17 767 ground operations
航空公司英语1800字
航空公司英语1800字IntroductionAs the world becomes more interconnected, the aviation industry plays a vital role in transporting people and goods across continents. The aviation industry is also one of the most competitive industries worldwide. Airlines must be able to provide high-quality services and products to their customers while maintaining cost-efficiency.In this essay, we will discuss the various aspects of the airline industry, including airline operations, marketing, customer service, and industry challenges. We will also explore the different strategies that airlines employ to create a competitive edgeAirline OperationsAirline operations refer to the various departments that make up an airline’s operational infrastructure, including flight operations, ground operations, and customer service.Flight OperationsAirlines must ensure that flights are planned and executed safely and efficiently. This includes carefully planning flight schedules, ensuring that aircraft are properly maintained, and ensuring that flight crews are properly trained and adequately rested. Flight operations also include managing flightdelays, resolving mechanical or technical issues, and enforcing regulatory compliance, such as air traffic control regulations.Ground OperationsGround operations include everything that happens before and after a flight, such as aircraft maintenance, loading and unloading of passengers and cargo, and aircraft cleaning. Ground operations also include handling disruptions, such as weather delays, and coordinating with other airlines to provide passengers with alternative transportation options.Customer ServiceCustomer service is a critical component of airline operations. Customers expect airlines to provide high-quality services that meet their needs and exceed their expectations. This includes everything from booking a ticket to the in-flight experience, and the customer service they receive when they have a question, concern, or complaint.MarketingMarketing is a crucial aspect of the airline industry. Airlines must continuously find ways to promote their services and differentiate themselves from their competition. This includes developing and executing marketing campaigns that target customers’ needs and preferences. Marketing campaigns can be targeted at specific demographics or focused on broader customer segments. Social media marketing has become an essential tool for airlines to reach out to customers.Customer ServiceExcellent customer service is a critical aspect of the airline industry. Airlines must understand their customers’ needs and exceed their expectations to create a loyal customer base. This includes ensuring that staff have the necessary training and skills to provide exceptional customer service, addressing and resolving customer complaints promptly and effectively, and using customer feedback to improve services continually.Industry ChallengesThe airline industry faces many challenges, including the following:1. Cost Pressure: Airline profitability is highly sensitive to cost control. Airlines must continually find ways to reduce costs, such as investing in fuel-efficient aircraft, streamlining operations, and optimizing flight routes.2. Competition: The airline industry is highly competitive, with airlines battling for market share and profitability. Airlines must create a competitive edge through brand differentiation, service quality, and price competitiveness.3. Regulatory Compliance: The airline industry is highly regulated, with various regulations governing airline operations, safety, security, and the environment. Airlines must adhere to these regulations, which can be costly and time-consuming.4. Economic Downturns: The airline industry is highly sensitive to economic fluctuations. Airlines must build robust financial reserves to weather economic downturns, such as recessions or financial crises.ConclusionThe airline industry is a complex and highly competitive industry that requires airlines to excel in various areas, including airline operations, marketing, and customer service. The industry also faces several challenges, such as cost pressure, competition, regulatory compliance, and economic downturns. By investing in creating a competitive edge, developing effective marketing strategies, and providing exceptional customer service, airlines can create a loyal customer base and succeed in the competitive airline industry.。
民航旅客地面服务
民航旅客地面服务职业技能等级标准（2020年1.0版）中国航空运输协会制定2020年3月发布目次前言﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍11 范围﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍22 规范性引用文件﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍23 术语和定义﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍24 适用院校专业﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍35 面向工作岗位（群）﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍36 职业技能要求﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍4 参考文献﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍﹍9前言本标准按照GB/T 1.1-2009给出的规则起草。
本标准起草单位：中国航空运输协会、中国国际航空股份有限公司、中国东方航空股份有限公司、中国南方航空股份有限公司、中国民航大学、中国民航管理干部学院、广州民航职业技术学院、上海民航职业技术学院、三亚航空旅游职业学院、上海市航空服务学校等。
本标准主要起草人：丁磊、万青、王继华、陆东、竺志奇、马春婷、陈燕、周运岚、张辉、韩奋畴、毛锦、孔令宇、黎建媚、孙虎、魏亚波、李超、赵晓硕、陈飞龙、郭华、吕雄。
（排名不分先后）声明：本标准的知识产权归属于中国航空运输协会，未经中国航空运输协会同意，不得印刷、销售。
1 范围本标准规定了民航旅客地面服务职业技能等级对应的工作领域、工作任务及职业技能要求。
本标准适用于民航旅客地面服务职业技能培训、考核与评价，相关用人单位的人员聘用、培训与考核可参照使用。
2 规范性引用文件下列文件对于本标准的应用是必不可少的。
凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本标准。
凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本标准。
GB/T 18764-2002《民用航空旅客运输术语》3 术语和定义GB/T 18764-2002《民用航空旅客运输术语》界定的以及下列术语适用于本标准。
诺曼底登陆的简介英语作文
诺曼底登陆的简介英语作文English:The Normandy landings, also known as D-Day, were a series of military operations that took place during World War II. The operation was launched on June 6, 1944, by the Western Allies, primarily the United States, Great Britain, and Canada, in an effort to liberate German-occupied Western Europe. The invasion took place along the coast of Normandy, located in northwestern France. It involved the largest amphibious assault in history, as over 156,000 Allied troops landed on the beaches code-named Omaha, Utah, Gold, Juno, and Sword. The planning and coordination of the operation was a complex undertaking, involving extensive naval, air, and ground operations. The Allies faced significant challenges, including unpredictable weather, strong German defenses, and a high number of casualties. However, despite these obstacles, the Normandy landings resulted in a crucial Allied victory. The successful invasion established a foothold in Europe, enabling the Allies to launch a massive offensive against Germany. Over time, more troops were landed, expanding the beachheads and pushing the German forces back. The Normandy landings marked a turning point in the war,leading to the eventual liberation of Western Europe and the downfall of Nazi Germany. The sacrifices made by the soldiers involved in the operation, along with the strategic planning and execution, played a pivotal role in the ultimate Allied victory and the end of World War II.中文翻译:诺曼底登陆，也被称为D-Day，是二战期间发生的一系列军事行动。
直升机飞行手册第八章
IntroductionOnce a pilot takes off, it is up to him or her to make sound, safe decisions throughout the flight. It is equally important for the pilot to use the same diligence when conducting a preflight inspection, making maintenance decisions, refueling, and conducting ground operations. This chapter discusses the responsibility of the pilot regarding ground safety in and around the helicopter and when preparing to fly.Ground Procedures and Flight PreparationsChapter 8Figure 8-1. The pilot in command is responsible for the airworthy condition of the aircraft and using checklists to ensure proper inspection of the helicopter prior to flight.PreflightBefore any flight, ensure the helicopter is airworthy byinspecting it according to the rotorcraft flight manual (RFM),pilot’s operating handbook (POH), or other information supplied either by the operator or the manufacturer.Remember that it is the responsibility of the pilot in command(PIC) to ensure the aircraft is in an airworthy condition.In preparation for flight, the use of a checklist is importantso that no item is overlooked. [Figure 8-1] Follow themanufacturer’s suggested outline for both the inside andoutside inspection. This ensures that all the items themanufacturer feels are important are checked. If supplemental equipment has been added to the helicopter, these proceduresshould be included on the checklist as well.Minimum Equipment Lists (MELs) and Operations with Inoperative EquipmentTitle 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) requiresthat all aircraft instruments and installed equipment beoperative prior to each departure. However, when the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) adopted the minimumequipment list (MEL) concept for 14 CFR part 91 operations,flights were allowed with inoperative items, as long as theinoperative items were determined to be nonessential for safeflight. At the same time, it allowed part 91 operators, withoutan MEL, to defer repairs on nonessential equipment withinthe guidelines of part 91.There are two primary methods of deferring maintenance on rotorcraft operating under part 91. They are the deferralprovision of 14 CFR part 91, section 91.213(d) and an FAA-approved MEL.The deferral provision of 14 CFR section 91.213(d) iswidely used by most pilot/operators. Its popularity is dueto simplicity and minimal paperwork. When inoperative equipment is found during preflight or prior to departure, thedecision should be to cancel the flight, obtain maintenanceprior to flight, determine if the flight can be made under thelimitations imposed by the defective equipment, or to deferthe item or equipment.Maintenance deferrals are not used for in-flight discrepancies.The manufacturer’s RFM/POH procedures are to be used in those situations. The discussion that follows is an example of a pilot who wishes to defer maintenance that would ordinarily be required prior to flight.If able to use the deferral provision of 14 CFR section 91.213(d), the pilot determines whether the inoperative equipment is required by type design or 14 CFR. If the inoperative item is not required, and the helicopter can be safely operated without it, the deferral may be made. The inoperative item shall be deactivated or removed and an INOPERATIVE placard placed near the appropriate switch, control, or indicator. If deactivation or removal involves maintenance (removal always does), it must be accomplished by certificated maintenance personnel.For example, if the position lights (installed equipment) were discovered to be inoperative prior to a daytime flight, the pilot would follow the requirements of 14 CFR section 91.213(d). The pilot must then decide if the flight can be accomplishedprior to night, when the lights will be needed.The deactivation may be a process as simple as the pilot positioning a circuit breaker to the OFF position, or ascomplex as rendering instruments or equipment totallyinoperable. Complex maintenance tasks require a certificated and appropriately rated maintenance person to perform thedeactivation. In all cases, the item or equipment must beplacarded INOPERATIVE.When an operator requests an MEL, and a Letter ofAuthorization (LOA) is issued by the FAA, then the useof the MEL becomes mandatory for that helicopter. Allmaintenance deferrals must be accomplished in accordancewith the terms and conditions of the MEL and the operator-generated procedures document.Figure 8-2. Exercise extreme caution when hovering near buildingsor other aircraft.The use of an MEL for rotorcraft operated under part 91 also allows for the deferral of inoperative items or equipment. Theprimary guidance becomes the FAA-approved MEL issued tothat specific operator and N-numbered helicopter.The FAA has developed master minimum equipment lists(MMELs) for rotorcraft in current use. Upon written requestby a rotorcraft operator, the local FAA Flight Standards DistrictOffice (FSDO) may issue the appropriate make and modelMMEL, along with an LOA, and the preamble. The operatorthen develops operations and maintenance (O&M) proceduresfrom the MMEL. This MMEL with O&M procedures nowbecomes the operator’s MEL. The MEL, LOA, preamble, andprocedures document developed by the operator must be on board the helicopter when it is operated.The FAA considers an approved MEL to be a supplemental type certificate (STC) issued to an aircraft by serial number and registration number. It therefore becomes the authority to operate that aircraft in a condition other than originally type certificated.With an approved MEL, if the position lights were discoveredinoperative prior to a daytime flight, the pilot would makean entry in the maintenance record or discrepancy record provided for that purpose. The item is then either repaired or deferred in accordance with the MEL. Upon confirming that daytime flight with inoperative position lights is acceptable in accordance with the provisions of the MEL, the pilot would leave the position lights switch OFF, open the circuit breaker (or whatever action is called for in the procedures document), and placard the position light switch as INOPERATIVE.There are exceptions to the use of the MEL for deferral. For example, should a component fail that is not listed in the MEL as deferrable (the rotor tachometer, engine tachometer, or cyclic trim, for example), then repairs are required to be performed prior to departure. If maintenance or parts are not readily available at that location, a special flight permit can be obtained from the nearest FSDO. This permit allows the helicopter to be flown to another location for maintenance. This allows an aircraft that may not currently meet applicable airworthiness requirements, but is capable of safe flight, to be operated under the restrictive special terms and conditions attached to the special flight permit.Deferral of maintenance is not to be taken lightly, and due consideration should be given to the effect an inoperative component may have on the operation of a helicopter, particularly if other items are inoperative. Further information regarding MELs and operations with inoperative equipment can be found in AC 9 1-67, Minimum Equipment Requirements for General Aviation Operations Under FAR Part 91.Engine Start And Rotor Engagement During the engine start, rotor engagement, and systemsground check, use the manufacturer’s checklists. If a problemarises, have it checked before continuing. Prior to performing these tasks, however, make sure the area around and abovethe helicopter is clear of personnel and equipment. Positionthe rotor blades so that they are not aligned with the fuselage.This may prevent the engine from being started with theblades still fastened. For a two bladed rotor system, positionthe blades so that they are perpendicular to the fuselageand easily seen from the cockpit. Helicopters are safe andefficient flying machines as long as they are operated withinthe parameters established by the manufacturer.Rotor Safety Considerations The exposed nature of the main and tail rotors deservesspecial caution. Exercise extreme care when taxiing near hangars or obstructions since the distance between the rotor blade tips and obstructions is very difficult to judge. [Figure 8-2] In addition, the tail rotor of some helicopters cannot be seen from the cabin. Therefore, when hovering backward or turning in those helicopters, allow plenty ofroom for tail rotor clearance. It is a good practice to glanceover your shoulder to maintain this clearance.Another rotor safety consideration is the thrust a helicopter generates. The main rotor system is capable of blowing sand, dust, snow, ice, and water at high velocities for a significant distance causing injury to nearby people and damage to buildings, automobiles, and other aircraft. Loose snow, sand, or soil can severely reduce visibility and obscure outside visual references. There is also the possibility of sand and snow being ingested into the engine intake, which can overwhelm filters and cutoff air to the engine or allow unfiltered air into the engine, leading to premature failure. Any airborne debris near the helicopter can be ingested into the engine air intake or struck by the main and tail rotor blades.Aircraft ServicingThe helicopter rotor blades are usually stopped, and both the aircraft and the refueling unit properly grounded prior to any refueling operation. The pilot should ensure that the proper grade of fuel and the proper additives, when required, are being dispensed.Refueling of a turbine aircraft while the blades are turning, known as “hot refueling,” may be practical for certain types of operation. However, this can be hazardous if not properly conducted. Pilots should remain at the flight controls; and refueling personnel should be knowledgeable about the proper refueling procedures and properly briefed for specific helicopter makes and models.The pilot may need to train the refueling personnel on proper hot refueling procedures for that specific helicopter. The pilot should explain communication signs or calls, normal servicing procedures, and emergency procedures as a minimum. At all times during the refueling process, the pilot should remain vigilant and ready to immediately shut down the engine(s) and egress the aircraft. Several accidents have occurred due to hot refueling performed by improperly trained personnel.Refueling units should be positioned to ensure adequate rotor blade clearance. Persons not involved with the refueling operation should keep clear of the area. Smoking must be prohibited in and around the aircraft during all refueling operations.If operations dictate that the pilot must leave the helicopter during refueling operations, the throttle should be rolled back to flight idle and flight control friction firmly applied to prevent uncommanded control movements. The pilot should be thoroughly trained on setting the controls and egressing/ ingressing the helicopter.Safety In and Around HelicoptersPeople have been injured, some fatally, in helicopter accidents that would not have occurred had they been informed of the proper method of boarding or deplaning. [Figure 8-3]A properly briefed passenger should never be endangered by a spinning rotor. The simplest method of avoiding accidents of this sort is to stop the rotors before passengers are boarded or allowed to depart. Because this action is not always practicable, and to realize the vast and unique capabilities of the helicopter, it is often necessary to take on passengers or have them exit the helicopter while the engine and rotors are turning. To avoid accidents, it is essential that all persons associated with helicopter operations, including passengers, be made aware of all possible hazards and instructed how those hazards can be avoided.Ramp Attendants and Aircraft Servicing PersonnelThese personnel should be instructed as to their specific duties and the proper method of fulfilling them. In addition, the ramp attendant should be taught to:1. Keep passengers and unauthorized persons out of thehelicopter landing and takeoff area.2. Brief passengers on the best way to approach andboard a helicopter with its rotors turning.Persons directly involved with boarding or deplaning passengers, aircraft servicing, rigging, or hooking up external loads, etc., should be instructed as to their duties. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to cover each and every type of operation related to helicopters. A few of the more obvious and common ones are covered below.PassengersAll persons boarding a helicopter while its rotors are turning should be taught the safest means of doing so. The pilot in command (PIC) should always brief the passengers prior to engine start to ensure complete understanding of all procedures. The exact procedures may vary slightly from one helicopter model to another, but the following should suffice as a generic guide.When boarding—1. Stay away from the rear of the helicopter.2. Approach or leave the helicopter in a crouchingmanner.3. Approach from the side but never out of the pilot’s lineof vision. Many helicopters have dipping front bladesdue to landing gear configuration. For that reason, itis uniformly accepted for personnel to approach fromthe sides of the helicopter. Personnel should alwaysbe cautioned about approaching from the rear due tothe tail rotor hazard, even for helicopters such as theBO-105 and BK-117.4. Carry tools horizontally, below waist level—neverupright or over the shoulder.5. Hold firmly onto hats and loose articles.6. Never reach up or dart after a hat or other object thatmight be blown off or away.7. Protect eyes by shielding them with a hand or bysquinting.8. If suddenly blinded by dust or a blowing object, stopand crouch lower; better yet, sit down and wait forhelp.On sloping ground, always approach or leave on theIf disembarking while helicopter is at the hover, get out andDo not approach or leave a helicopter when the engine and Carry tools, etc., horizontally below waist level—never upright Figure 8-3.Safety procedures for approaching or leaving a helicopter.9. Never grope or feel your way toward or away fromthe helicopter.10. Protect hearing by wearing earplugs or earmuffs.Since few helicopters carry cabin attendants, the pilot must conduct the pretakeoff and prelanding briefings, usually before takeoff due to noise and cockpit layout. The typeof operation dictates what sort of briefing is necessary. All briefings should include the following:1. The use and operation of seatbelts for takeoff, en route,and landing.2. For over water flights, the location and use of flotationgear and other survival equipment that might be onboard. Also include how and when to abandon thehelicopter should ditching become necessary.3. For flights over rough or isolated terrain, all occupantsshould be told where maps and survival gear arelocated.4. Passengers should be informed as to what actions andprecautions to take in the event of an emergency, suchas the body position for best spinal protection againsta high vertical impact landing (erect with back firmlyagainst the seat back); and when and how to exitafter landing. Ensure that passengers are aware of thelocation of the fire extinguisher, survival equipmentand, if equipped, how to use and locate the EmergencyPosition Indicator Radio Beacon (EPIRB).5. Smoking should not be permitted within 50 feet of anaircraft on the ground. Smoking could be permittedupwind from any possible fuel fumes, at the discretionof the pilot, except under the following conditions:• During all ground operations.• During takeoff or landing.• When carrying flammable or hazardous materials.When passengers are approaching or leaving a helicopter that is sitting on a slope with the rotors turning, they should approach and depart downhill. This affords the greatest distance between the rotor blades and the ground. If this involves walking around the helicopter, they should always go around the front—never the rear.Pilot at the Flight ControlsMany helicopter operators have been lured into a “quick turnaround” ground operation to avoid delays at airport terminals and to minimize stop/start cycles of the engine. As part of this quick turn-around, the pilot might leave the cockpit with the engine and rotors turning. Such an operation can be extremely hazardous if a gust of wind disturbs the rotor disk, or the collective flight control moves causing lift to be generated by the rotor system. Either occurrence may cause the helicopter to roll or pitch, resulting in a rotor blade striking the tail boom or the ground. Good operating procedures dictate that, generally, pilots remain at the flight controls whenever the engine is running and the rotors are turning. If operations require the pilot to leave the cockpit to refuel, the throttle should be rolled back to flight idle and all controls firmly frictioned to prevent uncommanded control movements. The pilot should be well trained on setting controls and exiting the cockpit without disturbing the flight or power controls.After Landing and SecuringWhen the flight is terminated, park the helicopter where it does not interfere with other aircraft and is not a hazard to people during shutdown. For many helicopters, it is advantageous to land with the wind coming from the right over the tail boom (counterrotating blades). This tends to lift the blades over the tail boom, but lowers the blades in front of the helicopter. This action decreases the likelihood of a main rotor strike to the tail boom due to gusty winds. Rotor downwash can cause damage to other aircraft in close proximity, and spectators may not realize the danger or see the rotors turning. Passengers should remain in the helicopter with their seats belts secured until the rotors have stopped turning. During the shutdown and postflight inspection, follow the manufacturer’s checklist. Any discrepancies should be noted and, if necessary, reported to maintenance personnel.Chapter SummaryThis chapter explained the importance of preflight and safety when conducting helicopter ground operations. Proper procedures for engine run-up, refueling, and ground safety were detailed and the responsibilities of the pilot when maintenance issues occur before flight.。
民航专业英语 地面运营与客舱服务
民航专业英语地面运营与客舱服务Ground Operations and Cabin Services in Civil Aviation地面运营是民航业中一个非常重要的环节。
这个环节包括所有在机场地面进行的操作，以确保航班按时满载离港。
不仅如此，地面运营还包括如航班信息系统管理、货运处理、行李管理、飞机加油、机务维修、安全管理和航班地面服务等一系列步骤。
良好的地面运营不仅能够确保航班准时、安全离港，而且还能提高航空公司的效益和服务质量。
客舱服务同样是航空公司为旅客提供的重要服务。
旅客在飞机上的舒适度和服务品质直接影响他们对航空公司的评价和忠诚度。
航空公司的客舱服务包括安全演示、餐饮服务、旅客娱乐、睡眠设施、急救处理、旅客投诉处理等多项服务。
优秀的客舱服务可以提高旅客满意度，增强航空公司的品牌形象和竞争优势。
Ground operations and cabin services are two essential aspects of civil aviation. Ground operations encompass all the activities carried out on the airport ground to ensure timely flights departing with full capacity. These activities include flight information system management, cargo handling, baggage management, aircraft refueling, maintenance, safety management, and ground services for flights. Good ground operations not only guarantee timely and safe departures but also improve airline efficiency and service quality.Cabin services are also important services provided by airlines to passengers. The comfort and service quality experienced by passengers on board directly affect their evaluation and loyalty to the airline. Cabin services provided by airlines include safety demonstrations, catering, entertainment, sleep facilities, emergency handling, passenger complaints handling, and many other services. Excellent cabin services can enhance passenger satisfaction, strengthen the airline brand image, and competitive advantage.。
航空地勤面试自我介绍英语
航空地勤面试自我介绍英语英文回答：My name is [Your Name], and I am applying for the position of Ground Staff at your esteemed airline. I am highly passionate about the aviation industry and have been eagerly seeking an opportunity to contribute my skills and knowledge to the smooth operations of an airline.With a strong foundation in customer service, I possess excellent interpersonal and communication abilities. I am confident in my ability to interact effectively with passengers, ensuring their comfort and satisfaction throughout their travel journey. Moreover, I am well-versed in the standard procedures and protocols of ground operations, including check-in, baggage handling, and boarding.I am a highly organized and detail-oriented individual with a keen eye for accuracy. I am proficient in handlingmultiple tasks simultaneously and managing my time efficiently. I am also a team player with a collaborative spirit and I am always willing to go the extra mile to support my colleagues and achieve common goals.Furthermore, I am fluent in both English and [Your Other Language], which enables me to communicate effectively with a diverse clientele. I am confident that my linguistic abilities would be an asset to your airline, facilitating seamless interactions with international passengers.I am eager to learn and grow within the aviation industry, and I believe that my enthusiasm, customer-centric approach, and dedication to excellence would make me a valuable member of your team. I am available for immediate employment and would welcome the opportunity to discuss my qualifications further.中文回答：我是[您的姓名]，我申请贵公司的地勤职位。
职位职衔2
办公室职位职衔职务职称中英对照(<第二组>)词语解释Accounting Assistant 会计助理Accounting Clerk 记帐员Accounting Manager 会计部经理Accounting Stall 会计部职员Accounting Supervisor 会计主管Administration Manager 行政经理Administration Staff 行政人员Administrative Assistant 行政助理Administrative Clerk 行政办事员Advertising Staff 广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座员Airlines Staff 航空公司职员Application Engineer 应用工程师Assistant Manager 副经理Bond Analyst 证券分析员Bond Trader 证券交易员Business Controller 业务主任Business Manager 业务经理Buyer 采购员Cashier 出纳员Chemical Engineer 化学工程师Civil Engineer 土木工程师Clerk/Receptionist 职员/接待员Clerk Typist & Secretary 文书打字兼秘书Computer Data InputOperator 计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer 计算机工程师Computer ProcessingOperator 计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager计算机系统部经理Copywriter 广告文字撰稿人Deputy General Manager 副总经理Economic Research Assistant经济助究助理Electrical Engineer 电气工程师Engineering Technician 工程技术员English Instructor/Teacher英语教师Export Sales Manager 外销部经理Export Sales Staff 外销部职员Financial Controller 财务主任Financial Reporter 财务报告人F.X. (Foreign Exchange)Clerk 外汇部职员F.X. Settlement Clerk 外汇部核算员Fund Manager 财务经理General Auditor 审计长General Manager/ President总经理General Manager Assistant总经理助理General Manager's Secretary总经理秘书Hardware Engineer (计算机)硬件工程师Import Liaison Staff 进口联络员Import Manager 进口部经理Insurance Actuary 保险公司理赔员International Sales Staff 国际销售员Interpreter 口语翻译Legal Adviser 法律顾问Line Supervisor 生产线主管Maintenance Engineer 维修工程师Management Consultant 管理顾问Manager 经理Manager for Public Relations公关部经理Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程师Manufacturing Worker 生产员工Market Analyst 市场分析员Market DevelopmentManager 市场开发部经理Marketing Manager 市场销售部经理Marketing Staff 市场销售员Marketing Assistant 销售助理Marketing Executive 销售主管Marketing Representative销售代表Marketing RepresentativeManager 市场调研部经理Mechanical Engineer 机械工程师Mining Engineer 采矿工程师Music Teacher 音乐教师Naval Architect 造船工程师Office Assistant 办公室助理Office Clerk 职员Operational Manager 业务经理Package Designer 包装设计师Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位预订员Personnel Clerk 人事部职员Personnel Manager 人事部经理Plant/ Factory Manager 厂长Postal Clerk 邮政人员Private Secretary 私人秘书Product Manager 生产部经理Production Engineer 产品工程师Professional Staff 专业人员Programmer 电脑程序设计师Project Staff (项目)策划人员Promotional Manager 推售部经理Proof-reader 校对员Purchasing Agent 采购(进货)员Quality Control Engineer 质量管理工程师Real Estate Staff 房地产职员Recruitment Co-ordinator 招聘协调人Regional Manger 地区经理Research & Development Engineer 研究开发工程师Restaurant Manager 饭店经理Sales and Planning Staff 销售计划员Sales Assistant 销售助理Sales Clerk 店员、售货员Sales Coordinator 销售协调人Sales Engineer 销售工程师Sales Executive 销售主管Sales Manager 销售部经理Salesperson 销售员Seller Representative 销售代表Sales Supervisor 销售监管School Registrar 学校注册主任Secretarial Assistant 秘书助理Secretary 秘书Securities Custody Clerk 保安人员Security Officer 安全人员Senior Accountant 高级会计Senior Consultant/Adviser高级顾问Senior Employee 高级雇员Senior Secretary 高级秘书Service Manager 服务部经理Simultaneous Interpreter 同声传译员Software Engineer (计算机)软件工程师Supervisor 监管员Systems Adviser 系统顾问Systems Engineer 系统工程师Systems Operator 系统操作员Technical Editor 技术编辑Technical Translator 技术翻译Technical Worker 技术工人TelecommunicationExecutive 电讯(电信)员Telephonist / Operator 电话接线员、话务员Tourist Guide 导游Trade Finance Executive 贸易财务主管Trainee Manager 培训部经理Translation Checker 翻译核对员Translator 翻译员Trust Banking Executive 银行高级职员Typist 打字员Wordprocessor Operator 文字处理操作员STRY OF HOME AFFAIRS内政部OPERATIONS DIVISION行动处Data Processing Centre 数据处理中心Head 主任Deputy Head 副主任Immigration Auto-ClearanceSystem 移民自动通关系统Head 主任IMMIGRATION CHANGIAIRPORT 樟宜机场移民检查站Commander 指挥Deputy Commander 副指挥Assistant Commander(Operations) 助理指挥（行动）Assistant Commander (IT &Training) 助理指挥（资讯科技及培训）Assistant Commander(Manpower &documentation) 助理指挥（人力及立档归案）Assistant Commander(Ground Operations) 助理指挥（地面行动）System Administrator 系统管理员WOODLANDS JOINT OPERATIONS COMMAND 兀兰联合行动指挥处Woodlands Checkpoint 兀兰检查站Commander 指挥Deputy Commander 副指挥Assistant Commander (Finance & Manpower) 助理指挥（财务及人力）Assistant Commander (Operations-Intelligence-Enf orcement) 助理指挥（行动－情报－执法）Assistant Commander (Training & IT) 助理指挥（培训及资讯科技）Assistant Commander (Operations) 助理指挥（行动）Assistant Commander (Ground Operations) 助理指挥（地面行动）Manpower/Admin Officer 人力/行政事务员System Administrator 系统管理员Logistics Officer 后勤员Operations Officer 行动事务员Duty Officer, Joint Operations Room 联合行动指挥室值勤员Duty Officer Car Arrival Secondary Team Office 汽车抵境辅助队办事处值勤员Duty Officer Car Departure Secondary Team Office 汽车离境辅助队办事处值勤员Duty Officer Bus Arrival/Departure Secondary Team Office 巴士抵境/离境辅助队办事处值勤员Train Checkpoint 火车关卡检查站Assistant Commander (Train)助理指挥（火车）Duty Officer 值勤员TUAS JOINTOPERATIONS COMMAND大士联合行动指挥处Commander 指挥Deputy Commander 副指挥Assistant Commander(Arrival) 助理指挥（抵境）Assistant Commander(Operations) 助理指挥（行动）Assistant Commander(Ground Operations) 助理指挥（地面行动）Assistant Commander(Corporate Services) 助理指挥（行政服务）SystemAdministrator/InformationOfficer 系统管理员/资讯员Manpower/Admin Officer人力/行政事务员Duty Officer, JointOperations Room 联合行动指挥室值勤员IMMIGRA TION SEABASECHECKPOINT 移民海基检查站Commander 指挥Assistant Commander(Seabase) 助理指挥（海基）Assistant Commander(Operations) 助理指挥（行动）Assistant Commander (IT &Training) 助理指挥（资讯科技及培训）Assistant Commander(Ground Operations) 助理指挥（地面行动）Seamen's Section 海员组Duty Officer 值勤员Singapore Cruise Centre 新加坡游轮中心Duty Officer, Arrival Office抵境办事处值勤员Duty Officer, DepartureOffice 离境办事处值勤员Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal丹那美拉渡轮码头Duty Officer, Arrival Office抵境办事处值勤员Duty Officer, DepartureOffice 离境办事处值勤员Changi Ferry Terminal 樟宜渡轮码头Duty Officer 值勤员Changi Immigration ControlPost 樟宜移民检查站Duty Officer 值勤员Jurong Fishing Port 裕廊渔港检查站Duty Officer 值勤员COMMERCIAL ANDINDUSTRIAL SECURITYCORPORA TION (CISCO)工商保安机构SINGAPORECORPORA TION OFREHABILITATIVEENTERPRISES (SCORE)新加坡复员技训企业管理局HUMAN RESOURCEDIVISION 人力资源司Director 司长Senior Assistant Director(Personnel Services) 高级助理司长（人事服务）Assistant Director (HASE)助理司长（内政高级执行员）Human Resource Executive(HASE & General Services) 人力资源执行员（内政高级执行员及一般服务）Senior Human Resource Executive (SIR & General Services) 人力资源高级执行员（新加坡移民及登记局及一般服务）Senior Manager (Home Affairs Uniformed Services) 高级经理（内政制服服务）Senior Human Resource Executive (Home Affairs Uniformed Services) 人力资源高级执行员（内政制服服务）Human Resource Executive (Home Affairs Uniformed Services) 人力资源执行员（内政制服服务）Assistant Director (Human Resource Planning) 助理司长（人力资源策划）Senior Human Resource Executive (Compensation & Benefits) 人力资源高级执行员（赔偿及利益）Human Resource Executive (Performance Management) 人力资源执行员（表现管理）Senior Human Resource Executive (Systems Planning) 人力资源高级执行员（系统策划）Human Resource Executive (Recruitment & Establishment) 人力资源执行员（招募及铨叙）Assistant Director (Human Resource Development) 助理司长（人力资源发展）Manager (Human Resource