北京大学考博力学先进材料与力学专业介绍,考博真题,真题解析
(完整word版)北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析
Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions:For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably completethe sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet。
11． Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing” for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D。
seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control， it is sometimesa bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value。
A。
at itself B。
as itself C。
on itself D。
in itself14． us earlier, your request to the full.A。
北京大学教育博士专业学位(Ed.D)考博真题、考博参考书、考博分数线
教育学院博士研究生考试教育管理教育博士专业学位（Ed.D.）考博复习资料--育明考博一、北京大学教育博士专业学位（Ed.D.）考博招生报考分析（育明考博）招生专业计划招生人数招考方式考试内容045101教育管理（教育博士专业学位）2016年15人2017年13人申请-考核制专业笔试（教育管理综合）专业面试A、学术潜力和研究设想B、学术基础和研究素质）育明教育考博：点击咨询杜老师1、教育管理-教育博士专业学位考博的报录比平均在5:1左右，招生对象为从事教育管理及相关工作经历的考生。
2、2016年实际录取的考生包括15名统考考生，1名港澳台考生。
2017年实际录取15人，其中包括3名专项计划录取学生。
3、从2013年开始北大教育学院的博士招生开始实行“申请-审核制”，与以往的考试制在考查方式、考查测重点方面都有所区别。
“申请制”不代表不考试，也不代表考试不重要，最终决定能否被录取的还是考试成绩（材料审核成绩不计入最终排名的总分）。
4、材料审核中重点打分项：①科研成果（论文、working paper、参与课题）②工作履历③外语水平④本硕院校⑤博士修习计划5、报考北大教育学院博士的考生如果没有能够证明英语能力的材料需参加“北京大学博士研究生英语水平考试”（教育学院单独命题）6、学生须交纳培养费共计人民币10万元，分4年交清，每学年25000元。
交通食宿费用及国外学习考察费用自理。
二、北京大学教育博士专业学位（Ed.D.）考博报考条件1．品行端正，遵纪守法；2．具有硕士学位；3．高等学校中高层管理人员；4．有5年以上教育或相关领域全职工作经历；5．健康状况符合规定的体检标准；6.入学后能脱产学习一学年以上的申请者在同等条件下优先考虑。
三、北京大学教育经济与管理专业考博申请材料（1）通过网上报名系统打印的《报名登记表》；（2）学位、学历证书的复印件；（3）身份证复印件；（4）硕士课程成绩单的原件或复印件（提供复印件的同学须在复试时提交原件）；（5）硕士学位论文；（6）两位与所申请学科相关的副教授（或相当于副教授）以上职称专家的推荐信；（7）攻读博士学位期间本人想致力研究的问题和设想的陈述书；（8）学习和工作经历、经验、能力、特别成就、公开发表的学术论文、所获专利及其他原创性研究成果的陈述和证明；（9）外语水平证明复印件。
2015年北京大学数学科学学院应用数学考博专业介绍,考博真题,真题解析
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【全国百所名校定向保录】 【才思教育由命题组领专业化辅导】
comprehension of the formation and development as well as **************. If possible, I will go on with my study for doctorate degree. In a word, I am looking forward to making a solid foundation for future profession after two years study here.
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12. 图像重建与图像处 理
13. 微分方程在图像处 理和信 号分析中的应 用
14. 信息物理融合系统
【才思教育由命题组领专业化辅导】
1. 自我介绍(self-introduce) Good morning. I am glad to be here for this interview. First let me introduce myself. My name is ***, 24. I come from ******,the capital of *******Province. I graduated from the ******* department of *****University in July ,2001.In the past two years I have been prepareing for the postgraduate examination while I have been teaching *****in NO.****middle School and I was a head-teacher of a class in junior grade two.Now all my hard work has got a result since I have a chance to be interview by you . I am open-minded ,quick in thought and very fond of history.In my spare time,I have broad interests like many other youngers.I like reading books, especially those about *******.Frequently I exchange with other people by making comments in the forum on line.In addition ,during my college years,I was once a Net-bar technician.So, I have a comparative good command of network application.I am able to operate the computer well.I am skillful in searching for information in Internet.I am a football fan for years.Italian team is my favorite.Anyway,I feel great pity for our country’s team. I always believe that one will easily lag behind unless he keeps on learning .Of course, if I am given a chance to study ****** in this famous University,I will stare no effort to master a good command of advance ******.
北京大学博士英语试题及答案
北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、词汇与语法（共20分，每题2分）1. The company has been ________ for over a century.A. establishedB. establishingC. to establishD. being established答案：A2. Despite the heavy rain, the match will be held as ________.A. planB. plannedC. planningD. to plan答案：B3. The professor suggested that we ________ a meeting to discuss the issue.A. arrangeB. arrangedC. arrangingD. will arrange答案：A4. The book is worth ________.A. to readB. readC. readingD. being read答案：C5. The problem is too difficult for us ________.A. to solveB. solvingC. solvedD. being solved答案：A二、阅读理解（共30分，每题3分）阅读以下短文，然后回答问题。
The rise of artificial intelligence has brought about significant changes in various industries. Companies are now using AI to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance customer experiences. However, with the rapid advancement of technology, there are concerns about job displacement and privacy issues.6. What is the main focus of the passage?A. The impact of AI on industriesB. The benefits of AIC. The concerns about AID. The advancement of technology答案：A7. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of AI?A. Improved efficiencyB. Reduced costsC. Enhanced customer experiencesD. Increased job opportunities答案：D8. What is the concern associated with AI?A. Job displacementB. Increased efficiencyC. Reduced costsD. Enhanced customer experiences答案：A9. What can be inferred from the passage?A. AI is only used in certain industries.B. AI is a threat to privacy.C. AI is being embraced by companies.D. AI has no benefits.答案：C10. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To promote AIB. To criticize AIC. To inform about AID. To encourage debate about AI答案：C三、完形填空（共20分，每题2分）In the past, people used to believe that the world was flat. However, with the discovery of new lands and the development of navigational tools, this belief was gradually __11__.11. A. changedB. alteredC. modifiedD. transformed答案：A12. The explorers' voyages led to a __12__ understanding of the world.A. clearB. distinctC. preciseD. accurate答案：D13. As a result, the concept of a spherical Earth became__13__.A. acceptedB. acknowledgedC. recognizedD. known答案：A14. Today, we take for granted the fact that the Earth is round, but in the past, it was a __14__ idea.A. revolutionaryB. radicalC. groundbreakingD. innovative答案：A15. The __15__ of the Earth's shape has had a profound impact on science and exploration.A. realizationB. perceptionC. understandingD. comprehension答案：A四、翻译（共30分，每题10分）16. 随着互联网的普及，人们获取信息的方式发生了巨大变化。
2021北京大学力学(先进材料与力学)考研真题经验参考书
大家考研过程中有遇到难题吗？今天我把考研复习经验分享给大家。
英语，词汇部分推荐《一本单词》，可以在茶余饭后，睡觉之前，闲散的时间看，不要拿出整块的时间来看，这样比较浪费时间。
其实大家用什么词汇书都一样只需要把考研的核心词汇牢牢的记住就可以了。
在五月六月的时候，我做的是九七年到04年的考研真题阅读，真题书推荐《木糖英语真题手译版》。
我先做，对答案，然后发现自己的错误之后自己去纠正。
然后再看答案中的解析。
做第二遍的时候，我开始全文翻译，就是精读文章。
有一些同学可能会做长难句、语法的练习，我只是看了蛋核英语的一些语法的课，没有花大量的时间，大家可以关注木糖英语公众号、蛋核英语公众号，去看看里面的长难句讲解。
暑假开始作文就应该积累素材。
大作文，小作文其实都有模板可以用，小作文是有素材可以用，大作文是真的有模板可以用。
所以暑假的时候就应该开始背作文了。
再往后，暑假做的是04年到10年的真题。
做了两遍，九月份开始是10年的英语一的整体，一直到15年英语一的真题。
做了一遍。
然后开始的一零年到一五年的英语二真题我做了三遍做完三遍真题之后，时间就大概在11月份了。
做真题的时候也是卡着下午的三个小时的时间来做。
做完之后还要花大量的时间去翻译，去精读，去背作文。
至于翻译，前期就是翻译阅读，后期就是真题的翻译题，不够的话继续翻译阅读就可。
新题型太简单，做真题的那几篇就够了，不用花大把时间。
如果有模拟题可以做做新题型，练手。
有很多同学说完型要放弃，但是我建议大家千万不要放弃。
完型的课程相对而言作用不大，但是在你不断接触真题的过程中，你的阅读速度，阅读水平的提升过程中，你的完型的正确率也会提升。
关于政治，我只看了李凡老师《政治新时器》一套。
政治分析题一般有2~3问，就我来看，每一问都是一道多选题的内容，很多题目就是把几道多选题组合在一起。
自己结合材料中的内容加以分析，用自己的话组织语言。
所以说，分析题的基础是选择题，而选择题的得分关键就是多选题（单选正确率都很高）。
北大考博辅导：北京大学固体力学考博难度解析及经验分享
北大考博辅导：北京大学固体力学考博难度解析及经验分享根据教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心最新公布的第四轮学科评估结果可知，在2018-2019固体力学专业大学排名，其中排名第一的是西北工业大学，排名第二的是西安交通大学，排名第三的是哈尔滨工业大学。
作为北京大学实施国家“211工程”和“985工程”的重点学科，工学院的固体力学一级学科在历次全国学科评估中均名列第七。
下面是启道考博整理的关于北京大学固体力学考博相关内容。
一、专业介绍固体力学是力学中形成较早、理论性较强、应用较广的一个分支，它主要研究可变形固体在外界因素(如载荷、温度、湿度等)作用下，其内部各个质点所产生的位移、运动、应力、应变以及破坏等的规律。
固体力学研究的内容既有弹性问题，又有塑性问题;既有线性问题，又有非线性问题。
在固体力学的早期研究中，一般多假设物体是均匀连续介质，但近年来发展起来的复合材料力学和断裂力学扩大了研究范围，它们分别研究非均匀连续体和含有裂纹的非连续体。
北京大学工学院固体力学专业在博士招生方面，不区分研究方向此专业实行申请考核制。
二、考试内容北京大学固体力学专业博士研究生招生为资格审查加综合考核形式，由笔试+专业面试+英语口语构成。
其中，综合考核内容为:1、我院根据申请人的申请材料，进行审核。
根据审核结果，择优确定进入考核的候选人；3月份确定复试名单。
2、根据各专业的具体要求采取综合面试的方式进行差额复试，对学生的学科背景、专业知识水平、科研能力及学术潜力、逻辑思维与表达能力、外语口语水平等方面进行考察；3、复试时间一般安排在3-4月份。
申请人须向复试小组作报告，内容包括个人科研经历和成果介绍、对拟从事研究的领域的了解和看法、本人拟进行的研究工作设想及理由等，时间不少于30分钟；4、面试不合格者均不予录取。
对于合格考生，从中择优确定拟录取名单，报经研究生院批准后公示十个工作日。
四、申请材料1、北京大学2019年攻读博士学位研究生报考登记表：请在规定的报名时间内登陆北京大学研究生招生网（网址：https:///applications/）进行网上报名，上传相关材料，并打印“北京大学2019年攻读博士学位研究生报考登记表”。
北大考博真题英语答案解析
北大考博真题英语答案解析北大考博是中国高等教育领域的重要考试之一，英语是其中的一门科目。
随着竞争的激烈，考生对于北大考博英语真题的解析和答案掌握变得尤为重要。
本文将针对北大考博英语真题进行深入解析，帮助考生更好地准备考试。
首先，我们先来看一道真题，然后对其进行解析。
以下是一道典型的北大考博英语阅读理解题：Passage 1It is tempting, but misleading, to picture the history of African-Ameri-cans hid-den, waiting passively for progress to come. In fact, what we find over and over again in black history is the story of black people shaping their own lives and destinies. At the heart of this struggle has been the quest for education, knowledge, and just treatment— issues that have defined a people fighting for dignity and opportunity.Which of the fol-lowing would be the best title for the passage?A. The Struggles of African-AmericansB. The Importance of EducationC. African-American HistoryD. Resilience and Progress解析：本题是一道主旨题，要求找出这篇文章的最佳标题。
我们可以通过文章的主要内容和观点来选择正确答案。
2015北京大学力学(先进材料与力学)考研参考书、历年真题、报录比、研究生招生专业目录、复试分数线
应试生（含全国统考、专业学位联考、单独考试及专项
学科 计划）
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北京大学 合计 201362657 13.20 18797265914.15 18546 2925 15.77 22472288 2319
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北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析电子教案
Part Two：Structure and Written Expression（20%）Directions：For each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.11．Whether the extension of consciousness is a “good thing”for human being is a question thata wide solution.A．admits of B. requires of C. needs of D.seeks for12．In a culture like ours, long all things as a means of control, it is sometimes a bit of a shock to be reminded that the medium is the message.A．accustomed to split and dividedB．accustomed to splitting and dividingC．accustomed to split and dividingD．accustomed to splitting and divided13．Apple pie is neither good nor bad; it is the way it is used that determines its value.A. at itselfB. as itselfC. on itselfD. in itself14．us earlier, your request to the full.A.You have contacted…we could comply withB.Had you contacted…we could have complied withC.You had contacted…could we have complied withD.Have you contacted…we could comply with15．