Lecture13_07对话框
通信原理Lecture 13 Bandpass Modulation and Demodulation_1
Lecture 13Bandpass Modulation and DemodulationDr. Xin Zhang School of Electronics and Information EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyReviews of Lecture 12Eye patternTransversal equalizerZero-forcingMSEModulation motivationDigital bandpass modulation Coherent modulationNoncoherent modulatione.g. A Zero-Forcing Three-Tap EqualizerConsider that the tap weights of an equalizing transversal filter are to be determined by transmitting a single impulse asa training signal. Let the equalizer circuit in Figure 3.26 bemade up of just three taps. Given a received distorted set of pulse samples {x(k)}, with voltage values 0.0, 0.2, 0.9, -0.3, 0.1, as shown in Figure 3.25, use a zero-forcing solution to find the weights {c-1, c0, c1} that reduce the ISI so that the equalized pulse samples {z(k)} have the values, {z(-1) = 0, z(0) = 1, z(1) = 0}. Using these weights, calculate the ISI values of theequalized pulse at the sample times k = ±2, ±3.What is the largest magnitude sample contributing to ISI, and what is the sum of all the ISI magnitudes?SolutionFor the channel impulse response specifiedz=x ce.g. A Zero-Forcing Three-Tap Equalizer (2)orSolving these three simultaneous equations results in the following weights:The values of the equalized pulse samples {z(k)} corresponding to sample times k =-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 are computed by using the preceding weights in Equation (3.89a),yielding0.0000 -0.0428 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 0.1171 0.0345Introduction•4.2.1 Phasor Representation of a SinusoidPhasor representation of a sinusoid.•4.2.1 Phasor Representation of a Sinusoid (2)First, within this compact from, , is contained the two important quadrature components of any sinusoidal carrier wave, namely the inphase (real) and thequadrature (imaginary) components that are orthogonal to each other.Second, the unmodulated carrier wave is conveniently represented in a polar coordinate system as a unit vector or phasor rotating counterclockwise at the constant rate of radians/s.Third, when it comes time to modulate the carrier wave with information, we can view this modulation as amethodical perturbation of the rotating phasor.Figure 4.3 Amplitude modulation.•4.2.1 Phasor Representation of a Sinusoid (3)Figure Narrowband frequency modulation.•4.2.1 Phasor Representation of a Sinusoid (4)•4.2.2 Phase Shift KeyingThe general analytic expression for PSK is shown above.Phase shift keying (PSK) was developed during the early days of the deep-space program; PSK is now widely used in both military and commercial communicationssystems.•4.2.3 Frequency Shift KeyingAt the symbol transitions, the figure depicts a gentle shift from one frequency (tone) to another. This behavior is only true for a special class of FSK called continuous-phase FSK (CPFSK)•4.2.4 Amplitude Shift KeyingBinary ASK signaling (also called on–off keying) was one of the earliest forms of digital modulation used in radio telegraphy at the beginning of this century.•4.2.5 Amplutude Phase KeyingWhen the set of M symbols in the two-dimensional signal space are arranged in a rectangular constellation, thesignaling is referred to as quadrature amplitudemodulation(QAM).•4.2.6 Waveform Amplitude CoefficientThe waveform amplitude coefficient appearing in Equations (4.7) to (4.10) has the same general form for all modulation formats.Since the energy of a received signal is the key parameter in determining the error performance of the detectionprocess, it is often more convenient to use the amplitude notation in Equation above because it facilitates solving directly for the probability of error P E as a function of signal energy.4.3 DETECTION OF SIGNALS IN GAUSSIAN NOISE Equivalence theorem: Performing bandpass linear signal processing, followed by heterodyning the signal tobaseband yields the same results as heterodyning thebandpass signal to baseband, followed by baseband linear signal processing.The term “heterodyning” refers to a frequency conversion or mixing process that yields a spectral shift in the signal.As a result of this equivalence theorem, all linear signal-processing simulations can take place at baseband , withthe same results as at bandpass.•4.3.1 Decision RegionsM = 2AWGNd(r, s i) = ||r –s i|| The detector’s task after receiving r is to decide which of the signals (s1or s2,) was actually transmitted. The method is usually to decide on the signal classification that yields the minimum expected P E.