(完整word版)新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料

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新编简明英语语言学教程1-6章期末复习资料

新编简明英语语言学教程1-6章期末复习资料Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.语言识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性（创造性）Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递书上1.1.3语言学界里几个重要的概念区别（5-12）：5.语言能力Competence（抽象）Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performance（具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

新编简明英语语言学教程笔记考试必备

新编简明英语语言学教程笔记考试必备Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge o f the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

新编简明英语语言学教程期末复习资料

End-of-term Quiz and ReviewChapter I1. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.2. If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard" behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.3. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.4. A diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.5. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by. It is abstract and stable; it is not the language people actually use.7. Parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; it varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.8. Competence is the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.9. Performance refers to the actual realization of ideal user’s knowledge in linguistic communication.10. Language is defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.11. Arbitrariness, as one of the features of language, means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.12. Productivity, as one of the features of language, means that language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.13. Duality, as one of the features of language, means that language is a system which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.14. Displacement, as one of the features of language, means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.15. Cultural transmission, as one of the features of language, means that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.16. Emotive (情绪性) is a language function used by the addresser to expresseshis/her attitudeto the topic or situation of communication, e.g. "I hate whatever they are planning for me! "17. Conative (意动性) is a language function used by the addresser to influence the addressee'scourse of action or ways of thinking, e.g. "Why not go and see another doctor?"18. Referential (指称性功能) is a language function used by the addresser to convey a messageor information, e.g. " As far as I know, the earth's resources are being astonishingly wasted. "19. Poetic (文学性) is a language function used by the addresser to use language for the solepurpose of displaying the beauty of language itself, e.g. poetry.20. Phatic (交际性) communion is a language function used by the addresser to establish or maintain good interpersonal relationships with the addressee, e.g. "Hi! How are you this morning?"21. Metalinguistic (元语言的) is a language function used by the addresser to use language to make clear the meaning of language itself, e.g. "Let me tell you what the word 'anorexia means. "Chapter II22. The three branches of phonetics include articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and acoustic phonetics respectively.23. The articulatory apparatus（器官）of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity - the throat, the oral cavity - the mouth, and the nasal cavity - the nose.24. Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only.25. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics (变音符号).26. pit is transcribed as [ph1t] and the [p] sound is said to be aspirated.27. spit is transcribed as [spit] and the [p] sound is unaspirated.28. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they can be classified, etc.29. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.30. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.31. A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit.32. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of the phoneme.33. If two phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast, e.g. /p/ and /b/ in [pit] and [bit].34. Allophones complement each other in distribution, i.e. they occur in different phonetic environments. For instance, the clear always occurs before a vowel while the dark always occurs between a vowel and a consonant, or at the end of a word. So the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.35. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another result in a change of meaning. For example, in English, pill and billare identical except in /p/ and /b/. So these two sounds represent different phonemes, and they are the minimal pairs.36. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential rules.37. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by "copying" a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the [i:] sound is nasalized in words like bean, and green.38. We have noticed that in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g. This is called deletion rule.39. Stress, tone and intonation are the suprasegmental features that occur above the level of the segments.40. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are the content words of a language.41. Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are called open class words, since new words can be added to these classes regularly.42. Conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns consist of the "grammatical" or "functional" words.43. The number of conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns is small and stable since few new words are added, therefore such words have been referred to as closed class words.44. The most important component of a word structure is the morpheme – the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.45. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme.46. A morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.47. The variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs. An example is a used before a word beginning with a consonant and an before a word beginning with a vowel.48. Affixes are bound morphemes and they do not belong to a lexical category such as nouns or verbs.49. Derivational morphemes are so called because when they are conjoined to other morphemes or words, new words are derived, or formed.50. Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. They are attached to words or morphemes, but they never change their syntactic category.51. The XP rule: XP--(specifier) X (complement)52. In the example, “a story about a sentimental girl”, the PP is a complement.53. Complements are attached to the right of the head in English.54. Words which introduce the sentence complement are termed complementizers (shortened as Cs).55. The sentence introduced by the complementizer is called a complement clause.56. The construction in which the complement phrase is embedded is called matrix clause.57. “XP → (Spec) (Mod) X (Complement) (Mod)” is the expanded XP rule.58. The S rule is made of NP+VP59. Sentences, like other phrases, also have their own heads. They take an inflection (dubbed "Infl") as their heads.60. Inflection indicates the sentence's tense and agreement.61. Infl is a sentence head that takes an NP (the subject) as its specifier and a VP category as itscomplement.62. A yes-no question requires a transformation, a special type of rule that can move an elementfrom one position to another.63. A transformation known as inversion moves the auxiliary from the Infl position toa position to the left of the subject.64. The position the auxiliary occupies is the same as the position that a complementizer occupies.65. Do insertion is to insert interrogative do into an empty Infl position66. Deep structure is formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties.67. Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence, surface structure results from appropriate transformations.68. In Wh Movement, we move the wh phrase to the beginning of the sentence.69. According to naming theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for.70. The limitations of naming theory are applicable to nouns only and there are nouns which denote things that do not exist in the real world.71. The conceptualist view holds the interpretation of meaning is linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.72. The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.73. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.74. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, the collection of all its features; it is abstract and de-contextualized.75. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.76. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.77. The same one word may have more than one meaning. This is what we call polysemy.78. Homonymy (同音（形）异义性) refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.79. Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.80. Words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms.81. Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.82. A predication consists of argument and predicate.83. Pragmatics is defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.84. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.85. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and decontextualized86. The meaning of a/an utterance is concrete, and context dependent.87. A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.88. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.89. representatives means stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true.90. directives means to trying to get the hearer to do something.91. Commissives means committing the speaker himself to some future course of action.92. Expressives means expressing feelings or attitude towards an existing state.93. Declarations means bringing about immediate changes by saying something.94. The primary speech act is the speaker's goal of communication.95. The secondary speech act is the means by which the speaker achieves his/her goal.96. According to the maxim of quantity, speakers should not make his/her contribution more informative than is required.97. The maxim of quality requires that speakers do not say what they believe to be false.98. Be relevant is the maxim of relation.99. According to the maxim of manner, speakers should avoid ambiguity and be brief. 100. Pragmatic failure occurs when the speaker fails to use language effectively to achieve a specific communicative purpose, or when the hearer fails to recognize the intention or the illocutionary force of the speaker’s utterance in the context of communication.。