The American Revolution had no medieval legal institutions to or to root out, apart from monarchy.A. discardB. discreetC. discordD. disgorge16. Living constantly in the atmosphere of slave, he became infected the unconscious theirpsychology. No one can shield himself such an influence.A. on…by…atB. by…for…inC. from…in…onD. through…with…from17. The effect of electric technology had at first been anxiety. Now it appears to create.A. boreB. boredC. boredomD. bordom18. Jazz tends to be a casual dialogue form of dance quite in the receptive and mechanical forms of the waltz.A. lackedB. lackingC. for lack ofD. lack of19. There are too many complains about society move too fast to keep up with the machine.A. that have toB. have toC. having toD. has to20. The poor girl spent over half a year in the hospital but she is now for it.A. none the worseB. none the betterC. never worseD. never better21. As the silent film sound, so did the sound film color.A. cried out for…cried out forB. cry out for…cry out forC. had cried out for…cried out forD. had cried out for…cry out for22. While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very .A. triggerB. meagerC. vigorD. linger23. Western man is himself being de-Westernized by his own speed-up, by industrial technology.A. as much the Africans are detribalizedB. the Africans are much being detribalizedC. as much as the Africans are being detribalizedD. as much as the Africans are detribalized24. We admire his courage and self-confidence.A. can butB. cannot onlyC. cannot butD. can only but25. In the 1930’s, when millions of comic books were the young with fighting and killing, nobody seemed tonotice that the violence of cars in the streets was more hysterical.A. inundatingB. imitatingC. immolatingD. insulating26. you promise you will work hard, support you to college.A. If only…will IB. Only…I willC. Only if…will ID. Only if…I will27. It is one of the ironies of Western man that he has never felt invention as a threat to his way of life.A. any concern withB. any concern aboutC. any concern inD. any concern at28. One room schools, with all subjects being taught to all grades at the same time, simplywhen better transportation permits specialized spaces and specialized teaching.A. resolvedB. absolvedC. dissolvedD. solved29. People are living longer and not saving enough, which means they will either have to worklonger, live less in retirement or bailed by the government.A. in…for…upB. for…on…outC. by…in…onD. on…for…out30. The country s deficit that year to a record 1698 billion dollarsA. soaredB. souredC. soredD. sourcedPart Three: Close Test (10%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and choose ONE best word for each numbered blank. Mark your answers on the Answer Sheet.2009 was the worst year for the record labels in a decade31 was 2008, and before that 2007 and 2006. In fact, industry revenues have been 32 for the past 10 years. Digital sales are growing, but not as fast as traditional sales are falling.Maybe that’s because illegal downloads are so easy. People have been 33 intellectual property for centuries, but it used to be a time-consuming way to generate markedly 34 copies. These days, high-quality copies are 35 . According to the Pew Internet project, people use file-sharing software more often than they do iTunes and other legal shops.I’d like to believe, as many of my friends seem to, that this practice won’t do much harm. But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad, that the music industry was moving to a new, better business model, each year’s numbers have been worse. Maybe it’s time to admit that we may never find a way to 37 consumers who want free entertainment with creators who want to get paid.38 on this problem, the computational neuroscientist Anders Sandberg recently noted that although we have strong instinctive feelings about ownership, intellectual property doesn’t always 39 that framework. The harm done by individual acts of piracy is too small and too abstract.“The nature of intellectual property,”he wrote, “makes it hard to maintain the social and empathic 40 that keep(s) us from taking each other’s things.”31. A. As B. Same C. Thus D. So32. A. stagnating B. declining C. increasing D. stultifying33. A. taking B. robbing C. stealing D. pirating34. A. upgraded B. inferior C. ineffective D. preferable35. A. numerous B. ubiquitous C. accessible D. effortless36. A. so B. this C. that D. much37. A. satisfy B. help C. reconcile D. equate38. A. Based B. Capitalizing C. Reflecting D. Drawing39. A. match up with B. fill in C. fit into D. set up40. A. constraints B. consciousness C. norm D. etiquettePart IV: Reading Comprehension(20%)Directions: Each of the following four passages is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each question or unfinished statement, four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Mark your choices on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneCancer has always been with us, but not always in the same way. Its care and management have differed over time, of course, but so, too, have its identity, visibility, and meanings. Pick up the thread of history at its most distant end and you have cancer the crab—so named either because of the ramifying venous processes spreading out from a tumor or because its pain is like the pinch of a crab’s claw. Premodern cancer is a lump, a swelling that sometimes breaks through the skin in ulcerations producing foul-smelling discharges. The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos). In the second century A．D．, Galen reckoned that the cause was systemic, an excess of melancholy or black bile, one of the body’s four “humors,”brought on by bad diet and environmental circumstances. Ancient medical practitioners sometimes cut tumors out, but the prognosis was known to be grim. Describing tumors of the breast, an Egyptian papyrus from about 1600 B．C．concluded: “There is no treatment.”The experience of cancer has always been terrible, but, until modern times, its mark on the culture has been light. In the past, fear coagulated around other ways of dying: infectious and epidemic diseases (plague, smallpox, cholera, typhus, typhoid fever); “apoplexies”(what we now call strokes and heart attacks); and, most notably in the nineteenth century, “consumption”(tuberculosis). The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind—as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is “the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it “the quintessential product of modernity.”At one time, it was thought that cancer was a “disease of civilization,” belonging to much the same causal domain as “neurasthenia” and diabetes, the former a nervous weakness belie ved to be brought about by the stress of modern life and the latter a condition produced by bad diet and indolence. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes. William Buchan’s wildly popular eighteenth-century text “Domestic Medicine”judged that cancers might be caused by “excessive fear, grief, religious melancholy.”In the nineteenth century, reference was repeatedly made to a “cancer personality,”and, in some versions, specifically to sexual repression. As Susan Sontag observed, cancer was considered shameful, not to be mentioned, even obscene. Among the Romantics and the Victorians, suffering and dying from tuberculosis might be considered a badge of refinement; cancer death was nothing of the sort. “It seems unimaginable,”Sontag wrote, “to aestheticize”cancer.41. According to the passage, the ancient Egyptians .A. called cancer the crabB. were able to distinguish benign tumors and malignant onesC. found out the cause of cancerD. knew about a lot of malignant tumors42. Which of the following statements about the cancers of the past is best supported by the passage?A. Ancient people did not live long enough to become prone to cancerB. In the past, people did not fear cancerC. Cancer death might be considered a badge of refinementD. Some physicians believed that one s own behavioral mode could lead to cancer43. Which of the following is the reason for cancer to be called “the modern disease”?A. Modern cancer care is very effectiveB. There is a lot more cancer nowC. People understand cancer in radically new ways nowD. There is a sharp increase in mortality in modern cancer world44.“Neurasthenia”and diabetes are mentioned because .A. they are as fatal as cancerB. they were considered to be “disease of civilization”C. people dread them very muchD.they are brought by the high pressure of modern life45. As suggested by the passage, with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree?A. The care and management of cancer have development over timeB. The cultural significance of cancer shifts in different timesC. Cancer s identity has never changedD. Cancer is the price paid for modern lifePassage TwoIf you happened to be watching NBC on the first Sunday morning in August last summer, you would have seen something curious. There, on the set of Meet the Press, the host, David Gregory, was interviewing a guest who made a forceful case that the U．S．economy had become “very distorted.”In the wake of the recession, this guest explained, high-income individuals, large banks, and major corporations had experienced a “significant recovery”; the rest of the economy, by contrast—including small businesses and “a very significant amount of the labor force”—was stuck and still struggling. What we were seeing, he argued, was not a single economy at all, but rather “fundamentally two separate types of economy,”increasingly distinct and divergent.This diagnosis, though alarming, was hardly unique: drawing attention to the divide between the wealthy and everyone else has long been standard fare on the left. (The idea of “two Americas”was a central theme of John Edwards’s 2004 and 2008 presidential runs.) What made the argument striking in this instance was that it was being offered by none other than the former five-term Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan: iconic libertarian, preeminent defender of the free market, and (at least until recently) the nation’s foremost devotee of Ayn Rand. When the high priest of capitalism himself is declaring the growth in economic inequality a national crisis, something has gone very, very wrong.This widening gap between the rich and non-rich has been evident for years. In a 2005 report to investors, for instance, three analysts at Citigroup advised that “the World is dividing into two blocs—the Plutonomy and the rest”.In a plutonomy there is no such animal as “the U．S．consumer”or “the UK consumer”, or indeed “the Russian consumer”. There are rich consumers, few in number, but disproportionate in the gigantic slice of income and consumption they take. There are the rest, the “non-rich”, the multitudinous many, but only accounting for surprisingly small bites of the national pie.Before the recession, it was relatively easy to ignore this concentration of wealth among an elite few. The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy. And the less-wondrous inventions—particularly the explosion of subprime credit—helped mask the rise of income inequality for many of those whose earnings were stagnant.But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that. A multi-billion-dollar bailout and Wall Street’s swift, subsequent reinstatement of gargantuan bonuses have inspired a narrative of parasitic bankers and other elites rigging the game for their own benefit. And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.46. According to the passage, the U．S．economy .A. fares quite wellB. has completely recovered from the economic recessionC. has its own problemsD. is lagging behind other industrial economies47. Which of the following statement about today’s super-elite would the passage support?A. Today’s plutocrats are the hereditary eliteB. Today’s super-rich are increasingly a nation unto themselvesC. They are the deserving winners of a tough economic competitionD. They are worried about the social and political consequences of rising income inequality48. What can be said of modern technological innovations?A. They have lifted many people into the middle class.B. They have narrowed the gap between the rich and the non-rich.C. They have led to a rise of income inequality.D. They have benefited the general public.49. The author seems to suggest that the financial crisis and its aftermath .A. have compromised the rich with the non-richB. have enriched the plutocratic eliteC. have put Americans on the alert for too much power the rich possessD. have enlarged the gap between the rich and non-rich50. The primary purpose of the passage is to .A. present the financial imbalance in the U．