•4.3.2 Correlation ReceiverThe received signal is the sum of the transmitted prototype signal plus the random noise:Detection process:1. the received waveform, r(t), is reduced to a singlerandom variable z(T), or to a set of random variables z i(T) (i= 1, . . . , M), formed at the output of the demodulator and sampler at time t = T, where T is the symbolduration.2.a symbol decision is made on the basis of comparingz(T) to a threshold or on the basis of choosing themaximum z i(T).•4.3.2 Correlation Receiver (2)Step 1 can be thought of as transforming the waveform into a point in the decision space. This point can bereferred to as the predetection point, the most criticalreference point in the receiver. Step 2 can be thought of as determining in which decision region the point islocated.For the detector to be optimized (in the sense of minimizing the error probability), it is necessary tooptimize the waveform-to-random-variabletransformation, by using matched filters or correlators in step 1, and by also optimizing the decision criterion instep 2.•4.3.2 Correlation Receiver (3)The verb “to correlate” means “to match.” The correlators attempt to match the incoming receivedsignal, r(t), with each of the candidate prototypewaveforms, s i(t), known a priori to the receiver. Areasonable decision rule is to choose the waveform, s i(t), that matches best or has the largest correlation with r(t).In other words, the decision rule isChoose the s i(t )whose index corresponds to the max z i(T)•4.3.2 Correlation Receiver (4)Figure Correlator receiver with reference signals {s(t)}.iFigure Correlator receiver with reference signals {}.•4.3.2 Correlation Receiver (5)•4.3.2 Correlation Receiver (6)In the case of binary detection, the correlation receiver can be configured as a single matched filter or product integrator with the reference signal being the difference between the binary prototype signals, s1(t)-s2(t). Theoutput of the correlator, z(T), is fed directly to thedecision stage.•4.3.2 Correlation Receiver (7)For binary detection, the correlation receiver can also be drawn as two matched filters or product integrators, one of which is matched to s2(t), and the other is matched to s2(t). In the decision stage ,the correlator outputs z i(T) (i = 1, 2) can be differenced to form Z(T) =z1(T) -z2(T).•Binary Decision ThresholdConditional probability density functions: p(z/s1), p(z/s2).The abscissa z (T ) represents the full range of possible sample output values from the correlation receiver shown in Figure above.With regard to optimizing the binary decision threshold for deciding in which region a received signal is located, we found in Section 3.2.1 that the minimum errorcriterionfor equally likely binary signals corrupted by Gaussian noise can be stated as•Binary Decision Threshold (2)4.4 COHERENT DETECTIONConsider the following binary PSK (BPSK) example:Let •4.4.1 Coherent Detection of PSKAssume that s1(t) was transmitted. Then the expectedvalues of the product integrators in Figure above, with reference signal ,are found as•4.4.1 Coherent Detection of PSK (2)where E{} denotes the ensemble average, referred to as the expected value .The decision stage must decide which signal wastransmitted by determining its location within the signalspace.•4.4.1 Coherent Detection of PSK (3)•4.4.2 Sampled Matched FilterThe impulse response of the matched filter is a delayed version of the mirror image (rotated on the t = 0 axis) of the input signal waveform. Therefore, if the signalwaveform is s(t), its mirror image is s(-t), and the mirror image delayed by T seconds is s(T -t).The impulseresponse h(t) of a filter matched to s(t) is then described by•4.4.2 Sampled Matched Filter (2)Figure above shows how an MF can be implemented using digital hardware.•4.4.2 Sampled Matched Filter (3)Sampledmatchedfilterdetectionexample,neglectingnoise.•4.4.2 Sampled Matched Filter (4)Note that a correlator only computes an output once per symbol time, such as the value of the peak signal at time T.If there are timing errors in the correlator, then the sampled output fed to the detector may be badlydegraded.。
Lecture-13 GPS单点定位
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第十三讲 单点定位
张小红 武汉大学测绘学院
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地球物理流体力学课件：Lecture 13 Rossby Wave and Topographic
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[3]. The great challenge today is ...... There is much difficulty , but ........
2--6 significance 意义性的结尾方式 --------> 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更 新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要 性以及其深远的意义!
