functioning unite in the composition of words.A.MorphemeB.AllomorphC.WordD.Stem【正确答案】 A22.______are abstract units.A.MorphsB.AllomorphsC.MorphemesD.All of the above【正确答案】 C23.The morpheme is to the morph what a_____is to a______.A.word / soundB.root / affixC.stem / affixD.phoneme / phone【正确答案】 D24.Bound morphemes include ______ and affix.A.stemB.rootC.bound rootD.prefix and suffix【正确答案】 C25.Words produced by conversion are primarily ______.A.nounsB.adjectivesC.verbsD.all the above【正确答案】 D26.______are attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships.A.AffixesB.SuffixesC.Inflectional affixesD.None of the above【正确答案】 C27.The number of inflectional affixes is ______.A.small and changeablerge and changeableC.small and stablerge and stable【正确答案】 C28.Desire, desirable and desired are______.A.rootsB.stemsC.free rootsD.roots as well as stems【正确答案】 B29.Almost all affixes are_________because few can be used as independent words.A.free morphemesB.bound morphemesC.bound rootD.inflectional affixes【正确答案】 B30.A_________is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.A.free rootB.bound rootC.free morphemesD.inflectional affixes【正确答案】 B31._____doesn’t belong to the most productive means of word-formation.A.AffixationpoundingC.ConversionD.Blending【正确答案】 D32.Prefixes do not generally change the ____ of the stem but only modify its meaning.A.word-classB.soundC.formD.structure【正确答案】 A33.All of the following are pejorative prefixes except ______.A.mal-B.arch-C.pseudo-D.mis-【正确答案】 B34.-eer, -er, -ess, -ette, -let are all suffixes added to noun bases to produce _____ nouns.A.abstractB.de-verbalC.concreteD.de-adjective【正确答案】 C35.The conversion of two-syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of______.A.spellingB.pronunciationC.stressD.function【正确答案】 C36.The overwhelming majority of blends are ______.A.verbsB.adjectivesC.nounsD.numbers【正确答案】 C37.Back-formation is the method of creating new words by ______ theso-called suffixes.A.removingbiningC.shorteningD.considering【正确答案】 A38.There are four common types of clipping: _______, _______, ________ and ________.A.front clipping, back clipping, front and back clipping, phrase clippingB.front clipping, back clipping, front and back clipping, middle clippingC.front clipping, back clipping, middle clipping, phrase clippingD.front clipping, front and back clipping, middle clipping, phrase clipping【正确答案】 A39.Some words are from characters in mythology, e. g. cherub from _______.A.CherubB.GodC.ProteusD.Mackintosh【正确答案】 A40.Stylistically, back-formed words are largely ________ and some of them have not gained public acceptance.A.formalB.adjectivesC.human nounsrmal【正确答案】 D41.Most verbs converted from adjectives have both transitive and ________ functions.A.intransitiveB.voicelessC.linkD.adjective【正确答案】 A42.Most compounds consist of only _______ stems.A.oneB.twoC.threeD.four【正确答案】 B43.Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired ______.A.referenceB.formC.connectionD.motivation【正确答案】 A44.The connection between the word-meaning and the thing it refers to is ______.A.logicalB.conventionalC.grammaticalD.formal【正确答案】 B45.Generally speaking, the meaning of ‘meaning’ is pe rhaps what is termed _______.A.conceptB.ideaC.conventionD.sense【正确答案】 D46._______ meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning.A.ConceptualB.LexicalC.SocialD.Associative【正确答案】 B47.________ indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.A.Connotative meaningB.Stylistic meaningC.Collocative meaningD.Affective meaning【正确答案】 D48._______, though having little lexical meaning, possess strong grammatical meaning.A.Content wordsB.Functional wordsC.Borrowed wordsD.Native words【正确答案】 B49.Black market means _______.A.‘the market black in colour’B.‘illegal selling and buying’C.‘the market having many people’D.none of the above【正确答案】 B50._____ is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages.A.HomonymyB.PolysemyC.SynonymyD.Antonymy【正确答案】 B51.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can be dealt with from diachronic and ______.putationalB.historical approachC.synchronic approachparative approach【正确答案】 C52.The differences between synonyms boil down to the following except ______.A.denotationB.connotationC.applicationD.pronunciation【正确答案】 D53.______ means the stylistic and emotive colouring of words.A.PronunciationB.ConnotationC.DenotationD.Application【正确答案】 B54._______ truly represent oppositeness of meaning.A.Contradictory termsB.Contray termsC.Relative termsD.Absolute synonyms【正确答案】 A55.The basic meaning of a word is the core of word-meaning called the _______ meaning.A.firstB.derivedC.centralD.none of the above【正确答案】 C56.Absolute synonyms are_______ in natural languages.A.numerousB.rareC.popularmon【正确答案】 B57.________ deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.A.PolysemyB.HomoymyC.AntonymyD.Hyponymy【正确答案】 D58.Which of the following is not the antonym of dull?A.sunnyB.sharpC.acuteD.fast【正确答案】 D59.________ are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.A.Contradictory termsB.Contrary termsC.Relative termsD.Antonyms【正确答案】 B60.________ is concerned with semantic opposition.A.AntonymyB.HomonymyC.PolysemyD.Hyponymy【正确答案】 A61.Consequence means________.A.smallB.happinessC.expandD.result【正确答案】 D62.Among the types of word-meaning changes, ______ and narrowing are the most common by far.A.degradationB.transferC.elevationD.extension【正确答案】 D63.Extension of meaning is also called ______.A.generalizationB.specializationC.characterizationD.popularization【正确答案】 A64.Narrowing of meaning is also called ______.A.generalizationB.specializationC.characterizationD.popularization【正确答案】 B65.Words which were used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced process of semantic _____.A.extensionB.degradationC.transferD.elevation【正确答案】 C66.The attitudes of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of _____.A.narrowingB.extensionC.degradationD.transfer【正确答案】 C。