Development) 经理（人力资源发展）Human Resource Executive(Human ResourceDevelopment) 人力资源执行员（人力资源发展）Senior Human ResourceExecutive (People MatterManagement System-HROperation) 人力资源高级执行员（人事管理系统－人力资源运作）Human Resource Executive(People Matter ManagementSystem-DevelopingCapability) 人力资源执行员（人事管理系统－发展能力）Human Resource Executive(People Matter ManagementSystem-Managing Vacancies)人力资源执行员（人事管理系统－空缺管理）Manager (Human ResourceDevelopment) 经理（人力资源发展）Human Resource Executive(Human ResourceDevelopment) 人力资源执行员（人力资源发展）FINANCE DIVISION 财务司Director 司长Assistant Director (Finance)助理司长（财务）Assistant Director (InternalAudit) 助理司长（内部审计）Ag Assistant Director(Finance Systems) 代助理司长（财务系统）Senior Audit Executive 高级审计执行员Audit Executive 审计执行员Senior Budget Executive(Budgetary Control) 高级预算执行员（预算管制）Budget Executive (Revenue,Fees & Charges) 预算执行员（收入、费用及收费）Budget Executive(Establishment &Expenditure Control) 预算执行员（铨叙及开支管制）Senior Finance Executive 高级财务执行员Manager (Admin) 经理（行政）Registry & AdminAdministrator 档案与行政主任Senior Registry Officer 高级档案员RESEARCH DIVISION 研究司Director 司长Statistician 统计师Senior Research Officer 高级研究员Research Officer 研究员TECHNOLOGY DIVISION科技局Director 局长Technology Planning Branch科技策划组Deputy Director 副局长Senior Assistant Director(Technology Policy &Development) 高级助理局长（科技政策及发展）Assistant Director(Technology Admin) 助理局长（科技管理）Technology ProjectsExecutive 科技项目执行员Technology DevelopmentExecutive 科技发展执行员Technology Policy Executive科技政策执行员Information Technology Department 资讯科技处Deputy Director 副局长Senior Assistant Director (ITD) 高级助理局长（资讯科技）Senior Assistant Director (Infrastructure) 高级助理局长（基础设施）Assistant Director (Info Infrastructure Planning) 助理局长（资讯基础设施策划）Head, IT Projects 资讯科技项目主任Head, Infrastructure 基础设施主任Executive Consultant 执行顾问Senior Consultant 高级顾问Consultant 顾问Associate Consultant 副顾问PRESIDENTIAL COUNCIL FOR RELIGIOUS HARMONY 总统宗教和谐理事会NA TIONAL CRIME PREVENTION COUNCIL 全国罪案防范理事会NA TIONAL COUNCIL AGAINST DRUG ABUSE 全国反嗜毒理事会NA TIONAL FIRE PREVENTION COUNCIL 全国防火理事会FIRE SAFETY APPEALS ADVISORY BOARD 防火安全上诉咨询委员会SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE 新加坡警察部队POLICE HEADQUARTERS 警察总部Commissioner of Police 警察总监Deputy Commissioner ofPolice 副警察总监Director (Special Duties) 局长（特勤）Quality Service Manager 优质服务经理PUBLIC AFFAIRSDEPARTMENT 公共事务局Director 局长Deputy Director 副局长Assistant Director(Information) 助理局长（新闻）Head Protocol 礼宾司主任Protocol Officer 礼宾官Head Planning 策划主任Planning Officer 策划官Planning Officer (InternalCommunications) 策划官（内部关系）Assistant Director (MediaRelations) 助理局长（传媒联络）Media Relations Officer 传媒联络官Media Analyst & ResearchOfficer 传媒分析兼研究官Assistant Director CorporateCommunications 助理局长（企业关系）Head Multimedia 多媒体主任Head Publications 出版主任Manager Heritage Centre 文物馆经理ADMIN & FINANCEDEPARTMENT 行政及财务局Director 局长Deputy Director 副局长Admin Division 行政署Head Admin 行政主任Officer-in-Charge 主管Finance Division 财务署Assistant Director A&F(Budget & Revenue) 助理局长[行政与财务]（预算及收入）Assistant Director A&F(Audit & Superannuation)助理局长[行政与财务]（审计及退休金）Assistant Director A&F(Accounts & Remuneration)助理局长[行政与财务]（帐目及薪酬）Assistant Director A&F(INVEST) 助理局长[行政与财务]MANPOWERDEPARTMENT 人力局Director 局长Assistant Director (Personnel)助理局长（人事）Assistant Director (Planning)助理局长（策划）Assistant Director(Recruitment) 助理局长（招募）Assistant Director(Discipline & Awards) 助理局长（纪律及奖赏）Head HUS Career ReviewProject 内政制服服务职业检讨计划主任Head Senior Officers'Personnel Centre 高级警官人事中心主任Head Junior Officers'Personnel Centre 初级警官人事中心主任Manpower Officer JOPersonnel Centre 初级警官人事中心人力官Head Civilian Officers'Personnel Centre 文职人员人事中心主任Police Discipline Board 警察纪律委员会AO, Police Discipline Board 警察纪律委员会裁决官Welfare Division 福利署Assistant Director MP (Welfare) 助理局长（福利）Head Welfare Operations 福利行政主任Head Welfare Planning 福利策划主任Manpower Officer (Workplace Health) 人力官（职所卫生）POLICE NATIONAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT 警察国民服役局Director 局长Head NS (F) Personnel 国民服役人事主任Assistant Director PNS (NS Planning) 助理局长（国民服役策划）Head Corporate Services 行政服务主任Assistant Director PNS NS (men) Personnel 助理局长（国民服役警察人员）Planning Officer NS Manpower 国民服役人力策划官Planning Officer NS Policy 国民服役政策策划官Head Provost & GD 纠察及一般职务组主任OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT 行动局Director Operations 行动局长1 Deputy Director Operations 第一副行动局长2 Deputy DirectorOperations 第二副行动局长Assistant DirectorOperations (OperationsManagement) 助理行动局长（行动管理）Assistant DirectorOperations (OperationsPlanning) 助理行动局长（行动策划）Assistant DirectorOperations (OperationsPolicy & Development) 助理行动局长（行动政策及发展）Assistant DirectorOperations (SecurityPlanning) 助理行动局长（保安策划）Assistant DirectorOperations (CommunityInvolvement) 助理行动局长（社区联系）LICENSING DIVISION 执照署Assistant DirectorOperations (Licensing) 助理行动局长（执照）Operations Officer Licensing执照行动签发官Licensing Officer PublicEntertainment LicensingUnit 公共娱乐执照组执照签发官Assistant Licensing OfficerPublic EntertainmentLicensing Unit 公共娱乐执照组执照签发官助理Officer-in-Charge, GeneralLicensing Unit 一般执照组主管Assistant Controller ofMartial Arts 助理武术团体事务官Officer-in-Charge, Arms &Explosives 枪械及火药管制主任RADIO DIVISION (RDIVISION) 无线电署（'R'署）OC Radio 无线电署署长PLANNING &ORGANISATIONDEPARTMENT 策划及组织局Director 局长Assistant Director(Conceptual &Implementation Planning)助理局长（构思及策划执行）Assistant Director (ForeignRelations) 助理局长（外交关系）Assistant Director(Organisation & Resource)助理局长（组织及资源）Assistant Director (SpecialDuties) 助理局长（特勤）POLICE TECHNOLOGYDEPARTMENT 警察科技局Director 局长Deputy Director 副局长Assistant Director, Planning& Monitoring Division 助理局长（策划及监察署）Assistant Director,Conceptualisation &Requirements Division 助理局长（构思及需求处）Assistant Director, SystemReview & Audit Division 助理局长（系统检讨及审查署）Assistant Director, SystemManagement Division 助理局长（系统管理署）Assistant Director, Corporate Services Division 助理局长（行政服务署）Programme Manager, Programme Management Team 程序经理（程序管理组）Assistant Director, Infocomms Service & Support Division 助理局长（资讯通信服务及辅助署）LOGISTICS DEPARTMENT 警需局Director 局长Deputy Director 副局长Assistant Director, Strategic Planning & Finance 助理局长（策略性策划及财务）Head Audit & Procurement 审查及采购主任Head Manpower & Corporate Services 人力及行政服务主任Assistant Director, Armament & Operations Equipment 助理局长（军械及行动装备）Assistant Director, General Supplies & Services 助理局长（普通装备）Assistant Director, Automotive Engineering & Management 助理局长（车辆工程及管理）Head Logistics Readiness Control 警需策划主任SERVICE DEVELOPMENT AND INSPECTORA TE DEPARTMENT 服务发展及督察局Director 局长Deputy Director 副局长Service Quality Officer 服务素质官Assistant Director (InternalInvestigation) 助理局长（内部调查）Assistant Director(Inspectorate & Review) 助理局长（督察及检讨）CRIMINALINVESTIGA TIONDEPARTMENT 刑事侦查局Director, CriminalInvestigation Division 局长Deputy Director, CriminalInvestigation Division 副局长Assistant Commissioner(Special Duties) 助理警察总监（特勤）Operations, InvestigationPolicy and Training 行动、侦查政策及培训署AD CID (Operations &Investigation Policy) 助理局长（行动及侦查政策）Head OperationsDevelopment 行动发展主任Head OperationsManagement 行动管理主任Head International AffairsBranch 国际事务组主任Head Prosecution Branch 提控组主任Research and Planning 研究及策划组Head 主任Specialised Crime Division专门罪案调查署Assistant Director CID(Specialised Crime) 助理局长（特定罪案）Head Secret SocietiesBranch 私会党取缔组主任Head Anti-Vice Branch 肃娼组主任Head Gambling SuppressionBranch 肃赌组主任Head Intellectual PropertyRights 知识产权组主任Major Crime Division 重大罪案调查署Assistant Director CID(Major Crime) 助理局长（重大罪案）Head Special InvestigationSection 特别调查组主任Head Serious Sexual CrimeBranch 严重性罪案组主任Technology Crime Division科技罪案署Head Technology CrimeInvestigation Branch 科技罪案调查组主任Head Technology CrimeForensics Branch 科技罪案剖析法证组主任Head Technology CrimeResearch Branch 科技罪案研究组主任School of CriminalInvestigation 刑事侦查学校Commandant 校长Deputy Commandant 副校长Head CurriculumDevelopment &Methodology 课程发展及教学主任Head Training Review &Research 培训检讨及研究主任Investigation Support &Services Division 侦查辅助及服务署Assistant Director CID,Investigation Support &Services 助理局长（侦查辅助及服务）Head Criminal Records Office 刑事档案主任Head Forensics Management 剖析法证管理主任Head Specialised Interview 特别盘问主任Head Corporate Services 企业服务主任CID Intelligence Division 情报署Assistant Director CID Intelligence 助理局长Head Field Intelligence Branch 实地情报组主任Head Intel Analysis & Processing Branch 情报分析及处理组主任Head Criminal Law Branch 刑事法主任COMMERCIAL AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT 商业事务局Director 局长Deputy Director (Admin & Intel) 副局长（行政及情报）Deputy Director (Operations) 副局长（行动）Commercial Crime Division 商业罪案署Assistant Director 助理局长Head Finance Fraud Branch 金融欺骗案调查组主任Head General Fraud Branch 一般欺骗案调查组主任Securities & Maritime Fraud Division 证券及海事欺骗案调查署Assistant Director 助理局长Head Maritime & Investment Fraud Branch 海事及投资欺骗案调查主任Head Securities Fraud Branch 证券欺骗调查主任Corporate Fraud Division 公司欺骗案调查署Assistant Director 助理局长Financial InvestigationDivision 金融调查署Assistant Director 助理局长Head SuspiciousTransactions Reports Office可疑交易举报处主任Head Proceeds of Crime Unit追索犯罪得益组主任Head Financial InvestigationBranch 金融调查组主任Intelligence Division 情报署Head 主任Strategic Planning &Training Division 策略性规划及培训署Head 主任Support & Services Division辅助及服务署Assistant Director 助理局长Head Manpower,Administration & Logistics人力、行政及警需主任Head Operations SupportBranch 行动辅助组主任POLICE INTELLIGENCEDEPARTMENT 警察情报局Director 局长Deputy Director 副局长Assistant Director(Intelligence Collection) 助理局长（情报收集）Assistant Director(Intelligence Operations) 助理局长（情报行动）Assistant Director(Intelligence Service &Support) 助理局长（情报服务及支援）Assistant Director(Intelligence Doctrine &Development) 助理局长（情报准则及发展）Assistant Director(Intelligence Analysis) 助理局长（情报分析）Assistant Director(Intelligence Processing) 助理局长（情报处理）Head MAL 人力、行政及警需主任'A' DIVISION (CENTRALPOLICE DIVISIONAL HQ)'A'警区（中央警署）Commander 署长Deputy Commander 副署长Head Investigation 调查主任Head Operations & Training行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin &Logistics 人力、行政及警需主任CO Bukit Merah EastNeighbourhood PoliceCentre 红山东邻里警局局长CO Rochor NeighbourhoodPolice Centre 梧槽邻里警局局长'D' DIVISION (CLEMENTIPOLICE DIVISIONAL HQ)'D'警区（金文泰警署）Commander 署长Deputy Commander 副署长Head Investigation 调查主任Head Operations & Training行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin &Logistics 人力、行政及警需主任CO Bukit Merah WestNeighbourhood PoliceCentre 红山西邻里警局局长CO Clementi Neighbourhood Police Centre 金文泰邻里警局局长CO Jurong East Neighbourhood Police Centre 裕廊东邻里警局局长CO Queenstown Neighbourhood Police Centre 女皇镇邻里警局局zhang'E' DIVISION (TANGLIN POLICE DIVISIONAL HQ) 'E'警区（东陵警署）Commander 署长Deputy Commander 副署长Head Investigation 调查主任Head Operations & Training 行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin & Logistics 人力、行政及警需主任CO Bishan Neighbourhood Police Centre 碧山邻里警局局长CO Bukit Timah Neighbourhood Police Centre 武吉知马邻里警局局长CO Orchard Neighbourhood Police Centre 乌节邻里警局局长CO Kampong Java Neighbourhood Police Centre 甘榜爪哇邻里警局局长CO Toa Payoh Neighbourhood Police Centre 大巴窑邻里警局局长'F' DIVISION (ANG MO KIO POLICE DIVISIONALHQ) 'F'警区（宏茂桥警署）Commander 署长Deputy Commander 副署长Head Investigation 调查主任Head Operations & Training行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin &Logistics 人力、行政及警需主任CO Ang Mo Kio NorthNeighbourhood PoliceCentre 宏茂桥北邻里警局局长CO Ang Mo Kio SouthNeighbourhood PoliceCentre 宏茂桥南邻里警局局长CO Hougang NeighbourhoodPolice Centre 后港邻里警局局长CO SembawangNeighbourhood PoliceCentre 三巴旺邻里警局局长CO SerangoonNeighbourhood PoliceCentre 实龙岗邻里警局局长CO Yishun NorthNeighbourhood PoliceCentre 义顺北邻里警局局长CO Yishun SouthNeighbourhood PoliceCentre 义顺南邻里警局局长'G' DIVISION (BEDOKPOLICE DIVISIONAL HQ)'G'警区（勿洛警署）Administration Branch 行政组Head Admin 处长OC Testing Unit 考车组主任Customer Service SupportOfficer 客户服务辅助员Implementation Task Force执行工作队Head 主任Operations and TrainingBranch 行动及培训组Head 主任Traffic Investigations Branch交通事故调查组Head Traffic Investigation交通事故调查主任Officer-in-Charge ViolationReports 交通违例报告组主任Research & Planning Branch研究及策划组Head 主任POLICE COAST GUARD警察海岸卫队Commander 司令Deputy Commander PoliceCoast Guard/Head Ivs &Intel 副司令（警察海岸卫队/调查及情报主任）Head Operations & Security行动及保安主任Head Logistics 警需主任Head Training &Development 培训及发展主任Head Manpower & Admin人力及行政主任CO Kallang Region 加冷区司令CO Gul Region 卡尔区司令CO Lim Chu Kang Region林厝港区司令CO Seletar Region 实里达区司令Commanding OfficerTechnical Maintenance 技术维修处主任Commanding Officer POLCOM 警察通讯中心主任CO Service & Support 服务及辅助组主任SPECIAL OPERA TIONS COMMAND 特别行动指挥处Commander 司令Deputy Commander 副司令Head Admin & Logistics 行政及警需主任Head Operations 行动主任Head Training 培训主任CO STAR Unit 特种部队指挥官Head MAL STAR 特种部人力、行政及警需主任POLICE DOG UNIT 警犬组Officer-in-Charge 主任GURKHA CONTINGENT 辜加兵团AIRPORT POLICE 机场警署Commander 署长Deputy Commander 副署长Head Operations & Training 行动及培训主任Manpower Officer 人力官POLICE SECURITY COMMAND 警察保安指挥处Commander 司令Deputy Commander 副司令Head Operations & Intelligence 行动及情报主任CO Istana Security Unit 总统府保安组主任Manpower Officer 人力官Head Planning & Development 策划及发展主任TRAINING COMMAND训练局Commander 局长Deputy Commander 副局长CO Basic Training Centre基本训练中心指挥官CO Advanced TrainingCentre 高级训练中心指挥官Director of Music 警察乐队总监Commandant, NationalPolice Cadet Corps 全国学生警察团指挥官Head Training Development& Control 发展及管制培训主任Head Doctrine Management准则管理主任Head Corporate Services 行政服务主任Head Training Infrastructure& Development 基础设施及发展主任Head People Development人力培训主任VOLUNTEER SPECIALCONSTABULARY 志愿特警团Commander 司令Admin & Finance Officer行政及财务员Assistant Admin Officer 助理行政事务员INTERNAL SECURITYDEPARTMENT 内部安全局Duty Office 值勤处Counter Terrorism Centre 反恐中心SINGAPORE CIVILDEFENCE FORCE 新加坡民防部队HQ SINGAPORE CIVILDEFENCE FORCE 新加坡民防部队总部Commissioner 总监Deputy Commissioner 副总监Assistant Commissioner(General Staff) 助理总监（参谋部）Assistant Commissioner(Corporate Services) 助理总监（行政服务）Quality Service Manager 优质服务经理OPERATIONSDEPARTMENT 行动处Head Operations 处长Deputy Head 副处长Head Operations PlanningBranch 行动策划科科长Head Intelligence Branch 情报科科长Head Hazmat Branch 危险物质科科长Head Operations Centre 行动控制中心科长Head Fire InvestigationBranch 火患调查科科长Head Manpower Policy &Planning Branch 人力政策及策划科科长MANPOWERDEPARTMENT 人力处Head 处长Head Manpower Policy &Planning Branch 人力政策及策划科科长Officer-in-Charge ManpowerPolicy & Planning Section人力政策及策划组组长Officer-in-Charge CareersCentre 职业中心主管Head Senior Officer &Civilian Branch 高级民防官及非制服人员事务科科长Officer-in-Charge Senior Officer Development Section 高级民防官发展组组长Officer-in-Charge Senior Officer Affairs & Civilian Section 高级民防官事务及非制服人员组组长Head Junior Officer Branch 初级民防官事务科科长Officer-in-Charge Junior Officer Development Section 初级民防官发展组组长Officer-in-Charge Junior Officer Affairs Section 初级民防官事务组组长Head Regimentation Discipline & Welfare Branch 部队纪律及福利科科长Officer-in-Charge Regimentation & Discipline Section 部队纪律组组长Officer-in-Charge Welfare & Awards Section 福利及奖励组组长NA TIONAL SERVICE PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT 国民服役人员处Head 处长Officer-in-Charge NS Personnel Planning Section 国民服役人员策划组组长Officer-in-Charge NS Personnel Relations Section 国民服役人员联系组组长Head NS Personnel Development & Deployment Branch 国民服役人员发展及调派科科长Officer-in-Charge NSmen Development Section 战备人员发展组组长Officer-in-Charge NSmenDeployment Section 战备人员调派组组长Officer-in-Charge NSFSection 全职国民服役组组长Head NS Record and DataBranch 国民服役人员档案及数据资料组组长Officer-in-Charge DataSection 数据资料组组组长PUBLIC AFFAIRSDEPARTMENT 公共事务处Head 处长Officer-in-Charge Planning& Evaluation Section 策划及评估组组长Head PublicCommunicationsDevelopment Branch 公共传播发展科科长Officer-in-Charge MediaRelations & PublicitySection 媒体联系及宣传组组长Officer-in-Charge WebCommunications Section 网络通讯组组长Head Corporate AffairsDevelopment Branch 行政事务发展科科长Officer-in-Charge CorporateRelations Section 行政联系组组长Officer-in-Charge CorporateAudio-Visual Section 视听组组长Head CommunityInvolvement & EducationBranch 社区促进与及教育科科长Officer-in-ChargeCommunity EducationSection 社区教育组组长Officer-in-ChargeCommunity InvolvementSection 社区促进组组长Head Applied PsychologyUnit 应用心理管理科科长Officer-in-ChargeEmergency BehaviourManagement Section 行为心理管理组组长Officer-in-ChargeCounselling Section 心理辅导组组长Officer-in-Charge Research& Testing Section 研究与测试组组长LOGISTICSDEPARTMENT 后勤处Head 处长Head Logistics Plans Branch后勤策划科科长Head EquipmentManagement Branch 配备管理科科长Officer-in-Charge SpecialEquipment Section 特别配备组组长Officer-in-Charge GeneralEquipment Section 普通配备组组长Head Transport ManagementBranch 运输管理科科长Officer-in-Charge CivilResources Section 民间资源组组长Officer-in-Charge VehicleAppliance Section 车辆管理组组长Head Purchasing andEvaluation Branch 采购及评估科科长Officer-in-Charge Building& Maintenance Section 建筑及维修组组长TRAINING DEPARTMENT 培训处Head 处长Head Doctrine & Exercise Branch 训导及演习科科长Head Training Plans & Policies Branch 培训计划及政策科科长Head Training Development & Sports Branch 培训发展及运动科科长SERVICE QUALITY DEPARTMENT 优质服务处Head 处长Head Performance Auditing & Review Branch 工作审查与评估科科长Head Service & Organisational Excellence Branch 服务与组织优质管理科科长TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT 科技处Head 处长Head Technologies Policies & Planning Branch 科技政策与计划科科长Head Technology System Development Branch 科技系统发展科科长Head C3 System Management Branch C3系统管理科科长Head IT System Management Branch 资讯科技系统管理科科长Head Public Warning System Branch 公共警报系统科科长MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 医务处Chief Medical Officer 总医务官Head Medical Operations &Planning Branch 医务行动及策划科科长Head Emergency AmbulanceService Branch 紧急救护车服务科科长Officer-in-Charge HealthCare Section 保健组组长FINANCE DEPARTMENT财务处Head 处长Head System Review &Control Branch 系统检讨及管制科科长Head Financial Management& Budget Branch 财务管理及预算科科长Officer-in-Charge FinancialManagement Section 财务管理组组长Officer-in-Charge BudgetSection 预算组组长Head Expenditure ControlBranch 开支管制科科长Paymaster 薪饷发配主任Officer-in-Charge AccountsSection 帐目组组长PLANNINGDEPARTMENT 策划处Head 处长Head Strategic PlanningBranch 策略性策划科科长Head OrganisationalDevelopment Branch 组织策划科科长Head Development PlanningBranch 发展策划科科长SERVICE SUPPORT UNIT服务辅助单位Commander 司令Service Support CompanyCommander 服务辅助连连长Admin Support CompanyCommander 行政辅助连连长Head Administration, AdminSupport Centre 行政辅助中心主任Officer-in-Charge NSAdministration 国民服役行政组组长Officer-in-Charge CustomerService Centre 客户服务中心组长Officer-in-Charge MedicalCentre 医务中心组长FIRE SAFETY ANDSHELTER BUREAU 消防安全与防空署Director 署长Deputy Director 副署长Planning and Review Branch策划及检讨科Head 科长Officer-in-Charge FSSBPlanning Section 消防安全与防空策划组组长Officer-in-Charge Review &Evaluation Section 检讨及评估组组长Licensing and EnforcementBranch 执照签发及执法科Head 科长Officer-in-Charge Temp FirePermit/ Fire SafetyCertificate Section 临时消防准证/消防安全证书组组长Officer-in-Charge FireCertificate/Licensing Section消防证书/执照签发组组长Officer-in-ChargeEnforcement Section 执法组组长Plans Approval &Consultation Branch 蓝图批准及咨询科。