新编简明英语语言学教程笔记考试必备

Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的表达。

笔记-新编简明英语语言学教程-复习资料

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性（创造性）Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递5.语言能力Competence（抽象）Competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performance（具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

7.历时语言学Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.8.共时语言学Synchronical linguisticsThe study of a given language at a given time.9.语言langue（抽象）The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.言语parole（具体）The realization of langue in actual use.11.规定性PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.12.描述性DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.二、知识点nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。

（完整word版）新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料

（完整word版）新编简明英语语言学教程复习资料Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递The design features mentioned in the course book include arbitrariness, productivity or creativity, duality, displacement and cultural transmission.By arbitrariness it is meant that the symbols used in human language are arbitrary, i.e. there is no logical connection between the symbols and what they stand for.The feature of productivity means that language is productive or creative, i.e. it is possible for its users to construct and understand an unlimited number of sentences, includingsentences they have never heard before.Duality is a feature of the structure of the human language system, which consists of two levels. At the lower level there exist a limited number of sounds which are meaningless, while at the higher level these meaningless sounds can be arranged and rearranged in various ways to form meaningful language units, unlimited in number.The feature of displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or unreal, in the past, present, or future.Cultural transmission, in contrast to genetic transmission, refers to the fact that human babies, though born with the ability to acquire a language, must be taught to use it.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

新编简明英语语言学学习重点总结材料

一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

笔记_新编简明英语语言学教程_复习资料讲解

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性（创造性）Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递5.语言能力Competence（抽象）Competence is the ideal user‘s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performance（具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。