词汇学期末复习题(附参考答案)

词汇学期末复习题(附参考答案)

名词解释(10选5,一个4分)词=The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 词根=The basic unchangeable part of a word, and covers the main lexical meaning of the word. 词缀=Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 一词多义=Polysemy =Polysemy means means means that that that one one one single single single word word word has has has two two two or or or more more senses at the same time. 同形异义=Homonyms =Homonyms are are are different different words words with with with the the the same same same form form (spelling or pronunciation) 完全同形异义=Perfect homonyms are different words identical both in sound and spelling, though different in meaning. 同音异形异义=Homophones are different words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning. 同形异音异义=Homographs are different words identical in spelling, but different in sound or meaning. 同义关系=Synonymy Synonymy is is is a a a relationship relationship relationship of of of “sameness “sameness “sameness of of of meaning” meaning” that may hold between two words. 反义关系=Antonymy is a relationship of “meaning opposition” that may hold between two words. 上下义关系=Hyponymy is the sense relationship that relates words hierarchically. The underlying observation is that some words have a more general meaning, while others have a more specific meaning, while referring to the same entity. 问答题(6选3,一题10分)分)1. (1)What does onomatopoetic motivation mean?(2)What does semantic motivation mean?(3)Dose it contradict the statement that there is no natural connection between sound and meaning?Answer: (1)Onomatopoeic motivation means means defining defining defining the the the principle principle principle of of motivation by sound. (2)Semantic motivation means that motivation is based on semantic factors. (3)Facts (3)Facts have have have proved proved proved this this this argument argument to to be be be valid. valid. valid. W W ords ords that that convey convey the the the same same same meaning meaning meaning have have have different different different phonological phonological phonological forms forms forms in in different languages – (for example, English meat / mi:t /,Chinese ròròu. u. u. Alternatively, Alternatively, the the same same same phonological phonological phonological forms forms forms may may may convey convey different meanings - for example, sight, site, cite.) 2. How many kinds of meaning are there in English?Answer: Answer: There There There are are are 8 8 8 kinds kinds kinds of of of meaning meaning meaning in in in English, English, English, including including grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, denotative meaning, associative meaning, connotative meaning, social (stylistic) meaning, affective meaning, collocative meaning. 3. (1)What is context?(2)What role dose context play in linguistic communication? (以下答案摘自网络,回答稍冗长,请适当精简)Answer: (1)Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. And there is linguistic context, refers refers to to to the the the words, words, words, clauses, clauses, clauses, sentences, sentences, sentences, paragraphs, paragraphs, paragraphs, or or or whole whole books books in in in which which which a a a word word word appears. appears. appears. And And And extra-linguistic extra-linguistic extra-linguistic context, context, which which refers refers refers to to to a a a particular particular particular time, time, time, space, space, space, or or or culture culture culture in in in which which which a a word word appears. appears. appears. There There There also also also is is is lexical lexical lexical context: context: context: the the the lexemes lexemes lexemes that that co-occur with the word in question. The meaning of the word is affected or determined by the neighboring lexemes. (2)Context can function as followed: eliminating ambiguity; conveying emotional overtones; indicating referents and the range of the meaning of a word. 4.5. (1)What are the major types of synonymy?(2)(3)Explain those types with examples.Answer: (1)In (1)In general, general, general, English English English synonyms synonyms synonyms can can can be be be divided into divided into two two types: types: complete synonyms and relative synonyms. (2)Absolute synonyms are words whose meaning is fully identical in any context so that one can always be substituted for the other without t he slightest change in the slightest change in meaning. For example: (例子自己找)(例子自己找)(3)Relative synonyms refers to which denote different shades of meaning meaning or or or different different different degrees degrees degrees of of of a a a given given given quality. quality. quality. This This This kinds kinds kinds of of synonyms are the same in some degree such as (例子自己找)(例子自己找)6. (1)What are the major types of antonymy?(2)(3)(4)(5)Explain those types with examples.Answer: (1)There are four types of antonymy, including complementaries, gradable antonyms, relational opposites and semantic incompatibles (2)Complementaries (2)Complementaries refer refer refer to to to pairs pairs pairs of of of words words words that that that represent represent represent an an either/or relation. (例子找书去)(例子找书去)(3) Antonyms Antonyms of of of this this this type type type are are are best best best viewed viewed viewed in in in terms terms terms of of of a a a scale scale running running between between between two two two poles poles poles or or or extremes. extremes. extremes. The The The two two two opposites opposites opposites are are gradable. (例子找书去)(例子找书去)(4)The substitution of one member for the other does not change the the meaning of a sentence if it is accompanied by the change of meaning of a sentence if it is accompanied by the change of subject and object. (例子找书去)(例子找书去)(例子找书去) (5) (5) The The The words words words in in in a a a group group group of of semantic semantic incompatibles incompatibles incompatibles are are are in in contrast to the other members of the group, showing a contrastingness relationship between word and word (例子找书去)去)7. What are the possible causes of language change?(由于网上答案太泛,思路混乱,因此直接将课本原话翻译过来作为答案。

英语词汇学试题及答案

英语词汇学试题及答案

英语词汇学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 词汇学研究的主要对象是什么?A. 语法结构B. 词汇构成C. 语音系统D. 语义关系2. 下列哪个词属于复合词?A. happyB. unicycleC. bicycleD. unhappy3. 词根是指什么?A. 单词的前缀B. 单词的后缀C. 单词的基本部分D. 单词的派生部分4. 词汇的同源词是指什么?A. 意义相近的词B. 形式相似的词C. 来源相同的词D. 功能相同的词5. 词汇的语义变化通常被称为什么?A. 词汇演变B. 词汇扩展C. 词汇借用D. 词汇创新二、填空题(每空2分,共20分)6. 英语中的词缀分为________和后缀。

