2012年12月2日新托福阅读考题回顾

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212月2日托福阅读真题解析

2012年12月2日托福阅读真题解析阅读1版本1：宇宙的两个理论，一个说物质会变化但总量不变，一个是会膨胀，最后说一个遥远的恒星的发现说明后一个理论更正确；版本2：讲的是universe expanding 的两种理论，一个是density在变小。

另一种是density不变。

因为不断new creation补充变大的空间，然后发现了一种q.它表明前一种理论更可信。

解析：big-bang modelwidely held theory of the evolution of the universe. Its essential feature is the emergence of the universe from a state of extremely high temperature and density-theso-called big bang that occurred at least 10,000,000,000 years ago. Although this type of universe was proposed by Alexander Friedmann and Abbé Georges Lema?tre in the 1920s, the modern version was developed by George Gamow and colleagues in the 1940s.The big-bang model is based on two assumptions. The first is that Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity correctly describes the gravitational interaction of all matter. The second assumption, called the cosmological principle, states that an observer's view of the universe depends neither on the direction in which he looks nor on his location. This principle applies only to the large-scale properties of the universe, but it does imply that the universe has no edge, so that the big-bang origin occurred not at a particular point in space but rather throughout space at the same time. These two assumptions make it possible to calculate the history of the cosmos after a certain epoch called the Planck time. Scientists have yet to determine what prevailed before Planck time.According to the big-bang model, the universe expanded rapidly from a highly compressed primordial state, which resulted in a significant decrease in density and temperature. Soon afterward, the dominance of matter over antimatter (as observed today) may have been established by processes that also predict proton decay. During this stage many types of elementary particles may have been present. After a few seconds, the universe cooled enough to allow the formation of certain nuclei. The theory predicts thatdefinite amounts of hydrogen, helium, and lithium were produced. Their abundances agree with what is observed today. About 1,000,000 years later the universe was sufficiently cool for atoms to form. The radiation that also filled the universe was then free to travel through space. This remnant of the early universe is the microwave background radiation (three degree background radiation) discovered in 1965 by Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson.In addition to accounting for the presence of ordinary matter and radiation, the model predicts that the present universe should also be filled with neutrinos, fundamental particles with no mass or electric charge. The possibility exists that other relics from the early universe may eventually be discovered.expanding universedynamic state of the extragalactic realm, the discovery of which has transformed20th-century cosmology. The development of general relativity and its application to cosmology by Albert Einstein, Wilhelm de Sitter, and other theoreticians, along with the detection of extragalactic redshift (a shift to the longer wavelengths of light from galaxies beyond the Milky Way) by VestoSlipher, led to the realization in the 1920s that all galaxies are receding. Edwin Hubble correlated these observations in mathematical form to provide evidence that the universe is expanding. The discovery of the 2.7 K background radiation in 1965 by Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson is regarded as convincing evidence that the universe originated approximately 15 billion years ago in a very dense and hot state referred to as the big bang (seebig-bang model).Observations so far have not succeeded in determining whether the universe is open (of infinite extent in space) or closed (of finite extent) and whether the universe in the future will continue to expand indefinitely or will eventually collapse back into an extremely dense, congested state. See also cosmology.阅读2版本1：草原上的三种食草动物，斑马羊，还有一个B。

2012年12月真题与答案多题多卷

2012年12月大学英语六级考试多题多卷（一）Part I WritingDirections: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Man and Computer by commenting on the saying, "The real danger is not that the computer will begin to think like man, but that man will begin to think like the computer. "You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡I上作答。