Glider Flying Handbook说明书
Glider Flying Handbook2013U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Servicei iPrefaceThe Glider Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for glider category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision-making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers, traffic patterns, emergencies, soaring weather, soaring techniques, and cross-country flight is included. Topics such as radio navigation and communication, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Persons working towards a glider rating are advised to review the references from the applicable practical test standards (FAA-G-8082-4, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide, FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, and FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide). Resources for study include FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-2, Risk Management Handbook, and Advisory Circular (AC) 00-6, Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel, AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services, as these documents contain basic material not duplicated herein. All beginning applicants should refer to FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, for study and basic library reference.It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at . The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from .This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook, dated 2003. Always select the latest edition of any publication and check the website for errata pages and listing of changes to FAA educational publications developed by the FAA’s Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630.This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from .This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:********************************************John M. AllenDirector, Flight Standards Serviceiiii vAcknowledgmentsThe Glider Flying Handbook was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledge the following contributors: Sue Telford of Telford Fishing & Hunting Services for images used in Chapter 1JerryZieba () for images used in Chapter 2Tim Mara () for images used in Chapters 2 and 12Uli Kremer of Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co for images used in Chapter 2Richard Lancaster () for images and content used in Chapter 3Dave Nadler of Nadler & Associates for images used in Chapter 6Dave McConeghey for images used in Chapter 6John Brandon (www.raa.asn.au) for images and content used in Chapter 7Patrick Panzera () for images used in Chapter 8Jeff Haby (www.theweatherprediction) for images used in Chapter 8National Soaring Museum () for content used in Chapter 9Bill Elliot () for images used in Chapter 12.Tiffany Fidler for images used in Chapter 12.Additional appreciation is extended to the Soaring Society of America, Inc. (), the Soaring Safety Foundation, and Mr. Brad Temeyer and Mr. Bill Martin from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.vv iPreface (iii)Acknowledgments (v)Table of Contents (vii)Chapter 1Gliders and Sailplanes ........................................1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Gliders—The Early Years ..............................................1-2 Glider or Sailplane? .......................................................1-3 Glider Pilot Schools ......................................................1-4 14 CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools ...................................1-5 14 CFR Part 61 Instruction ........................................1-5 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements ...................1-5 Common Glider Concepts ..............................................1-6 Terminology...............................................................1-6 Converting Metric Distance to Feet ...........................1-6 Chapter 2Components and Systems .................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Glider Design .................................................................2-2 The Fuselage ..................................................................2-4 Wings and Components .............................................2-4 Lift/Drag Devices ...........................................................2-5 Empennage .....................................................................2-6 Towhook Devices .......................................................2-7 Powerplant .....................................................................2-7 Self-Launching Gliders .............................................2-7 Sustainer Engines .......................................................2-8 Landing Gear .................................................................2-8 Wheel Brakes .............................................................2-8 Chapter 3Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Forces of Flight..............................................................3-2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion .................................3-2 Lift ..............................................................................3-2The Effects of Drag on a Glider .....................................3-3 Parasite Drag ..............................................................3-3 Form Drag ...............................................................3-3 Skin Friction Drag ..................................................3-3 Interference Drag ....................................................3-5 Total Drag...................................................................3-6 Wing Planform ...........................................................3-6 Elliptical Wing ........................................................3-6 Rectangular Wing ...................................................3-7 Tapered Wing .........................................................3-7 Swept-Forward Wing ..............................................3-7 Washout ..................................................................3-7 Glide Ratio .................................................................3-8 Aspect Ratio ............................................................3-9 Weight ........................................................................3-9 Thrust .........................................................................3-9 Three Axes of Rotation ..................................................3-9 Stability ........................................................................3-10 Flutter .......................................................................3-11 Lateral Stability ........................................................3-12 Turning Flight ..............................................................3-13 Load Factors .................................................................3-13 Radius of Turn ..........................................................3-14 Turn Coordination ....................................................3-15 Slips ..........................................................................3-15 Forward Slip .........................................................3-16 Sideslip .................................................................3-17 Spins .........................................................................3-17 Ground Effect ...............................................................3-19 Chapter 4Flight Instruments ...............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ..................................................4-2 Impact and Static Pressure Lines................................4-2 Airspeed Indicator ......................................................4-2 The Effects of Altitude on the AirspeedIndicator..................................................................4-3 Types of Airspeed ...................................................4-3Table of ContentsviiAirspeed Indicator Markings ......................................4-5 Other Airspeed Limitations ........................................4-6 Altimeter .....................................................................4-6 Principles of Operation ...........................................4-6 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure andTemperature............................................................4-7 Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) .............4-9 Types of Altitude ......................................................4-10 Variometer................................................................4-11 Total Energy System .............................................4-14 Netto .....................................................................4-14 Electronic Flight Computers ....................................4-15 Magnetic Compass .......................................................4-16 Yaw String ................................................................4-16 Inclinometer..............................................................4-16 Gyroscopic Instruments ...............................................4-17 G-Meter ........................................................................4-17 FLARM Collision Avoidance System .........................4-18 Chapter 5Glider Performance .............................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Factors Affecting Performance ......................................5-2 High and Low Density Altitude Conditions ...........5-2 Atmospheric Pressure .............................................5-2 Altitude ...................................................................5-3 Temperature............................................................5-3 Wind ...........................................................................5-3 Weight ........................................................................5-5 Rate of Climb .................................................................5-7 Flight Manuals and Placards ..........................................5-8 Placards ......................................................................5-8 Performance Information ...........................................5-8 Glider Polars ...............................................................5-8 Weight and Balance Information .............................5-10 Limitations ...............................................................5-10 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-12 Center of Gravity ......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Forward ofForward Limit .......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit ..5-13 Sample Weight and Balance Problems ....................5-13 Ballast ..........................................................................5-14 Chapter 6Preflight and Ground Operations .......................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Assembly and Storage Techniques ................................6-2 Trailering....................................................................6-3 Tiedown and Securing ................................................6-4Water Ballast ..............................................................6-4 Ground Handling........................................................6-4 Launch Equipment Inspection ....................................6-5 Glider Preflight Inspection .........................................6-6 Prelaunch Checklist ....................................................6-7 Glider Care .....................................................................6-7 Preventive Maintenance .............................................6-8 Chapter 7Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers ............................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Aerotow Takeoff Procedures .........................................7-2 Signals ........................................................................7-2 Prelaunch Signals ....................................................7-2 Inflight Signals ........................................................7-3 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques ..........................7-3 Normal Assisted Takeoff............................................7-4 Unassisted Takeoff.....................................................7-5 Crosswind Takeoff .....................................................7-5 Assisted ...................................................................7-5 Unassisted...............................................................7-6 Aerotow Climb-Out ....................................................7-6 Aerotow Release.........................................................7-8 Slack Line ...................................................................7-9 Boxing the Wake ......................................................7-10 Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures ............................7-11 CG Hooks .................................................................7-11 Signals ......................................................................7-11 Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) ...............7-11 Inflight Signals ......................................................7-12 Tow Speeds ..............................................................7-12 Automobile Launch ..................................................7-14 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb .................................7-14 Normal Into-the-Wind Launch .................................7-15 Climb-Out and Release Procedures ..........................7-16 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures ..............................7-17 Preparation and Engine Start ....................................7-17 Taxiing .....................................................................7-18 Pretakeoff Check ......................................................7-18 Normal Takeoff ........................................................7-19 Crosswind Takeoff ...................................................7-19 Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures ......................7-19 Landing .....................................................................7-21 Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations .....7-22 Normal Approach and Landing ................................7-22 Crosswind Landing ..................................................7-25 Slips ..........................................................................7-25 Downwind Landing ..................................................7-27 After Landing and Securing .....................................7-27viiiPerformance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides ..........................................................7-27 Turns.........................................................................7-28 Roll-In ...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls ....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds .....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly ..............................................................7-37 Chapter 8Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch ...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting ..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting ..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch .........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations ..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launchesand Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings ..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop ......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land BelowReturning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude ...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude .........8-13 Slack Line .................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives ..................................................................8-15 Spins .............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase ...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions ................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions ......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions ......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems ...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions ............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions .................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders ................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb ..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/SustainerGlider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions ........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions .............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28ixClothing ....................................................................8-28 Communication ........................................................8-29 Navigation Equipment ..............................................8-29 Medical Equipment ..................................................8-29 Stowage ....................................................................8-30 Parachute ..................................................................8-30 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-30 Accident Prevention .....................................................8-30 Chapter 9Soaring Weather ..................................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 The Atmosphere .............................................................9-2 Composition ...............................................................9-2 Properties ....................................................................9-2 Temperature............................................................9-2 Density ....................................................................9-2 Pressure ...................................................................9-2 Standard Atmosphere .................................................9-3 Layers of the Atmosphere ..........................................9-4 Scale of Weather Events ................................................9-4 Thermal Soaring Weather ..............................................9-6 Thermal Shape and Structure .....................................9-6 Atmospheric Stability .................................................9-7 Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring ...................9-9 Cloud Streets ..............................................................9-9 Thermal Waves...........................................................9-9 Thunderstorms..........................................................9-10 Lifted Index ..........................................................9-12 K-Index .................................................................9-12 Weather for Slope Soaring .......................................9-14 Mechanism for Wave Formation ..............................9-16 Lift Due to Convergence ..........................................9-19 Obtaining Weather Information ...................................9-21 Preflight Weather Briefing........................................9-21 Weather-ReIated Information ..................................9-21 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, andForecasts ......................................................................9-23 Graphic Weather Charts ...........................................9-23 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast ..............9-23 Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................9-24 Chapter 10Soaring Techniques ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Thermal Soaring ...........................................................10-2 Locating Thermals ....................................................10-2 Cumulus Clouds ...................................................10-2 Other Indicators of Thermals ................................10-3 Wind .....................................................................10-4 The Big Picture .....................................................10-5Entering a Thermal ..............................................10-5 Inside a Thermal.......................................................10-6 Bank Angle ...........................................................10-6 Speed .....................................................................10-6 Centering ...............................................................10-7 Collision Avoidance ................................................10-9 Exiting a Thermal .....................................................10-9 Atypical Thermals ..................................................10-10 Ridge/Slope Soaring ..................................................10-10 Traps ......................................................................10-10 Procedures for Safe Flying .....................................10-12 Bowls and Spurs .....................................................10-13 Slope Lift ................................................................10-13 Obstructions ...........................................................10-14 Tips and Techniques ...............................................10-15 Wave Soaring .............................................................10-16 Preflight Preparation ...............................................10-17 Getting Into the Wave ............................................10-18 Flying in the Wave .................................................10-20 Soaring Convergence Zones ...................................10-23 Combined Sources of Updrafts ..............................10-24 Chapter 11Cross-Country Soaring .....................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Flight Preparation and Planning ...................................11-2 Personal and Special Equipment ..................................11-3 Navigation ....................................................................11-5 Using the Plotter .......................................................11-5 A Sample Cross-Country Flight ...............................11-5 Navigation Using GPS .............................................11-8 Cross-Country Techniques ...........................................11-9 Soaring Faster and Farther .........................................11-11 Height Bands ..........................................................11-11 Tips and Techniques ...............................................11-12 Special Situations .......................................................11-14 Course Deviations ..................................................11-14 Lost Procedures ......................................................11-14 Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider .....11-15 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations ............................................................11-16 Glider Complexity ..................................................11-16 Water Ballast ..........................................................11-17 Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources ........11-17 Chapter 12Towing ................................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks .........12-2 Tow Hook ................................................................12-2 Schweizer Tow Hook ...........................................12-2x。
操作指导手册 英文
操作指导手册英文An operations manual is a comprehensive document that provides all the details necessary to perform specific operations or activities within an organization. It is a reference tool that outlines the processes and procedures to be followed to ensure consistency, quality, and efficiency in the execution of various tasks. The operations manual serves as a valuable resource for employees, helping them understand their roles, responsibilities, and the steps required to complete their work effectively.The primary purpose of an operations manual is to establish a standardized approach to carrying out organizational activities. It documents the best practices, guidelines, and protocols that have been developed and refined over time to optimize performance and minimize errors or inconsistencies. By having a centralized repository of this information, the manual ensures that all employees, regardless of their level of experience or position within the company, can access the necessary instructions and guidance to perform their duties.One of the key benefits of an operations manual is its ability to promote consistency across the organization. When all employees follow the same set of procedures, it helps to maintain a high level of quality and reliability in the organization's outputs. This consistency is particularly important in industries where compliance with regulations or standards is crucial, such as healthcare, finance, or manufacturing. The operations manual serves as a tool to ensure that all processes are executed in accordance with the established policies and guidelines, reducing the risk of non-compliance or errors.Moreover, an operations manual can be an invaluable resource for training and onboarding new employees. By providing a comprehensive overview of the organization's operations, the manual can help new hires quickly understand their roles and responsibilities, and how their work fits into the larger organizational context. This can significantly reduce the time and resources required to get new employees up to speed, as they can refer to the manual for guidance and reference as they become acclimated to their new environment.In addition to promoting consistency and facilitating training, an operations manual can also contribute to the overall efficiency of an organization. By documenting the step-by-step procedures for completing various tasks, the manual can help employees work more efficiently and effectively, reducing the likelihood of mistakes orunnecessary duplication of effort. This can lead to cost savings, improved productivity, and a more streamlined workflow.The content and structure of an operations manual can vary depending on the size, industry, and specific needs of the organization. However, there are typically several key components that are common to most operations manuals:1. Introduction: This section provides an overview of the purpose and scope of the operations manual, as well as any relevant background information about the organization or the specific operations being covered.2. Organizational Structure and Roles: This section outlines the organizational hierarchy, the roles and responsibilities of each department or team, and the lines of reporting and communication within the organization.3. Policies and Procedures: This is the most extensive section of the manual, detailing the step-by-step processes and procedures for carrying out various operational tasks. This may include information on procurement, inventory management, customer service, human resources, and any other relevant operational functions.4. Quality Control and Assurance: This section outlines theorganization's quality control measures, including any inspection or testing protocols, as well as the procedures for addressing and resolving any quality-related issues or non-conformances.5. Emergency and Contingency Plans: This section provides guidance on how to respond to unexpected events or emergencies, such as natural disasters, equipment failures, or security breaches, to ensure the continuity of operations.6. Appendices and Reference Materials: This section may include additional resources, such as forms, templates, checklists, or contact information, that employees can refer to as needed.Developing and maintaining an effective operations manual requires a collaborative effort across the organization. It is essential to involve key stakeholders, such as subject matter experts, department heads, and frontline employees, to ensure that the manual accurately reflects the organization's current practices and addresses the needs of all users. Regular reviews and updates are also crucial to keep the manual current and relevant as the organization evolves and adapts to changing circumstances.In conclusion, an operations manual is a critical tool for organizations of all sizes and industries. By providing a comprehensive and standardized guide to operational processes and procedures, themanual can help to promote consistency, efficiency, and quality in the execution of various tasks. Whether for training new employees, ensuring compliance with regulations, or optimizing workflow, the operations manual is an invaluable resource that can contribute to the overall success and resilience of an organization.。
飞机手册英文缩写
飞机手册英文缩写飞机手册英文缩写飞行手册波音机型机组操作手册Flight Crew Operations Manual 快速检查单Quick Reference HandbookQRH 机组训练手册Flight Crew Training ManualB737 B747 B757 B767 B777 ... 空客机型机组操作手册Flight Crew Operations Manual 快速检查单Quick Reference HandbookQRH 机组训练手册Flight Crew Training ManualA318 A319 A320 A321 A330 A340... 飞机飞行手册AFMAirplane Flight Manual 服务通告SBService Bulletin 运行类手册地面除冰/防冰大纲Ground Deicing and Anti-icing Program 地面操作手册Ground Operation Manual 飞行运行手册Flight Operations Manual FOM 飞行运行训练手册FOTMFlight Operations Training Manual 运行手册Operations Manual 运行质量管理手册Operation Quality Management ManualOQMM 机务类手册飞机最低设备放行清单/构形缺损清单MEL/CDLAircraft Minimum Equipment List MEL/Configuration Deviation List CDL故障隔离手册FIMFault Isolation Manual 航线维修管理手册Line Maintenance Management Manual 服务通告SBService Bulletin 按拼音排序RVSM手册安全管理手册SMMSafety Management Manual 安全管理系统SMSSafety Management System 标准操作程序SOPStandard Operation Procedure 地面除冰/防冰大纲Ground Deicing and Anti-icing Program 地面操作手册Ground Operation Manual 地面服务手册地面服务保障手册飞机飞行手册AFMAirplane Flight Manual各机型波音B737B747 B757 B767 B777...BBJ 空客A318 A319 A320 A321 A330 A340...ACJ 麦道MD-11MD-90MD-82... 湾流Gulf Stream III、IV、V型庞巴迪Bombardier CRJ-1OO/200/440CRJ-700系列 CRJ-900系列Challenger300/604/605/850/870/890 利尔喷气LearJet40XR/45XR/60XR 全球Global系列飞机驾驶员训练大纲和提纲Pilots Training Syllabus 飞机维护手册Airplane Maintenance ManualAMM 飞机维修培训管理手册Airplane Maintenance Training Management Manual 飞机特性与机场计划ACAPAircraft Characteristic and Airport Plan 飞机最低设备放行清单/构形缺损清单MEL/CDLAircraft Minimum Equipment ListMEL/Configuration Deviation List CDL 飞行运行手册Flight Operations ManualFOM 飞行运行训练手册FOTMFlight Operations Training Manual 飞行乘务员训练大纲Flight Attendant Training Program 飞行技术检查员训练大纲飞行技术训练管理手册Flight Technique Training Management Manual飞行签派员训练手册Flight Dispatcher Training Manual 飞行性能与计划手册FPPMFlight Performance and Plan Manual 飞行员训练大纲各种机型服务通告SBService Bulletin 工程手册Engineering ManualEM 公司运行手册Company Operations ManualCOM 公务机工程手册公务机飞行乘务员手册公务机运行手册故障隔离手册FIMFault Isolation Manual 航空安全保卫方案Aviation Security Scheme 航空安全保卫手册Aviation Security Manual 航线维修管理手册Line Maintenance Management Manual 航站手册Station Manual 货物运输手册机场运行手册Airfield Operation ManualAOM 机场应急反应手册Airport ERM 机场手册Aerodrome Manual 机上危险物品事故应急处理手册Emergency Response Manual for Aircraft IncidentsInvolving Dangerous Goods 机组操作手册FCOMFlight Crew Operations Manual各机型机组训练手册Flight Crew Training Manual各机型机组应急程序手册紧急反应手册Emergency Response ManualERM 客舱乘务员训练大纲可靠性管理方案快速检查单Quick Reference HandbookQRH各机型旅客行李运输服务手册旅客运输手册模拟机最低设备清单SMEL 气象雷达使用指南Weather Radar Users Guide 缺件放行程序指南DDPGDispatch Deviation Procedure Guide 试飞大纲试飞手册TestFlight ManualTFM 特殊运行手册SOM 危险品运输手册Dangerous Good Transport Manual 危险物品运输管理手册Dangerous Goods Transportation Management ManualDGMM 危险物品运输操作手册Dangerous Goods Transportation Operation ManualDGOM 维修工程管理手册MEMMMaintenance and engineering management manual 西锐Cirrus SR22等飞行手册飞机维护手册等新雇飞机驾驶员训练提纲性能工程师手册PEMPerformance Engineer Manual 应急处置程序手册EmergencyResponse Procedures ManualERPM 载重平衡手册Weight and Balance ManualWBM各机型运控手册/运行控制手册Operation Control Manual 运行规范OperationSpecification 运行手册Operations Manual 运行质量管理手册Operation Quality Management ManualOQMM 站坪保障手册Ramp Operation ManualROM 主最低设备清单Master Minimum Equipment ListMMEL各机型钻石飞机DA20、DA40等发动机维修手册Engine Maintenance ManualEMM 钻石飞机DA20、DA40等飞行手册FlightManual 钻石飞机DA20、DA40等飞机维护手册Airplane Maintenance ManualAMM 最低设备清单Minimum Equipment ListMEL各机型塞斯纳飞机Cessna 172、182等发动机维修手册Engine Maintenance ManualEMM 塞斯纳飞机Cessna 172、182等飞行手册Flight Manual 塞斯纳飞机Cessna 172、182等飞机维护手册Airplane Maintenance ManualAMM 以及西门诺尔SEMINOLE、TB20TB200等飞机的飞行手册FlightManual、飞机维护手册Airplane Maintenance ManualAMM。
飞机手册英文缩写
飞机手册英文缩写飞机手册英文缩写飞行手册波音机型机组操作手册 Flight Crew Operations Manual 快速检查单 Quick Reference HandbookQRH 机组训练手册 Flight Crew Training ManualB737 B747 B757 B767 B777 ... 空客机型机组操作手册 Flight Crew Operations Manual 快速检查单 Quick Reference HandbookQRH 机组训练手册 Flight Crew Training ManualA318 A319 A320 A321 A330 A340... 飞机飞行手册 AFMAirplane Flight Manual 服务通告 SBService Bulletin 运行类手册地面除冰 / 防冰大纲 Ground Deicing and Anti-icing Program 地面操作手册 Ground Operation Manual 飞行运行手册 Flight Operations Manual FOM 飞行运行训练手册 FOTMFlight Operations Training Manual 运行手册 Operations Manual 运行质量管理手册 Operation Quality Management ManualOQMM 机务类手册飞机最低设备放行清单 / 构形缺损清单MEL/CDLAircraft Minimum Equipment List MEL/Configuration DeviationList CDL故障隔离手册 FIMFault Isolation Manual 航线维修管理手册 Line Maintenance Management Manual 服务通告 SBService Bulletin 按拼音排序 RVSM手册安全管理手册 SMMSafety Management Manual 安全管理系统 SMSSafety Management System 标准操作程序 SOPStandard Operation Procedure 地面除冰 / 防冰大纲 Ground Deicing and Anti-icing Program 地面操作手册 Ground Operation Manual 地面服务手册地面服务保障手册飞机飞行手册 AFMAirplane Flight Manual 各机型波音 B737 B747 B757 B767 B777...BBJ 空客 A318 A319 A320 A321 A330 A340...ACJ 麦道MD-11MD-90MD-82... 湾流 Gulf Stream III 、IV、V 型庞巴迪 Bombardier CRJ-100/200/440CRJ-700系列 CRJ-900 系列 Challenger300/604/605/850/870/890 利尔喷气 LearJet40XR/45XR/60XR 全球 Global 系列飞机驾驶员训练大纲和提纲Pilots Training Syllabus 飞机维护手册 Airplane Maintenance ManualAMM 飞机维修培训管理手册 Airplane Maintenance Training Management Manual 飞机特性与机场计划ACAPAircraft Characteristic and Airport Plan 飞机最低设备放行清单 / 构形缺损清单MEL/CDLAircraft Minimum Equipment ListMEL/Configuration Deviation List CDL 飞行运行手册 Flight 0perations ManualF0M 飞行运行训练手册 F0TMFlight0perations Training Manual 飞行乘务员训练大纲 Flight Attendant Training Program 飞行技术检查员训练大纲飞行技术训练管理手册 Flight Technique TrainingManagement Manual飞行签派员训练手册 Flight Dispatcher Training Manual飞行性能与计划手FPPMFlight Performance and Plan Manual 飞行员训练大纲各种机型服务通SBService Bulletin 工程手册 Engineering ManualEM 公司运行手册 Company Operations ManualCOM 公务机工程手册公务机飞行乘务员手册公务机运行手册故障隔离手册 FIMFault Isolation Manual 航空安全保卫方案 Aviation Security Scheme 航空安全保卫手册 Aviation Security Manual 航线维修管理手册 Line Maintenance Management Manual 航站手册 Station Manual 货物运输手册机场运行手册 Airfield Operation ManualAOM 机场应急反应手册 Airport ERM 机场手册Aerodrome Manual 机上危险物品事故应急处理手册 Emergency Response Manual for Aircraft IncidentsInvolving Dangerous Goods 机组操作手册 FCOMFlight Crew Operations Manual 各机型机组训练手册 Flight Crew Training Manual 各机型机组应急程序手册紧急反应手册Emergency Response ManualERM客舱乘务员训练大纲可靠性管理方案快速检查单 Quick Reference HandbookQRH 各机型旅客行李运输服务手册旅客运输手册模拟机最低设备清单 SMEL气象雷达使用指南 Weather Radar Users Guide 缺件放行程序指南 DDPGDispatch Deviation Procedure Guide 试飞大纲试飞手册TestFlight ManualTFM 特殊运行手册SOM危险品运输手册 Dangerous GoodTransport Manual 危险物品运输管理手册 Dangerous Goods Transportation Management ManualDGM危险物品运输操作手册 Dangerous GoodsTransportation Operation ManualDGOM 维修工程管理手册 MEMMMaintenance and engineering management manual 西锐 Cirrus SR22 等飞行手册飞机维护手册等新雇飞机驾驶员训练提纲性能工程师手册 PEMPerformance Engineer Manual 应急处置程序手册EmergencyResponse Procedures ManualERPM 载重平衡手册 Weight and BalanceMan ualWB各机型运控手册 / 运行控制手册 Operation Control Manual 运行规范OperationSpecification 运行手册 Operations Manual 运行质量管理手册 Operation Quality Management ManualOQMM 站坪保障手册 Ramp Operation ManualROM 主最低设备清单 Master Minimum Equipment ListMMEL 各机型钻石飞机 DA2Q DA40等发动机维修手册Engine Maintenance ManualEMM 钻石飞机 DA20 DA40等飞行手册FlightManual 钻石飞机 DA20 DA40等飞机维护手册 Airplane MaintenanceManualAMM最低设备清单 Minimum Equipment ListMEL各机型塞斯纳飞机 Cessna172 182等发动机维修手册 Engine Maintenance ManualEMM 塞斯纳飞机 Cessna 172 182等飞行手册 Flight Manual 塞斯纳飞机 Cessna 172、182 等飞机维护手册 Airplane Maintenance ManualAMM以及西门诺尔SEMINOL E TB20TB200等飞机的飞行手册 Flight Manual、飞机维护手册 Airplane Maintenance ManualAMM。
