阅读：GMAT难句(精简版)
GMAT(教学部+)长难句
申友国际教育（教学部）复合句1.In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners,companies,and countries,employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy,and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.2.None of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized,and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized.3.New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related,the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes.4.Joseph Glarthaar’s Forged in Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War,but it uses more soldiers’letters and diaries—including rare material from Black soldiers—and concentrates more intensely on Black-White relations in Black regiments than do any of its predecessors.5.Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment,and of how historical evidence could undermine the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities.6.The mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently.7.Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.8.Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics,since it highlights an aspect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the"poetic" novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.9.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States,but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition,"can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.10.Although I dedicate this volume to her and to her best friend,fellow club woman and retired primary school teacher Virtea Downey,I still blush at the fact that I went to graduate school to become a historian in order to contribute to the Black Struggle for social justice and yet met her request to write a history of Black women in Indiana with condescension.11.Their primary action took place at night on rain-swept city streets,in narrow ash-can alleys,in claustrophobic diners,and in dingy,shadowy hotel rooms with neon signs flashing outside the windows,rooms in which,as hard-boiled author Nelson Algren once put it,“every bed you rent makes you an accessory to somebody else’s shady past.”12.Toward the end of the afternoon,we followed what seemed to be a large movement of chimpanzees into one great open room in the forest,relatively clear except for columns of but trees.13.Our one great accomplishment is language,but our great hope is the internal compass that may enable us to guide ourselves and our technological powers into the future:our glowing capacity for valuing our own kind and for at least some empathy beyond our kind.14.Bringing this voice to life via the book is one of the subtler aspects of the reading magic,but hearing a book in the voice of another amounts to a silencing of that self—it is an act of vocal tyranny.15.The Whigs were strongest in the towns,cities,and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy,whereas Democrats dominated areas of semisubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.16.People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime—are likely to act aggressively,whereas people who believe that a particular War or act of aggression is unjust,who think that aggression is never justified,are less likely to behave aggressively.17.Jazz became the hottest new thing in dance music,much as ragtime had at the turn of the century,and as would rhythm and blues in the forties,rock in the fifties,and disco in the seventies.18.when it comes to substantive--particularly behavioral-information,crows are less well known than many comparably common species and,for that matter, not a few quite uncommon ones:the endangered California condor,to cite one obvious example.19.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra,and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.20.Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks,but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.21.During the1940's electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible light microscope,while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement.申友国际教育（教学部）复杂句1.Early textile-mill entrepreneurs,in justifying women’s employment in wage labor,made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores;the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women.2.Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed more than two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granite-like bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth.3.The new tax law allowed corporations to deduct the cost of the product donated plus half the difference between cost and fair market selling price,with the proviso that deductions cannot exceed twice cost.4.These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group,certain other bacteria,the archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria,represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.5.Historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women,even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions.6.Argument pointing out the extend of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common ancestor before bacteria arose.7.Paul confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolution published in1776.8.This revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation grew in Part from the research that Woodward had done for the NAACP legal campaign during its preparation for Brown v.Board of Education.9.Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines,thereby eliminating the need to store the spare stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.10.Merchants chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices,including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs.11.Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels,bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.12.That each large film will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized vacates of free market economic theories.13.The historian Frederick J.Turner wrote in the1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier——that is,the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system.14.With the conclusion of a burst activity,the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids,leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted,via oxidative metabolism,by the liver into glucose,which is then sent in part back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.15.Although Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent,he shows that the slaves’preference,revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent,was very much for stable monogamy.16.Such variations in size,shape,chemistry,conduction speed,excitation threshold,and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.17.what are we to make of this sputtering debate,in which charges of imperialism are met by equally passionate accusations of vandalism,in which each side hates the other,and yet each seems to have its share of reason?18.This preference for exogamy,Daivd suggests,may have derived from West African rules governing marriage,which,though they differed from one tribal group to another,all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.19.It is incomprehensible that a way cannot be found to protect a mere60 square miles of land that are home to one of the world’s most spectacular biological phenomena.20.Paul argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of-and