Man and ComputerPart II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)Thirst grows for living unpluggedMore people are taking breaks from the connected life amid the stillness and quiet of retreats like the Jesuit Center in Wernersville, PennsylvaniaAbout a year ago, I flew to Singapore to join the writer Malcolm Gladwell, the fashion designer Marc Ecko and the graphic designer Stefan Sagmeister in addressing a group of advertising people on "Marketing to the Child of Tomorrow". Soon after I arrived, the chief executive of the agency that had invited us took me aside. What he was most interested in. he began, was stillness and quiet.A few months later, I read an interview with the well-known cutting-edge designer Philippe Starck.What allowed him to remain so consistently ahead of the curve? "I never read any magazines or watch TV," he said, perhaps with a little exaggeration. "Nor do I go to cocktail parties, dinners or anything like that." He lived outside conventional ideas, he implied, because "1 live alone mostly, in the middle of nowhere."Around the same time, I noticed that those who part with$2 285 a night to stay in a cliff-top room at the Post Ranch Inn in Big Sur, California, pay partly for the privilege of not having a TV in their rooms; the future of travel, I'm reliably told, lies in "black-hole resorts," which charge high prices precisely because you can't get online in their rooms.Has it really come to this?The more ways we have to connect, the more many of us seem desperate to unplug. Internet rescue camps in South Korea and China try to save kids addicted to the screen.Writer friends of mine pay good money to get the Freedom software that enables them to disable the very Internet connections that seemed so emancipating not long ago. Even Intel experimented in 2007 with conferring four uninterrupted hours of quiet time (no phone or e-mail) every Tuesday morning on 300 engineers and managers. Workers were not allowed to use the phone or send e-mail, but simply had the chance to clear their heads and to hear themselves think.The average American spends at least eight and a half hours a day in front of a screen. Nicholas Carr notes in his book The Shallows. The average American teenager sends or receives 75 text messages a day, though one girl managed to handle an average of 10 000 every 24 hours for a month.Since luxury is a function of scarcity, the children of tomorrow will long for nothing more than intervals of freedom from all the blinking machines, streaming videos and scrolling headlines that leave them feeling empty and too full all at once.The urgency of slowing down-to find the time and space to think-is nothing new, of course, and wiser souls have always reminded us that the more attention we pay to the moment, the less time and energy we have to place it in some larger context." Distraction is the only thing that consoles us for our miseries." the French philosopher Blaise Pascal wrote in the 17th century, "and yet it is itself the greatest of our miseries." He also famously remarked that all of man's problems come from his inability to sit quietly in a room alone.When telegraphs and trains brought in the idea that convenience was more important than content, Henry David Thoreau reminded us that'. the man whose horse trots（奔跑）a mile in a minute does not carry the most important messages."Marshall McLuhan, who came closer than most to seeing what was coming, warned. "When things come at you very fast, naturally you lose touch with yourself"We have more and more ways to communicate, but less and less to say. Partly because we are so busy communicating. And we are rushing to meet so many deadlines that we hardly register that what we need most are lifelines.So what to do? More and more people I know seem to be turning to yoga, or meditation（沉思）,or tai chi（太极）;these aren't New Age fads（时尚的事物）so much as ways to connect with what could be called the wisdom of old age. Two friends of mine observe an "Internet sabbath（安息日）"every week, turning off their online connections from Friday night to Monday morning. Other friends take walks and "forget" their cellphones at home.A series of tests in recent years has shown. Mr. Carr points out, that after spending time in quiet rural settings, subjects "exhibit greater attentiveness, stronger memory and generally improved cognition. Their brains become both calmer and sharper." More than that, empathy（同感，共鸣）,as well as deep thought. depends (as neuroscientists like二Antonio Damasio have found) on neural processes that are 'inherently slow."I turn to eccentric measures to try to keep my mind sober and ensure that I have time to do nothing at all (which is the only time when I can see what I should be doing the rest of the time).I have yet to use a cellphone and I have never Tweeted or entered Facebook. I trynot to go online till my day's writing is finished, and I moved from Manhattan to rural Japan in part so I could more easily survive for long stretches entirely on foot.None of this is a matter of asceticism（苦行主义）;it is just pure selfishness. Nothing makes me feel better than being in one place, absorbed in a book. a conversation, or music. It is actually something deeper than mere happiness: it is joy. which the monk（僧侣）David Steindl-Rast describes as "that kind of happiness that doesn't depend on what happens."It is vital, of course, to stay in touch with the world. But it is only by having some distance from the world that you can see it whole, and understand what you should be doing with it.For more than 20 years. therefore, I have been going several times a year-often for no longer than three days- to a Benedictine hermitage（修道院）,40 minutes down the road, as it happens, from the Post Ranch Inn. I don't attend services when I am there, and 1 have never meditated, there or anywhere; I just take walks and read and lose myself in the stillness, recalling that it is only by stepping briefly away from my wife and bosses and friends that I will have anything useful to bring to them. The last time 1 was in the hermitage, three months ago. I happened to meet with a youngish-looking man with a 3-year-old boy around his shoulders."You're Pico aren't you?" the man said, and introduced himself as Larry; we had met, 1 gathered, 19 years before, when he had been living in the hermitage as an assistant to one of the monks."What are you doing now?" I asked.We smiled. No words were necessary."I try to bring my kids here as often as I can," he went on. The child of tomorrow, I realized, may actually be ahead of us, in terms of sensing not what is new, but what is essential.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡I上作答。