7. 英语词汇的构成方式之一是________,例如:class + room = classroom。

8. 英语中的合成词是由两个或两个以上自由词组合而成的,如________。

9. 英语中,一个词的意义可能随着时间而发生变化,这种现象称为________。

10. 英语词汇学中的“词义扩展”是指一个词的意义范围________。

三、简答题(每题10分,共30分)11. 简述英语词汇的来源有哪些?12. 解释什么是词汇的同化现象,并给出一个例子。

13. 描述词汇的语义变化有哪些类型?四、论述题(每题15分,共30分)14. 论述英语词汇学在语言教学中的应用。

15. 分析英语词汇中的借词现象及其对英语发展的影响。

参考答案一、选择题1. B2. B3. C4. C5. A二、填空题6. 前缀7. 合成8. blackboard9. 语义演变10. 扩大或缩小三、简答题11. 英语词汇的来源包括:古英语、拉丁语、法语、希腊语、德语等。

12. 词汇的同化现象是指外来词在借用到另一种语言中时,为了适应新语言的发音规则而发生的改变。

例如,英语中的“sushi”在一些非英语国家可能会被读作“苏西”以适应当地语言的发音习惯。

英语词汇学试题及答案

英语词汇学试题及答案

英语词汇学试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. The word "university" is derived from the Latin word "universitas," which originally meant:A. A place of higher educationB. A legal entityC. A group of studentsD. A city2. In English, the term "neologism" refers to:A. An old word that has been revivedB. A new word or expressionC. A word that has fallen out of useD. A word that has been borrowed from another language3. Which of the following is an example of a compound word?A. BicycleB. TelephoneC. UnicycleD. Both A and B4. The word "breakfast" is a:A. Compound wordB. BlendC. AcronymD. Back-formation5. The word "mouse" when referring to a computer device is anexample of:A. HomonymyB. PolysemyC. SynonymyD. Hyponymy6. The term "morpheme" in linguistics refers to the:A. Smallest meaningful unit of languageB. Largest meaningful unit of languageC. Smallest grammatical unit of languageD. Largest grammatical unit of language7. Which of the following is an example of a prefix?A. -lyB. un-C. -nessD. re-8. The word "unhappy" is formed by adding the prefix "un-" to the root word "happy," which is an example of:A. AffixationB. ConversionC. CoinageD. Blending9. The word "edit" can be traced back to the Latin word "edere," which means:A. To eatB. To publishC. To give outD. To cut10. The process of creating a new word by shortening an existing one is known as:A. ClippingB. Back-formationC. BlendingD. Acronym formation二、填空题(每题1分,共10分)11. The word "kindergarten" is a compound of two German words, "kind" meaning ______ and "garten" meaning garden.12. The term "semantic shift" refers to a change in the______ of a word over time.13. An example of a back-formation is the word "edit," which was derived from the noun "editor."14. The word "geek" originally had a negative connotation but has undergone ______ to become a term of endearment for tech enthusiasts.15. The process of creating a new word by combining parts of two or more words is known as ______.16. The prefix "auto-" in "autonomous" comes from the Greek word for ______.17. The suffix "-able" in "readable" is used to form ______ adjectives.18. The term "etymology" refers to the study of the ______ of words.19. A word that has the same form as another but a different meaning is an example of ______.20. The word "smog" is a blend of "smoke" and "fog," which is an example of a ______ word.三、简答题(每题5分,共20分)21. Explain the difference between a homograph and a homophone.22. Describe the process of semantic change known as amelioration.23. What is the role of borrowing in the development of a language's vocabulary?24. Discuss the concept of word class conversion and provide an example.四、论述题(每题15分,共30分)25. Discuss the impact of globalization on the English lexicon.26. Analyze the factors that contribute to the creation of new words in English.答案:一、选择题1. B2. B3. D4. A5. A6. A7. D8. A9. C 10. A二、填空题11. child 12. meaning 13. back-formation 14. semantic shift 15. blending 16. self 17. adjective 18. history 19. homonym 20. portmanteau三、简答题21. A homograph is a word that is spelled the same as another word but has a different meaning and possibly a different pronunciation, while a homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but has a different meaning andspelling.22. Amelioration refers to the。

词汇学语言考试题及答案

词汇学语言考试题及答案

词汇学语言考试题及答案一、选择题(每题2分,共20分)1. 词汇学是研究语言中词汇的系统、结构和变化规律的学科,它属于:A. 语音学B. 语法学C. 词汇学D. 语义学答案:C2. 下列哪个选项不是词汇学研究的内容?A. 词汇的构成B. 词汇的分类C. 词汇的演变D. 语音的发音答案:D3. 词汇学中,词根是指:A. 词的基本意义单位B. 词的发音单位C. 词的书写单位D. 词的语法单位答案:A4. 以下哪个词是由两个词根组成的?A. 苹果B. 汽车C. 电脑D. 葡萄答案:B5. 词汇学中的“同义词”指的是:A. 意义完全相同的词B. 意义相近的词C. 意义相反的词D. 意义完全不同的词答案:B6. 在词汇学中,“反义词”是指:A. 意义相近的词B. 意义相反的词C. 意义相同的词D. 意义不相关的词答案:B7. “词汇化”是指:A. 词汇的创造过程B. 词汇的消失过程C. 词汇的演变过程D. 词汇的分类过程答案:A8. 词汇学中的“语义场”是指:A. 词的发音范围B. 词的书写范围C. 词的意义范围D. 词的使用范围答案:C9. 词汇学中,“多义词”是指:A. 只有一个意义的词B. 有两个或两个以上意义的词C. 没有意义或意义不明确的词D. 意义完全相反的词答案:B10. 词汇学中的“同音词”是指:A. 发音相同的词B. 意义相同的词C. 书写相同的词D. 用法相同的词答案:A二、填空题(每题2分,共20分)11. 词汇学中的“词缀”是指附着在词根上,用来构成新词的________。