S．B. display sympathy for the working classC. criticize the super elite of the Unite StatesD. appreciate the merits of the super rich in the U．S．Passage ThreeCharles Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is credited with sparking evolution’s revolution in scientific thought, but many observers had pondered evolution before him. It was understanding the idea’s significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum’s new director.William Friedman, the Arnold Professor of Organism and Evolutionary Biology who took over as arboretum director Ja n．1, has studied Darwin’s writings as well as those of his predecessors and contemporaries. While Darwin is widely credited as the father of evolution, Friedman said the “historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.The historical sketch grew with each subsequent printing, Friedman told an audience Monday (Ja n．10), until, by the 6th edition, 34 authors were mentioned in it. Scholars now believe that somewhere between 50 and 60 authors had beaten Darwin in their writings about evolution Included was Darwin’s grandfather, Erasmus Darwin, a physician who irritated clergymen with his insistence that life arose from lower forms, specifically mollusks.Friedman’s talk, “A Darwinian Look at Darwin’s Evolutionist Ancestors,”took place at the arboretum’s Hunnewell Building and was the first in a new Director’s Lecture Series.Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn’t without originality. Friedman said that Darwin’s thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few, most prominently Alfred Wallace, whose writing on the subject after years in the field spurred Darwin’s writing of “On the Origin of Species.”Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn’t see publication until 1975.The seminal event in creating “On the Origin of Species”occurred in 1858, when Wallace wrote Darwin detailing Wallace’s ideas of evolution by natural selection. The arrival of Wallace’s ideas galvanized Darwin into writing “On the Origin of Species”as an “abstract”of the ideas he was painstakingly laying out in the larger work.This was a lucky break for Darwin, because it forced him to write his ideas in plain language, which led to a book that was not only revolutionary, despite those who’d tread similar ground before, but that was also very readable.Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea, something some of the earlier authors clearly did not have—such as the arborist who buried his thoughts on natural selection in the appendix of a book on naval timber. Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea. Darwin, through “On the Origin of Species,”was the only thinker of the time who had all three of those traits, Friedman said.“Darwin had the ability to convince others of the correctness of the idea,” Friedman said, adding that even Wallace, whose claim to new thinking on evolution and natural selection was stronger than all the others, paid homage to Darwin by titling his 1889 book on the subject, “Darwinism.”51. According to William Friedman, Darwin’s “On the Origin of Species”is great in that.A. it was the most studied by later scientistsB. it had significant ideas about evolutionC. it was the first to talk about evolutionD. it was well received by the public52. Friedman believes that Darwin attached a “historical sketch”to later printings of his book in an attempt to .A. credit the ideas about evolution before hisB. claim himself as the father of evolutionC. introduce his grandfather to the readerD. summarize his predecessors work53. In Friedman s view, Darwin s originality lies in .A. his thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolutionB. his sharing ideas about evolution with his contemporariesC. the way he wrote “On the Origin of Species”D. the way he lectured on the ideas of evolution54. We have learned that at first Darwin intended to write his idea in .A. a much larger bookB. a 400page bookC. scientific termsD. plain language55. Scientific discovery requires all the following Expect .A. coming up with a new ideaB. understanding the significance of the ideaC. making claims to the idea by writing booksD. convincing others of the correctness of the idesPassage FourMany adults may think they are getting enough shut-eye, but in a major sleep study almost 80 percent of respondents admitted to not getting their prescribed amount of nightly rest. So, what exactly is the right amount of sleep? Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality. Read on to see just how much of an impact moderate sleep deprivation can have on your mind and body.By getting less than six hours of sleep a night, you could be putting yourself at risk of high blood pressure. When you sleep, your heart gets a break and is able to slow down for a significant period of time. But cutting back on sleep means your heart has to work overtime without its allotted break. In constantly doing so, your body must accommodate to its new conditions and elevate your overall daily blood pressure. And the heart isn’t the only organ that is overtaxed by a lack of sleeps. The less sleep you get, the less time the brain has to regulate stress hormones, and over time, sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain’s ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.We all hang around in bed during our bouts of illness. But did you know that skipping out on the bed rest can increase your risk of getting sick? Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between “modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response. So try to toughen up your immune system by getting at least seven hours of sleep a night, and maintaining a healthy diet. You’ll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire,resulting in sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state. This can be quite a frightening sensation because, while your mind is slowly regaining consciousness, it has no control over your body, leaving some with a feeling of powerlessness, fear and panic. Most people experience this eerie phenomena at least once in their lives, but those who are sleep deprived are more likely to have panicked episodes of sleep paralysis that are usually accompanied by hallucinations, as well.For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased; every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them. It’s a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like. Sleep is essential to the cognitive functions of the brain, and without it, our ability to consolidate memories, learn daily tasks, and make decisions is impaired by a large degree. Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the “fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind’s long-term cache.56. According to the passage, what is the meaning of “sleep deprivation”?A. To sleep for an average period of time.B. To sleep deeply without dreaming.C. To sleep less than needed.D. To sleep modestly.57. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to Paragraph 3?A. When everyone else gets a fever, those with sleep deprivation will be abele to sleep longer.B. When everyone else gets a fever, those who usually have adequate sleep will be alright.C. Only modest sleep deprivation could weaken the immune system.D. Prolonged sleep deprivation will not have impact on the immune system.58. Why is there the so-called “sleep paralysis”?A. It occurs when you are unable to wake up from dreams while you are sleeping.B. It occurs when you brain immobilizes your body in order to keep you from dreaming.C. Because you are usually too frightened to move your body when waking up from deep REM sleep.D. Because your body, immobilized when dreaming, may still be unable to move even when your brain is waking up.59.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Memories are part of the cognitive function of the brain.B. Memories created during the daytime are usually fragile and impaired.C. You are likely to lose your memories of yesterday after a night’s sleep.D. Long term memory cannot be formed without dream-sleep.60. What effects of sleep deprivation on human mind and body are discussed in this passage?A. High blood pressure, a toughened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.B. Blood pressure, immune system, sleep paralysis, and long term memory.C. Blood pressure, immune system, the brain and the body, and memory.D. High blood pressure, a weakened immune system, sleep paralysis, and memory loss.Part V: Proofreading (15%)Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 15 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash (/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words ( in brackets )immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (/). Put your answer on the Answer Sheet (2).Examples:eg. 1(61) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (61) begun beganeg. 2(62) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up .Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (62) (Scarcely) had (they)eg. 3(63) Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the Answer Sheet (2): (63)notWal-Mart announced Thursday afternoon that it would introduce a program nationwide called (61) “Pick Up Today”that allows customers to submit orders online and pick up their items few hours later in their local store. (62) The move is not revolutionary—Sears and Nordstrom, as instance, already have similar programs.(63) Retailers say that tying online and in-store inventory together lets them to sell more products. (64) Nordstrom recently combined its inventory so that if the online stockroom is out of a jacket, a store that has it can ship to the Web customer. (65) Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores, which usually increases sales. (66) Best Buy offers both store pickup and “ship to store,”where items are shipped free from a local store. Ace Hardware, J．C．Penney and Wal-Mart itself are among the others offering “ship to store”programs.In Wal-Mart’s program, (67) that is expected to be nationwide by June, customers can select from among 40,000 items online. (68) They will send a text message or e-mail alerting them when the order is ready, which usually takes about four hours.(69) “Not only we see it as a nice convenience for customers, but we also saw it as a way to drive incremental traffic to the stores, and incremental sales,”said Steve Nave, senior vice president and general manager of Walmar t．Com.(70) The program will include about 40000 items likewise electronics, toys, home décor and sporting goods. (71) As of now, it does not include groceries, though M r．Nave did dismiss that possibility.(72) “We’re not ready to talk today about everything that’s going on in grocery,”he said“What we’ve tried to do is (73) focus on those categories where customers are most likely to be willing to make the purchase after they touch it or look at it.(74) This is a convenient play, trying to figure out what are the things that are going to drive more customers into the stores.”Wal-Mart also announced that (75) it was shortened the time customers would have to wait for ship-to-store items, to four to seven days, from seven to 10 days.Part VI: Writing (15%)Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. Write it nearly on the Answer Sheet (2).In China, minimum wage becomes higher in many places. But people disagree over its benefits and drawbacks. Supporters say it increases the worker’s standard of living, while opponents say it increase unemployment. What do you think?Part II Structure and Written Expression（20%）11.【A】A项admits of“容许，有……的可能”；B项requires of“要求，要求得到”；C项needs of“满足需要”；D项seeks for“寻找，追求，探索”。