2012年12月2日托福听力真题解析

2012年12月2日托福听力真题解析综述：本次听力考试由两个对话和四个讲座组成，考生分别考到了不同的经典加试题。

整场考试难度属于中等偏上，分别涉及到了艺术类相关的建筑学、计算机科学、考古学和生物学。

机经内容与解析正文：Conversation 1版本1学生和他生物老师，他没去参观博物馆，来问老师相关的信息，还有个啥lecture之类的，这个不是很清楚，老师说那个博物馆有很多丰富的物种信息可以供科学家做大量研究，周末会关门。

Conversation 2版本1Student & Career Service Administor; 女学生想找个工作，对现在在餐馆的工作不满意因为她学得是教育；男管理员听了说OK没问题，我们这边有个教育children的工作在学校的某个角落，女生反问where(重听）；然后教授就解释了一下，并且补充道这个工作就是没啥钱途（有题）。

接着说这个工作的工作时间比较灵活，在上午下午都有；然后建议女生填表格、填questionary(细节题）、填完后找另一个人咨询再回来找他（有题）；女生感激涕零离去了~版本2学生去服务中心，说自己本来在餐馆打工，但是想去做一些和她未来工作,想当老师，有关的工作，然后就说有个childrencarecenter,钱比较少，而且如果做这个工作，可能得晚上上课了（有题），最后服务人员让她填个问卷，题目问干啥用，我没听清楚。

对话部分解析：听对话是一定还要把握住一下几点：1，注意对话开头主旨题：如机经：学生去服务中心，说自己本来在餐馆打工，但是想去做一些和她未来工作。

2，学生或老师对事物的态度看法如机经：然后就说有个childrencarecenter,钱比较少，而且如果做这个工作，可能得晚上课3，老师建议如机经：然后建议女生填表格、填questionary(细节题）、填完后找另一个人咨询再回来找他（有题）；女生感激涕零离去了~Lecture 1版本1讲那个globe 是剧院还是什么的，为了学习shakespeare，了解剧院的physical aspect （妈的，不知道了解这干嘛），说那个剧院还是什么烧了又重建了，开始说它是round，然后举一些个evidence，说到一个什么人的一个什么draft还是map（记混了已经）支持这个东西是round，然后又提到另一个人说他是8-sided，然后又提到一本书里有个map也说不是round，然后作者自己人认为如果是木质的做成round的不容易。

2012新托福阅读备考解析：Native Americans

2012新托福阅读备考解析：NativeAmericans了解托福阅读文章的一些背景知识，对于提高托福阅读做题准确率，拓展知识储备都很有好处，为大家带来托福阅读背景知识，希望对大家有所帮助。