答案:语素12. “派生”是指通过添加________来创造新词的过程。

答案:词缀13. “合成”是指通过合并________来创造新词的过程。

答案:词根14. “词汇变化”包括词义的________、________和________。

答案:扩大、缩小、转移15. “词汇的语义变化”是指词义的________、________和________。

英语词汇学期末考试试题及参考答案

英语词汇学期末考试试题及参考答案

XX大学XX学年第X学期期末考试X学院一般考试《英语词汇学》试题(A)适用专业:适用年级:PART I Multiple Choice (10x3=30 Points)Directions: Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket(1)Which pair of words is an illustration of Degradation [ ]A. lewd ignorantB. silly foolishC. last pleasureD. knave boy(2)In literal works, Writers often use homophones to create puns for desired effects of ( )A. humorB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all the above(3)The Meaning of a word changes in the following four ways: _____. ()A. extension, narrowing, elevation and degradationB. extension, generalization, elevation and degradationC. extension, narrowing, specialization and degradationD. extension, elevation, amelioration and degradation(4)In rhetoric, the use of one name for that of another associated with it is called _____. [ ]A. simileB. metonymyC. substitutionD. metaphor(5)Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example [ ]A. ad for “advertisement”B. dish for “food"C. fond for “affectionate”D. an editorial for “an editorial article"(6)Grammatical context refers to _____ in which a word is used. [ ]A. vocabularyB. rulesC. semantic patternD. syntactic structure(7)In the idiom 'in good feather', we change 'good' into 'high, full' without changing meaning. This change of constituent is known as _____ . [ ]A. additionB. replacementC. position-shiftingD. variation(8)As a branch of linguistics, lexicology studies:A. the grammatical system of a languageB. the phonemic structure of a languageC. the historical development of a languageD. The vocabulary of a language(9). Morphemes added to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ( )A. bound morphemesB. free morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. derivational morphemes(10)Which of the following words is NOT formed through clipping? [ ]A. DormB. motelC. GentD. ZooII. Blank filling (5x3=15)Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.III. Semantic Feature Analysis (5x3=15)Directions: Characterize the following lexical items, using the three binary semantic features: [± Male] [±Adult ] [±Human ](16).Man(17).woman(18).boy(19).girl(20).cowIV. Word Formation Analysis (5x2=10)Directions: Study the following words and expressions and analyze the internal structure of them by the identification of 1) types of morphemes;2) types of word formations (5x2=10)(21). headache(22). likely(23). preview(24). Smog(25). editV. Q&A(2x15=30)Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short Write your answers in the space given below.(26)What is collocative meaning? Give one example to illustrate your point. (27)What is the relationship between meaning and sound? Give one example to illustrate your point.XX大学XX学年第X学期XX专业英语词汇学课程期末考试试题X卷参考答案I Multiple Choice(10*3=30 )1-5 ADABB 6-10 DBADBII Blank Filling (5*3=15 )(11)The primary meaning (12)The derivative meaning(13 )Metaphor (14)Motivation(15)degenerationⅢSemantic Feature Analysis (5*3=15 )[ Adult ] [Human ](16) .Man + +(17) .woman + +(18) .boy _ +(19) .girl _ +(20) . cow + _IV. Word Formation Analysis (5*2=10 )(21) . headache head ache composition(22) . likely like ly derivation(23) . preview pre view derivation(24) . smog smoke fog blending(25) . edit edit or backformationV. Q&A(2*10=20 Points )Key points(28)Collocative meaning is different from the meaning listed in a dictionary.it consists of the association that a word acquired on account of meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.For example,Pretty and handsome share common ground in the meaning “good lo oking” but may be distinguished by the range of nouns with which they are likely to co-occur.Pretty girl handsome boyPretty boy handsome man(29)The relation between name and meaning is still a controversial issue. Some linguists believe, the relation is arbitrary. Others holds that meaning is motivated. Both theories have strength and meaning.XX大学XX学年第X学期XX专业英语词汇学课程期末考试试题X卷评分标准本次考试试卷共包括五部分,题型为客观题和主观题相结合,卷面成绩共计100分。

词汇学复习题(完整版)

词汇学复习题(完整版)