北大考博辅导：北京大学一般力学与力学基础考博难度解析及经验分享
北大考博辅导：北京大学一般力学与力学基础考博难度解析及经验分享根据教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心最新公布的第四轮学科评估结果可知，在2018-2019一般力学与力学基础专业大学排名，其中排名第一的是上海交通大学，排名第二的是哈尔滨工业大学，排名第三的是湘潭大学。
作为北京大学实施国家“211工程”和“985工程”的重点学科，工学院的一般力学与力学基础一级学科在历次全国学科评估中均名列第七。
下面是启道考博整理的关于北京大学一般力学与力学基础考博相关内容。
一、专业介绍一般力学与力学基础学科为力学学科的二级学科，本专业侧重培养硕士生归结、分析和解决理论和工程问题的本领，能够比较熟练地建立力学模型，并擅长用解析、半解析、计算模拟及实验手段解决问题。
并在此基础上善于深入理性思考，独立开展基础理论和实际应用方面的研究。
北京大学工学院一般力学与力学基础专业在博士招生方面，不区分研究方向此专业实行申请考核制。
二、考试内容北京大学一般力学与力学基础专业博士研究生招生为资格审查加综合考核形式，由笔试+专业面试+英语口语构成。
其中，综合考核内容为:1、我院根据申请人的申请材料，进行审核。
根据审核结果，择优确定进入考核的候选人；3月份确定复试名单。
2、根据各专业的具体要求采取综合面试的方式进行差额复试，对学生的学科背景、专业知识水平、科研能力及学术潜力、逻辑思维与表达能力、外语口语水平等方面进行考察；3、复试时间一般安排在3-4月份。
申请人须向复试小组作报告，内容包括个人科研经历和成果介绍、对拟从事研究的领域的了解和看法、本人拟进行的研究工作设想及理由等，时间不少于30分钟；4、面试不合格者均不予录取。
对于合格考生，从中择优确定拟录取名单，报经研究生院批准后公示十个工作日。
四、申请材料1、北京大学2019年攻读博士学位研究生报考登记表：请在规定的报名时间内登陆北京大学研究生招生网（网址：https:///applications/）进行网上报名，上传相关材料，并打印“北京大学2019年攻读博士学位研究生报考登记表”。
北京大学考博英语真题及答案.docx
Part Two: Structure and Written Expression20Directions: In each question decide which of four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET.21.The nuclear family __________ a self-contained, self-satisfying unit composed of father, mother and children.A. refers toB. definesC. describesD. devotes to22.Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe thatelderly Americans are________ by social isolation and loneliness.A. reproachedB. favoredC. plaguedD. reprehended23.In addition to bettering group and individual performance, cooperation ________ the quality of interpersonal relationship.A. ascendsB. compelsC. enhancesD. prefers24.In the past 50 years, there ________ a great increase in the amount of research_____on the human brain.A. was⋯ didB. has been⋯ to be doneC. was⋯ doingD. has been⋯ done25. “I must have eaten something wrong. I feel like. ”“ Wetold you not to eat at a restaurant.You’d better _______ at home when you are not in theshape. ”A. to throw up⋯ to eatB. throwing up⋯ eatingC. to throw up⋯ eatD. throwing up⋯ eat26. Parent shave to show due concerns to theirchildren’s creativity and emotional output; otherwise what they think beneficial to the kids might probably _______ their enthusiasm and aspirations.A. hold backB. hold toC. hold downD. hold over27.According to psychoanalysis, aperson ’s attention is attracted ________ by the intensity of different signals ________ by their context, significance, andinformation content.A. not less than ⋯ asB. as⋯ justasC. so much⋯ asD. not so much⋯ as 28.They moved to Portland in1998 and lived in a big house, _______ to the south.A. the windows of which openedB. the windows of it openedC. itswindows opened D. the windows of which opening29.The lady who has_______ for a night in the dead of the winter later turned out to bea distant relation of his.A. put him upB. put him outC. put him onD. put him in30.By standers,_______,_________ as they walked past lines of ambulances.A. bloody and covered with dust, looking dazedB. bloodied and covered with dust, looked dazedC. bloody and covered with dust, looked dazedD. bloodied and covered with dust, looking dazed31.Hong Kong was not a target for terror attacks, the Government insisted yesterday, as the US________ closed for an apparent security review.32.American fans have selected Yao in a vote for the All-Star game ______the legendary O’ Neal,who ______ the “ GreatWall ”at the weekend as the Rockets beat the Los Angeles Lakers.-A. in head of, ran onB. in head of, ran intoC. ahead of, ran ontoD. ahead of, ran into33.Professional archivists and librarians have the resources to duplicate materials in other formats and the expertise to retrieve materials trapped in _________ computers.A. abstractB. obsoleteC. obstinateD. obese34.She always prints important documents and stores a backup set at her house“I. actually think there ’s something about the______ of paper that feels morecomforting. ”She said.A. tangibilityB. tanglednessC. tangentD. tantalization35. “ Theysaid what we alwaysknew, ”said an administration source,___________.A. he asked not to be namedB. who asked not to be namedC.who asked not be named D. who asked not named36.In Germany, the industrial giants Daimler Chrysler and Siemens recently_______their unions into signing contracts that lengthen work hours without increasing pay.A. muscledB. movedC. mushedD. muted37.He argues that the policy has done little to ease joblessness, and has leftthe country_______.38.The more people hear his demented rants, the more they see that he isa terrorist_______.A. who is pure and simpleB. being pure and simpleC.pure and simple D. as pure and simple39.This expansion of rights has led to both a paralysis of the public service and toa rapid and terrible ________ in the character of the population.A. determinationB. deteriorationC. desolationD. desperation40._______ a declining birthrate, there will be an over-supply of 27,000 primary school places by 2010, _______ leaving 35 school sidle.B. Coupling with, equivalent toC. Coupled with, equivalent toD. Coupling with, equals toPart Three: Reading Comprehension 10Passage One The HeroMy mother ’s parents came from Hungary, but my grandfather could trace his origin to Germany and also he was educated in Germany. Although he was able to hold a conversation in nine languages, he was most comfortable in German. Every morning, before going to his office, he read the German language newspaper, which was American owned and published in New York.My grandfather was the only one in his family to come to the United States with his wife and children. He still had relatives living in Europe. When the first world war broke out, he lamented the fact that if my uncle, his only son had to go, it would be cousin fighting against cousin. In the early days of the war, my grandmother begged him to stop taking the German newspaper and to take an English language newspaper, instead. He scoffed at the idea, explaining that the fact it was in German did not make it a German newspaper, but only an American newspaper, printed in German. But my grandmother insisted, for fear that the neighbors may see him read it and think he was German. So, he finally gave up the German newspaper.One day, the inevitable happened and my uncle Milton received notice to join the army. My grandparents were very upset, but my mother, his little sister, was excited. Now she could boast about her soldier brother going off to war. She was ten years old at the time, and my uncle, realizing how he was regarded by his little sister and her friends, went out and bought them all service pins, which meant that they had a loved one in the service. All the little girls were delighted. When the day came for him to leave, his whole regiment, in their uniforms, left together from the same train station. There was a band playing and my mother and her friends came to see him off. Each one wore her service pin and waved a small American flag, cheering the boys, as they left.The moment came and the soldiers, all very young, none of whom had had any training, but who had never the less all been issued uniforms, boarded the train. The band played and the crowd cheered. The train groaned as if it knew the destiny to which it was taking its passengers, but it soon began to move. Still cheering and waving their flags, the band still playing, the train slowly departed the station.It had gone about a thousand yards when it suddenly ground to a halt. The band stopped playing, the crowd stopped cheering. Everyone gazed in wonder as the train slowly backed up and returned to the station. It seemed an eternity until the doors opened and the men started to file out. Someone shouted,“ It the’s armistice. The war is over. ”For a moment, nobody moved, but then the people heard someone bark orders at the soldiers. The men lined up and formed into two lines. They walked down the steps and, with the band playing behind, paraded down the street, as returning heroes, to be welcomed home by the assembled crowd. The next day my uncle returned to his job, and my grandfather resumed reading the German newspaper, which he read until the day he died.41. Where was thenarrator family’s when this story took place?A. In Germany.B. In Hungary.C. In the United StatesD. In New York.42.His grandfather ____________.A. could not speak and read English well enoughB. knew nine languages equally wellC. knew a number of languages, but felt more kin to GermanD. loved German best because it made him think of home43.His grandmother did not want her husband to buy and read newspapers in German, because ________.A. it was war time and Germans were their enemyB. the neighbors would mistake them as pro-GermanC.it was easier to get newspapers in English in AmericaD. nobody else read newspapers in German during the wartime44. The narrator mother’s wanted her brother to go to fight in the war,because________.A. like everybody else at the wartime, she was verypatriotic B. she hated the war and the Germans very muchC. all her friends had relatives in war and she wanted to be likethem D. she liked to have a brother she could think of as a heroPassage TwoWaking Up from the American DreamsThere has been much talk recently about the phenomenon of“ Wal-Martization of”America, which refers to the attempt of America ’s giant Wal-Mart chain store company to keep its cost at rock-bottom levels. For years, many American companies have embraced Wal-Mart-like stratagems to control labor costs, such as hiring temps (temporary workers) and part-timers, fighting unions, dismantling internal career ladders and outsourcing to lower paying contractors at home and abroad.While these tactics have the admirable outcome of holding down consumer prices, they ’ costlyre in other ways. More than a quarter of the labor force, about 34 million workers, is trapped in low-wage, often dead-end jobs. Many middle-income and high-skilled employees face fewer opportunities, too, as companies shift work to subcontract or sand temps agencies and move white-collar jobs to China and India. The result has been an erosion of one ofAmerica ’s most cherished value: giving its people the ability to move up the economic ladder over their life times. Historically, most Americans, even low-skilled ones, were able to find poorly paid janitorial or factory jobs, then gradually climbed into the middleclass as they gained experience and moved up the wage curve. But the number of workers progressing upward began to slip in 1970s. Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages.Restoring American mobility is less a question of knowing what to do than of making it happen. Experts have decriedschools in’adequacy for years, but fixing them is a long, arduous struggle. Similarly, there have been plenty of warnings about declining college access, but finding funds was difficult even in eras of large surpluses.45. The American dream in this passage mainly refers to____________.A. there are always possibilities offered to people to develop themselves in the societyB. Americans can always move up the pay ladderC. American young people can have access to college, even they arepoor D. the labor force is not trapped in low-wage and dead-end jobs46.Wal-Mart strategy, according to this passage, is to___________.A. hire temps and part-timers to reduce its costB. outsource its contracts to lower price agencies at home andabroad C. hold down its consumer price by controlling its labor costsD. dismantle the career ladder and stop peopl’s mobilityupward 47. Which of the following statements is NOTTRUE?A. Wal-Martization has been successful in keeping costs at rock-bottom levels.B. Upward mobility for low-skilled workers has become impossible in the U.S.C. More business opportunities are given to low-cost agencies in China and India.D. Although people know how to restore American mobility, it ’s difficult to change the present situation.Passage Three Seniors and the CityTens of thousands of retirees are pulling up stakes in suburban areas and fashioning their own retirement communities in the heart of the bustling city. They are looking for what most older people want: a home with no stairs and low crime rates. And theyare willing to exchange regular weekly golf time for rich cultural offerings, young neighbors and plenty of good restaurants. Spying an opportunity, major real-estate developer shave broken ground on urban sites they intended to market to suburbanretirees. These seniors are already changing the face of big cities. One developer,Fran Mc Carthy asks: “ Whoever thought that suburban flight would beroundtrip? ”The trickle of older folks returning to the city has grown into a steady stream. While some cities, especially those with few cultural offerings, have seen an exodus of seniors, urban planners say others have become retirees magnets. Between 1999 and 2000, the population of 64-to-75-year-olds in downtown Chicago rose 17 percent. Austin, New Orleans, and Los Angeles have seen double-digit increases as well. There may be hidden health benefits to city living. A study reveals that moving from suburbs to the city can ward off the byproduct of aging--- social isolation. In the next six years, downtowns are expected to grow even grayer. For affluent retirees, city life is an increasingly popular option.48.Retired seniors are moving back into the city because____________.A. they find there are too many crimes in the suburbsB. unlike the flats in the city, their country house have stairs to climbC. they are no longer interested in playing golfD. in the city, they have more social and cultural life againstloneliness 49. From the passage we can infer that_________.A. the real-estate developers have broken their original contracts of constructionwith senior retireesB. a life in the downtown city is expensive, and most of those retirees who movedback into the city are very well-offC. with more older people living in the city, the city will become gray and less beautifulD. very soon the American suburban areas will face their low population crisis50. Fran Mc Carthy ’s question means: nobody ever thought that__________.A. people who moved out of the city decades ago now would move backB. suburban dwellers when moving back into the city must take roundtripC. suburban flight years ago would go in circlesD. senior people ’s moving back into the city would take place all over theUnited StatesDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your ownEnglish the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answerson ANSWERSHEET(2)15(51)Being angry increases the risk of injury, especially among men, new research says. There searchers gathered data on more than 2,400 accident victims at three Missouri hospitals. They interviewed each subject to determine thepatient ’s emotional statejust before the injury and 24 hours earlier, gathering data on whether the patients felt irritable, angry or hostile, and to what degree. Then they compared the results witha control group of uninjured people.(52)Despite widespread belief in“ roadrage, ”anger did not correlate with injuries from traffic accidents.(53)Not surprisingly, anger was strongly associated with injuries inflicted deliberately. But other injuries–those neither intentionally inflicted nor from falls or trafficaccidents–also showed strong associations with anger.(54)The correlations were significantly weaker for women than for men, but there were no differences by race. The authors acknowledge that their data depend on self-reports, which are not always reliable.(55)Why anger correlates with injury is not known. “I can speculate that the anger may have prompted some behavior that led to the injury, or may have simply distracted the person, leading indirectly to the injury, said” the study ’s lead author.Part Four: Cloze Test10Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numberedblank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWERSHEET (2).Last year French drivers killed(56)_______ than 5,000 people on the roads for the first time in decades. Credit goes largely(57)________ the 1,000 automated radar cameras planted on the nation ’s high ways since 2003, which experts reckon(58)_______ 3,000 lives last year. Success, of course breeds success: the government plans toinstall 500(59)______radar devices this year.So it goes with surveillance these days. Europeans used to look at the security cameras posted in British cities, subways and buses(60)_______ the seeds of an Orwellian world that was largely unacceptable in Continental Europe. But lastyear ’s London bombing,in which video cameras(61)________a key role in identifying the perpetrators, have helped spuraseachange. A month(62)_______ the London attacks, half of Germans supported EU-wide plans to require Internet providers and telecoms to store all e-mail, Internet and phone data for“ anti-terror” (63) a.InBritish poll, 73 percent of respondents said they were(64)_______ to give up some civil liberty toimprove(65)________.Part Five: Proof reading 10Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash(/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash(/). Put your answer on ANSWERSHEET(2).Examples:eg.1(66)The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(66)begun beganeg.2(67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(67)(Scarcely) had (they)eg.3(68)Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(68)not(66)Application files are piled highly this month in colleges across the country.(67) Admissions officers are poring essays and recommendation letters, scouring transcripts and standardized test scores.(68)But anything is missing from many applications: a class ranking, once amajor component in admissions decisions.In the cat-and-mouse maneuvering over admission to prestigious colleges and universities, (69) thousands of high schools have simply stopped providing that information, concluding it could harm the chances of their very better, but not best, students.(70)Canny college officials,in turn, have found a tactical way to response.(71) Using broad data that high schools often provide, like a distribution of grade averages forentire senior class, they essentially recreate anapplicant class’s rank.(72)The process has left them exasperating.(73)“weIf’ relooking at your son or daughter and you want us to know that theyare among the best in their school, with a rank wedon’t necessarily know that, said” Jim Bock, dean of admissions and financial aid at Swarthmore College.(74)Admissions directors say strategy can backfire.When high schools do not provide enough general information to recreate the class rank calculation, (75) many admissions directors say they have little choice and to do something virtually no one wants them to do: give more weight to scores on the SAT and other standardized exams.Part Six: Writing15Directions: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topicgiven below. Write it neatly on ANSWERSHEET(2).Recently, a newspaper carried an article entitled:“ WeShould No Longer Force Gong Li and Zhang Yimou to Take Part in National Politics The”.article argued that some artists and film stars are unwilling or unqualified to represent the people inthePeople ’s Congress or thePeople ’s Political Consultative Conference, and they should not be forced to do so. What do you think?56. fewer 57. to 58. saved 59. more 60. as 61. played 62. after 63. purposes 64.ready/ willing 65. security北京大学 2006 年博士入学考试试题答案Listening0.5each)1-5BCAAD6-10BADCA11-15CBADA16-20BDCB ＣC1:immune C11:insufficientC2:range C12:accidentsC3:quarter C13:wheelC4:uninterrupted C14:shiftC5:tossing C15:riskC6:destined C16:deterioratesC7:claim C17:snatchC8:fooling C18:skepticalC9:deprivation C19:substituteC10:correlation C20:insomniaStructureandwrittenexpression1pointeach)21-25accdd26-30adaab 31-35cdbab 36-40abcbcReading1pointeach)41-45ccbda 46-50cbdbaParaphrasing:(3pointseach)51.According to new research, getting angry adds to the chances of gettingphysically hurt, particularly for male.52.even people generally believe that people easily get angry when driving on the road, but anger didn ’t have much/anything to do with injuries from traffic accidents,/ but not many injuries from traffic accidents are the results of anger on the road.53.It is not at all surprising that anger is a very important reason for peoplewho intentionally hurt themselves.54.We see this strong link between anger and injury more in men than in women, but different races of people did not show much variation.55.People do not know yet why anger is associated with injury.Cloze:(1pointeach)56.Fewer57.To 58.Saved 59.More 60.As 61.Played 62.After63.Purposes 64.Ready 65.SecurityProofreading:(1pointeach)66.Highly-high 67.Pore-poreover 68.Anything-something 69.Better-good70.Response-respond 71.Forentire-foranentire 72.Exasperating-exasperatedbS73.With-without 74.Strategy-thestrategy 75.And-butWriting:(15points)。
北大考博辅导：北京大学力学(航空航天工程)考博难度解析及经验分享
北大考博辅导：北京大学力学（航空航天工程）考博难度解析及经验分享一、专业介绍力学（航空航天工程）是一个专门化学科，培养具有扎实的数学、物理、力学、计算机等基础理论，掌握航空航天领域的多学科知识，具有良好的综合能力和创新意识的高级人才。
该专业的学生应掌握数学、物理、动力学与控制、空气动力学、材料与结构、工程热力学、控制系统原理、飞行器总体设计、航空电子系统、飞行器制造工艺及设计、实验等方面的基础理论和专业知识，具有飞行器总体、结构与系统设计分析的能力。
北京大学工学院力学（航空航天工程）专业在博士招生方面，不区分研究方向此专业实行申请考核制。
二、考试内容北京大学力学（航空航天工程）专业博士研究生招生为资格审查加综合考核形式，由笔试+专业面试构成。
其中，综合考核内容为:1、我院根据申请人的申请材料，进行审核。
根据审核结果，择优确定进入考核的候选人；3月份确定复试名单。
2、根据各专业的具体要求采取综合面试的方式进行差额复试，对学生的学科背景、专业知识水平、科研能力及学术潜力、逻辑思维与表达能力、外语口语水平等方面进行考察；3、复试时间一般安排在3-4月份。
申请人须向复试小组作报告，内容包括个人科研经历和成果介绍、对拟从事研究的领域的了解和看法、本人拟进行的研究工作设想及理由等，时间不少于30分钟；4、面试不合格者均不予录取。
对于合格考生，从中择优确定拟录取名单，报经研究生院批准后公示十个工作日。
四、申请材料1、北京大学2019年攻读博士学位研究生报考登记表：请在规定的报名时间内登陆北京大学研究生招生网（网址：https:///applications/）进行网上报名，上传相关材料，并打印“北京大学2019年攻读博士学位研究生报考登记表”。
2、个人陈述（含你对报考学科专业的认识、拟定研究计划，3000字左右），其格式可在网上下载，网址：https:///zsxx/bszs/bssqkh/index.htm；3、两封所报考学科专业领域内的专家推荐信，其格式可在网上下载，（网址https:///zsxx/bszs/bssqkh/index.htm）；4、毕业院校的正式成绩单原件（包括本科阶段和硕士阶段的成绩单）；5、最高学历、学位证书复印件（应届硕士毕业生报名时须提交所在培养单位研究生院或研究生部的证明信，录取后须补交学历和学位证书，审核通过后方可报到注册；只有学位证书而无毕业证书者，报名时须提交硕士或博士学位证书复印件；持国（境）外学位证书者，报名时须提交由教育部留学服务中心出具的认证报告）。
北大考博辅导：北京大学工程力学考博难度解析及经验分享
北大考博辅导：北京大学工程力学考博难度解析及经验分享根据教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心最新公布的第四轮学科评估结果可知，在2018-2019工程力学专业大学排名，其中排名第一的是南京航空航天大学，排名第二的是河海大学，排名第三的是大连理工大学。
作为北京大学实施国家“211工程”和“985工程”的重点学科，工学院的工程力学一级学科在历次全国学科评估中均名列第八。
下面是启道考博整理的关于北京大学工程力学考博相关内容。
一、专业介绍工程力学专业培养具备力学基础理论知识、计算和试验能力，能在各种工程（如机械、土建、材料、能源、交通、航空、船舶、水利、化工等）中从事与力学有关的科研、技术开发、工程设计和力学教学工作的高级工程科学技术人才。