Native Americans were living in North America for many hundreds of years before Europeans reached the continent. For a long time white people called them Indians. Today, many people do not like this name since it is based on a mistake: it was given to the people living in the Americas by Christopher *Columbus who, when he arrived there, thought he had discovered India. Instead, people prefer to use the term Native Americans. There are also native peoples living in *Alaska and Canada, e.g. *Inuits and Aleuts, but they are separate groups and are not called Native Americans.Early contact with EuropeansIn *Pre-Columbian North America there were many tribes who lived by hunting animals and gatheringplants. Many of the tribes moved from one place to another according to the season and what food was available. Most of what is known about Native Americans dates from the time when they came into contact with Europeans.The first place in the US where Europeans settled permanently was *Jamestown, Virginia, founded in 1607. At first Native Americans were positive about the Europeans and were happy to have the many new things they brought, e.g. metal cooking pots, cloth and guns. But the Europeans also introduced diseases that Native Americans had no resistance to, so many became ill and died. They also brought alcohol, the effects of which Native Americans did not know. Some Europeans took advantage of this by getting them drunk and then paying low prices for their goods.The worst problem for Native Americans, which lasted into the late 20th century, was that the new settlers wanted their land. To native Americans owning land was a strange idea. Tribes moved around as they pleased and shared land with any other tribe that was friendly. They did not understand that a person mightbelieve a piece of land was theirs, or that they would try to keep others from using it. The settlers, on the other hand, assumed that they would take control of North America and used all means to do this, including making agreements, which they usually did not keep, tricking Native Americans into selling land cheaply, and taking it by military force. Native American chiefs like *Sitting Bull, *Tecumseh and *Geronimo fought against the settlers.As Whites began moving west, Native American tribes had to be moved on. Some were forced to go to other parts of North America, to areas very different from the ones they were used to. The *Trail of Tears was one of many terrible examples: in the cold winter of 18389 17 000 *Cherokees had to move from their land in the south-east to what is now *Oklahoma and more than 4 000 died. The government promised tribes that if they agreed to stay in one part of the country they could keep that land forever. But the promises lasted only until Americans discovered that the land they had given them was good for farming or had gold.Whites have explained this behaviour indifferent ways. When the Indians fought and killed white people they said that this proved that Native Americans were wild and had to be controlled. People also believed that the Native Americans were wasting good land by not developing it. In the 19th century Americans believed in *manifest destiny, meaning that they thought God wanted them to occupy the whole continent. They also believed that it was better for the Native Americans to learn to live like white people and tried to teach them Christianity. Many Native American children, including the athlete Jim *Thorpe, were taken away from their tribe and sent to schools where they were not allowed to speak their own language.以上就是今天的托福阅读背景知识，每天熟悉一部分托福常考知识点，坚持下来，一定会有不小的进步，了解背景知识的同时不要忘记，找些相关知识的单词造句试试，以便考试的时候能派上用场，英语不是一朝一夕的事，所以大家一定要勤加练习。

托福真题：2012年9月2日托福考试阅读回忆

回忆1：第⼀篇，东南亚wheat and barley的domestication，讲述⼈们为什么要驯化野⽣的wheat and barley，以及野⽣的grains 存在哪些不适应agriculture的characteristics，最后还涉及了这种domestication对于社会的⼀些影响。

第⼆篇讲鱼是怎么进化到陆地上的tetrapod，具体举了⼀种鱼的例⼦，它有很不⼀样的fin，可以让它在旱地上移动寻找⽔源，然后⽂章分析了这种变化的原因，可能是⽓候变化的结果，也可能是陆上的⾷物很多，所以这种向陆地⽣活的变异是有利的。

第三篇主要是讲如何定义tree，并阐述了⼀系列由树的定义引发的问题，例如有些树按照标准就不是树了；另外还给出了shrub的case，也是说有些shrub不符合字⾯上对于shrub的常规解释。

回忆2：不分顺序 1．树的定义，说是对树有⼀个requirement，但是也vary（有题）但是这都是在的条件下树才能有多少多少m⾼啊什么的，⽐如有⼀个地⼉什么line就条件很不好啊（有题）下⼀段是讲woody，下⼀段是讲⼀种banana树，不属于树，好像还有⼀段好像也是具体举了树的例⼦==忘了（中间⼏段讲的具体是什么记不清了，有点乱吧，反正就是说不属于树啊什么，我都是直接带题做的）最后⼀段讲的shrub，说虽然是指矮的，但是也有很⾼的，跟树分不清啊，然后⼜说⼜有⼀种⽅法能分辨>< 插⼊题我选的是倒数第⼆段最后⼀句话~应该对== 2．还有⼀篇讲的是远古海⾥⽣物、鱼怎么上岸的。

说是最开始的鱼都在海⾥，后来好多地⼉只要是aquatic的地⼉都有鱼，特别是⼀种鱼record最多，有图。

后来⼜说鱼不光有gill还有lung辅助呼吸，这样在⼲旱的时候他们能从要没⽔的地⼉到⽔很多的地⼉（呃，好像是这样，有题）然后⼲旱啊，⽔都少了，河边上都是死鱼，in addition⽔⽣植物也都出来了，螃蟹也上岸了（有题）后来⼜说到⽛齿，food什么的（有题，我选的是carnivo），⼜说虽然上岸了，还是不离⽔太远（好像是，有题，是个选项）。