50. 所以¸ 我们应该了解…。 Therefore, we should realize (that)子句 例︰所以¸ 我们应该了解学英文不能没有字典。 Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary. 51. 因此¸ 由上列的讨论我们可以明了…。 We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion (that)子句 例︰因此¸ 由上列的讨论我们可以明了毅力可以克服任何 困难。 We, therefore, can make clear from the above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty. 52. 1. 从～观点来看¸…。 From the ～ point of view, …. 2. 根据～的看法¸…。 According to ～ point of view, …. 例︰从政治的观点来看¸ 这是一个很复杂的问题。 From the political point
Lecture 13. Factor Market 范里安版《中级微观经济学》ppt
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重要课件 Lecture-13
LECTURE 13LEARNING OUTCOMESBy the end of this lecture, students will be able to:∙Understand what is meant by Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE)∙Understand how a PBE relates to the other equilibrium concepts studied so far∙Understand how to find a PBEINTRODUCTIONSo far we have studied three equilibrium concepts:-Nash equilibrium in static games of complete information.-SPNE in dynamic games of complete information.-Bayesian Nash Equilibrium in static games of incomplete information.In this lecture, we will introduce a new equilibrium concept:-Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium (PBE) in dynamic games of incomplete information.Why do we require a “new” equilibrium concept for each class of games?The equilibrium concepts above are closely related – they are not new per se. We also need to strengthen our equilibrium concept, as we consider progressively richer games. For example, a SPNE eliminates Nash equilibria that involve non-credible threats. Similarly, a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium can be thought of as a refinement of a Bayesian Nash EquilibriumAlso, a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium strengthens the requirements of SPNE (see example below) by considering explicitly the players’ beliefs. (Recall that beliefs are important in the context of games characterized by incomplete information.)MOTIVATION FOR THE USE OF A PBEConsider the following dynamic game (characterized by complete but imperfect information).2,1Normal form Representation:2L’R’1 LM RIt is easy to see that, in the normal form game above, there are 2 (pure strategy) Nash equilibria: (L, L’) and(R, R’).Are these Nash equilibria subgame-perfect?The answer is yes. The reason is that the only subgame is the entire game. (Recall that a SPNE is a Nash equilibrium in every subgame.)However, there is a problem with the equilibrium (R, R’), as it involves a non-credible threat: For player 2, L’ dominates R’ (so player 2 would not play R’).Thus, we need to strengthen our equilibrium concept to eliminate the SPNE (R, R’). This is the reason why we need to consider a PBE – not just a SPNE.REFINING OUR EQUILIBRIUM PREDICTIONSA PBE imposes 3 requirements on our equilibrium predictions, 2 of which a presented below:Requirement 1 (“Beliefs”)At each information set, the player with the move must have a belief about which node in the information set has been reached.∙Non-singleton information set: belief = probability distribution.∙Singleton information set: probability 1 is assigned to the single decision node.Based on our example above, requirement 1 is represented by the probabilities p and l-p(see Figure).Requirement 2 (“Sequential Rationality”)Players act optimally given their beliefs and the other players’ strategy.Based on our example aboveThus, Requirement 2 pre vents player 2 from choosing R’ becauseIn consequence, requiring that each player has a belief and acts optimally given this belief suffices to eliminate (R, R’).That is, player 2 won't play R’, so player 1 won’t be induced to play R. Thus, we are left with (L, L’) as our unique SPNE outcome.ANOTHER EXAMPLE TO ILLUSTRATE “SEQUENTIAL RATIONALITY”3, 01∙ Suppose that player 2 assigns probability 2/3 to history C ∙ Suppose that player 2 assigns probability 1/3 to history DSequential rationality requires that player 2’s strategy be optimal, given the subsequent behavior specified by player 1's strategy: i.e.Thus, Sequential Rationality requires that player 2 chooses G.Sequential rationality also requires that player 1’s strategy is optimal at her two information sets, given player 2’s strategy: i.e. ∙ after history (C, F) J optimal∙ at the beginning of the gameD, E optimal, given GThus, there are 2 optimal strategies for player 1: DJ, EJ; given G. (Recall that a strategy is complete plan of action, specifying what the player is going to do at each decision node she may be called upon to decide –so we need to specify an action at each of player 1’s decision nodes.)REQUIREMENT 3Requirement 3 says: Each player’s belief is consistent with the equilibrium strategy profile (“consistency of beliefs with equilibrium strategies”).Based on our initial example, requirement 3 simply says that, in the SPNE (L, L’), player 2's belief is p=1.This completes our analysis of the 3 requirements related to a PBE.CALCULATING BELIEFS – A GENERAL APPROACHExample: Entry GameConsider the following entry game:Suppose that the Challenger attaches probability P R, P U and P O to “Ready”, “Unready” and “Out”, respectively. The Incumbent’s probabilities that “Ready” and “Unready” will occur are p and 1-p, respectively.We have the following possibilities:∙ If , then Requirement 3 does not restrict the Incumbent’s belief.