飞机维修手册的英文表达形式
飞机维修手册的英文表达形式Title: Aircraft Maintenance ManualIntroduction:The Aircraft Maintenance Manual is a comprehensive document that outlines the procedures and instructions for the maintenance, repair, and inspection of an aircraft. This manual serves as a valuable resource for technicians, engineers, and maintenance personnel involved in ensuring the airworthiness and reliability of an aircraft.1. General Information:1.1 Purpose: The purpose of the Aircraft Maintenance Manual is to provide a standardized framework for the safe and efficient maintenance practices of an aircraft.1.2 Scope: This manual covers the maintenance procedures for various systems and components of the aircraft, includingairframe, engines, electrical systems, hydraulics, avionics, and more.1.3 Applicability: The manual is applicable to a particular aircraft model or a series of aircraft models specified by the manufacturer.2. Maintenance Procedures:2.1 Routine Inspections: The manual provides detailed instructions on conducting routine inspections to ensure the structural integrity and performance of the aircraft. It includes checklists, specifications, and tolerances for various components.2.2 Scheduled Maintenance: The manual outlines the maintenance tasks that should be performed at regular intervals to prevent failures and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements.2.3 Troubleshooting: Procedures for identifying and rectifying system malfunctions or failures are provided, including diagnostic tests, fault isolation, and recommended corrective actions.2.4 Component Replacement: Step-by-step instructions are given for the removal, installation, and replacement of components, including safety precautions, torque values, and inspection criteria.2.5 Repair Procedures: The manual offers guidance for repairing damaged or malfunctioning components, including materials, techniques, and quality standards for effective repairs.2.6 Modification and Upgrades: Instructions are provided for implementing approved modifications or upgrades to the aircraft, ensuring compliance with design specifications and certification requirements.2.7 Ground Handling: The manual includes guidelines for safe ground handling operations, such as towing, parking, fueling, and servicing.3. Technical Data:3.1 Aircraft Systems: Detailed descriptions of various aircraft systems, such as electrical, fuel, hydraulic, pneumatic, environmental control, and landing gear systems, are provided, along with operating principles and maintenance requirements.3.2 Wiring Diagrams: Schematics and wiring diagrams illustrate the electrical connections and circuits of the aircraft, facilitating troubleshooting and maintenance of electrical systems.3.3 Structural Repair: Structural repair guidelines, including aircraft assembly drawings, repair limits, and structural inspection requirements, ensure proper repair practices and structural integrity.3.4 Component Manuals: The manual references component maintenance manuals (CMMs) for detailed maintenance procedures and overhaul instructions specific to certain components, such as engines or avionics.4. Safety Procedures:4.1 Safety Precautions: The manual emphasizes adherence to safety regulations and provides guidelines for personal protective equipment (PPE), hazardous materials handling, and safe maintenance practices.4.2 Emergency Procedures: Emergency checklists and procedures for handling critical situations, such as fires, depressurization, or emergency landings, are included to ensure the safety of the aircraft, crew, and passengers.Conclusion:The Aircraft Maintenance Manual is an essential reference document for maintaining the airworthiness of an aircraft. Itprovides comprehensive instructions, procedures, andtechnical data necessary for the efficient and safe maintenance operations. Adherence to the manual's guidelines ensures the reliability, longevity, and safety of the aircraft, enhancing the overall operational efficiency in the aviation industry.。
民航地勤英语书
民航地勤英语书以下是一些常用的民航地勤英语书籍：1. "Airline Ground Operations and Management" by C. Michael Holloway and John Charles Gilmer本书提供了关于航空地勤操作和管理的全面指南，包括航空公司内部运营、机场运营和安全管理等方面的内容。
2. "Aviation English: A Lingua Franca for Pilots and Air Traffic Controllers" by Dominique Estival and Candace Farris该书主要关注航空英语的实际运用，特别适合民航地勤需要提高英语沟通能力的人员参考。
3. "Airport Operations" by Norman J. Ashford, Pierre Coutu, and John R. Beasley这本书涵盖了机场运营的各个方面，包括地面服务、安全、航空货运、乘客流程等，是一本面向民航地勤人员的综合参考书。
4. "World Airports: A Comprehensive Guide" by David J. Freedman该书提供了全球各个机场的详细信息和背景介绍，对于民航地勤需要了解不同机场情况的人员来说很有价值。
5. "Airport Systems: Planning, Design, and Management" by Richard de Neufville and Amedeo Odoni本书介绍了机场规划、设计和管理的各个方面，对于民航地勤人员熟悉机场运营环境非常有帮助。
这些书籍可以通过在线书店或图书馆借阅。
同时，也可以考虑参加航空地勤培训课程，这些课程通常会提供相关教材和学习资源。
空中管制事故延误英语通知作文
空中管制事故延误英语通知作文英文回答：Air Traffic Control Delays.Air traffic control delays refer to situations in which aircraft are held on the ground or in the air due tofactors affecting the safe and efficient flow of airtraffic. These delays can be caused by a variety of circumstances, including:Weather conditions: Adverse weather, such as thunderstorms, fog, and snow, can significantly impact visibility and airport operations, leading to delays and cancellations.Congestion: Heavy air traffic can result in congestion, particularly at major airports during peak hours. This can lead to delays in departures, arrivals, and ground operations.Technical issues: Malfunctions or maintenance on radar systems, communication equipment, or aircraft can cause delays as repairs or adjustments are made.Safety incidents: Accidents, runway incursions, or other safety-related issues can temporarily suspend or reroute air traffic, causing delays.Security measures: Heightened security measures in response to potential threats can also lead to delays, as additional screening and checks are required.Staffing shortages: During periods of high demand or unexpected circumstances, airports may experience staff shortages, which can result in delays in check-in, baggage handling, and other ground operations.The impact of air traffic control delays can be significant for both passengers and airlines. Passengers may experience inconvenience, missed connections, and extended travel times. Airlines may face financial lossesdue to increased fuel consumption, delayed revenue, and penalties for missed schedules.To mitigate the effects of air traffic control delays, various measures are implemented. These include:Prioritization of flights: Airlines may prioritize essential flights, such as medical emergencies or time-sensitive cargo, to minimize the impact of delays.Flow control: Air traffic control can implement flow control measures to manage the number of aircraft entering or departing an airspace, reducing congestion and improving efficiency.Contingency plans: Airports and airlines have contingency plans in place to respond to unexpected delays, such as re-routing flights to alternate destinations or providing assistance to stranded passengers.Technological advancements: Ongoing advancements inair traffic control technology, such as advanced radarsystems and automation, can enhance efficiency and reduce delays.Collaboration and communication: Effective communication and collaboration between air traffic controllers, airlines, and other stakeholders are crucialfor coordinating delay management efforts and minimizing disruption.中文回答：空中管制延误。
《国际民用航空公约》的18个附件
《国际民用航空公约》的18个附件自国际民航组织成立以来，该组织的主要技术成就是在安全、规范和高效的航空服务方面实现了标准化，从而使国际民航许多领域的可靠性达到了一个高水平，尤其是在航空器、操作航空器的机组和地面设施与服务方面.标准化是通过创立、采纳和修订国际民航组织公约的附件来实现的，这些附件被称作国际标准和建议措施。
标准是指令性的,国际民航组织成员国同意遵守这些标准。
如果成员国的标准与国际民航组织的标准不同,该成员国必须向国际民航组织通告不同之处。
建设措施是建议性的，不是必须的。
某一条款是否被确定为标准取决于对如下问题做出的回答：“所有缔约国一致使用该条款是否必要？”这些标准的适用性可能会受到一些地形、交通密度、飞行阶段和气候等因素相关的制约条件的影响，但是，不管是否遇到这些制约条件，所有缔约国必须同样的使用这些标准，除非该缔约国向国际民航组织通告了差异.国际民航组织附件包含了通过国际协商已经采用的标准和建议措施。
对其18个附件说明如下:（1）附件1，人员执照(personnel licensing)，提供有关飞行机组人员、飞行签派员/飞行运行人员、空中交通管制员和飞机维修人员执照的信息。
（2）附件2,飞行规则(rules of the air），包含和目视与仪表飞行相关的规则。
（3）附加3，国际空中航行的气象服务（meteorological service for international air navigation)，规定国际空中航行的气象服务和航空器观察的气象报告。
（4）附加4，航图(aeronautical charts)，包含国际航空中使用的航图规范。
（5）附加5,在空中和地面操作中使用的计量单位（measurement units used in air and ground operations）。
该附件列出在空中和地面操作中使用的量纲系统。
（6）附件6，航空器运行(operation of aircraft）.该附件包含了各种规范，以保证全世界各种运行的安全水平保持在规定的最低标准之上。
地面服务、英语
Ground Services and the Role of EnglishIn today's interconnected world, the importance of ground services and the proficiency in English have become paramount for successful international travel. Airports, being the hubs of global connectivity, require a high level of coordination and communication to ensure smooth operations. English, as the lingua franca of the aviation industry, plays a crucial role in this coordination.Ground services, encompassing everything from check-in and security screenings to baggage handling and passenger assistance, are the backbone of any airport's operations. Efficient ground services ensure timely departures and arrivals, enhance passenger satisfaction, and contribute to the overall reputation of an airport. English, being the common language among airline staff, ground handlers, and passengers from diverse cultures and backgrounds, is essential for effective communication.From the moment a passenger steps into an airport, they engage with ground services personnel who often need to provide information,解答疑问，and address concerns in a clear and timely manner. This communication must beaccurate and efficient to minimize delays and ensure a smooth travel experience. The use of English facilitates this communication, allowing for quick understanding and resolution of issues.In addition, English is often the language of safety instructions and emergency procedures. In the event of an emergency, it is crucial that passengers understandcritical information quickly and accurately. The widespread use of English in these scenarios ensures that everyone, regardless of their native language, can comprehend and comply with instructions.Moreover, ground services personnel often interact with international passengers who may not speak the local language. In such cases, English acts as a bridge, enabling staff to provide assistance and information in a language that is familiar and comfortable for the passenger. This not only enhances the passenger's travel experience but also contributes to the overall efficiency of ground operations.Moreover, the aviation industry is constantly evolving, with new technologies, procedures, and regulations beingintroduced regularly. English, being the language ofaviation literature and training materials, is essentialfor ground services personnel to stay up-to-date with these changes. By understanding and implementing new practices in English, ground staff can ensure that airport operations remain safe, efficient, and competitive.In conclusion, English proficiency is integral to effective ground services in today's global aviation industry. It enables clear and timely communication, facilitates the provision of assistance and information to international passengers, and helps ground personnel keep pace with industry advancements. As airports and airlines continue to expand their international reach, theimportance of English in ground services will only increase. **地面服务与英语的作用**在当今紧密相连的世界中，地面服务的重要性以及英语的熟练程度对于成功的国际旅行至关重要。
空军介绍英语作文
空军介绍英语作文Here is an English essay about the Air Force, with the content exceeding 1000 words as requested. The title is not included in the word count.The Air Force is a vital component of modern military forces, responsible for the defense of a nation's airspace and the projection of power through air superiority. As the youngest of the three main branches of the armed forces, the Air Force has a rich history and plays a crucial role in national security.The origins of the Air Force can be traced back to the early days of aviation, when military leaders recognized the potential of airpower in warfare. During the First World War, the use of aircraft for reconnaissance, bombing, and air-to-air combat demonstrated the strategic advantages of aerial operations. In the years following the war, the development of more advanced aircraft and the growing recognition of the importance of air power led to the establishment of independent air forces in many countries.In the United States, the Air Force as a separate military service was officially established in 1947, when the National Security Act wassigned into law. This act reorganized the armed forces, creating the Department of the Air Force and elevating the status of the Air Force to that of an equal partner with the Army and Navy.The primary mission of the Air Force is to defend the United States and its interests through the control and exploitation of air and space. This includes a wide range of responsibilities, such as air superiority, air interdiction, close air support, strategic bombing, airlift, and reconnaissance. The Air Force also plays a critical role in the nation's nuclear deterrence strategy, operating and maintaining a portion of the nation's nuclear arsenal.One of the most important aspects of the Air Force's mission is air superiority. This refers to the ability to control the airspace and deny the enemy the use of that airspace. Air superiority is achieved through the deployment of advanced fighter aircraft, such as the F-22 Raptor and the F-35 Lightning II, as well as the use of sophisticated air defense systems and electronic warfare capabilities.In addition to its combat roles, the Air Force is also responsible for a variety of other missions, including search and rescue, air transport, and air refueling. The Air Force's fleet of transport aircraft, such as the C-17 Globemaster III and the C-130 Hercules, are essential for the rapid deployment of troops and equipment around the world. The Air Force's air refueling capabilities, provided by aircraft like theKC-135 Stratotanker and the KC-46 Pegasus, allow for extended range and endurance of other aircraft, enhancing the overall power projection capabilities of the military.The Air Force's commitment to technological innovation is another key aspect of its success. The service has been at the forefront of advancements in areas such as avionics, propulsion, and stealth technology. The development of the F-22 Raptor and the F-35 Lightning II, for example, has provided the Air Force with a significant tactical advantage over potential adversaries.The Air Force also plays a critical role in supporting other branches of the military. Through close air support, the Air Force provides vital air power to ground forces, helping to neutralize enemy threats and enable successful ground operations. The Air Force's intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities also provide essential information to commanders at all levels, allowing for more informed decision-making and more effective military operations.Beyond its military responsibilities, the Air Force also contributes to the broader national interest through its involvement in space operations. The Air Force operates a variety of satellites and other space-based assets that are essential for communications, navigation, weather forecasting, and other critical functions. The Air Force's space programs also support scientific research and exploration,furthering our understanding of the universe and our place within it.The men and women who serve in the Air Force come from diverse backgrounds and bring a wide range of skills and experiences to the table. From pilots and navigators to maintenance technicians and support personnel, the Air Force relies on the dedication and expertise of its personnel to fulfill its mission. The Air Force is committed to recruiting and retaining the best and brightest individuals, and it offers a range of educational and training opportunities to help its members develop their skills and advance their careers.In conclusion, the Air Force is a vital component of the United States military, responsible for defending the nation's airspace, projecting power, and supporting the operations of other military branches. Through its commitment to technological innovation, its focus on developing highly skilled personnel, and its contributions to space operations and national security, the Air Force plays a critical role in ensuring the safety and prosperity of the United States. As the world continues to evolve and the challenges facing the nation change, the Air Force will undoubtedly continue to play a pivotal role in safeguarding the nation's interests and upholding its values.。