2012托福测试经典阅读和考题

2012托福测试经典阅读和考题笔者英语类考试频道为网友整理托福考试，供大家参考学习。

【核物质成分】讨论地核物质成分，科学家根据地震波传导的快慢，确定了地核的成分与地表的成分不同。

然后科学家发现火山爆发出来的物质有钻石，证明地球深层是一个高温高压的环境，因为钻石只能在这种情况下产生。

然后来了一段很长的，TMD,如果他分开好了。

说根据陨石里面的材料来判定地核的材料。

因为科学家可以估计地核的密度，如果发现陨石的密度与地核密度差不多，很有可能他们的 element(元素成份)是相同的。

有一道题目问地核的构成物质最多是什么，有 iron,silicon(硅),还有两个忘记了。

【玛雅文明】玛雅文明在公元前 900 年后的发展, 主要几个region 原来是独立的，后来就有融合了，但又不是完全融合，有自己的特点。

【生物适应性】要介绍了沙漠中的动植物是如何适应极端环境的。

首先说了沙漠的问题就是缺水，如何适应这种缺水环境就是各种动植物存活的关键。

然后说了植物是如何适应缺水环境的：有些是周期性植物，只在湿度较高时才生长;常年生长的植物采取另一些办法，例如，叶子表面产生一层蜡质，减少水分蒸发;有些叶子成了刺;有些的根系特别发达;等等。

然后，另起一段将动物是如何适应的：产生高盐度的尿液，调整呼吸，等等。

随后，还对比了在沙漠和在极地生活的同一种动物的异同。

defense system 防御机制生物学：植物的 defense system ，以及科学家为证实 defense system 对于 deter animal feeding on them 有很大的用处。

有一道题是，食草东西虽然吃他们的种子，却也帮助他们传播和繁殖。

modification of weather多年来人们一直努力改变天气。

最初是发现一战期间，降雨增多(可能与武器使用有关)，美国农业部开始试验。

后来 1946 年，有个员工发现干冰能让 supercooled water become snow particles.文章给 supercool 下了定义就是低于零度但是还没有结冰。

2012年考研英语阅读理解及答案解析

2012年考研英语阅读理解及答案解析法律类GOING BACK AND GETTING IT RIGHTBy almost every measure, Paul Pfingst is an unsentimental prosecutor. Last week the San Diego County district attorney said he fully intends to try suspect Charles Andrew Williams, 15, as an adult for the Santana High School shootings. Even before the tragedy, Pfingst had stood behind the controversial California law that mandates treating murder suspects as young as 14 as adults.So nobody would have wagered that Pfingst would also be the first D.A. in the U.S. to launch his very own Innocence Project. Yet last June, Pfingst told his attorneys to go back over old murder and rape convictions and see if any unravel with newly developed DNA-testing tools. In other words, he wanted to revisit past victories--this time playing for the other team. "I think people misunderstand being conservative for being biased," says Pfingst. "I consider myself a pragmatic guy, and I have no interest in putting innocent people in jail."Around the U.S., flabbergasted defense attorneys and their jailed clients cheered his move. Among prosecutors, however, there was an awkward pause. After all, each DNA test costs as much as $5,000. Then there's the unspoken risk: if dozens of innocents turn up, the D.A. will have indicted his shop.But nine months later, no budgets have been busted or prosecutors ousted. Only the rare case merits review. Pfingst's team considers convictions before 1993, when the city started routine DNA testing. They discard cases if the defendant has been released. Of the 560 remaining files, they have re-examined 200, looking for cases with biological evidence and defendants who still claim innocence.They have identified three so far. The most compelling involves a man serving 12 years for molesting a girl who was playing in his apartment. But others were there at the time. Police found a small drop of saliva on the victim's shirt--too small a sample to test in 1991. Today that spot could free a man. Test results are due any day. Inspired by San Diego, 10 other counties in the U.S. are starting DNA audits.By Amanda Ripley ez ncisco sijevic rtwell; Lisa McLaughlin; Joseph Pierro; Josh Tyrangiel and Sora Song注 (1)本文选自Time; 03/19/2001, Vol. 157 Issue 11, p62, 1p, 2c, 3bw注 (2)本文习题命题模仿对象2004年真题text 1.1.How did Pfingst carry out his own Innocence Project?[A]By getting rid of his bias against the suspects.[B]By revisiting the past victories.[C]By using the newly developed DNA-testing tools.[D]By his cooperation with his attorneys.2.Which of the following can be an advantage of Innocence Project?[A]To help correct the wrong judgments.[B]To oust the unqualified prosecutors.[C]To make the prosecutors in an awkward situation.[D]To cheer up the defense attorneys and their jailed clients.3.The expression “flabbergasted”(Line 1, Paragraph 3) most probably means _______.[A]excited[B]competent[C]embarrassed[D]astounded4.Why was Pfingst an unsentimental prosecutor?[A]He intended to try a fifteen-year old suspect.[B]He had no interest in putting the innocent in jail.[C]He supported the controversial California law.[D]He wanted to try suspect as young as fourteen.5.Which of the following is not true according to the text?[A]Pfingst’s move didn’t have a great coverage.[B] Pfingst’s move had both the positive and negative effect.[C] Pfingst’s move didn’t work well.[D]Pfingst’s move greatly encouraged the jailed prisoners.篇章剖析本文采用的是记叙文的模式。