∙ If , then Requirement 3 says that the Incumbent assigns probabilityto “Ready” and probabilityto “Unready”.Both of the last 2 probabilities are consistent with Bayes’ rule.Thus we have arrived at the following definition of a PBE:EXAMPLEConsider the game tree below. Find the PBE.subgameThe subgame identified above can be translated into the following normal form game:L’R’LMIt is easy to see that this game has a unique Nash equilibrium: (L, R’).Using backward induction, we can now identify the optimal action of player 1, given (L, R’). Thus, it is optimal for player 1 to choose D. In consequence, there is a unique SPNE in this game: (D, L, R’).What is the PBE of the game?Requirement 1: Implies beliefs p and 1-p for player 3.Requirement 2: It is fulfilled because the strategies (D, L, R’) have been chosen optimally.Requirement 3: It is fulfilled because p=1 for player 3 is consistent with L chosen by player 2.Thus we can state that: According to the definition of a PBE, the strategies (D, L, R’) and belief p=1 for player 3 satisfy requirements 1-3 – and therefore constitute a PBE.SUMMARYIn this lecture, we saw that all equilibrium concepts studied so far are closely related. We noted that, as we progressively consider richer game, we need to strengthen our equilibrium concept. For example, a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium can be thought of as a refinement of a Bayesian Nash Equilibrium in the sense that it considers explicitly the players’ beliefs.We examined 3 requirements implied by a Perfect Bayesian Equilibrium: in brief, (i) beliefs, (ii) sequential rationality and (iii) consistency of beliefs with equilibrium strategies. We defined a PBE as strategies and beliefs satisfying requirements 1-3. Through a series of examples, we studied how the 3 requirements can be applied so as to obtain a PBE.。
数据库系统课件 Lecture13.Hash-Based-Indexes
Delete in Extendible Hashing
If removal of data entry makes a bucket empty, the bucket can be merged with its `split image’.
If each directory element points to same bucket as its split image, we can halve the directory.
Extendible and Linear Hashing: Dynamic techniques to fix this problem.
Extendible Hashing
Situation: Bucket (primary page) becomes full. Why not re-organize file by doubling the number of buckets?
Static Hashing (Contd.)
Buckets contain data entries. Hash function works on search key field of
record r. Must distribute values over range 0 ...
M-1.
Trick lies in how hash function is adjusted!
Points to Note
20 = binary 10100. Last 2bits (00) tell us r belongs in A or A2. Last 3bits needed to tell which. Global depth of directory: Max # of bits needed to tell which bucket an entry belongs to. Local depth of a bucket: # of bits used to determine if an entry belongs to this bucket.
Lecture 13
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2001 by The
12-10
Exposure Netting
• A multinational firm should not consider deals in isolation, but should focus on hedging the firm as a portfolio of currency positions.
$2 $3 0 0 $1 0 $60 $30 $40
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McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2001 by The
12-13
ExposurLeabharlann Netting: an Example
Bilateral Netting would reduce the number of foreign exchange transactions by half:
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2001 by The
12-4
Transaction Exposure
• Transaction risk is the risk that transactions already entered into, or for which the firm is likely to have a commitment in a foreign currency, will have a variable value in the home currency because of exchange rate movements. • Clearly, transaction risk is a cash flow risk. It may be associated with trading flows.
Lecture13-ppt
News
批评家说这将会阻碍性健康教育，并且有 碍于我们对艾滋病以及同性恋恐惧偏见的 斗争。
Critics said it would restrict sexual health education and impede the fight against AIDS and homophobicm
socialism feudalism capitalism realism spiritualism Marxism feminism
→ 社会主义 → 封建主义 → 资本主义 → 现实主义 唯心主义 马克思主义 女权主义
News
Russia bans gay “propaganda” Russia’s lower house of parliament has passed a new bill that outlaws activism by LGBT individuals and their supporters.
Lecture13
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Do you have any gay friends? What's your opinion towards homosexuality?