7.历时语言学Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.8.共时语言学Synchronical linguisticsThe study of a given language at a given time.9.语言langue（抽象）The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.言语parole（具体）The realization of langue in actual use.11.规定性Prescriptivebehavior, to tell people what they should say and what It aims to lay down rules for ‖correct‖　should not say.12.描述性DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.二、知识点a social activity carried out in a certain socialnguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it‘senvironment by human beings.语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。

(完整word版)新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版(word文档良心出品)

新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版第1章导言本章要点：1. The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究范围2. Important distinction in Linguistic语言学的一些重要区分3. The definition and the design features of language语言的定义和识别特征4. Function of language语言的功能本章考点：语言学考点：语言学的定义，语言学中几组重要的区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支及各自研究范畴；宏观语言及应用语言学的主要扥只及各自的研究范畴。

语言的考点：语言的定义；语言的识别特征（任意性，能产性，二重性，移位性，文化传递性）；语言的功能1,The definition of linguistics语言的定义：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language(based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to general theory of language structure)2.The scope of linguistics语言学的范围A：micro-linguisticsPhonetics（语音学）: the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication.Phonology（音系学）: the study of how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communication.(语音分布和排列的规则及音节的形式) Morphology（形态学）: the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.Syntax（句法学）: the study of rules in the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in language.Semantics（语义学）: the study of meaning.Pragmatics（语用学）: the study of the meaning in the context of language use. B：macro-linguisticsSociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with the society form the core of the branch.Psycholinguistics: the study of language and its relation with psychology.Applied linguistics: the study of application of language to the solution of practical problems. Narrowly it is the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.3. Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学中的重要区分A: Descriptive vs Prescriptive 描写式与规定式Descriptive: if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.Prescriptive: if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using lan guage, i.e. to tell people what should they say and what they should not say, it is said to be Prescriptive.B: Synchronic vs Diachronic 共时性和历时性Synchronic: the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.C: Speech vs writing 言语和文学These are major media of communication.D: Langue vs parole 语言与言语(Saussure 索緖尔)Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by the all the members of a speech community.Parole: refers to the realization of language in actual use.E: Competence vs performance 语言能力和语言应用(Chomsky乔姆斯基) Competence: refers to a user’s underlying knowledge about the system of the rules.Performance: refers to the actual use in concrete situations.乔姆斯基和索绪尔的区别：索绪尔采用的是社会学的观点，他的语言观念是社会惯例性的。