北京大学工学院工程力学专业在博士招生方面，不区分研究方向此专业实行申请考核制。
二、考试内容北京大学工程力学专业博士研究生招生为资格审查加综合考核形式，由笔试+专业面试+英语口语构成。
其中，综合考核内容为:1、我院根据申请人的申请材料，进行审核。
根据审核结果，择优确定进入考核的候选人；3月份确定复试名单。
2、根据各专业的具体要求采取综合面试的方式进行差额复试，对学生的学科背景、专业知识水平、科研能力及学术潜力、逻辑思维与表达能力、外语口语水平等方面进行考察；3、复试时间一般安排在3-4月份。
申请人须向复试小组作报告，内容包括个人科研经历和成果介绍、对拟从事研究的领域的了解和看法、本人拟进行的研究工作设想及理由等，时间不少于30分钟；4、面试不合格者均不予录取。
对于合格考生，从中择优确定拟录取名单，报经研究生院批准后公示十个工作日。
四、申请材料1、北京大学2019年攻读博士学位研究生报考登记表：请在规定的报名时间内登陆北京大学研究生招生网（网址：https:///applications/）进行网上报名，上传相关材料，并打印“北京大学2019年攻读博士学位研究生报考登记表”。
2、个人陈述（含你对报考学科专业的认识、拟定研究计划，3000字左右），其格式可在网上下载，网址：https:///zsxx/bszs/bssqkh/index.htm；3、两封所报考学科专业领域内的专家推荐信，其格式可在网上下载，（网址https:///zsxx/bszs/bssqkh/index.htm）；4、毕业院校的正式成绩单原件（包括本科阶段和硕士阶段的成绩单）；5、最高学历、学位证书复印件（应届硕士毕业生报名时须提交所在培养单位研究生院或研究生部的证明信，录取后须补交学历和学位证书，审核通过后方可报到注册；只有学位证书而无毕业证书者，报名时须提交硕士或博士学位证书复印件；持国（境）外学位证书者，报名时须提交由教育部留学服务中心出具的认证报告）。
【北大考博辅导班】北大力学(先进材料与力学)博士专业介绍申博考博条件考博目录选拔方式考博经验
【北大考博辅导班】北大力学（先进材料与力学）博士专业介绍申博考博条件考博目录选拔方式考博经验启道考博分享一、北大力学（先进材料与力学）专业介绍-启道1、纳米材料科学与技术主要研究内容、特色与意义一维纳米材料合成与性能纳米生物纳米电子器件、纳米传感器低维物质等离子体可控生长功能纳米结构制备与纳米加工分子自组装与过程仿生2、先进功能材料与器件主要研究内容、特色与意义功能型高分子材料复合设计电、光、磁学性能功能高分子材料及器件有机光电材料和器件空间驱动器、声换能器3、新能源材料与应用主要研究内容、特色与意义纳米发电机氢气的储存和利用技术锂离子电池材料铁电与磁电材料有机光电功能膜材料无机化合物相变与蓄热4、新能源材料[主要研究内容]：太阳能制氢催化材料、新型储氢氢气材料和技术，镍氢电池、燃料电池[特色与意义]：能源的枯竭、环境污染、人口的增加和活动量的增加使得人们高度重视新能源技术的研究。
氢能源能量密度大、无污染，被视为是人类能够最长久使用和最寄予希望的能量。
氢制备和储存材料是氢能源利用的核心，这方面的研究对于产业结构调整和国民经济发展有重要意义二、北大力学（先进材料与力学）博士报名条件及资料-启道1、拥护中国共产党的领导，具有正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务，遵守法律、法规和学校的规章制度，品行正。
2、申请者的学位必须符合下述条件之一：（1）已获得硕士或博士学位；（2）应届硕士毕业生（须在入学前取得硕士学位）；（3）获得本科学士学位满6年（到录取年的9月1日），可按照同等学力身份报考。
（以同等学力身份报考者，须在报考学科、专业或相近研究领域的全国核心期刊上已发表两篇以上学术论文（以第一或第二作者），或已获得省、部级以上与报考学科相关的科研成果奖励（排名前名））；3、身心健康状况符合北京大学研究生入学体检要求。
三、北大力学（先进材料与力学）博士选报方式-启道1、我院各专业招生专家小组根据申请人的申请材料，进行素质审核。
北京大学考博英语真题及答案.docx
Part Two: Structure and Written Expression20Directions: In each question decide which of four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Mark your choices on the ANSWERSHEET.21.The nuclear family __________ a self-contained, self-satisfying unit composed of father, mother and children.A. refers toB. definesC. describesD. devotes to22.Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe thatelderly Americans are________ by social isolation and loneliness.A. reproachedB. favoredC. plaguedD. reprehended23.In addition to bettering group and individual performance, cooperation ________ the quality of interpersonal relationship.A. ascendsB. compelsC. enhancesD. prefers24.In the past 50 years, there ________ a great increase in the amount of research_____on the human brain.A. was⋯ didB. has been⋯ to be doneC. was⋯ doingD. has been⋯ done25. “I must have eaten something wrong. I feel like. ”“ Wetold you not to eat at a restaurant.You’d better _______ at home when you are not in theshape. ”A. to throw up⋯ to eatB. throwing up⋯ eatingC. to throw up⋯ eatD. throwing up⋯ eat26. Parent shave to show due concerns to theirchildren’s creativity and emotional output; otherwise what they think beneficial to the kids might probably _______ their enthusiasm and aspirations.A. hold backB. hold toC. hold downD. hold over27.According to psychoanalysis, aperson ’s attention is attracted ________ by the intensity of different signals ________ by their context, significance, andinformation content.A. not less than ⋯ asB. as⋯ justasC. so much⋯ asD. not so much⋯ as 28.They moved to Portland in1998 and lived in a big house, _______ to the south.A. the windows of which openedB. the windows of it openedC. itswindows opened D. the windows of which opening29.The lady who has_______ for a night in the dead of the winter later turned out to bea distant relation of his.A. put him upB. put him outC. put him onD. put him in30.By standers,_______,_________ as they walked past lines of ambulances.A. bloody and covered with dust, looking dazedB. bloodied and covered with dust, looked dazedC. bloody and covered with dust, looked dazedD. bloodied and covered with dust, looking dazed31.Hong Kong was not a target for terror attacks, the Government insisted yesterday, as the US________ closed for an apparent security review.32.American fans have selected Yao in a vote for the All-Star game ______the legendary O’ Neal,who ______ the “ GreatWall ”at the weekend as the Rockets beat the Los Angeles Lakers.-A. in head of, ran onB. in head of, ran intoC. ahead of, ran ontoD. ahead of, ran into33.Professional archivists and librarians have the resources to duplicate materials in other formats and the expertise to retrieve materials trapped in _________ computers.A. abstractB. obsoleteC. obstinateD. obese34.She always prints important documents and stores a backup set at her house“I. actually think there ’s something about the______ of paper that feels morecomforting. ”She said.A. tangibilityB. tanglednessC. tangentD. tantalization35. “ Theysaid what we alwaysknew, ”said an administration source,___________.A. he asked not to be namedB. who asked not to be namedC.who asked not be named D. who asked not named36.In Germany, the industrial giants Daimler Chrysler and Siemens recently_______their unions into signing contracts that lengthen work hours without increasing pay.A. muscledB. movedC. mushedD. muted37.He argues that the policy has done little to ease joblessness, and has leftthe country_______.38.The more people hear his demented rants, the more they see that he isa terrorist_______.A. who is pure and simpleB. being pure and simpleC.pure and simple D. as pure and simple39.This expansion of rights has led to both a paralysis of the public service and toa rapid and terrible ________ in the character of the population.A. determinationB. deteriorationC. desolationD. desperation40._______ a declining birthrate, there will be an over-supply of 27,000 primary school places by 2010, _______ leaving 35 school sidle.B. Coupling with, equivalent toC. Coupled with, equivalent toD. Coupling with, equals toPart Three: Reading Comprehension 10Passage One The HeroMy mother ’s parents came from Hungary, but my grandfather could trace his origin to Germany and also he was educated in Germany. Although he was able to hold a conversation in nine languages, he was most comfortable in German. Every morning, before going to his office, he read the German language newspaper, which was American owned and published in New York.My grandfather was the only one in his family to come to the United States with his wife and children. He still had relatives living in Europe. When the first world war broke out, he lamented the fact that if my uncle, his only son had to go, it would be cousin fighting against cousin. In the early days of the war, my grandmother begged him to stop taking the German newspaper and to take an English language newspaper, instead. He scoffed at the idea, explaining that the fact it was in German did not make it a German newspaper, but only an American newspaper, printed in German. But my grandmother insisted, for fear that the neighbors may see him read it and think he was German. So, he finally gave up the German newspaper.One day, the inevitable happened and my uncle Milton received notice to join the army. My grandparents were very upset, but my mother, his little sister, was excited. Now she could boast about her soldier brother going off to war. She was ten years old at the time, and my uncle, realizing how he was regarded by his little sister and her friends, went out and bought them all service pins, which meant that they had a loved one in the service. All the little girls were delighted. When the day came for him to leave, his whole regiment, in their uniforms, left together from the same train station. There was a band playing and my mother and her friends came to see him off. Each one wore her service pin and waved a small American flag, cheering the boys, as they left.The moment came and the soldiers, all very young, none of whom had had any training, but who had never the less all been issued uniforms, boarded the train. The band played and the crowd cheered. The train groaned as if it knew the destiny to which it was taking its passengers, but it soon began to move. Still cheering and waving their flags, the band still playing, the train slowly departed the station.It had gone about a thousand yards when it suddenly ground to a halt. The band stopped playing, the crowd stopped cheering. Everyone gazed in wonder as the train slowly backed up and returned to the station. It seemed an eternity until the doors opened and the men started to file out. Someone shouted,“ It the’s armistice. The war is over. ”For a moment, nobody moved, but then the people heard someone bark orders at the soldiers. The men lined up and formed into two lines. They walked down the steps and, with the band playing behind, paraded down the street, as returning heroes, to be welcomed home by the assembled crowd. The next day my uncle returned to his job, and my grandfather resumed reading the German newspaper, which he read until the day he died.41. Where was thenarrator family’s when this story took place?A. In Germany.B. In Hungary.C. In the United StatesD. In New York.42.His grandfather ____________.A. could not speak and read English well enoughB. knew nine languages equally wellC. knew a number of languages, but felt more kin to GermanD. loved German best because it made him think of home43.His grandmother did not want her husband to buy and read newspapers in German, because ________.A. it was war time and Germans were their enemyB. the neighbors would mistake them as pro-GermanC.it was easier to get newspapers in English in AmericaD. nobody else read newspapers in German during the wartime44. The narrator mother’s wanted her brother to go to fight in the war,because________.A. like everybody else at the wartime, she was verypatriotic B. she hated the war and the Germans very muchC. all her friends had relatives in war and she wanted to be likethem D. she liked to have a brother she could think of as a heroPassage TwoWaking Up from the American DreamsThere has been much talk recently about the phenomenon of“ Wal-Martization of”America, which refers to the attempt of America ’s giant Wal-Mart chain store company to keep its cost at rock-bottom levels. For years, many American companies have embraced Wal-Mart-like stratagems to control labor costs, such as hiring temps (temporary workers) and part-timers, fighting unions, dismantling internal career ladders and outsourcing to lower paying contractors at home and abroad.While these tactics have the admirable outcome of holding down consumer prices, they ’ costlyre in other ways. More than a quarter of the labor force, about 34 million workers, is trapped in low-wage, often dead-end jobs. Many middle-income and high-skilled employees face fewer opportunities, too, as companies shift work to subcontract or sand temps agencies and move white-collar jobs to China and India. The result has been an erosion of one ofAmerica ’s most cherished value: giving its people the ability to move up the economic ladder over their life times. Historically, most Americans, even low-skilled ones, were able to find poorly paid janitorial or factory jobs, then gradually climbed into the middleclass as they gained experience and moved up the wage curve. But the number of workers progressing upward began to slip in 1970s. Upward mobility diminished even more in the 