Listening
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• Dialog 4 F F F shop window in good quality
Listening
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• Dialog 5 cinema 6:00 • Dialog 6 1. Tim Jhonson pilot 2. an interesting a lot of interesting a good salary a lot of time away responsibility retire / young
CFX13_07_交界面,源项,添加变量
• Rotational Periodicity
– Simulates rotationally periodic geometries
• General Connection
– For all other types of connections – A Frame Change/Mixing Model and a Pitch Change apply to rotating domain cases. These are discussed in the Moving Zones lecture
Training Manual
• A single mesh file may contain non-matching mesh regions and require domain interfaces
– Changes in reference frames between domains
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– The Domain (Filter) just limits the scope of the Region List to make selection easier
How?
• The Interface Models and Mesh Connection Method control how data is transferred across the interface
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Domain Interfaces
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Training Manual
• Domain interfaces involving porous domains are always treated as GGI
Lecture 13_浮选分离.
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• 浮选即泡沫浮选, 是很独特的液固气三相分离方法. 它是依据各种物料的表面性质的差异, 在浮选剂的 作用下, 借助于气泡的浮力, 从物料悬浊液中分选 物料的过程。
• 浮选过程从宏观看是一个物理过程, 其实质是实现 物料分离; 从微观看, 浮选过程发生的是一系列物 理的、化学的及物理化学过程。
• 这种方法所分离的物质与其密度无关, 主要取决于 其表面性质的差异, 能浮出液面的物质对空气的表 面亲和力比对水的表面亲和力大。
• 其中调整剂又可分为活化剂、抑制剂、介 质调整剂和分散与絮凝剂。
• 浮选试剂的分类是有条件的, 而非绝对的. 某种试剂在一定条件下属于这一类, 在另一 条件下可能属于另一类。例如, 硫化钠在浮 选有色金属硫化矿时是抑制剂, 而在浮选有 色金属氧化矿时是活化剂, 当用量过多时又 是它的抑制剂。
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• 自然界的物质, 自然可浮性好的较少。 • 只有少量的如分子晶体的石蜡、硫磺, 具有良好的
一个“ 浮”与“ 不浮”的pH 值, 叫做临界pH 值, 控制临界pH 值, 能控制各种物料的有效分选。
4. 药剂制度 • 浮选能否得到满意的指标, 很大程度上决定于浮
选的药剂制度选择的是否正确。 • 药剂制度主要指确定药剂种类和用量, 其次是指
确定加药的顺序、加药的地点和方法、配药的方 法、药剂作用时间等问题。 • 一般在浮选前添加药剂总量的60%～ 70%, 其 余的则分几批在适当的地石解离表面的Al3+ 的活性是浮选分离石英、长石的关键。
王长喜老师 考研15堂语法课 第13堂_省略结构
LECTURE 13省略结构本堂目标 熟悉识别各种各种省略结构，了解各种情况下的结构现象，完整理解含有省略结构的长难句。
基础预习一个句子中有时一个或更多的成分会被省略掉，这样的句子可以称为省略句。
省略在语言中，尤其在对话中，是一种普遍的现象，因为它有助于语言的简洁。
一、单句中的省略二、并列句中的省略并列结构中，尤其当后一个分句出现and, but, neither, either, nor, so, too 时，后一个分句与前一个分句相同的句子成分可以省去。
【例】(08-翻译)三、不定式符号to 后面的省略重点讲解一、宾语从句中的省略当宾语从句由which, when, where, why 以及how 等疑问词引导时，只保留wh-疑问词，省略其余部分。
【例】由whenever, whatever, wherever, however, no matter how/what/when/where 及whether …nor 等引导的状语从句，也常常省略句中某些成分。
【例】(06-Text 1)【补充拓展】【例】（07-翻译）当遇到“when (或if ，where ，wherever，whenever ，as soon as ，as fast as ，than 等)+possible/necessary 等”时，可理解中间省略了it is (或was)。
【例】课堂练习难句分析1. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. (09-Text 2)2. While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. (09-翻译)3. If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. (08-Part B)4. Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character. (08-翻译)5. The rise of anti-happy art almost exactly tracks the emergence of mass media, and with it, a commercial culture in which happiness is not just an ideal but an ideology. (06-Text 4)6． Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn ’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? (05-Text 2)7. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability. (99-Passage 1)8. But long-term difficulties such as unemployment, serious illness in family or big emotional changes, not readily resolved, can cause insomnia that is so ingrained that it persists even after the crisis is over.9. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.10. In fact, adoption experts believe that people who adopt these children need special training and preparation in order to successfully rear the child and to integrate the child into the family and eventually into society.课堂讲评1. 【分析】复合句。
word常用对话框及选项
命令按钮 许多对话框都包括 3 个命令，分别是“确定”“取消”和“应用”。单击命 令按钮，可执行相应的操作
常用对话框选项及操作
常用对话 操作 框选项 一个小方块，旁边有系统提示。单击小方块使之激活或关闭，当出现“√”符 复选项
号时，个圆按钮，旁边有系统提示。单击小按钮使之激活或关闭，当出现黑点符 号时，表示激活状态。单选框允许多选
含有一系列条目的选择框。单击需要的条目，即为选中。如果是下拉列表框， 可单击“▼”箭头，显示选项清单后，在进行选择 一个矩形框，用于输入字符，汉字或数字。在文本框中单击鼠标以确定插入点， 然后输入需要的正文信息。如果文本框的右端有一个“▼”箭头，单击它可显 示一个选项清单，用户可从中进行选择
商业伦理学课件Lecture 13
• The SOX Act was enacted in July 2002, just 7 months after the outbreak of the Enron scandal.