新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总

新编简明英语语言学知识点汇总1 Introduction1.1 What is linguistics?Scientific study of language.Interpretation:①try to answer the basic questions and probe into various problems related to language;②linguistics studies not any particular language but language in general;③scientific study because based on systematic investigation of linguistic data.1.1.2 The scope of linguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called general linguistic.1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics1.2 What is language1.2.1 Definitions of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Characteristics:①language is system,elements of language are combined according to the rules;②language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what it stands for,A rose by any other name would smell as well;③language is vocal because the primary medium for all language is sound;④language is human -specific,different from animal communication.1.2.2 Design features of languageProposed by American linguist Charles Hockett:comparing the animal & human communication systems.Following are five major design features of human language:①arbitrarinessNo logical connection between meaning and sounds(except onomatopoetic and compound words)②productivityIt makes to possible to construction and interpretation of new signal by its users.③dualityLanguage is a system which consists of two structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds,which are meaningless by themselves.But the sounds can grouped or regrouped together into a larger numbers of units of meaning such as morpheme or words,which are found at the higher level of system(carp & park).Then the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite numbers of sentences;④DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speakers;⑤cultural transmissionWhile human capacity for language has a genetic basis,the details of any language systems are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.(language is cultural transmitted[language not mutually intelligible] while animal call system is genetically transmitted)1.2.3 Functions of languageThree main functions of language which distinct from each other but actually overlapping to some degree:①descriptive functionThe primary function of language;The function to convey factual information, which can be asserted or denial, and in some case even verified.e.g: The Sichuan earthquake is the most serious one China has ever suffered.②expressive functionSupply information about the user’sfeeling,preference,prejudices and value,etc.I will never come to this coffee shop again.③social functionServes to establish and maintain social relations between people. How can I help you, Sir?Others:Russian-born structural linguist Roman Jakobson：six elemens (function)of a speech:Addresser-emotive (动机) addressee-conative(意动)context-referential message-poetic contact-phatic communion code-metalinguisticBritish linguistic M.A.K Halliday:①ideational function(语篇功能)[included descriptive & expressive functin] is to organize the speaker’s experience of the real or imaginary world.②interpersonal function is to indicate ,establish,or maintainsocial relationship between people.[social function]③textual function is to organize written or spoken texts to cohere within themselves and fit to the particular situationin which they are used.2.Phonology2.1 The phonic medium of languageSpeech sounds produced by human speech organTwo major media of communication:speech and writing;2.2phonetics2.2.1 what is phonetics?The study of phonic medium of language;it is concerned with allthe sounds that occurs in the world’s language.Articulatory phonetics(发音语言学)Three branches Auditory phonetics(听觉语言学)Acoustic phonetics(声学语言学)2.2.2 organs of speechPharyngeal cavity(咽喉)Nasal cavity（鼻腔）Oral cavity（口腔）Voicing:vibration of the vocal cordsLongest historylung airglottisVocal cords2.2.3 orthgraphic representation of speech sounds :broad & narrowInternational phonetic alphabet:letter→soundsBroad(used in textbook):letter symbols [p]Narrow: letter symbols + diacritics(变音符)[p h it] [spit] h→aspiration [phonetician more interested in]2.2.4 classification of English speech sounds2.2.4.1 classification of English consonant（流音）Glides（滑音）VD w j2.2.4.2 classification of English vowelsMonophthongs：front central back close I: I U: u Semi-close e e:Semi-open e C: open ae a ^D a:2.3 phonology2.3.1 phonology & phoneticsP h o n o l o g y v s p h o n e t i c sSpeech soundsForm patters & convey meaning Produced features & classified2.3.5 suprasegmental features(phonemic features that occur above the level of segments)Stress : N & vTone：四声Intonation： different may convey different meaning even the sentences unchanged3.MorphologyGrammar that is concerned with word formation and word structureWord: the smallest free form found in languageMorpheme: the smallest unit of meaningRoot stem baseRoot: believeStem: believable (除掉所有的语法成份,留下词根和派生成份)Base：unbelievable (un的词基)Derivational morpheme:change category grammatical class of words Prefix:change meaningSuffix: change meaning and parts of speechInflectional morpheme:signify tense number caseWord formation:①Clipping（shortening & abbreviation）[no change of part of speech]I.e gym expo memo disco burger quake fridge script②back-formation[change of part of speech]I.e editor-edit hawker-hawk beggar-beg baby-sister--baby-sitButcher-butch donation-donate orientation-orient(ate)③conversion(functional shift)I.e: N-v v-n a-v a-n④acronyms[pronounced as words]CEO B2B IT CPI IAD WTO BBS(FOR BULLETIN BOARD SYSTEM)APEC AIDS UNESCO UCLA IDD⑤initialism[produced as letters]C.O.D FBI EEC⑥blendingSmoke+fog=smogTaikong+astronaut=taikonaut⑦compoundingBittersweet landlady⑧onomatopoeiaBlast rustle5.SemanticsSome views concerning the study of meaning:1) the naming theory,plato,words →objectsLimitations: √N×ADJ ADV V√Concrete ×abstract2)the conceptualist viewSemantic triangle,ogden & richardswords→mind→wordsLimitations:what is the precisely link symbol and concept unclarify 3)ContextualismJ.R Firth。

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Chapter 1: Introduction1.Linguistics：语言学It is generally defined as the scientific study of language.( Linguistics studies not any particular language ，but it studies language in general）2。

General linguistics：普通语言学The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics。

（language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets ）nguage：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication。