1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages.Restoring American mobility is less a question of knowing what to do than of making it happen. Experts have decriedschools in’adequacy for years, but fixing them is a long, arduous struggle. Similarly, there have been plenty of warnings about declining college access, but finding funds was difficult even in eras of large surpluses.45. The American dream in this passage mainly refers to____________.A. there are always possibilities offered to people to develop themselves in the societyB. Americans can always move up the pay ladderC. American young people can have access to college, even they arepoor D. the labor force is not trapped in low-wage and dead-end jobs46.Wal-Mart strategy, according to this passage, is to___________.A. hire temps and part-timers to reduce its costB. outsource its contracts to lower price agencies at home andabroad C. hold down its consumer price by controlling its labor costsD. dismantle the career ladder and stop peopl’s mobilityupward 47. Which of the following statements is NOTTRUE?A. Wal-Martization has been successful in keeping costs at rock-bottom levels.B. Upward mobility for low-skilled workers has become impossible in the U.S.C. More business opportunities are given to low-cost agencies in China and India.D. Although people know how to restore American mobility, it ’s difficult to change the present situation.Passage Three Seniors and the CityTens of thousands of retirees are pulling up stakes in suburban areas and fashioning their own retirement communities in the heart of the bustling city. They are looking for what most older people want: a home with no stairs and low crime rates. And theyare willing to exchange regular weekly golf time for rich cultural offerings, young neighbors and plenty of good restaurants. Spying an opportunity, major real-estate developer shave broken ground on urban sites they intended to market to suburbanretirees. These seniors are already changing the face of big cities. One developer,Fran Mc Carthy asks: “ Whoever thought that suburban flight would beroundtrip? ”The trickle of older folks returning to the city has grown into a steady stream. While some cities, especially those with few cultural offerings, have seen an exodus of seniors, urban planners say others have become retirees magnets. Between 1999 and 2000, the population of 64-to-75-year-olds in downtown Chicago rose 17 percent. Austin, New Orleans, and Los Angeles have seen double-digit increases as well. There may be hidden health benefits to city living. A study reveals that moving from suburbs to the city can ward off the byproduct of aging--- social isolation. In the next six years, downtowns are expected to grow even grayer. For affluent retirees, city life is an increasingly popular option.48.Retired seniors are moving back into the city because____________.A. they find there are too many crimes in the suburbsB. unlike the flats in the city, their country house have stairs to climbC. they are no longer interested in playing golfD. in the city, they have more social and cultural life againstloneliness 49. From the passage we can infer that_________.A. the real-estate developers have broken their original contracts of constructionwith senior retireesB. a life in the downtown city is expensive, and most of those retirees who movedback into the city are very well-offC. with more older people living in the city, the city will become gray and less beautifulD. very soon the American suburban areas will face their low population crisis50. Fran Mc Carthy ’s question means: nobody ever thought that__________.A. people who moved out of the city decades ago now would move backB. suburban dwellers when moving back into the city must take roundtripC. suburban flight years ago would go in circlesD. senior people ’s moving back into the city would take place all over theUnited StatesDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your ownEnglish the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answerson ANSWERSHEET(2)15(51)Being angry increases the risk of injury, especially among men, new research says. There searchers gathered data on more than 2,400 accident victims at three Missouri hospitals. They interviewed each subject to determine thepatient ’s emotional statejust before the injury and 24 hours earlier, gathering data on whether the patients felt irritable, angry or hostile, and to what degree. Then they compared the results witha control group of uninjured people.(52)Despite widespread belief in“ roadrage, ”anger did not correlate with injuries from traffic accidents.(53)Not surprisingly, anger was strongly associated with injuries inflicted deliberately. But other injuries–those neither intentionally inflicted nor from falls or trafficaccidents–also showed strong associations with anger.(54)The correlations were significantly weaker for women than for men, but there were no differences by race. The authors acknowledge that their data depend on self-reports, which are not always reliable.(55)Why anger correlates with injury is not known. “I can speculate that the anger may have prompted some behavior that led to the injury, or may have simply distracted the person, leading indirectly to the injury, said” the study ’s lead author.Part Four: Cloze Test10Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numberedblank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on ANSWERSHEET (2).Last year French drivers killed(56)_______ than 5,000 people on the roads for the first time in decades. Credit goes largely(57)________ the 1,000 automated radar cameras planted on the nation ’s high ways since 2003, which experts reckon(58)_______ 3,000 lives last year. Success, of course breeds success: the government plans toinstall 500(59)______radar devices this year.So it goes with surveillance these days. Europeans used to look at the security cameras posted in British cities, subways and buses(60)_______ the seeds of an Orwellian world that was largely unacceptable in Continental Europe. But lastyear ’s London bombing,in which video cameras(61)________a key role in identifying the perpetrators, have helped spuraseachange. A month(62)_______ the London attacks, half of Germans supported EU-wide plans to require Internet providers and telecoms to store all e-mail, Internet and phone data for“ anti-terror” (63) a.InBritish poll, 73 percent of respondents said they were(64)_______ to give up some civil liberty toimprove(65)________.Part Five: Proof reading 10Directions: In the following passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, ONE in each numbered and underlined part. You may have to change a word, add a word, or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it with a slash(/) and write the correct word beside it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash(/). Put your answer on ANSWERSHEET(2).Examples:eg.1(66)The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(66)begun beganeg.2(67) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(67)(Scarcely) had (they)eg.3(68)Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWERSHEET(2):(68)not(66)Application files are piled highly this month in colleges across the country.(67) Admissions officers are poring essays and recommendation letters, scouring transcripts and standardized test scores.(68)But anything is missing from many applications: a class ranking, once amajor component in admissions decisions.In the cat-and-mouse maneuvering over admission to prestigious colleges and universities, (69) thousands of high schools have simply stopped providing that information, concluding it could harm the chances of their very better, but not best, students.(70)Canny college officials,in turn, have found a tactical way to response.(71) Using broad data that high schools often provide, like a distribution of grade averages forentire senior class, they essentially recreate anapplicant class’s rank.(72)The process has left them exasperating.(73)“weIf’ relooking at your son or daughter and you want us to know that theyare among the best in their school, with a rank wedon’t necessarily know that, said” Jim Bock, dean of admissions and financial aid at Swarthmore College.(74)Admissions directors say strategy can backfire.When high schools do not provide enough general information to recreate the class rank calculation, (75) many admissions directors say they have little choice and to do something virtually no one wants them to do: give more weight to scores on the SAT and other standardized exams.Part Six: Writing15Directions: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topicgiven below. Write it neatly on ANSWERSHEET(2).Recently, a newspaper carried an article entitled:“ WeShould No Longer Force Gong Li and Zhang Yimou to Take Part in National Politics The”.article argued that some artists and film stars are unwilling or unqualified to represent the people inthePeople ’s Congress or thePeople ’s Political Consultative Conference, and they should not be forced to do so. What do you think?56. fewer 57. to 58. saved 59. more 60. as 61. played 62. after 63. purposes 64.ready/ willing 65. security北京大学 2006 年博士入学考试试题答案Listening0.5each)1-5BCAAD6-10BADCA11-15CBADA16-20BDCB ＣC1:immune C11:insufficientC2:range C12:accidentsC3:quarter C13:wheelC4:uninterrupted C14:shiftC5:tossing C15:riskC6:destined C16:deterioratesC7:claim C17:snatchC8:fooling C18:skepticalC9:deprivation C19:substituteC10:correlation C20:insomniaStructureandwrittenexpression1pointeach)21-25accdd26-30adaab 31-35cdbab 36-40abcbcReading1pointeach)41-45ccbda 46-50cbdbaParaphrasing:(3pointseach)51.According to new research, getting angry adds to the chances of gettingphysically hurt, particularly for male.52.even people generally believe that people easily get angry when driving on the road, but anger didn ’t have much/anything to do with injuries from traffic accidents,/ but not many injuries from traffic accidents are the results of anger on the road.53.It is not at all surprising that anger is a very important reason for peoplewho intentionally hurt themselves.54.We see this strong link between anger and injury more in men than in women, but different races of people did not show much variation.55.People do not know yet why anger is associated with injury.Cloze:(1pointeach)56.Fewer57.To 58.Saved 59.More 60.As 61.Played 62.After63.Purposes 64.Ready 65.SecurityProofreading:(1pointeach)66.Highly-high 67.Pore-poreover 68.Anything-something 69.Better-good70.Response-respond 71.Forentire-foranentire 72.Exasperating-exasperatedbS73.With-without 74.Strategy-thestrategy 75.And-butWriting:(15points)。
北大考博辅导：北京大学数学科学学院考博难度解析及经验分享
北大考博辅导：北京大学数学科学学院考博难度解析及经验分享北京大学数学科学学院2019 年博士研究生招生实行“申请―审核”制，符合《北京大学2019年博士研究生招生简章》中报考条件的申请人提交相关材料，依据考生申请材料的综合评价结果确定差额综合考核名单，经综合考核后择优推荐拟录取。
强军计划、少数民族骨干计划、论文博士等采取相同的办法同时进行。
一、院系简介1952年秋，全国高等学校进行了院系调整。
北京大学数学系与清华大学数学系、燕京大学数学系经调整后，组建了新的北京大学数学力学系。
1978年分设为数学系和力学系。
1985年，概率统计专业独立成立了概率统计系。
1995年，在数学系与概率统计系的基础上成立了北京大学数学科学学院。
北大数学学院暨北京国际数学研究中心拥有一支实力雄厚的师资队伍，现有教师119人，其中中科院院士7人，长江特聘教授11人，国家杰出青年基金获得者24人，他们不仅在数学研究的前沿领域上取得了杰出的成就，还长期坚持在教学岗位上，为国家培养了一批又一批高素质、高水平的创新型人才。
1952年以来，数学科学学院先后为国家培养了一万多名毕业生，他们奋斗在国家建设的各条战线上，其中包括30余名两院院士。
获得国家最高科技奖的吴文俊院士和王选院士是数学科学学院校友中的杰出代表。
数学科学学院在2001年获得国家优秀教学成果特等奖；在教育部学科评估中，2002年、2007年、2012年北大数学均名列全国首位；2017年北大数学和统计学均获评A+并入选国家“一流学科”建设名单。