• Major elements:
– Creating Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to oversee public accounting firms.
– Nurturing an ethical culture as it forces top management to be transparent and employees to be responsible for their acts whilst protecting whistleblowers.
– Setting up standards for auditing independence, e.g., restricting auditing firms from providing consulting services to the same clients.
– Enhanced disclosure requirements for financial transactions, including off-balance-sheet transactions.
– A study by the law firm of Foley and Lardner found the Act increased costs associated with becoming a publicly held company by 130 percent.
C#LectureNotes_第13章
13.2 异常处理
13.2.1 异常处理的一般步骤
生 抛出 自 动
异常类
成
当异常发生时，首先抛出异 常，可以由系统自动生成异 常对象，也可以由用户强制 抛出异常对象；将异常对象 抛给运行时系统以后，系统 就开始捕捉异常，如果捕获 到该异常对象，则进行相应 的处理，找不到处理代码， 则终止系，退出程序。
13.1.2 异常的层次结构
System.Exception是C#异常的基类，其派生类包括以下几类： System.ApplicationException：最重要的派生类之一。它由用户程序而不是 由公共语言运行库引发，作为一种区分应用程序定义的异常与系统定义的异常 的方法而提供。 System.IO.IsolatedStorage.IsolatedStorageException：独立存储异常，在缺 少证据或无效操作时发生。 System.Runtime.Remoting.MetadataServices.SUDSGeneratorException：生 成Web服务描述语言WSDL的过程中发生错误时将引发的异常，由远程处理 WSDL生成器生成。 System.Runtime.Remoting.MetadataServices.SUDSParserException：分析 Web服务描述语言WSDL的过程中发生错误时将引发的异常，由远程处理 WSDL分析器生成。 System.SystemException：最重要的派生类之一。当发生非致命的、可由用 户程序恢复的错误时，公共语言运行时引发该类对象。 System.Windows.Forms.AxHost.InvalidActiveXStateException：引用处于无 效状态的 ActiveX 控件时引发的异常。
Lecture 13
SOJ - 2303 Lab04-02
2.动态分配的对象只有在指向该对象的指针被 删除时才撤销。
// p points to default constructed object Sales_item *p = new Sales_item; { // new scope Sales_item item(*p); // copy constructor copies *p into item delete p; // destructor called on object pointed to by p } // exit local scope; destructor called on item
= new Object(4);
SOJ - 2305 Lab04-04
• Peter was born on March 8th. Given a date, you are to find how many days left for his next birthday.
Sample Input: 2009 3 7 2010 3 8
SOJ - 2301 Lab04-01
• static 成员函数
class Account public: ... private: ... static static static }; { 定义 static 成员
double interestRate; double initRate(); double rate();
Lecture 13
C++ Programming plutoyang@
Contents
• • • • Exercise review Homework review Exercises Homework
电路lecture13边界条件及换路定理.ppt
i
i US / R2
i US (R1 R2 )
t
0 过渡期为零
徐国保
Lecture_13 边界条件和换路定理
电容电路
(t = 0)
i
R+
Us
K
uC
–
K未动作前，电路处于稳定状态
i = 0 , uC = 0
C K接通电源后很长时间，电容充电 完毕，电路达到新的稳定状态
(t →)
f (0 ) lim f (t) t0 t 0
初始条件为 t = 0＋时u ，i 及其各阶导数的值
广东海洋大学
信息学院
徐国保
Lecture_13 边界条件和换路定理
例
图示为电容放电电路，电容原先带有电压Uo,求
开关闭合后电容电压随时间的变化。
(t=0)
解 Ri uc 0 (t 0)
+ uL –
IS
RC
K(t=0)
解
iC+
uC
–
由0－电路得：
IS R
0－电路
0+电路 IS + uL – R
广东海洋大学
iL(0+) = iL(0－) = IS
iC
uC(0+) = uC(0－) = RIS
+ R IS –
由0＋电路得：
iC (0 )
Is
RI S R
0
uL(0+)= - RIS
(t →)
i
uL= 0, i=Us /R
Us
R+
uL
–
L
i
US
?