(最终完整版)I. Define the Following Terms.1. MorphemeMorpheme(语素):the minimal meaningful unit(the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words)2. allomorphAllomorph(语素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme,differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaning. One of the variants that realize a morpheme3. bound morphemeBound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself.4. free morphemeFree morphemes: Those which may occur alone, that is, those which may constitute words by themselves, are free morphemes.5. AffixAffix is the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.6. inflectional affixInflectional affixes (屈折词缀)(inflectional morphemes): affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional7. derivational affixDerivational affixes(派生词缀) A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffixa prefix or suffix added to a root or stem to form another word, as un- in unread, -ness inlikeness8. rootA root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss ofidentity.9. stemA stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word withinflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.10. ReferenceReference is the conventional or arbitrary relationship between language and the world.Part of the word meaning is the reference.11. Motivation(理据):Motivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.Most words are non-motivated.12. Conceptual meaning(概念意义):also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) Conceptual meaning is often described as dictionary meaning or literal meaning of a word. It is the core of the meaning of a word. 13. grammatical meaning(语法意义):indicate the grammatical concept(become important only in actual context) Grammatical meaning refers to that part of meaning which indicates grammatical relationships or functions, such as tense meaning, singular meaning, etc14. associative meaningAssociative meaning(关联意义): According to the semantic analysis of Geoffrey Leech, the associative meaning of an expression has to do with individual mental understandings of the speaker.15. Hyponymy(上下义关系)Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animal16. stylistic meaningLanguage use can be formal, neutral and casual in style. The stylistic features of words, which make words appropriate for appropriate situations, constitute stylistic meanings of words.17. affective meaningAffective meaning refers to that part of meaning which conveys emotions and attitudes ofa language user. Sometimes affective meanings are brought out only in context.18. collective meaningCollective meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.19. SlangSlang is the "language of a highly colloquial type, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or of current words used in some social sense."20. homophone同音异义词A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs inmeaning21. Which of the following is NOT a rhetorical feature of idioms? DA.Phonetic manipulation. B.Lexical manipulation.C.Figures of speech. D.Phrasal verbs.22.The sentence “I like Mary better than you.” is ambiguous due to ____C__.A.extra-linguistic context B.lexical contextC.grammatical context D.homonymy23.Which of the following is NOT one of the obvious characteristics of the basic wordstock? CA..Creativity. B.Stability.C.Duality. D.All national character.24. Synonyms can be classified into two major groups, that is:(A )A. absolute and relativeB. absolute and completeC. relative and nearplete and identical25. In the early period of Middle English, English, _D________ existed side by side.A. Celtic and DanishB. Danish and FrenchC. Latin and CelticD. French and Latin26. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single ( C )morpheme.A. formalB. concreteC. freeD. Bound27. Which of the following is NOT an acronym?( B )A. TOEFLB.ODYSSEYC. BASICD. CCTV28. Which of the following is NOT one of the main sources of new words? BA.The rapid development of modern science and technology.B.Geographical and political changes.C.The influence of other cultures and languages.D.Social and economic changes.29. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions. Which of the following is NOTan example of neologisms? BA.SARS. B.Can-opener.C.Futurology. D.Freak out.30. The written form of English is a(an)____C_______representation of the spoken form.A. selectiveB. adequateC. imperfectD. naturalMatch the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B according to 1) meaning of prefixes; 2) type of word formations; 3)types of meaning changes and 4) types of idioms.A B(J)31.Ultr- A. backformation(A)32.burgle B. initialism(H)33.pop C. transfer of sensation(C)34.clear-sounding D. before(B)35.VOA E. brim (water’s edge —the top edge of a cup) (D)36.fore- F. mistress(F)37.degradation G. succeed(I)38.kick the bucket H. clipping(E)39.extension I. die(G)40.make it J. extreme41. What is lexical taxonomy词汇分类结构? Illustrate your points with examples.Lexical taxonomy is a classified structure formed by different level of types of lexicon. The relation between different types of lexicons is taxonomy. In the taxonomy relations, the lexicon contains a narrow type is taxonyms, while the lexicon contains a wide type on a superior level is superordinate. The lexicons in the same level are co-taxonyms, the relation between which is called co-taxonymy.Taxonomy denotes a relation of belonging: X is a kind/type/token of Y. In this case, X represents the taxonyms, Y represents superodinated.For examples: horse is a kind of animal;Carrot is a kind of vegetable;Chair is a kind of furniture;Hammer and saws are kind of tools;Usually, the types in taxonomy relations are wider than the breeds: animal>horse,vegetable>carrot, etc.42. What is amelioration of meaning? What is degradation of meaning? Illustrateyour points with examples.(1)Elevation or amelioration of meaning词义的升华: the process by which words rise from humble(粗陋的)beginnings to positions of importance.[eg:knight (old)servant (el)rank below baronet从男爵](2)Elevation of Meaning ( or amelioration) (词义的升格)It refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.e.g. marshal: a servant who looks after mares/keeper of horseminister: servantnice: ignorant, foolish(3)Degradation of Meaning ( or degeneration) (词义的降格)It is a process whereby non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.it is much more common for word meanings to change in denotation from neutral to pejorative than it is for them to go the other way.e.g.sad: calm, serious -------- sorryfulcunning: knowing a skillful-------- gossip , crafty.wench: girl, young woman-------- a loose woman , prostituteboor : peasant -------- ill-mannered personfond: foolish43.What is transferred epithet转移修饰词? Illustrate it with examples.An epithet is an adjective (or phrase containing an adjective) or adverb which modifies (describes) a noun. For instance, in "dreamless sleep", dreamless is the epithet.In a transferred epithet (also known as hypallage; literally "echange") the adjective or adverb is transferred from the noun it logically belongs with, to another one which fits it grammatically but not logically. So in "dreamless night" , dreamless is a transferred epithet. The exact meaning of the sentence is "night when I (or whoever) slept without dreaming," since a night can't actually dream anyway.We use transferred epithets all the time. Another example could be "I had a terrible day." "Terrible" is a transferred epithet, because it wasn't the day that was terrible, only the things that happened to me on that day. A more poetic example would be "a long and weary road" - long can apply logically to the road, but not weary –so weary is a transferred epithet44.What is synaesthesia? Illustrate it with examples.Synaesthesia is a joining together of sensations that are normally experienced separately.Synesthesia can occur between nearly any two senses or perceptual modes, and at least one synesthete experienced synesthesia that linked all five senses. Given thelarge number of forms of synesthesia, researchers have adopted a convention of indicating the type of synesthesia by using the following notation x → y, where x is the "inducer" or trigger experience, and y is the "concurrent" or additional experience. For example, perceiving letters and numbers (collectively called graphemes) as colored would be indicated as grapheme → color synesthesia (e.g., A is likely to be red). In spatial-sequence, or number form synesthesia, numbers, months of the year, and/or days of the week elicit precise locations in space (for example, 1980 may be "farther away" than 1990), or may have a (three-dimensional) view of a year as a map (clockwise or counterclockwise)V. State the glocalization of English languageGlocalisation (or glocalization) is a compound word of globalization and localization. By definition, the term “glocal” refers to the individual, group, division, unit, organisation, and community which is willing and able to “think globally and act locally.”Glocalization A combination of the words “globalization” and “local,” w hich suggests the unique local and situated forms and effects of widespread and even global processes. For example: the words “chipmunk”, ”moose”come from India language; the word “brandy” and “landscape” come from Holland; the words “cargo”, “contraband” come from Spanish; the words “acme”, “acrobat” and “catastrophe” come from Greek.V.State the features of English idioms with examples.1.Idiomaticity(习用性): The idiom is widely used by English-American countries, and it has a wide social base and strong vitality.Such as: rain cats and dogs, cut off one’s nose to spite one’s face, play one’s cards close to one’s chest, etc.Some of them have platitudes, some have already lost the original cultural context. But they are still widely used owing to its certain meaning in people’s lives.2. Syntactic frozenness(定型性): The syntactic frozenness of the idiom is also called the Syntactic fixedness(固定性). Like Chinese idiom, The form of a idiom is fixed, it can’t be syntactically changed or replaced.Only a small part of the idioms can be replaced by other words, but these changes are fixed, too. For example: in the idiom “draw one’s teeth”, the word “teeth” can be changed by “fangs”.Most of them can’t be changed, or the meaning will be way different. For example: the idiom “stare one in the face” is different from the idiom “look one in the face”.3.Semantic utility(整体性):The idiom has the characteristic that it has to be used as a whole semantic unit. Although the idioms have various forms such as sentence, phrase and single word, every part of them is tight related and inseparable. In another word, we cannot judge a idiom’s meaning word by word. Example:: be/feel under the weather(感觉不舒服)、beat generation(迷惘的一代)、on the carpet(受罚,受训)The semantic utility is an important feature to tell the idioms from free phrases.4.Semantic opacity(不透明性):The other obvious feature of idioms is semantic opacity, which means the idiom can’t be understand literally. According to the degrees of opacity,the idioms can be classified into four types: ①transparent(透明);eg. Long time no see.②semi-idiom(半成语),eg. A fat salary. ③semi-transparent, eg. a watched pot never boils.心急水南开④opaque(不透明),eg. kick the bucket, 死去、断气Like the feature of Semantic utility, Semantic opacity is also a symbol of the idiom.。