北京大学数学科学学院有着光荣的传统、雄厚的师资力量、良好的学术风气，她是醉心于数学科学的人们的一块净土，是从事数学科学和相关科学研究的一座殿堂，也是莘莘学子人生起跑线的首选地之一。
二、招生信息北京大学数学科学学院博士招生专业有6个：070101基础数学研究方向：01.置换群及代数组合论；02.低维拓扑；03.拓扑学；04.微分几何及其应用；05.微分几何；06.子流形的整体微分几何；07.非线性分析；08.几何分析；09.微分几何与PDE；10.常微分方程与动力系统；11.微分动力系统；12.非线性偏微分方程；13.代数几何；14.偏微分方程及其应用；15.密码学与信息安全理论；16.数论：算术几何，p-进上同调；17.调和分析及其应用；18.李群及其作用；19.调和分析与偏微方程；20.偏微分方程与几何分析；21.辛几何与数学物理；22.微分几何与数学物理；23.偏微分方程与数学物理；24.拓扑量子计算；25.组合数学；图论；26.几何群论；27.场论和弦理论相关的数学物理；28.共形几何与微分方程、广义相对论中的微分几何；29.随机几何；30.非线性偏微分方程和调和分析；31.多复变函数论；32.双曲型偏微分方程；33.反射群和Coxeter群及相关的表示论；34.拓扑弦与镜像对称；35.数论与表示论070102计算数学；研究方向：01.多尺度模型与计算及自适应方法；02.科学计算与随机PDE；03.偏微分方程数值解；04.矩阵计算及其应用；05.微分方程数值解及计算流体力学；06.随机模型、算法及应用；07.图像处理与图像重建；08.偏微分及代数方程数值方法与应用；09.最优化计算方法及其应用；10.科学计算、计算材料、计算生物；11.科学计算、随机方法和应用分析；12.大规模并行计算；13.图像与数据科学；14.计算量子力学，图谱理论及算法070103概率论与数理统计；研究方向：01.概率论与随机分析、随机图与随机复杂网络；02.测度值马氏过程与非线性偏微分方程；03.离散型马氏过程及其相关领域；04.生物大数据的统计机器学习；05.随机过程与物理化学生物的交叉；06.马氏过程与相互作用粒子系统；07.随机过程及其应用、非平衡统计物理、系统生物学；08.随机分析、随机微分方程、随机偏微分方程和交互扩散过程的理论与应用070104应用数学；研究方向：01.图像重建和图像分析；02.李群表示论及其应用；03.数学物理；04.随机动力系统与光滑遍历论；05.人工智能；06.程序理论，软件形式化方法；07.统计学习与智能信息处理；08.密码学与信息安全理论；09.信息安全工程；10.符号计算、自动推理和程序验证；11.图像重建与图像处理；12.微分方程在图像处理和信号分析中的应用；13.信息物理融合系统071400统计学研究方向：01.统计推断、机器学习、遥感；02.生存分析；03.因果推论、有偏数据分析、遗失数据分析、生物统计；04.金融统计；05.金融和保险中的随机模型和统计方法；06.金融统计、因果推断；07.函数型数据分析，高维和复杂数据建模；08.统计计算、生物信息；09.生物信息学，生物统计；10.高维统计、大数据建模与分析；11.贝叶斯分析与计算，概率图模型，机器学习/深度学习/强化学习；12.不确定性度量，时空统计，生存分析与可靠性；13.金融数学、金融市场数量模型；14.试验设计与分析，大数据分析三、申请条件1、拥护中国共产党的领导，具有正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务，遵守法律、法规和学校的规章制度，品行端正。
北京大学考博力学系统与控制专业介绍,考博真题,真题解析
考博详解与指导系所名称工学院招生总数110系所说明直博生生硕转博学生占95%，5%采取“申请-考核制”招生（部分专业）。
导师介绍见。
招生专业：力学（力学系统与控制）(080121)研究方向指导教师考试科目备注01.非线性与鲁棒控制02.航天器动力学分析与控制03.散体介质冲击动力学04.控制系统计算机仿真与实验研究05.关联系统与复杂网络06.动力系统稳定性07.复杂力学系统控制08.多智能体群体动力学与控制09.非线性系统同步与控制10.飞行器导航、控制与制导11.飞行控制系统仿真从以下三个方面进行评价：1、语言准确性（语法和用词的准确性、语法结构的复杂性、词汇的丰富程度、发音的准确性）2、话语的长短和连贯性（内容的连贯性、寻找合适词语而造成的停顿频率及长短、表达思想的语言长短等）3、语言的灵活性和适合性（语言表达是否灵活、自然，话语是否得体，语言能否与语境、动能和目的相适应）评价成绩为：a优秀--能用外语就指定的话题进行口头交流，基本没有困难b良好--能用外语就指定的题材进行口头交流，虽有些困难，但不影响交流c及格--能用外语就指定的话题进行简单的口头交流d不及格--不具有口头表达能力中科院招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语口试暂行办法口试内容与结构分为两部分，有两名教师参加口试工作，一名教师主持口试，随时与考生交谈并评分；另一名教师专事评分，不参与交谈。
两名口试教师所给的分数各占口试成绩的50%。
4、面试过程中不要放屁，即使放了，不要承认，让三个老师互相猜疑去。
这是以上三条中最重要的一条，做不到这一条以上三条都白搭。
第一部分：考查学生理解并回答有关日常生活、家庭、工作、学习等问题的能力（3分钟）。
第二部分：考查学生连续表达的能力。
考生从所给你的问题中选择一个话题，就此话题表达自己的看法（3分钟）。
口试用材料（部分,仅供参考）part ainterlocutor(问话者)：------good morning.my name is……,and this is my colleague…..he is just going to listening to us.are your name is…..?------first of all,we’d like to know sth.about you,so i’m going to ask some questions about yourself.(从以下各项问题中选择几个适当的问题提问考生)------hometownwhere are you from?how long have you lived there?how do you like it?why?do you live near here?where about?what do you think are the good points about living in this city?------familycould you tell us sth.about you family?what does your family usually do for the weekend?what do you think about living together with your parents?------leisuredo you have any hobbies?how did you become interested in the hobbies?------study/workwhy do you choose to study at our institute?why do you want to go to graduate school instead of finding a job?what are your favorite subjects?what kind of job did you do?have you ever worked during the vacation?why do you want to go back to study instead of going on with your work? what qualifications are needed in order to do your job well?what did you enjoy most about your campus life?------future planswhat do you expect to achieve during your study if you are enrolled into this institute?do you think english is important for your future plans?in what aspects is it important?part binterlocutor(问话者)：------now i’d like you to talk about sth.for about3minutes.here is a list of topics(将一组话题或问题递给学生)，pls read the topics and choose one from the list you like to talk about.you’ll have5minutes to prepare for your talk.(5分钟后)could you tell me what you want to talk about?all right,you’ll have3minutes to give your talk.would you begin?(the interloculor may intervene only when necessary)topics/questions(只列举了一部分话题)------give your comment on the statement that“a part-time job is an important experience that every college student should have.”------use specific examples to set forth your views on the saying“haste makes waste”.------describe one of your own experiences to demonstrate that“nothing ever becomes real till it is experienced”------explain your understanding of the conventional belief that“age brings wisdom”------what are the current problems of college education?how to resolve them?------some people say there is no absolute truth because“truth”is defined by people and there is no objectivity whenever people are involved.does absolute truth exist or not?why?对策1.自我介绍(self-introduce)。
北京大学博士英语试题及答案
北京大学博士英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分）阅读下列短文，然后回答1-5题。
The rise of digital technology has transformed the way welive and work. It has also changed the way we communicate. In the past, people mainly relied on face-to-face communicationor letters to convey messages. However, with the advent ofthe internet and smartphones, instant messaging and social media have become the primary means of communication for many.1. What is the main topic of the passage? (4分)A. The impact of digital technology on communication.B. The history of communication methods.C. The importance of face-to-face communication.D. The disadvantages of social media.2. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a communication method mentioned? (4分)A. Face-to-face communication.B. Letters.C. Instant messaging.D. Radio broadcasts.3. What does the passage imply about the future of communication? (4分)A. It will become more personal.B. It will rely more on digital technology.C. It will return to traditional methods.D. It will become less frequent.4. What is the purpose of the passage? (4分)A. To inform readers about new communication technologies.B. To persuade readers to use traditional communication methods.C. To describe the history of communication methods.D. To analyze the effects of digital technology on communication.5. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage? (4分)A. The passage argues that digital technology has had a negative impact on communication.B. The passage suggests that digital technology has made communication more efficient.C. The passage states that people no longer use face-to-face communication.D. The passage claims that the internet and smartphones have replaced all other communication methods.二、词汇与语法（共30分）Choose the correct answer to complete the sentence. Write the letter of the correct answer in the blank.6. The company has decided to ________ its employees with the latest technology.A. equipB. qualifyC. supplyD. provide7. Despite the heavy rain, they ________ the mountain successfully.A. climbedB. ascendedC. roseD. lifted8. The new policy will ________ a significant impact on the economy.A. haveB. takeC. makeD. get9. She is ________ to be the best candidate for the job.A. likelyB. probableC. possibleD. potential10. The book is ________ interesting that I can hardly put it down.A. soB. veryC. tooD. quite三、翻译（共20分）Translate the following sentence into English.11. 随着人工智能的发展，许多传统行业正在经历转型。
【北大考博辅导班】北大力学(力学系统与控制)博士专业介绍申博考博条件考博资料考博目录选拔方式考博经验
【北大考博辅导班】北大力学（力学系统与控制）博士专业介绍申博考博条件考博目录选拔方式考博经验启道考博分享一、北大力学（力学系统与控制）专业介绍-启道01、复杂力学系统控制方向：主要研究内容、特色与意义：复杂非线性力学系统的稳定性及其控制研究, 约束条件下受控运动体的运动规划、导航与控制。
约束条件下运动体的控制是本研究方向的重要特色，研究结果对于民用及国防工业有重要意义.导师：黄琳、耿志勇、刘才山、段志生02、多智能体协同动力学与控制方向：主要研究内容、特色与意义：主要研究网络化多动力系统的协同动力学，群体智能，协同博弈，协同优化，网络拓扑、通讯协议以及协同控制的设计。
网络拓扑与协同行为的关系研究是该方向研究特色，研究结果对于工业自动化系统以及分布式信息系统有重要意义。
导师：黄琳、耿志勇、王金枝、段志生03、非线性与鲁棒控制方向：主要研究内容、特色与意义：研究复杂非线性系统在参数,范数摄动下的鲁棒性分析与控制问题,建立易于检验设计的控制器设计方法. 所有的控制系统都存在不定性, 研究多种不确定性下的鲁棒分析与控制是本方向的特点, 这一研究方向在理论与应用领域均有重要意义.导师：耿志勇、王金枝、杨莹04、近空间飞行器动力学与控制方向：主要研究内容、特色与意义：研究高超声速飞行器的建模，导航与控制，计算机数值仿真。
针对高马赫数，高非线性，强时变，以及不确定扰动下控制律设计是本研究的特色。
导师：黄琳、段志生、杨剑影、王金枝、杨莹、黄迅05、航天器动力学分析与控制方向：主要研究内容、特色与意义：基于多体系统力学、有限元分析技术以及相关的控制理论，研究复杂航天器中的动力学与控制问题，发展快速高效的数值模拟算法。
建立含摩擦的接触/碰撞问题的一般性理论并发展有效的分析工具是本方向的主要特色。
导师：刘才山、黄琳06、散体介质冲击动力学方向：主要研究内容、特色与意义：研究一类散体介质在冲击作用下的波动效应，结合随机和统计理论揭示散体介质的整体力学性质。
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考博详解与指导系所名称工学院
招生总数110
系所说明
直博生生硕转博学生占95%，5%采取“申请-考核制”招生
（部分专业）。
导师介绍见。
招生专业：力学（先进材料与力学）(080123)
研究方向指导教师考试科目备注
01.纳米材料科学与技
术
02.先进功能材料与微
－纳器件
03.新能源材料与应用
04.生物与医用材料
05.功能复合材料
从以下三个方面进行评价：
1、语言准确性（语法和用词的准确性、语法结构的复杂性、词汇的丰富程度、发音的准确性）
2、话语的长短和连贯性（内容的连贯性、寻找合适词语而造成的停顿频率及长短、表达思想的语言长短等）
3、语言的灵活性和适合性（语言表达是否灵活、自然，话语是否得体，语言能否与语境、动能和目的相适应）评价成绩为：
a优秀--能用外语就指定的话题进行口头交流，基本没有困难
b良好--能用外语就指定的题材进行口头交流，虽有些困难，但不影响交流
c及格--能用外语就指定的话题进行简单的口头交流
d不及格--不具有口头表达能力中科院招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语口试暂行办法
口试内容与结构分为两部分，有两名教师参加口试工作，一名教师主持口试，随时与考生交谈并评分；另一名教师专事评分，不参与
交谈。
两名口试教师所给的分数各占口试成绩的50%。
4、面试过程中不要放屁，即使放了，不要承认，让三个老师互相猜疑去。
这是以上三条中最重要的一条，做不到这一条以上三条都白搭。
第一部分：考查学生理解并回答有关日常生活、家庭、工作、学习等问题的能力（3分钟）。
第二部分：考查学生连续表达的能力。
考生从所给你的问题中选择一个话题，就此话题表达自己的看法（3分钟）。
口试用材料（部分,仅供参考）part a
interlocutor(问话者)：
------good morning.my name is……,and this is my colleague…..he is just going to listening to us.are your name is…..?
------first of all,we’d like to know sth.about you,so i’m going to ask some questions about yourself.
(从以下各项问题中选择几个适当的问题提问考生)
------hometown
where are you from?
how long have you lived there?
how do you like it?why?
do you live near here?where about?
what do you think are the good points about living in this city?
------family
could you tell us sth.about you family?
what does your family usually do for the weekend?
what do you think about living together with your parents?
------leisure
do you have any hobbies?
how did you become interested in the hobbies?
------study/work
why do you choose to study at our institute?
why do you want to go to graduate school instead of finding a job?
what are your favorite subjects?
what kind of job did you do?
have you ever worked during the vacation?
why do you want to go back to study instead of going on with your work?
what qualifications are needed in order to do your job well?
what did you enjoy most about your campus life?
------future plans
what do you expect to achieve during your study if you are enrolled into this institute?
do you think english is important for your future plans?in what aspects is it important?part b
interlocutor(问话者)：
------now i’d like you to talk about sth.for about3minutes.
here is a list of topics(将一组话题或问题递给学生)，pls read the topics and choose one from the list you like to talk about.you’ll have5minutes to prepare for your talk.(5分钟后)could you tell me what you want to talk about?all right,you’ll have3minutes to give your talk.would you begin?(the interloculor may intervene only when necessary)topics/questions(只列举了一部分话题)
------give your comment on the statement that“a part-time job is an important experience that every college student should have.”
------use specific examples to set forth your views on the saying“haste makes waste”.
------describe one of your own experiences to demonstrate that“nothing ever becomes real till it is experienced”
------explain your understanding of the conventional belief that“age brings wisdom”
------what are the current problems of college education?how to resolve them?
------some people say there is no absolute truth because“truth”is defined by people and there is no objectivity whenever people are involved.does absolute truth exist or not?why?对策1.自我介绍(self-introduce)。