航空地勤面试自我介绍英语
航空地勤面试自我介绍英语英文回答：Good morning/afternoon interviewers. My name is [insert name] and I am excited to have the opportunity to interview for the Aviation Ground Staff position at your esteemed organization. With my passion for aviation, dedication to customer service, and proven experience in handling various ground operations tasks, I am confident that I am the ideal candidate to excel in this role.Throughout my career, I have consistently provided exceptional customer service in fast-paced and dynamic environments. My ability to interact seamlessly with passengers from diverse backgrounds, resolve their queries promptly, and ensure their satisfaction underpins my commitment to delivering a positive and memorable travel experience.Moreover, I possess a deep understanding of aviationoperations and ground handling procedures. Fromcoordinating check-ins and boarding to assisting with baggage handling and aircraft maintenance, I am well-versed in the various aspects of ground staff operations. My attention to detail, adherence to safety protocols, and proactive approach to problem-solving enable me to execute my duties efficiently and effectively.Beyond my technical skills, I am a highly motivated and results-oriented individual. I thrive in collaborative environments and am eager to contribute my expertise to the success of your team. My adaptability, willingness to learn, and commitment to continuous improvement make me an invaluable asset to any organization.I am particularly drawn to the reputation of yourairline for providing excellent passenger service and operating to the highest safety standards. I believe thatmy values align well with your company culture, and I am eager to leverage my skills to contribute to the continued success of your organization.Thank you for considering my application. I am enthusiastic about the opportunity to demonstrate myabilities and make a meaningful contribution to your team.中文回答：各位考官上午/下午好，我叫[插入姓名]，非常荣幸有机会参加贵公司航空地勤面试。
职位英文词汇(DOC)
职位英文词汇STRY OF HOME AFFAIRS内政部OPERATIONS DIVISION 行动处Data Processing Centre 数据处理中心Head 主任Deputy Head 副主任Immigration Auto-Clearance System 移民自动通关系统Head 主任IMMIGRATION CHANGI AIRPORT 樟宜机场移民检查站Commander 指挥Deputy Commander 副指挥Assistant Commander (Operations) 助理指挥（行动）Assistant Commander (IT & Training) 助理指挥（资讯科技及培训）Assistant Commander (Manpower & documentation) 助理指挥（人力及立档归案）Assistant Commander (Ground Operations) 助理指挥（地面行动）System Administrator 系统管理员WOODLANDS JOINT OPERATIONS COMMAND 兀兰联合行动指挥处Woodlands Checkpoint 兀兰检查站Commander 指挥Deputy Commander 副指挥Assistant Commander (Finance & Manpower) 助理指挥（财务及人力）Assistant Commander (Operations-Intelligence-Enforcement) 助理指挥（行动－情报－执法）Assistant Commander (Training & IT) 助理指挥（培训及资讯科技）Assistant Commander (Operations) 助理指挥（行动）Assistant Commander (Ground Operations) 助理指挥（地面行动）Manpower/Admin Officer 人力/行政事务员System Administrator 系统管理员Logistics Officer 后勤员Operations Officer 行动事务员Duty Officer, Joint Operations Room 联合行动指挥室值勤员Duty Officer Car Arrival Secondary Team Office 汽车抵境辅助队办事处值勤员Duty Officer Car Departure Secondary Team Office 汽车离境辅助队办事处值勤员Duty Officer Bus Arrival/Departure Secondary Team Office 巴士抵境/离境辅助队办事处值勤员Train Checkpoint 火车关卡检查站Assistant Commander (Train) 助理指挥（火车）Duty Officer 值勤员TUAS JOINT OPERATIONS COMMAND 大士联合行动指挥处Commander 指挥Deputy Commander 副指挥Assistant Commander (Arrival) 助理指挥（抵境）Assistant Commander (Operations) 助理指挥（行动）Assistant Commander (Ground Operations) 助理指挥（地面行动）Assistant Commander (Corporate Services) 助理指挥（行政服务）System Administrator/Information Officer 系统管理员/资讯员Manpower/Admin Officer 人力/行政事务员Duty Officer, Joint Operations Room 联合行动指挥室值勤员IMMIGRATION SEABASE CHECKPOINT 移民海基检查站Commander 指挥Assistant Commander (Seabase) 助理指挥（海基）Assistant Commander (Operations) 助理指挥（行动）Assistant Commander (IT & Training) 助理指挥（资讯科技及培训）Assistant Commander (Ground Operations) 助理指挥（地面行动）Seamen's Section 海员组Duty Officer 值勤员Singapore Cruise Centre 新加坡游轮中心Duty Officer, Arrival Office 抵境办事处值勤员Duty Officer, Departure Office 离境办事处值勤员Tanah Merah Ferry Terminal 丹那美拉渡轮码头Duty Officer, Arrival Office 抵境办事处值勤员Duty Officer, Departure Office 离境办事处值勤员Changi Ferry Terminal 樟宜渡轮码头Duty Officer 值勤员Changi Immigration Control Post 樟宜移民检查站Duty Officer 值勤员Jurong Fishing Port 裕廊渔港检查站Duty Officer 值勤员COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL SECURITY CORPORATION (CISCO) 工商保安机构SINGAPORE CORPORATION OF REHABILITATIVE ENTERPRISES (SCORE) 新加坡复员技训企业管理局HUMAN RESOURCE DIVISION 人力资源司Director 司长Senior Assistant Director (Personnel Services) 高级助理司长（人事服务）Assistant Director (HASE) 助理司长（内政高级执行员）Human Resource Executive (HASE & General Services) 人力资源执行员（内政高级执行员及一般服务）Senior Human Resource Executive (SIR & General Services) 人力资源高级执行员（新加坡移民及登记局及一般服务）Senior Manager (Home Affairs Uniformed Services) 高级经理（内政制服服务）Senior Human Resource Executive (Home Affairs Uniformed Services) 人力资源高级执行员（内政制服服务）Human Resource Executive (Home Affairs Uniformed Services) 人力资源执行员（内政制服服务）Assistant Director (Human Resource Planning) 助理司长（人力资源策划）Senior Human Resource Executive (Compensation & Benefits) 人力资源高级执行员（赔偿及利益）Human Resource Executive (Performance Management) 人力资源执行员（表现管理）Senior Human Resource Executive (Systems Planning) 人力资源高级执行员（系统策划）Human Resource Executive (Recruitment & Establishment) 人力资源执行员（招募及铨叙）Assistant Director (Human Resource Development) 助理司长（人力资源发展）Manager (Human Resource Development) 经理（人力资源发展）Human Resource Executive (Human Resource Development) 人力资源执行员（人力资源发展）Senior Human Resource Executive (People Matter Management System-HR Operation) 人力资源高级执行员（人事管理系统－人力资源运作）Human Resource Executive (People Matter Management System - Developing Capability) 人力资源执行员（人事管理系统－发展能力）Human Resource Executive (People Matter Management System - Managing Vacancies) 人力资源执行员（人事管理系统－空缺管理）Manager (Human Resource Development) 经理（人力资源发展）Human Resource Executive (Human Resource Development) 人力资源执行员（人力资源发展）FINANCE DIVISION 财务司Director 司长Assistant Director (Finance) 助理司长（财务）Assistant Director (Internal Audit) 助理司长（内部审计）Ag Assistant Director (Finance Systems) 代助理司长（财务系统）Senior Audit Executive 高级审计执行员Audit Executive 审计执行员Senior Budget Executive (Budgetary Control) 高级预算执行员（预算管制）Budget Executive (Revenue, Fees & Charges) 预算执行员（收入、费用及收费）Budget Executive (Establishment & Expenditure Control) 预算执行员（铨叙及开支管制）Senior Finance Executive 高级财务执行员Manager (Admin) 经理（行政）Registry & Admin Administrator 档案与行政主任Senior Registry Officer 高级档案员RESEARCH DIVISION 研究司Director 司长Statistician 统计师Senior Research Officer 高级研究员Research Officer 研究员TECHNOLOGY DIVISION 科技局Director 局长Technology Planning Branch 科技策划组Deputy Director 副局长Senior Assistant Director (Technology Policy & Development) 高级助理局长（科技政策及发展）Assistant Director (Technology Admin) 助理局长（科技管理）Technology Projects Executive 科技项目执行员Technology Development Executive 科技发展执行员Technology Policy Executive 科技政策执行员Information Technology Department 资讯科技处Deputy Director 副局长Senior Assistant Director (ITD) 高级助理局长（资讯科技）Senior Assistant Director (Infrastructure) 高级助理局长（基础设施）Assistant Director (Info Infrastructure Planning) 助理局长（资讯基础设施策划）Head, IT Projects 资讯科技项目主任Head, Infrastructure 基础设施主任Executive Consultant 执行顾问Senior Consultant 高级顾问Consultant 顾问Associate Consultant 副顾问PRESIDENTIAL COUNCIL FOR RELIGIOUS HARMONY 总统宗教和谐理事会NA TIONAL CRIME PREVENTION COUNCIL 全国罪案防范理事会NA TIONAL COUNCIL AGAINST DRUG ABUSE 全国反嗜毒理事会NA TIONAL FIRE PREVENTION COUNCIL 全国防火理事会FIRE SAFETY APPEALS ADVISORY BOARD 防火安全上诉咨询委员会SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE 新加坡警察部队POLICE HEADQUARTERS 警察总部Commissioner of Police 警察总监Deputy Commissioner of Police 副警察总监Director (Special Duties) 局长（特勤）Quality Service Manager 优质服务经理PUBLIC AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT 公共事务局Director 局长Deputy Director 副局长Assistant Director (Information) 助理局长（新闻）Head Protocol 礼宾司主任Protocol Officer 礼宾官Head Planning 策划主任Planning Officer 策划官Planning Officer (Internal Communications) 策划官（内部关系）Assistant Director (Media Relations) 助理局长（传媒联络）Media Relations Officer 传媒联络官Media Analyst & Research Officer 传媒分析兼研究官Assistant Director Corporate Communications 助理局长（企业关系）Head Multimedia 多媒体主任Head Publications 出版主任Manager Heritage Centre 文物馆经理ADMIN & FINANCE DEPARTMENT 行政及财务局Director 局长Deputy Director 副局长Admin Division 行政署Head Admin 行政主任Officer-in-Charge 主管Finance Division 财务署Assistant Director A&F (Budget & Revenue) 助理局长[行政与财务]（预算及收入）Assistant Director A&F (Audit & Superannuation) 助理局长[行政与财务]（审计及退休金）Assistant Director A&F (Accounts & Remuneration) 助理局长[行政与财务]（帐目及薪酬）Assistant Director A&F (INVEST) 助理局长[行政与财务]MANPOWER DEPARTMENT 人力局Director 局长Assistant Director (Personnel) 助理局长（人事）Assistant Director (Planning) 助理局长（策划）Assistant Director (Recruitment) 助理局长（招募）Assistant Director (Discipline & Awards) 助理局长（纪律及奖赏）Head HUS Career Review Project 内政制服服务职业检讨计划主任Head Senior Officers' Personnel Centre 高级警官人事中心主任Head Junior Officers' Personnel Centre 初级警官人事中心主任Manpower Officer JO Personnel Centre 初级警官人事中心人力官Head Civilian Officers' Personnel Centre 文职人员人事中心主任Police Discipline Board 警察纪律委员会AO, Police Discipline Board 警察纪律委员会裁决官Welfare Division 福利署Assistant Director MP (Welfare) 助理局长（福利）Head Welfare Operations 福利行政主任Head Welfare Planning 福利策划主任Manpower Officer (Workplace Health) 人力官（职所卫生）POLICE NATIONAL SERVICE DEPARTMENT 警察国民服役局Director 局长Head NS (F) Personnel 国民服役人事主任Assistant Director PNS (NS Planning) 助理局长（国民服役策划）Head Corporate Services 行政服务主任Assistant Director PNS NS (men) Personnel 助理局长（国民服役警察人员）Planning Officer NS Manpower 国民服役人力策划官Planning Officer NS Policy 国民服役政策策划官Head Provost & GD 纠察及一般职务组主任OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT 行动局Director Operations 行动局长1 Deputy Director Operations 第一副行动局长2 Deputy Director Operations 第二副行动局长Assistant Director Operations (Operations Management) 助理行动局长（行动管理）Assistant Director Operations (Operations Planning) 助理行动局长（行动策划）Assistant Director Operations (Operations Policy & Development) 助理行动局长（行动政策及发展）Assistant Director Operations (Security Planning) 助理行动局长（保安策划）Assistant Director Operations (Community Involvement) 助理行动局长（社区联系）LICENSING DIVISION 执照署Assistant Director Operations (Licensing) 助理行动局长（执照）Operations Officer Licensing 执照行动签发官Licensing Officer Public Entertainment Licensing Unit 公共娱乐执照组执照签发官Assistant Licensing Officer Public Entertainment Licensing Unit 公共娱乐执照组执照签发官助理Officer-in-Charge, General Licensing Unit 一般执照组主管Assistant Controller of Martial Arts 助理武术团体事务官Officer-in-Charge, Arms & Explosives 枪械及火药管制主任RADIO DIVISION (R DIVISION) 无线电署（'R' 署）OC Radio 无线电署署长PLANNING & ORGANISATION DEPARTMENT 策划及组织局Director 局长Assistant Director (Conceptual & Implementation Planning) 助理局长（构思及策划执行）Assistant Director (Foreign Relations) 助理局长（外交关系）Assistant Director (Organisation & Resource) 助理局长（组织及资源）Assistant Director (Special Duties) 助理局长（特勤）POLICE TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT 警察科技局Director 局长Deputy Director 副局长Assistant Director, Planning & Monitoring Division 助理局长（策划及监察署）Assistant Director, Conceptualisation & Requirements Division 助理局长（构思及需求处）Assistant Director, System Review & Audit Division 助理局长（系统检讨及审查署）Assistant Director, System Management Division 助理局长（系统管理署）Assistant Director, Corporate Services Division 助理局长（行政服务署）Programme Manager, Programme Management Team 程序经理（程序管理组）Assistant Director, Infocomms Service & Support Division 助理局长（资讯通信服务及辅助署）LOGISTICS DEPARTMENT 警需局Director 局长Deputy Director 副局长Assistant Director, Strategic Planning & Finance 助理局长（策略性策划及财务）Head Audit & Procurement 审查及采购主任Head Manpower & Corporate Services 人力及行政服务主任Assistant Director, Armament & Operations Equipment 助理局长（军械及行动装备）Assistant Director, General Supplies & Services 助理局长（普通装备）Assistant Director, Automotive Engineering & Management 助理局长（车辆工程及管理）Head Logistics Readiness Control 警需策划主任SERVICE DEVELOPMENT AND INSPECTORATE DEPARTMENT 服务发展及督察局Director 局长Deputy Director 副局长Service Quality Officer 服务素质官Assistant Director (Internal Investigation) 助理局长（内部调查）Assistant Director (Inspectorate & Review) 助理局长（督察及检讨）CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION DEPARTMENT 刑事侦查局Director, Criminal Investigation Division 局长Deputy Director, Criminal Investigation Division 副局长Assistant Commissioner (Special Duties) 助理警察总监（特勤）Operations, Investigation Policy and Training 行动、侦查政策及培训署AD CID (Operations & Investigation Policy) 助理局长（行动及侦查政策）Head Operations Development 行动发展主任Head Operations Management 行动管理主任Head International Affairs Branch 国际事务组主任Head Prosecution Branch 提控组主任Research and Planning 研究及策划组Head 主任Specialised Crime Division 专门罪案调查署Assistant Director CID (Specialised Crime) 助理局长（特定罪案）Head Secret Societies Branch 私会党取缔组主任Head Anti-Vice Branch 肃娼组主任Head Gambling Suppression Branch 肃赌组主任Head Intellectual Property Rights 知识产权组主任Major Crime Division 重大罪案调查署Assistant Director CID (Major Crime) 助理局长（重大罪案）Head Special Investigation Section 特别调查组主任Head Serious Sexual Crime Branch 严重性罪案组主任Technology Crime Division 科技罪案署Head Technology Crime Investigation Branch 科技罪案调查组主任Head Technology Crime Forensics Branch 科技罪案剖析法证组主任Head Technology Crime Research Branch 科技罪案研究组主任School of Criminal Investigation 刑事侦查学校Commandant 校长Deputy Commandant 副校长Head Curriculum Development & Methodology 课程发展及教学主任Head Training Review & Research 培训检讨及研究主任Investigation Support & Services Division 侦查辅助及服务署Assistant Director CID, Investigation Support & Services 助理局长（侦查辅助及服务）Head Criminal Records Office 刑事档案主任Head Forensics Management 剖析法证管理主任Head Specialised Interview 特别盘问主任Head Corporate Services 企业服务主任CID Intelligence Division 情报署Assistant Director CID Intelligence 助理局长Head Field Intelligence Branch 实地情报组主任Head Intel Analysis & Processing Branch 情报分析及处理组主任Head Criminal Law Branch 刑事法主任COMMERCIAL AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT 商业事务局Director 局长Deputy Director (Admin & Intel) 副局长（行政及情报）Deputy Director (Operations) 副局长（行动）Commercial Crime Division 商业罪案署Assistant Director 助理局长Head Finance Fraud Branch 金融欺骗案调查组主任Head General Fraud Branch 一般欺骗案调查组主任Securities & Maritime Fraud Division 证券及海事欺骗案调查署Assistant Director 助理局长Head Maritime & Investment Fraud Branch 海事及投资欺骗案调查主任Head Securities Fraud Branch 证券欺骗调查主任Corporate Fraud Division 公司欺骗案调查署Assistant Director 助理局长Financial Investigation Division 金融调查署Assistant Director 助理局长Head Suspicious Transactions Reports Office 可疑交易举报处主任Head Proceeds of Crime Unit 追索犯罪得益组主任Head Financial Investigation Branch 金融调查组主任Intelligence Division 情报署Head 主任Strategic Planning & Training Division 策略性规划及培训署Head 主任Support & Services Division 辅助及服务署Assistant Director 助理局长Head Manpower, Administration & Logistics 人力、行政及警需主任Head Operations Support Branch 行动辅助组主任POLICE INTELLIGENCE DEPARTMENT 警察情报局Director 局长Deputy Director 副局长Assistant Director (Intelligence Collection) 助理局长（情报收集）Assistant Director (Intelligence Operations) 助理局长（情报行动）Assistant Director (Intelligence Service & Support) 助理局长（情报服务及支援）Assistant Director (Intelligence Doctrine & Development) 助理局长（情报准则及发展）Assistant Director (Intelligence Analysis) 助理局长（情报分析）Assistant Director (Intelligence Processing) 助理局长（情报处理）Head MAL 人力、行政及警需主任'A' DIVISION (CENTRAL POLICE DIVISIONAL HQ) 'A' 警区（中央警署）Commander 署长Deputy Commander 副署长Head Investigation 调查主任Head Operations & Training 行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin & Logistics 人力、行政及警需主任CO Bukit Merah East Neighbourhood Police Centre 红山东邻里警局局长CO Rochor Neighbourhood Police Centre 梧槽邻里警局局长'D' DIVISION (CLEMENTI POLICE DIVISIONAL HQ) 'D' 警区（金文泰警署）Commander 署长Deputy Commander 副署长Head Investigation 调查主任Head Operations & Training 行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin & Logistics 人力、行政及警需主任CO Bukit Merah West Neighbourhood Police Centre 红山西邻里警局局长CO Clementi Neighbourhood Police Centre 金文泰邻里警局局长CO Jurong East Neighbourhood Police Centre 裕廊东邻里警局局长CO Queenstown Neighbourhood Police Centre 女皇镇邻里警局局长'E' DIVISION (TANGLIN POLICE DIVISIONAL HQ) 'E' 警区（东陵警署）Commander 署长Deputy Commander 副署长Head Investigation 调查主任Head Operations & Training 行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin & Logistics 人力、行政及警需主任CO Bishan Neighbourhood Police Centre 碧山邻里警局局长CO Bukit Timah Neighbourhood Police Centre 武吉知马邻里警局局长CO Orchard Neighbourhood Police Centre 乌节邻里警局局长CO Kampong Java Neighbourhood Police Centre 甘榜爪哇邻里警局局长CO Toa Payoh Neighbourhood Police Centre 大巴窑邻里警局局长'F' DIVISION (ANG MO KIO POLICE DIVISIONAL HQ) 'F' 警区（宏茂桥警署）Commander 署长Deputy Commander 副署长Head Investigation 调查主任Head Operations & Training 行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin & Logistics 人力、行政及警需主任CO Ang Mo Kio North Neighbourhood Police Centre 宏茂桥北邻里警局局长CO Ang Mo Kio South Neighbourhood Police Centre 宏茂桥南邻里警局局长CO Hougang Neighbourhood Police Centre 后港邻里警局局长CO Sembawang Neighbourhood Police Centre 三巴旺邻里警局局长CO Serangoon Neighbourhood Police Centre 实龙岗邻里警局局长CO Yishun North Neighbourhood Police Centre 义顺北邻里警局局长CO Yishun South Neighbourhood Police Centre 义顺南邻里警局局长'G' DIVISION (BEDOK POLICE DIVISIONAL HQ) 'G' 警区（勿洛警署）Commander 署长Head Investigation 调查主任Head Operations & Training 行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin & Logistics 人力、行政及警需主任CO Bedok North Neighbourhood