英语词汇学复习题(A)

英语词汇学复习题(A)

英语词汇学复习题(A)英语词汇学复习题(A)(2012-05-29)Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.1.According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.()A.meaning B.soundC.combination of sounds D.group2.The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.()A.more slowly than B.as quickly asC.more rapidly than D.not so quickly as3.Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.()A.use frequency B.notion C.origin D.sound4.Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.()A.green revolution B.fast foodC.moon walk D.space shuttle5.Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need.()A.form B.meaningC.look D.pronunciation6.Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall”means ______ in British English.()A.four B.fellC.for D.autumn7.The plural morpheme “-s”is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______.()A./t/ B./g/C./p/ D./k/8.There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection.()A.one B.twoC.three D.four9.The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.()A.works B.prewarC.postwar D.bloody10.30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through ______.()A.compounding B.affixationC.conversion D.shortening11.The word “motel” is created by ______.()A.compounding B.clippingC.blending D.suffixation12.“BBC” is formed in the way of ______.()A.acronymy B.clippingC.back-formation D.prefixation13.The types of meanings include the following EXCEPT ______.()A.grammatical meaning B.conceptual meaning C.associative meaning D.literal meaning14.By ______ motivation, we mean that the meaning of a word is related to its origin.()A.onomatopoeic B.morphologicalC.semantic D.etymological15.______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.()A.Reference B.ConceptC.Sense D.Motivation16.Semantic field, according to the course book, is also considered an integral part of ______.()A.word formation B.word meaningC.meaning change D.sense relations17.When a word is first coined, it is always ______.()A.semantic B.onomatopoeicC.monosemic D.polysemic18.The following are all synonymous pairs, but in each the second is standard in usage whereas the first is archaic, EXCEPT ______.()A.ire/anger B.rich/wealthyC.forlorn/distressed D.bliss/happiness19.Shakespeare is difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his words were used in different ______ from what they have now in dictionaries.()A.senses B.formsC.dialects D.terms20.The mode of ______ is well reflected in the word “picture”, which originally denoted mere “painting”, but now has come to include “drawings” and even “photographs”()A.extension B.elevationC.narrowing D.degradation21.In the sentence “The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman.”, the word “respectable” is used in the ______ sense of transfer.()A.subjective B.objectiveC.sensational D.physical22.Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of context?()A.Elimination of ambiguity.B.Indication of referents.C.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.D.Provision of culture background for inferring word-meaning.23.The sentence “I lost Betty’s picture.” is ambiguous due to ______.()A.grammatical context B.polysemy C.antonymy D.hyponymy24.In the sentence “An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’Wester usually brings rain.”, the meaning of “sou’wester” can be inferred from the clue of ______.()A.relevant details B.synonymyC.antonymy D.hyponymy25. In the early period of Middle English, English, ______existed side by side.()A. Celtic and DanishB. Danish and FrenchC. Latin and CelticD. French and Latin26. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single ______ morpheme.()A. formalB. concreteC. freeD. bound27. ______ is considered to be a highly-inflected language.()A.Old English B.Middle EnglishC.Early Modern English D.Late Modern English28.A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be______.()A.affixational B.derivational C.free D.bound29.Which of the following is NOT considered as an inflectional affix?()A.-es B.-or C.-est D.-er30. The word “stretched”is made up of two ______.()A. vowelsB. morphemesC. syllablesD. phonemesⅡ.Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of transfer; 2) rhetorical features ofidioms; 3) types of vocabulary by notion; and 4) the function of affixes. (10%)A B()31.She burst into passionate sobbing. A.subjective()32.He drops off to sleep, the lamb. B.notional word()33.and C.transfer of sensations()34.the man’s coat D.abstract to concrete()35.The story sounds suspiciou. E.derivational affix()36.moon F.objective()37.Never run towards a dangerous animal. G.functional word()38.ex-prisoner H.inflectional affix()39.She had a good grasp of the subject. I.associated transfer()40.Helen looks a fright in that old black dress. J.concrete to abstractⅢ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.(10%)41.When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ________ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.42.Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ________, semantic change and borrowing.43.We might say that free morphemes are free ________.44.The formation of words by adding word-forming affixes to stems is called ________. 45.Semantic ________ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.46.Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully ________ with regard to spelling and pronunciation.47.V ocabulary is the most ________ element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. 48.Ambiguity often arises due to ________ and homonymy.49.Extension of meaning, also known as ________, is the name given to the widening of meaningwhich some words undergo.50. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute ________ percent of the modern English vocabulary.Ⅳ.Define the following terms.(10%)51.word52.morpheme53.homonym54.elevation55.linguistic contextⅤ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. 56.As far as growth of present-day English vocabulary is concerned, what are the three main sources of new words? 57.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples.58.What are the two forms of acronymy? And answer it with examples.59.What is word meaning and explain it with examples.60. What are the three forms of antonyms? And answer it with examples.Ⅵ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(20%)61.Analyze the following dialogue and comment on the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font.—“You’re not eating your fish,” a waitress said to a customer. “Anything wrong with it?”—“Long time no sea.” the customer replied.(or a sentence:One swallow doesn’t make a summer, but it surely warms you a cold winder day.62. Context provides a variety of clues for inference of meaning. Guess the meaning of the wordsin bold type and say what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meaning.(Choice one of the following to answer)a. He was in a mood of euphoria, his happiness being the result of an announcement that hehad won the sweep-stakes.b. Who was the architect that designed St. Paul’s Cathedral?----The End。