4.descriptive (描述性)：A linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use。

5。

prescriptive(规定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behaviors。

i.e。

what they should say and what they should not to say.6。

synchronic（共时语言学)：the description of language at some point of time in hiatory7。

diachronic (历时语言学):the description of language as it changes through time 3）speech（口语）Writing（书面语)These the two media of communication。

新编简明英语语言学教程笔记考试必备

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

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《语言学概论》学习指导第一章III. Answer the following questions briefly.1.What features does human language have, which can not be foundin animal communication system?2.Why is spoken language given priority to written language inmodern linguistics?3.What are the features of modern linguistics?第二章语音学一、导读2.1 语音研究2.2 发音机制2.3 语音描写2.4 英语辅音描写2.5 英语元音描写2.6 语音特征和自然类I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:( ) 1. All vowels are voiced.( ) 2. [+sonarant] is only shared by all the vowels.( ) 3. Monophthongs and diphthongs are two major types of vowels.( ) 4. Sounds which are produced with both the upper lip and the lower lip are called bilabials.( ) 5.Acoustic phonetics focuses on the production of sounds froma physiological perspective.II. Choose the best answer among a, b, c or d, and put the letter you choose in the brackets:( ) 1. The widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is ___________.A. International Phonetic SymbolB. International Phonetic AlphabetC. Narrow TranscriptionD. Wide Transcription ( ) 2.When the tongue touches the alveolar ridge, the sound produced is described as __________.A. alveolarB. palatalC. velarD. interdental ( ) 3. In more detailed transcription (sometimes refered to as narrow transcription), a sound may be transcribed with asymbol to which a smaller symbol is added in order tomark the finer distinctions. The smaller one is called____________.A. segmentB. phonetic symbolC. markerD. diacritic ( ) 4. ___________ is the future found in [s] [z] ]. [⎰][з] [t⎰] [dз]A. [+continuant]B. [+sonorant]C. [+sibilant]D. [+anterior] ( ) 5. ________ possesses the features: [+high] [+back] [+round] [-tense]A.[u ] B [u:] C. [ɑ:]D. []III. Write the articulatory description of the following phonetic symbols:1. [ b ]2. [ n ]3. [ w ]4. [ v ]5. [ t ]6. [ i:]7. [ θ]8. [u:]9. [ æ]10 [ə:]IV. Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description:1. bilabial stops [ ]2. voiced alveolar stops [ ]3. velar nasal [ ]4. bilabial nasal [ ]5. central vowels [ ]6. alveolar fricatives [ ]7. high back vowels [ ]8. voiced interdental [ ]9. palatal glide [ ]10 voiceless palatal affricate [ ] VII. How are consonants described in terms of manners of articulation?第三章音位学一、导读3.1 音位学3.2 音位和音位变体3.3 音位的识别音位学家研究语言的音位系统时，他们区分音位和音位变体的基本过程如下：3. 4 区别性特征和非区别性特征3.5 音位规则3.6 音节结构3.7 音位序列3.8 超音段特征I. Indicate the following statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets:( ) 1. If sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.( ) 2. In English, the two liquids [l][r] are allophones.( ) 3. Supersegmatal features are non-distinctive features.( ) 4. A syllable is not always composed of onset, nucleus and coda. ( ) 5. Tone is a distinctive feature.IV. Below are some phonological rules described in formulae.Rewrite the rules in words.1.[+voiced +consonant] → [-voiced] / [-voiced +consonant] –2.[+consonant –voiced] →[+voiced] / [+vocalic -consonant]–[+vocalic -consonant]3.[-voiced +stop] →[+aspirated] /# - [-consonantal +vocalic+stressed]4.[+vocalic –consonantal] → [+nasalized] / - [+nasal]V. Identify the difference between a hotdog and a hot dog.VI. How do you understand the difference between phonetics and phonology?第四章形态学一、导读4.1词与词的结构4.2词素4.3 词素的类别4.4英语构词法Ⅰ. Fill the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given:1.The total number of words stored in the brain is called the l(the Greek word for dictionary),which can be understood as amental dictionary.2.As the smallest free units of language, words unite sounds withmeaning. In writing, words must have formal representation, called o .3.M is defined as the study of the internal structure and theformation of words.4.The smallest meaningful unit of language is called a m .5.Words like went, which is not related in form to indicategrammatical contrast with the root, are called s .6.Some morphemes like water, desire, work, able, and