2012年12月2日托福口语真题解析

2012年12月2日托福口语真题解析2012年12月2日托福口语真题解析1. 好学校最重要的特征？In your opinion, what are some important characteristics of a good school? Give details and examples in your response.A good school should have a large library with a lot of books, new science labs with updated facilities, and a spacious student center. A good library gives students access to all kinds of books. If they need any, they can check it out online or in person right away and not have to wait for weeks to borrow the book from another library by using a book borrowing system, like EZBorrow. Updated facilities, especially in the sciences, provides a platform for students in science majors to get accurate experiment results. Last, a roomy student center is a good place for students to relax, and get rid of the stress they get from studying.2. 朋友选观点一致的好还是不同观点的好？Do you prefer to be friends with the people who share the same opinion as you do or the people who hold different opinions?Personally speaking, I prefer to be friends with people who share the same opinion as I do. If we have the same opinion on things, it is easier to communicate with each other. I do not have to worry about offending them by disagreeing with them. Second, I usually have more in common with people who think the same way as I do and I feel happy and more comfortable when hanging out with them. Third, it saves me a lot of time rather than explaining my opinion over and over again to those who don't understand and disagree with me. So, I like to make friends who share a similar-have the same values as me.3. 学校要把学生学习的区域变成图书馆，男生不同意，第一因为学校可以用电脑资料什么的代替那么多书，第二是学生本来就在那地方学习，要是被换了之后又得找地方了解析：阅读材料中学校要把学生学习的区域变成（turn into）图书馆。

2012年阅读真题解析

2012年试题分析Passage One生词释义1. be popular with sb: 在sb中很受欢迎2. to scorn: （动词）轻视，蔑视=look down uponscornful: (形容词）轻视的3. Los Angeles Unified：洛杉矶联合校区4. across the country: 整个国家= throughout the country5. to revise: 修订，修改6. ritual:（名词）1）仪式，*ancient religious rituals 古代的宗教仪式*the importance of religion and ritual in our lives 我们生活中宗教和仪式的重要性*The lady of the house performs the sacred ritual of lighting two candles.女主人点燃了两根蜡烛，举行了神圣的仪式。

2）（文中含义）惯例* the daily ritual of mealtimes 每天吃饭的惯例* He went through the ritual of lighting his cigar.他习惯性地点了一支烟。

7. flexible: 灵活的，可改变的inflexible: 不可改变的8. to mandate: （及物动词）强制规定* These measures were mandated by the IMF. 国际货币组织强制规定了这些措施。

# mandate that ...规定.....;要求....* Justice mandates that we should treat all candidates equally.正义要求我们平等对待所有的候选人。

9. exception: 例外# with the exception of sth: 除….之外= except* We all laughed, with the exception of Maggie.#without exception 无一例外*Each plant, without exception, contains some kind of salt. 每一种植物都无一例外地含有某种盐。

2012年英语二阅读理解及解析

2012年英语二 Text 11---Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising(修改) their thinking on his educational ritual(例行公事). Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible (不可变更的) policy which mandates(批准) that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade。