大学英语词汇学期末考试A卷

大学英语词汇学期末考试A卷

新余学院2011—2012学年第一学期外国语学院10本科各班批准人:出卷人:贺一舟 批准人:》期末试卷( A )卷《现代英语词汇学(开卷、√闭卷)》期末试卷()卷 出卷人:贺一舟Part I: Multiple choice单选题(15×1=15) 1. My oldest son had just finished an _________ holiday stay prior to moving to a new State, a new job, and the next chapter in his life. A. enlarged B. expanded C. extended D. increased 2. Blacks and American Indians __________ less than 10% of students in the top 30 business schools, while thy are about 28% of the U.S. population. A. make up B. take up C. reach out D. turn out 3. With demand continuing to rise in _____ economies such as China and India, energy traders believe that oil futures are a good bet. A. employing B. emerging C. embracing D. emitting 4. Laws and regulations in each country have to be made _____ the constitution of the country. A. in honor of B. in memory of C. in return for D. in line with 5. The jury's ________ was that the accused was guilty A. verdict B. sentence C. trial D. debate 6. In English learning, a_____cycle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded. A. vertical B. vicious C. vivid D. vigorous 7. Isn't it ___________ when you learn something you've never known before? A. cool B. crazy C. cold D. cute 8. There are several factors_________the rapid growth of sales promotion, particularly in consumer markets. A. resorting to B. appealing to C. applying to D. contributing to 9. The Internet has been developing at a speed____people's expectations in the past two decades. A. over B. of C. under D. beyond professionally ____ 10. It is obvious that the sports games are no longer amateur affairs; they have become A. laid off B. laid out C. put off D. put out 11. The new aircraft will be __________ to a test of temperatures of 65℃ and 120℃. A. suspended B. suppressed C. summoned D. subjected 12. The money I got from teaching on the side was a useful ______ to my ordinary income. A. profit B. supplement C. subsidy D. replacement 13. Chinese people are now enjoying better dental health, as shown by the declining____ of tooth decay. A. treatment B. incidence C. consequence D. misfortune 14. Many countries have conservation programs to prevent certain ____of fish from becoming extinct. A. species B. sources C. numbers D. members 15. The President __________ his deputy to act for him while he was abroad. A. promoted B. substituted C. authorized D. displaced Part II: Define the following terms in English(5×55=25) Part II: Define the following terms in English(5×1. metonymy 2. polesemy 3. antonymy 4. elevation 5. coherence Part III: Write out in full the following shortened words in English(5×2=10) 1.EEC 2.OPEC 3. fridge 4.chute 5.IOC Part IV: Translate these English idioms into Chinese(10×2=20) 1. face the music 2. miss the boat 3. beat about the bush 4. go easy 5. cold shoulder hold one’s tongue6.6.hold one’s tongue7.put one’s shoulder to the wheel 8.play fast and loose 9.put a spoke in one’s wheel 10.make short work of 10=20) Part V: Answer the following three questions in English(3×1. List the six methods of word formation. 2. List the four motivations of English words. 3. List the four kinds of context. 。