Police Centre 勿洛北邻里警局局长CO Bedok South Neighbourhood Police Centre 勿洛南邻里警局局长CO Changi Neighbourhood Police Centre 樟宜邻里警局局长CO Geylang Neighbourhood Police Centre 芽笼邻里警局局长CO Marine Parade Neighbourhood Police Centre 马林百列邻里警局局长CO Pasir Ris Neighbourhood Police Centre 白沙邻里警局局长CO Tampines Neighbourhood Police Centre 淡滨尼邻里警局局长'J' DIVISION (JURONG POLICE DIVISIONAL HQ) 'J' 警区（裕廊警署）Commander 署长Deputy Commander 副署长Head Investigation 调查主任Head Operations & Training 行动及培训主任Head Manpower, Admin & Logistics 人力、行政及警需主任CO Bukit Batok Neighbourhood Police Centre 武吉巴督邻里警局局长CO Bukit Panjang Neighbourhood Police Centre 武吉班让邻里警局局长CO Choa Chu Kang Neighbourhood Police Centre 蔡厝港邻里警局局长CO Jurong West Neighbourhood Police Centre 裕廊西邻里警局局长CO Nanyang Neighbourhood Police Centre 南洋邻里警局局长CO Woodlands Neighbourhood Police Centre 兀兰邻里警局局长TRAFFIC POLICE DEPARTMENT 交通警局Commander 局长Administration Branch 行政组Head Admin 处长OC Testing Unit 考车组主任Customer Service Support Officer 客户服务辅助员Implementation Task Force 执行工作队Head 主任Operations and Training Branch 行动及培训组Head 主任Traffic Investigations Branch 交通事故调查组Head Traffic Investigation 交通事故调查主任Officer-in-Charge Violation Reports 交通违例报告组主任Research & Planning Branch 研究及策划组Head 主任POLICE COAST GUARD 警察海岸卫队Commander 司令Deputy Commander Police Coast Guard/Head Ivs & Intel 副司令（警察海岸卫队/调查及情报主任）Head Operations & Security 行动及保安主任Head Logistics 警需主任Head Training & Development 培训及发展主任Head Manpower & Admin 人力及行政主任CO Kallang Region 加冷区司令CO Gul Region 卡尔区司令CO Lim Chu Kang Region 林厝港区司令CO Seletar Region 实里达区司令Commanding Officer Technical Maintenance 技术维修处主任Commanding Officer POLCOM 警察通讯中心主任CO Service & Support 服务及辅助组主任SPECIAL OPERA TIONS COMMAND 特别行动指挥处Commander 司令Deputy Commander 副司令Head Admin & Logistics 行政及警需主任Head Operations 行动主任Head Training 培训主任CO STAR Unit 特种部队指挥官Head MAL STAR 特种部人力、行政及警需主任POLICE DOG UNIT 警犬组Officer-in-Charge 主任GURKHA CONTINGENT 辜加兵团AIRPORT POLICE 机场警署Commander 署长Deputy Commander 副署长Head Operations & Training 行动及培训主任Manpower Officer 人力官POLICE SECURITY COMMAND 警察保安指挥处Commander 司令Deputy Commander 副司令Head Operations & Intelligence 行动及情报主任CO Istana Security Unit 总统府保安组主任Manpower Officer 人力官Head Planning & Development 策划及发展主任TRAINING COMMAND 训练局Commander 局长Deputy Commander 副局长CO Basic Training Centre 基本训练中心指挥官CO Advanced Training Centre 高级训练中心指挥官Director of Music 警察乐队总监Commandant, National Police Cadet Corps 全国学生警察团指挥官Head Training Development & Control 发展及管制培训主任Head Doctrine Management 准则管理主任Head Corporate Services 行政服务主任Head Training Infrastructure & Development 基础设施及发展主任Head People Development 人力培训主任VOLUNTEER SPECIAL CONSTABULARY 志愿特警团Commander 司令Admin & Finance Officer 行政及财务员Assistant Admin Officer 助理行政事务员INTERNAL SECURITY DEPARTMENT 内部安全局Duty Office 值勤处Counter Terrorism Centre 反恐中心SINGAPORE CIVIL DEFENCE FORCE 新加坡民防部队HQ SINGAPORE CIVIL DEFENCE FORCE 新加坡民防部队总部Commissioner 总监Deputy Commissioner 副总监Assistant Commissioner (General Staff) 助理总监（参谋部）Assistant Commissioner (Corporate Services) 助理总监（行政服务）Quality Service Manager 优质服务经理OPERATIONS DEPARTMENT 行动处Head Operations 处长Deputy Head 副处长Head Operations Planning Branch 行动策划科科长Head Intelligence Branch 情报科科长Head Hazmat Branch 危险物质科科长Head Operations Centre 行动控制中心科长Head Fire Investigation Branch 火患调查科科长Head Manpower Policy & Planning Branch 人力政策及策划科科长MANPOWER DEPARTMENT 人力处Head 处长Head Manpower Policy & Planning Branch 人力政策及策划科科长Officer-in-Charge Manpower Policy & Planning Section 人力政策及策划组组长Officer-in-Charge Careers Centre 职业中心主管Head Senior Officer & Civilian Branch 高级民防官及非制服人员事务科科长Officer-in-Charge Senior Officer Development Section 高级民防官发展组组长Officer-in-Charge Senior Officer Affairs & Civilian Section 高级民防官事务及非制服人员组组长Head Junior Officer Branch 初级民防官事务科科长Officer-in-Charge Junior Officer Development Section 初级民防官发展组组长Officer-in-Charge Junior Officer Affairs Section 初级民防官事务组组长Head Regimentation Discipline & Welfare Branch 部队纪律及福利科科长Officer-in-Charge Regimentation & Discipline Section 部队纪律组组长Officer-in-Charge Welfare & Awards Section 福利及奖励组组长NA TIONAL SERVICE PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT 国民服役人员处Head 处长Officer-in-Charge NS Personnel Planning Section 国民服役人员策划组组长Officer-in-Charge NS Personnel Relations Section 国民服役人员联系组组长Head NS Personnel Development & Deployment Branch 国民服役人员发展及调派科科长Officer-in-Charge NSmen Development Section 战备人员发展组组长Officer-in-Charge NSmen Deployment Section 战备人员调派组组长Officer-in-Charge NSF Section 全职国民服役组组长Head NS Record and Data Branch 国民服役人员档案及数据资料组组长Officer-in-Charge Data Section 数据资料组组组长PUBLIC AFFAIRS DEPARTMENT 公共事务处Head 处长Officer-in-Charge Planning & Evaluation Section 策划及评估组组长Head Public Communications Development Branch 公共传播发展科科长Officer-in-Charge Media Relations & Publicity Section 媒体联系及宣传组组长Officer-in-Charge Web Communications Section 网络通讯组组长Head Corporate Affairs Development Branch 行政事务发展科科长Officer-in-Charge Corporate Relations Section 行政联系组组长Officer-in-Charge Corporate Audio-Visual Section 视听组组长Head Community Involvement & Education Branch 社区促进与及教育科科长Officer-in-Charge Community Education Section 社区教育组组长Officer-in-Charge Community Involvement Section 社区促进组组长Head Applied Psychology Unit 应用心理管理科科长Officer-in-Charge Emergency Behaviour Management Section 行为心理管理组组长Officer-in-Charge Counselling Section 心理辅导组组长Officer-in-Charge Research & Testing Section 研究与测试组组长LOGISTICS DEPARTMENT 后勤处Head 处长Head Logistics Plans Branch 后勤策划科科长Head Equipment Management Branch 配备管理科科长Officer-in-Charge Special Equipment Section 特别配备组组长Officer-in-Charge General Equipment Section 普通配备组组长Head Transport Management Branch 运输管理科科长Officer-in-Charge Civil Resources Section 民间资源组组长Officer-in-Charge Vehicle Appliance Section 车辆管理组组长Head Purchasing and Evaluation Branch 采购及评估科科长Officer-in-Charge Building & Maintenance Section 建筑及维修组组长TRAINING DEPARTMENT 培训处Head 处长Head Doctrine & Exercise Branch 训导及演习科科长Head Training Plans & Policies Branch 培训计划及政策科科长Head Training Development & Sports Branch 培训发展及运动科科长SERVICE QUALITY DEPARTMENT 优质服务处Head 处长Head Performance Auditing & Review Branch 工作审查与评估科科长Head Service & Organisational Excellence Branch 服务与组织优质管理科科长TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT 科技处Head 处长Head Technologies Policies & Planning Branch 科技政策与计划科科长Head Technology System Development Branch 科技系统发展科科长Head C3 System Management Branch C3系统管理科科长Head IT System Management Branch 资讯科技系统管理科科长Head Public Warning System Branch 公共警报系统科科长MEDICAL DEPARTMENT 医务处Chief Medical Officer 总医务官Head Medical Operations & Planning Branch 医务行动及策划科科长Head Emergency Ambulance Service Branch 紧急救护车服务科科长Officer-in-Charge Health Care Section 保健组组长FINANCE DEPARTMENT 财务处Head 处长Head System Review & Control Branch 系统检讨及管制科科长Head Financial Management & Budget Branch 财务管理及预算科科长Officer-in-Charge Financial Management Section 财务管理组组长Officer-in-Charge Budget Section 预算组组长Head Expenditure Control Branch 开支管制科科长Paymaster 薪饷发配主任Officer-in-Charge Accounts Section 帐目组组长PLANNING DEPARTMENT 策划处Head 处长Head Strategic Planning Branch 策略性策划科科长Head Organisational Development Branch 组织策划科科长Head Development Planning Branch 发展策划科科长SERVICE SUPPORT UNIT 服务辅助单位Commander 司令Service Support Company Commander 服务辅助连连长Admin Support Company Commander 行政辅助连连长Head Administration, Admin Support Centre 行政辅助中心主任Officer-in-Charge NS Administration 国民服役行政组组长Officer-in-Charge Customer Service Centre 客户服务中心组长Officer-in-Charge Medical Centre 医务中心组长FIRE SAFETY AND SHELTER BUREAU 消防安全与防空署Director 署长Deputy Director 副署长Planning and Review Branch 策划及检讨科Head 科长Officer-in-Charge FSSB Planning Section 消防安全与防空策划组组长Officer-in-Charge Review & Evaluation Section 检讨及评估组组长Licensing and Enforcement Branch 执照签发及执法科Head 科长Officer-in-Charge Temp Fire Permit/ Fire Safety Certificate Section 临时消防准证/消防安全证书组组长Officer-in-Charge Fire Certificate/Licensing Section 消防证书/执照签发组组长Officer-in-Charge Enforcement Section 执法组组长Plans Approval & Consultation Branch 蓝图批准及咨询科Head 科长Officer-in-Charge PAC Branch (Commercial Section) 蓝图批准及咨询组(商业组)组长Officer-in-Charge PAC (Residential & Others) Section 蓝图批准及咨询组（住宅及其它）组长Officer-in-Charge PAC Branch (Industrial Section) 蓝图批准及咨询组(工业组)组长Civil Defence Shelter Branch 防空壕科Head 科长Officer-in-Charge Shelter Development Section 防空壕发展组组长Officer-in-Charge Shelter Management Section 防空壕管理组组长Officer-in-Charge Shelter Ops Readiness Section 防空壕运作备就组组长CD FORMATION/TRAINING SCHOOL 民防单位训练学校1st CD DIVISION 民防第一分区Commander 司令Deputy Commander 副司令Head Ops/Training Branch 行动/培训科科长Head Personnel Branch 人事科科长Head Public Affairs Branch 公共事务科科长Officer-in-Charge Signal Unit 后勤科科长Head Logistics 讯号单位组组长OC Central Fire Station 中央消防局局长OC Alexandra Fire Station 亚历山大消防局局长OC Clementi Fire Station 金文泰消防局局长OC Bishan Fire Station 碧山消防局局长OC Jurong Island Fire Station 裕廊岛消防局局长2ND CD DIVISION 民防第二分区Commander 司令Deputy Commander 副司令Head Ops/Training Branch 行动/培训科科长Head Personnel Branch 人事科科长Head Public Affairs Branch 公共事务科科长Officer-in-Charge Signal Unit 后勤科科长Head Logistics 讯号单位组组长OC Geylang Fire Station 芽笼消防局局长OC Changi Fire Station 樟宜消防局局长3RD CD DIVISION 民防第三分区Commander 指挥官Deputy Commander 副指挥官Head Ops/Training Branch 行动/培训科科长Head Personnel Branch 人事科科长Head Public Affairs Branch 公共事务科科长Officer-in-Charge Signal Unit 后勤科科长Head Logistics 讯号单位组组长OC Sembawang Fire Station 三巴旺消防局局长OC Ang Mo Kio Fire Station 宏茂桥消防局局长OC Sengkang Fire Station 盛港消防局局长4TH CD DIVISION 民防第四分区Commander 司令Deputy Commander 副司令Head Ops/Training Branch 行动/培训科科长Head Personnel Branch 人事科科长Head Public Affairs Branch 公共事务科科长Officer-in-Charge Signal Unit 后勤科科长Head Logistics 讯号单位组组长OC Jurong Fire Station 裕廊消防局局长OC Tuas Fire Station 大士消防局局长OC Woodlands Fire Station 兀兰消防局局长OC Bukit Timah Fire Station 武吉知马消防局局长BASIC RESCUE TRAINING CENTRE 基本训练中心Commander 司令Head Ops/Training 行动/培训科科长Office-in-Charge Ops Section 行动组组长Office-in-Charge Ops (NS) Section 培训(战备)组组长Head Personnel 人事科科科长Office-in-Charge Personnel NSmen Section 人事组组长Office-in-Charge Finance Section 财务组组长Office-in-Charge Trade Training 职业培训组组长Head Training Management 培训管理科科长Head Admin 行政科科长Office-in-Charge Personnel Section 人事组组长Office-in-Charge Admin & Finance Section 行政及财务组组长Office-in-Charge Security Section 保安组组长Officer-in-Charge Rescue Training Wing 拯救技术培训组组长Office-in-Charge Construction V ocation Training Wing 职业建筑培训组组长CIVIL DEFENCE ACADEMY 民防学院Director 院长Deputy Director 副院长Chief Instructor 总教官Head Training Development Branch 培训发展科科长Head Training Management Branch 培训管理科科长Head Instructional Technology Branch 资讯科技科科长Head Admin 行政科科长Head Personnel Branch 人事科科长Head Corporate Affairs Branch 行政事务科科长OC Command & Staff Training Wing 指挥及参谋培训处课长Head Senior Officer Training Branch 高级民防官培训科科长Head Junior Officer Training Branch 初级民防官培训科科长OC Specialist Training Wing 专科培训处课长Head Fire Fighting Specialist Branch 消防专科科长Head Hazmat Specialist Branch 危险物质专科科长Head Urban Search and Rescue Specialist Branch 都市搜寻与拯救专科科长OC V ocational Training Wing 职业培训处课长Head Admin Vocation Branch 职业行政科科长Head Driver & Operator V ocation Branch 职业驾驶科科长Head Medical V ocation Branch 职业医务科科长Head Comms V ocation Branch 职业通讯科科长Head Shelter Vocation Branch 职业防空壕科科长OC Fire Fighting & Rescue Training wing 消防及拯救培训处课长Head Fire Fighting Training Branch 消防培训科科长Head Ship Fire Fighting Branch 船舱消防科科长OC Unit Training Wing 单位培训处课长OC Physical Training Wing 体能培训处课长Head Physical Training Branch/Chief PTI 体能培训科科长Head Testing Branch 监考科科长Commander Service Support Unit 服务辅助单位司令Dy Comd Service Support Unit 副服务辅助单位司令SUB-Unit 附属单位Commander Central Supply Base 中央供应基地主任Commander Central Maintenance Base 中央维修基地主任OC CD Provost Unit 民防纠察组主任Commandant CD Detention Barracks 民防拘留营司令DART UNIT 灾难拯救队Comd DART 灾难拯救队队长CIVIL DEFENCE HERITAGE GALLERYOfficer-in-ChargePRISONS DEPARTMENT 监狱部。
curator参数列表
curator参数列表Curator参数列表Curator是一个用于ZooKeeper的Java客户端库，它提供了一系列易于使用的API来简化ZooKeeper的操作。
在Curator中，有许多参数可以用来配置和定制客户端的行为。
本文将介绍Curator 参数列表，并对每个参数进行详细解释。
1. connectString（连接字符串）：指定ZooKeeper集群的地址和端口号。
可以通过逗号分隔的形式指定多个地址，例如"host1:port1,host2:port2,host3:port3"。
2. sessionTimeoutMs（会话超时时间）：指定客户端与ZooKeeper服务器之间的会话超时时间。
如果在该时间内没有收到来自服务器的心跳，会话将被认为已过期。
3. connectionTimeoutMs（连接超时时间）：指定客户端与ZooKeeper服务器建立连接的超时时间。
如果在该时间内无法建立连接，客户端将放弃连接尝试。
4. retryPolicy（重试策略）：指定在与ZooKeeper服务器通信时发生错误时的重试策略。
Curator提供了几种内置的重试策略，如ExponentialBackoffRetry、BoundedExponentialBackoffRetry 和RetryNTimes等。
5. namespace（命名空间）：指定在ZooKeeper中创建的所有节点的前缀。
通过使用命名空间，可以将不同的应用程序或模块隔离开来，避免节点名称冲突。
6. aclProvider（ACL提供者）：指定用于设置ZooKeeper节点访问控制列表（ACL）的提供者。
Curator提供了一些内置的ACL提供者，如DigestACLProvider和IpACLProvider等。
7. defaultData（默认数据）：指定在创建节点时使用的默认数据。
如果创建节点时没有指定数据，将使用默认数据。
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ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS Ambient Temperature and Pressure:
• •
Determine prior to test and every 30 minutes during test
Wind Direction and Velocity: Tail winds adversely affect engine ground operation – Can cause excessive EGT during starting, idle and low power operations – Can cause compressor stall at HIGH EPR
•
Engine fuel control switch (left or right) – Select to RUN at 15 percent N2 minimum – Note: Pratt & Whitney recommends select run at maximum motoring speed – Ignition system energized – Spar valve and condition motor actuate to turn fuel on Observe: – EGT, N2, starting fuel flow, N1, and oil pressure – Start valve closes at 50 percent N2 – Engine start selector switch to AUTO at 50 percent N2 Satisfactory Start: – Oil pressure indication required at fuel pressurization – Lightup within 20 seconds of fuel ON – Engine acceleration to idle – EGT start limit 535°C
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Inlet: High suction area-avoid during operation FOD
Fuel and Oil: Fire hazard Toxic - avoid skin contact Slippery when on ground or equipment
Ignition: Ensure system is 'OFF' – Before performing maintenance action – During all maintenance ground runs
Modes:
Avoid Hot Engine Parts:
• • • • • •
Pneumatic tubes/components Fuel/oil tubes/components Engine hot section/exhaust section
Caution: N2 must be below 20 percent before re-engaging starter If EGT exceeds start temperature limit of 535°C., duration of overtemperature in seconds and peak temperature must be recorded in engine log for maintenance
Exhaust:
• • • • • • • • • •
• • • • •
High temperature/pressure/velocity gases Toxicity
Noise: Wear ear protection Observe time/distance restrictions
Sequential Selective Static Motoring – Dry – Wet Running
•
Key Steps: Push in and rotate left or right engine start selector to GND position (magnetically held) – Ignition system armed – Bleed air regulating valve closes – Amber 'L (or R) ENGINE START VALVE' light cycles off-on-off as the starter shutoff valve opens – Start selector switch releases to AUTO at 50 percent N2, 'ENGINE START VALVE' light cycles off-on-off at 50 percent N2 – APU maintains duct pressure
•
Unsatisfactory Start: – Immediate lightup at fuel ON – No oil pressure indication at fuel ON – No rotation – Hung start – No light – Impending HOT START – Slow acceleration to idle
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
600 MARCH 2006
17 - 1
ENGINE GROUND OPERATIONS (767-200,-300) OVERVIEW
GENERAL Purpose: Determine satisfactory engine operation after component repair/ replacement Confirm engine problems Assist in troubleshooting Hierarchy:
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
600 MARCH 2006
17 - 6
STARTING CONTROLS
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
600 MARCH 2006
17 - 7
ENGINE GROUND OPERATIONS (767-200,-300) STARTING OPERATIONS
SECTION 17
ENGINE GROUND OPERATIONS (767-200,-300)
WHEN YOU COMPLETE THIS LESSON, YOU WILL BE ABLE TO:
1. 2. 3. STATE THE STEPS IN STARTING THE PW4000 ENGINE. STATE THREE (3) REASONS FOR ABORTING AN ENGINE START. GIVEN ENGINE DATA AND OPERATING CONDITIONS, IDENTIFY DATA WHICH EXCEEDS OPERATING LIMITS AND LOCATE THE CORRECT ACTION TO BE TAKEN IN THE MAINTENANCE MANUAL.
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
600 MARCH 2006
17 - 4
PREFERRED WIND DIRECTION
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
600 MARCH 2006
17 - 5
ENGINE GROUND OPERATIONS (767-200,-300) STARTING OPERATIONS
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
600 MARCH 2006
17 - 8
STARTING CONTROLS
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY
600 MARCH 2006
17 - 9
ENGINE GROUND OPERATIONS (767-200,-300) STARTING OPERATIONS
Preferred Wind Direction - Engine Ground Test:
• •
Wind velocity stated for steady wind conditions, reduce maximum limit five knots for gusty wind conditions Discontinue test run if EPR and/or N1 becomes unstable or if inlet noise intensity increases or an inlet sound characteristic changes such as a blowtorch-type of sound. Increased engine vibration may also be noted
SHUTDOWN Normal:
• • • • • • •
Stabilize at idle - 5 minutes Engine fuel control switch - OFF
Emergency: Retard thrust lever to idle Engine fuel control switch - OFF Motor engine until EGT goes below 180°C
STARTING SEQUENCE
CRITERIA FOR AN ABORT START
• • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Ignition selector placed in start position Start valve opens supplying air to starter Service bleeds close Variable stator vanes slew fully close EPR, EGT, and N2 become available to EICAS at approximately 5% N2 speed Flight recorder turns on FADEC/EEC calculates delta Tt3 - Tt2 to determine start schedule at 1000 N2 RPM Max motor engine Fuel valve is opened pressurizing engine within 3 seconds full pressurization at approximately 12 seconds N1 begins to display on EICAS FADEC/EEC switches from primary to secondary channel for cross-talk checks at 33% N2 Starter disengages between 45% - 48% N2 RPM Start and stability bleed closes (2.95 bleed) at 100 N2 RPM prior to idle Idle is achieved at 6300 N2C2 in typically 60 seconds – Note: EGT limit of 535°C must be observed during start.