thereconstitute words by themselves, They are f when they are components of words.7.Some morphemes like de-, dis-, -ish, -ing, are never usedindependently in speech and writing, They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words, These morphemes are calledb .plementary with –er and –est are more and most, which areput before adjectives and adverbs composed of two or more syllables, -er and more, –est and most , are a9.The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create newwords is called d .10. C is a process that shortens a polysyllabic word bydeleting one or more syllables, Bus (from omnibus), vet (from veterinarian) are good examples.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions:1. Use some examples to illustrate one of the forms of word formation——compounding.2. Illustrate “conversion” with some examples.第五章句法5.1 语法性5.2 句子结构知识5.3 研究句法的不同方式5.4 转换Ⅰ. Fill the blanks with the appropriate words beginning with the letter given..1. Structural grammar is characterized by a top-down process of analysis. A sentence is seen as a constituent structure. All the components of the sentence are its constituents. A sentence can be cut into section can be cut into sections. Each section is its immediate constituent. Then each section can be further cut into constituents. This on-going cutting is termed i c a .2. S is the analysis of Sentence Structure.3. A s c is a class of expressions that substitute for one another without loss of grammaticality. For example, in the sentence A naughty boy broke the window, a naughty boy can be replaced by he, a man, John, the man who has just left, and so on. All these belong to the same syntactic category called Noun Phrase.(abbreviated as NP).4. The process of putting words of the same lexical category into smaller classes according to their syntactic characteristics is called s .5. Some material processes also involve s , which essentially encodes the background of action, including time, location, manner, cause, reason, accompaniment, etc.6. Modality can be categorized into m and m according to the distinction of speech roles.Ⅱ. Draw two tree diagrams of the following ambiguous sentence: They can fish.Ⅲ. Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show how syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences:1.Smoking cigars can be nauseating.2.After a three-day debate, they finally decided on the plane. Ⅳ. Tell whether polarity or modality is expressed in the following sentences, if modality, then identify the type (modalization or modulation):1.He often goes to the supermarket.2.I hardly heard the noise outside.3.You ought to give him the present.4.I have not been to that city.Ⅴ. Identify the type of transitivity process in each of the following sentences:1.Tom cooked the dinner.2.Mary owns the house.3.John likes the book.4.Tina is playing the game.5.Lisa told him the secret.6.There is a garden in front of my grandma’s house.第六章语义学一、导读6.1 意义研究6.2 指称和意义6.3 词汇意义的分类6.4词汇意义关系Ⅰ. Fill the blanks with necessary words beginning with the letter given：1．S is defined as the study of meaning.2．A , m is what is communicated of the feeling or attitude of the speaker/writer toward what is referred to. Statesman is commending in sense while politician is derogatory.3．S are words which have different form but similar meaning. 4．Synonyms of different r are words similar in meaning but used in different spheres.5．In traditional terminology, a are words which are opposite in meaning.6．G a are pairs of words opposite to each other, but the positive of one word does not necessarily imply the negative of the other, or vice versa.7．H are words which have the same form, but different meaning.8．A p is a word which has several related senses.9．H is a relation of inclusion. Tiger, lion, elephant are hyponyms of the word animal. Words like animal are called s .10．The approach that analyzes word meaning by decomposing it into its atomic features is called c a .Ⅲ. The following pairs of words or phrases are similar in meaning.Try to tell the difference between the two words or expressions in light of classification of lexical meaning：1. choir/chorus2.enshroud/cover3. pass away/die4. mail/post5. fetid/bad smell6. beauty/siren7. assassinate/murderⅣ. There are three kinds of antonymy. By writing C, G, or R in the bank, indicate whether the pair is complementary, gradable, or reversal opposites：1. rich/poor2. male/female3. dead/alive4. husband/wife5. come/go6. ascend/descendⅤ. Indicate the statements true or false. Put T for true and F for false in the brackets：( ) 1. Prototype refers to the process by which people use language to classify the world around and inside them.