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英语词汇学复习题(A)(2012-05-29)Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket.1.According to semanticists, a word is a unit of ______.()A.meaning B.soundC.combination of sounds D.group2.The pronunciation has changed ______ spelling over the years.()A.more slowly than B.as quickly asC.more rapidly than D.not so quickly as3.Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______.()A.use frequency B.notionC.origin D.sound4.Rapid growth of science and technology breeds such new words as the following EXCEPT______.()A.green revolution B.fast foodC.moon walk D.space shuttle5.Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new ______ to meet the new need.()A.form B.meaningC.look D.pronunciation6.Reviving archaic words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, in American English “fall” means ______ in British English.()A.four B.fellC.for D.autumn7.The plural morpheme “-s”is realized by /s/after the following sounds EXCEPT ______.()A./t/ B./g/C./p/ D./k/8.There are ______ free morphemic words in the following: bird, man, red, collection.()A.one B.twoC.three D.four9.The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ______.()A.works B.prewarC.postwar D.bloody10.30% to 40% of the total number of new words in English are produced through ______.()A.compounding B.affixationC.conversion D.shortening11.The word “motel” is created by ______.()A.compounding B.clippingC.blending D.suffixation12.“BBC” is formed in the way of ______.()A.acronymy B.clippingC.back-formation D.prefixation13.The types of meanings include the following EXCEPT ______.()A.grammatical meaning B.conceptual meaningC.associative meaning D.literal meaning14.By ______ motivation, we mean that the meaning of a word is related to its origin.()A.onomatopoeic B.morphologicalC.semantic D.etymological15.______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.()A.Reference B.ConceptC.Sense D.Motivation16.Semantic field, according to the course book, is also considered an integral part of ______.()A.word formation B.word meaningC.meaning change D.sense relations17.When a word is first coined, it is always ______.()A.semantic B.onomatopoeicC.monosemic D.polysemic18.The following are all synonymous pairs, but in each the second is standard in usage whereas the first is archaic, EXCEPT ______.()A.ire/anger B.rich/wealthyC.forlorn/distressed D.bliss/happiness19.Shakespeare is difficult to understand than contemporary writings because many of his words were used in different ______ from what they have now in dictionaries.()A.senses B.formsC.dialects D.terms20.The mode of ______ is well reflected in the word “picture”, which originally denoted mere “painting”, but now has come to include “drawings” and even “photographs”()A.extension B.elevationC.narrowing D.degradation21.In the sentence “The old man, though poor, is a respectable gentleman.”, the word “respectable” is used in the ______ sense of transfer.()A.subjective B.objectiveC.sensational D.physical22.Which of the following is NOT one of the roles of context?()A.Elimination of ambiguity.B.Indication of referents.C.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.D.Provision of culture background for inferring word-meaning.23.The sentence “I lost Betty’s picture.” is ambiguous due to ______.()A.grammatical context B.polysemyC.antonymy D.hyponymy24.In the sentence “An east or north-east wind brings cold dry weather to England, but a sou’Wester usually brings rain.”, the meaning of “sou’wester” can be inferred from the clue of ______.()A.relevant details B.synonymyC.antonymy D.hyponymy25. In the early period of Middle English, English, ______existed side by side.()A. Celtic and DanishB. Danish and FrenchC. Latin and CelticD. French and Latin26. A monomorphemic word is a word that consists of a single ______ morpheme.()A. formalB. concreteC. freeD. bound27. ______ is considered to be a highly-inflected language.()A.Old English B.Middle EnglishC.Early Modern English D.Late Modern English28.A morpheme that can stand alone as a word is thought to be______.()A.affixational B.derivational C.free D.bound29.Which of the following is NOT considered as an inflectional affix?()A.-es B.-or C.-est D.-er30. The word “stretched”is made up of two ______.()A. vowelsB. morphemesC. syllablesD. phonemesⅡ.Match the words in Column A with the words in Column B according to 1) types of transfer; 2) rhetorical features of idioms; 3) types of vocabulary by notion; and 4) the function of affixes. (10%)A B()31.She burst into passionate sobbing. A.subjective()32.He drops off to sleep, the lamb. B.notional word()33.and C.transfer of sensations()34.the man’s coat D.abstract to concrete()35.The story sounds suspiciou. E.derivational affix()36.moon F.objective()37.Never run towards a dangerous animal. G.functional word()38.ex-prisoner H.inflectional affix()39.She had a good grasp of the subject. I.associated transfer()40.Helen looks a fright in that old black dress. J.concrete to abstractⅢ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.(10%)41.When we talk about a word in visual terms, a word can be defined as a ________ group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper.42.Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: ________, semantic change and borrowing.43.We might say that free morphemes are free ________.44.The formation of words by adding word-forming affixes to stems is called ________. 45.Semantic ________ refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.46.Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully ________ with regard to spelling and pronunciation.47.V ocabulary is the most ________ element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content.48.Ambiguity often arises due to ________ and homonymy.49.Extension of meaning, also known as ________, is the name given to the widening of meaningwhich some words undergo.50. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute ________ percent of the modern English vocabulary.Ⅳ.Define the following terms.(10%)51.word52.morpheme53.homonym54.elevation55.linguistic contextⅤ.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below.56.As far as growth of present-day English vocabulary is concerned, what are the three main sources of new words?57.Illustrate the relationship between sound and meaning with examples.58.What are the two forms of acronymy? And answer it with examples.59.What is word meaning and explain it with examples.60. What are the three forms of antonyms? And answer it with examples.Ⅵ.Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.(20%)61.Analyze the following dialogue and comment on the rhetoric use of homonym in italicized font.—“You’re not eating your fish,” a waitress said to a customer. “Anything wrong with it?”—“Long time no sea.” the customer replied.(or a sentence:One swallow doesn’t make a summer, but it surely warms you a cold winder day.62. Context provides a variety of clues for inference of meaning. Guess the meaning of the wordsin bold type and say what contextual clues have helped you in arriving at the meaning.(Choice one of the following to answer)a. He was in a mood of euphoria, his happiness being the result of an announcement that hehad won the sweep-stakes.b. Who was the architect that designed St. Paul’s Cathedral?----The End。

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