家庭作业从来就没有受到学生甚至家长的真正欢迎，但最近几年来，家庭作业却受到人们的鄙视。

全国的学校都在修改家庭作业的相关惯例做法。

不幸的是，洛杉矶学区通过了一项不可变更的政策：除了高等课程，家庭作业在学分中所占比例不可以超过10%。

21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____。

[A] is receiving more criticism[B] is no longer an educational ritual（绝对）[C] is not required for advanced courses（正反）[D] is gaining more preferences（正反）2---This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children。

2012年11月10日新托福阅读考题回顾

Passage 2
Title:
德国铁路的发展对工业的影响
大致内容
这篇文章的结构为很简洁的三段。第一段总起，说了一下德国发展铁路后带动了一系列的发展进步。第二段细说了一下铁路引领了什么进步，主要是铁、煤以及其他诸如化工产业之类的发展。然后作者列举了一个现象，通过铁路带动化工产业这个例子来阐述（这里考作者的阐述方法）。之后还强调了铁路带动了一个P城市的兴旺，这个城市通过兴建各种配套设施啥的，体现了铁路给城市带来的翻天覆地的变化。第三段主要还是围绕P展开，说由于铁路使得市场扩大了之类的。之后说了铁路还帮助人们能够在更大范围找工作以及周边产业给了更多的人就业机会（这里有双选题）。最后还说铁路打通了德国东西的连接（运河是南北的），标志着德国工业的振兴等等。
点评：本次新托福考试完全重复2011.10.08北美考题。词汇题：subsequently, vigorous, prominent, modestly, tangible, withstand, mature, sequence等。
Passage 3
Title:
岩石风化
大致内容
首先总起，列举了两种风化方式：化学上的和生物上的。文章主要讲了化学上的，化学上的有三种，水侵蚀、二氧化碳侵蚀、氧气侵蚀。水侵蚀主要说的是水与岩石中物质结合使得其膨胀等等；二氧化碳侵蚀就是列举了类似钟乳石那种因潮湿环境融入二氧化碳而慢慢风化侵蚀的现象，干燥环境下不是很明显；氧气侵蚀主要发生在阳光照射强烈的地方，氧化后呈红色，多发生于热带（这里有题，大概是考推测热带的土多为红色的）。最后作者也说了些生物侵蚀的例子，强调的是它可能没有想象中的作用那么大，因为其中也包含着化学侵蚀部分。而且生物侵蚀有利于土壤的生成，本身对植物是好的。文章末尾讲了一种真菌，通过从岩石中提取矿物质，使岩石最终崩碎呈小块状以及另外一种方式来进行生物侵蚀。

2012.09.02托福真题：新托福阅读试题回顾

2012.09.02托福真题：新托福阅读试题回顾考试日期2012.09.02Passage 1Title:树的定义大致内容第一段讲了树的定义，多高多宽什么的。

主题是：一些“树”，看起来像树，可却不是树，比如royal palm和一种banana树，接下来仔细说了它们到底和树有什么区别。

接下来，作者表示非要说像的话，banana那个植物更像fern 蕨类，有一道题是蕨类和banana树的相同点。

（词汇题be terminated by）Passage 2Title:鱼类进化大致内容讲鱼类如何逐步进化到可以上岸。

文章以一种名字很长的鱼举例，并且还附上了这种鱼的图片，其中有个单词Devonian是泥盆纪的意思。

讲了水下环境的变化，干湿交替等。

有一个出题点，说该鱼是有肺的，而且在干旱条件下可以辅助gill呼吸。

然后出现间歇性干旱，死了好多鱼（有题），in addition 水生植物也都出来了，有些鱼为了食物就学会了上岸。

还讲了这种鱼类的fin可以支撑它们移动，但一般仅仅是从一个环境差的池塘移动到另一个环境好的池塘（有题）。

最后还说这种鱼最与众不同的是骨骼结构（有题）。

Passage 3Title:农作物大致内容讲农作物，有图，是关于植物器官的图。

第一段总述，主要讲当不同的器官处于不同状态（脆？坚固？）时会导致什么不同的结果。

中间讲了野生小麦和种植的小麦有什么区别之类的（有题），人们为什么要domesticate野生的wheat and barley, 以及野生的grains存在哪些不适应agriculture的characteristics。

点评：本次新托福考试完全重复2011年11月5日北美考题。

词汇题：unique, advantageous, progressively, considerable, adjacent 等。

相关推荐：托福考试官方报名入口。