US/R
UL
13_正弦及相量
例2.
解
(17 j9) (4 j6) 220 35 ? 20 j5 19.24 27.9 7.21156.3 原式 180.2 j126.2 20.6214.04 180.2 j126.2 6.72870.16
180.2 j126.2 2.238 j6.329
广东海洋大学 信息学院
I 100 30 o A U 220 60 o V
徐国保
Lecture_13正弦及相量
例2
已知 I 5015 A, f 50Hz .
试写出电流的瞬时值表达式。
解
i 50 2sin( 314t 15 ) A
正弦量的基本概念
激励和响应均为正弦量的电路称 为正弦电路或交流电路。
i 波形： T O
1. 正弦量
瞬时值表达式：
wt
i(t)=Imsin(w t+y)
周期T (period)和频率f (frequency) :
y
1 f T
周期T ：重复变化一次所需的时间。 单位：s，秒 频率f ：每秒重复变化的次数。
(2) i1 (t ) 10 sin( 100 t 300 ) i2 (t ) 10 cos(100 t 150 ) (3) u1 (t ) 10 sin( 100 t 300 ) u2 (t ) 10 sin( 200 t 450 )
j 3 4 ( 2) 5 4 j 2 5 4 3 4
t
y = /2
i O
i
y =-
O
广东海洋大学
t
t
信息学院
徐国保
Lecture_13正弦及相量
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ID属性
控件的文字说明
Caption（标题）属性
Visible属性
Disable属性
Tabstop属性
Group属性
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.2 对话框模板资源设计
设置控件属性
ID属性 Caption（标题）属性
控件是否是可见
Visible属性
Disable属性
检查框(Check Box)
单选按钮(Radio Button) 组框(Group Box)
CButton
CButton CButton
列表框(List Box)
组合框(Combo Box) 滚动条(Scroll Bar)
CListBox
CComboBox CScrollBar
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.2 对话框模板资源设计
控件属性设置
控件类型 组框(个人情况) 组框(单位情况) 静态正文(姓名) 编辑框(姓名) 检查框(婚否) 静态正文(年龄) 编辑框(年龄) 组框(性别) 单选按钮(男) 单选按钮(女) 组框(就业状况) 单选按钮(在职) 缺省 缺省 缺省 IDC_NAME IDC_MARRIE D 缺省 IDC_AGE 缺省 IDC_SEX 缺省 缺省 IDC_WORK 性别 男 女 就业状况 在职 婚否 年龄 ID 标题(Caption) 个人情况 单位情况 姓名 缺省 缺省 缺省 缺省 缺省 缺省 缺省 缺省 Group、Tabstop 缺省 缺省 Group、Tabstop 其它属性
如果一个控件具有Group属性，则这 个控件以及按Tab顺序紧随其后的所
Tabstop属性
Group属性
有控件都属于一组的，直到遇到另一 个有Group属性的控件为止。
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.2 注意问题 对话框模板资源设计
对话框的尺寸单位不是像素，而是与字体的大小有关。
X方向上一个单位等于字符平均宽度的1/4， Y方向上一个单位等于字符平均高度的1/8。
添加成员变量
利用ClassWizard创建添加成员变量。
对话框的主要功能是输出和输入数据，因此，需要有一 组成员变量来存储数据。在对话框中，控件用来表示或输入
数据，因此，存储数据的成员变量应该与控件相对应。
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.3 对话框类设计
添加成员变量
利用ClassWizard创建添加成员变量。
数据变量
控件对象
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.3 对话框类设计
添加成员变量
利用ClassWizard创建添加成员变量。
用于添加成员变量
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.3 对话框类设计
添加成员变量
利用ClassWizard创建添加成员变量。
变量名
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
对话框类设计
三态检查框
单选按钮（组中的第一个 按钮） 不排序的列表框 下拉式组合框 其它列表框和组合框
int（0表示未选中，1表示选中，2表示不确定状态）
int（0表示选择了组中第一个单选按钮，1表示选择了第二 个...，-1表示没有一个被选中） CString（为空则表示没有一个列表项被选中）, int（0表示选择了第一项，1表示选了第二项，-1表示没有 一项被选中） CString, int（含义同上） CString（含义同上）
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9 概念 一种用户界面，用于输出/输入信息。 对话框
与控件是密不可分的，依靠这些控件 与用户进行交互。
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9 主要内容
对话框
基本概念 对话框模板资源设计 对话框类设计 非模态对话框 标签式对话框 公用对话框
增加对控件通知消息的处理
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.3 类的创建 利用ClassWizard创建。
类名
对话框类设计
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.3 类的创建 利用ClassWizard创建。