( ) 2. The theory of prototypes proposed by Eleanor Rosch, solves the logical problem by a notion of degree of membership. ( ) 3. Componential analysis can be applied to the analysis of all lexicons.( ) 4. Reference relates the sign to what it denotes in the word.Concept relates the sign to the mind.( ) 5. A polyseme is a word which has several related senses.( ) 6. Hyponymy is a relation of inclusion. Tiger, lion and dog are hyponyms of the world animal.( ) 7. Reflected meaning is the associated meaning a word acquires in line with the meaning of words which tend to co-occur withit.第七章语用学7.1 意义的语用研究7.2 指示语和指称.7.3言语行为7.4合作原则与会话含意7.5 礼貌原则（The Politeness Principle）7.6 关联理论7.7 会话结构I．Data analysis:1.What kind of pre-sequence is A’s first utterance in each of thefollowing discourses?1)A: Are you doing anything tonight?B: Why are you asking?A: I thought we might watch a movie.B: Well, no, nothing particular. What do you want to see?2)A: Do you have a rubber?B: Yes.A: May I use it?B: Here you are.3)A: Do you know what I want to tell you about Mr. Smith?B: What?A: I saw him flirting with a lady at a party.B: Does his wife know that?A: Of course, she does. The lady is his wife.2.What maxis of the cooperative principle do the followingsentences flout and what are the implicatures?1)A: Macao’s in Spain, isn’t it, teacher?B: And London’s in America, I suppose.2)A: Do you know the great writers of the 19th century?B: Oh yes, they are all dead.3)A: How do you like the film?B: Well, the music is very nice.4)A: Is Don Regan, the White House chief of staff, a feudist?B: Don Regan, 66, is not a feudist, but he is not as well ashis predecessor [James] Baker. Somehow, the adjective“ruthless” invariably arises when Regan discussed.3.Underline any deicitic expression in the following sentences andname the type:1)I met an old friend of mine on the street last Sunday.2)The dog is fighting with a cat.3)The watch was made in Shanghai in 1968.4)An iron is made of iron.5)These are books borrowed from my professor.6)What will happen in the following chapter of the novel?4.What is the difference between the two then s in the followingsentence and dialogue?1)You called at 9:00 last night? I was out then.2)--- The party starts at 6:00 Friday evening.--- Okay, I’ll be there then.5.Please change the direct speech into the indirect speech:John said, “I am planning to be here this evening.”What elements have to be shifted from the direct speech into the indirect speech, why?II. Illustration with examples:1. Give examples to show the exclusive and inclusive uses of we.2. Please distinguish let us from let’s with examples.3. Make sentences with it to show the anaphoric and cataphoric uses ofreference.4. Give an example to show the three dimensions of a speech act.5. Give examples to show the distinction between direct speech actsand indirect speech acts.6. Give an example to show insertion sequence.7. Illustrate the distinction between preferred and dis-preferred second parts with examples.III. Explain the following formula in your own words:Contextual EffectsRelevance =Processing EffortIV. Answer the following questions:1. Which kind tend to be more polite, direct illocutions or indirectillocutions? Why?2. Is the sentence “I am there.” right? How to correct it? why?第八章社会语言学一、导读8.1 语言的社会研究8.2 语言变体对面的口头交际与书面语言的差别则体现了不同语式。

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---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the
-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.
爆破音stops
Phonetic 组成
⑴Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学longest established, mostly developed
⑵Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学
⑶Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学
The scope of linguistics
普通语言学)
（语音学）
（音位
study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology.
（句法
（语义学）
（语用学）
（社会语言学）
principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of
related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人类语言学） neurological
口头语与书面语
and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the

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