文件名
对话框类设计
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.3 类的创建 利用ClassWizard创建。
OnInitDialog，其主要功能是初始化对话框。
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.1 消息处理 对话框设计
WM_INITDIALOG消息
控件通知消息
控件向对话框发送的通知消息，
表明控件状态发生变化。
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.2 对话框模板资源设计
对话框资源编辑器 在对话框资源编辑器中设计对话框模板资源。
对话框模板资源设计
对话框类设计
实现对话框的功能
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.1 消息处理 对话框设计
WM_INITDIALOG消息
控件通知消息
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.1 消息处理 对话框设计
WM_INITDIALOG消息
控件通知消息
对话框创建时发出该消息，处理函数是
更改文件名
对话框类设计
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.3 类的创建 利用ClassWizard创建。 对话框类设计
基类名
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.3 类的创建 利用ClassWizard创建。 对话框类设计
对话框资源ID
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.3 对话框类设计
Group属性
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.2 对话框模板资源设计
设置控件属性
控件的标识符
ID属性 Caption（标题）属性
Visible属性
Disable属性
Tabstop属性
Group属性
第13章 模板资源设计
设置控件属性
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.3 变量实例
控件ID IDC_AGE IDC_INCOME IDC_INCOME IDC_KIND 变量类型 UINT CString CListBox CString m_nAge m_strIncome m_ctrlIncome m_strKind 变量名
对话框类设计
IDC_MARRIED
IDC_NAME IDC_SEX IDC_UNIT IDC_WORK
BOOL
CString int CString int
m_bMarried
m_strName m_nSex m_strUnit m_nWork
注:在ClassWizard中可分别为一个控件指定一个数据变量和一个控件对 象，这样做的好处是即能方便地获得数据，又能方便地控制控件。
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.2 对话框模板资源设计
控件属性设置
控件类型 单选按钮(下岗) 静态正文(工作单位) 缺省 ID IDC_WORK1 标题(Caption) 下岗 工作单位 缺省 缺省 其它属性
编辑框(工作单位)
静态正文(单位性质)
IDC_UNIT
缺省 单位性质
缺省
缺省 Drop List、不排序 （不选中Sort风 格）、初始化列表 项（见下文说明） 工资收入 缺省 不排序（不选中 Sort） 确定(&Y) 缺省
“Ctrl+回车键”结束数据输入
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.2 注意问题 对话框模板资源设计
对话框的尺寸单位不是像素，而是与字体的大小有关。
设置Data属性
“Ctrl+回车键”结束数据输入
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.2 实例分析 对话框模板资源设计
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
Tabstop属性
Group属性
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.2 对话框模板资源设计
设置控件属性
ID属性 Caption（标题）属性
Visible属性
Disable属性
控件允许或禁止
Tabstop属性
Group属性
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.2 对话框模板资源设计
组合框(单位性质)
IDC_KIND 缺省 IDC_INCOME IDOK
静态正文(工资收入) 列表框(工资收入) 按钮(确定)
按钮(取消)
IDCANCEL
取消(&C)
缺省
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.2 设置TAB序
按Ctrl+D键显示当前Tab序，用鼠标点击控件可以设定新的Tab序，
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9.3 对话框类设计
对话框的初始化
构造函数
OnInitDialog函数
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9 对话框
对话框和控件的基本概念
模态对话框
非模态对话框
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9 对话框
对话框和控件的基本概念
第13章 单文档应用程序设计
13.9 对话框 MFC类层次 在MFC中，对话框的功能由类CDialog类实现。
CObject
显式位图、图标、方框和图元文件，一般 不能接受输入信息。