so was crucial in sustaining-the Black heritage of folklore,music,and religious expression from one generation to another,a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.21.The well-lit,singing and tap-dancing,happy-ending world of the1930’s had in ten short years become a hostile,orderless place in which alienation, obsession,and paranoia ruled.22.American humor,neither unfathomably absurd like the Irish,nor sharp and sensible and full of the realities of life like the Scottish,is simply the humor of imagination.23.The costume served as a stand-in for herself,a second skin never totally assimilated to the person hidden under it but so integral to her that even when it was taken off,it retained something of the wearer's being.24.The one word that sums up the attitude of the silent filmmaker is enthusiasm, conveyed most strongly before formulas took shape and when there was more room for experiments.25.The recording industry is unalterably convinced that the easy availability of freely downloadable commercial songs will bring about the apocalypse,and yet since downloadable music began flooding the Net,CD sales have risen by20 percent.26.Flying against the azure sky and past the green boughs of the oyamels,this myriad of dancing embers reinforced my earlier conclusion that this spectacle is a treasure comparable to the finest works of art that our world culture has produced over the past4000years.27.The tension between race pride and identification with the nation as a whole was nowhere more dramatic than in the most controversial editorial ever printed in Crisis,"Close Ranks,"which in July1918called on Black Americans to "forget our special grievances and cloy our ranks"with the White people "fighting for democracy"during the First World War.28.Perhaps the most devastating single criticism of the authenticity of the museum design has been that excavation of the original villa site has been so incomplete that there is insufficient knowledge available even to attempt a legitimate re-creation.29.What did amaze me about the potato-size rock that fell from Mars was that it had traveled millions of miles across space to land here,blasted from world to world by a planetary collision of the sort that purportedly killed off our dinosaurs,and had lain waiting for millennia upon an Antarctic ice field,until an observant young woman traveling in an expedition party picked it up, because she figured that it had come from another world.30.Except for these few dubious addresses,each little plot in our development was landscaped like a miniature estate;the puniest“expanse”of unhedged lawn was made to look like a public park.31.Scent for many of us can be only a theoretical,technical expression that we use because our grammar requires that we have a noun to go in the sentences we are prompted to utter about animals'tracking.32.The concept of two warring souls within the body of the Black American was as meaningful for Du Bois at the end of his years as editor of Crisis,the official journal of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP),as when he had first used the image at the start of the century.33.They like a play when they become interested in the human destinies that are represented,when the love and hatred,the joys and sorrows of the dramatic personages so move them that they participate in it all as though it were happening in real life.34.To mention just one example,no one has yet succeeded in putting before us even a single viewer who was incapable of telling the difference between a family quarrel in the current soap opera and one at his or her family's breakfast table.35.Claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore.36.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologists is the realization that although the materials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically,the materials by no means determine what is done.37.The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North,though less spectacularly.38.In the seventeenth century the organ,the clavichord,and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group,a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.39.As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health,it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy.40.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.41.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century,including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it,the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality,finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound,from a liquid,singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.42.These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be a valuable tool not only of science but also of history,providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented.43.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface,the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans,in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.44.The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl.45.The different uses to which societies put these materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask,for example,why a people chooses to use clay and not copper when both items are available.46.What we today call American folk art was,indeed,art of,by,and for ordinary,everyday“folks”who,with increasing prosperity and leisure,created a market for art of all kinds,and especially for portraits.47.Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy,desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height,and temperatures as high as46degrees Celsius have been measured in Grant's gazelles.48.A useful definition of an air pollutant is a compound added directly or indirectly by humans to the atmosphere in such quantities as to affect humans, animals,vegetation,or materials adversely.49.Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canopy of branches,a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of almost everything else.50.In taking up a new life across the Atlantic,the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life.申友国际教育（教学部）省略句1.While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other self-serving motives,this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments.2.The consumption of protein increases blood concentration of the other amino acids much more,proportionately,than it does that of tryptophan.3.That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.4.Although some experiments show that,as an object becomes familiar,its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel,the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis,at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.5.However,as they gained cohesion,the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres,who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.6.Even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.7.Apparently most massive stars manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of1.4M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.8.An impact(on the Mars)capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth-intersecting orbit is even less probable than such an event on the Moon,in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth.9.In experiments,an injection of cytoplasm from dextral eggs changes the pattern of sinistral eggs,but an injection from sinistral eggs does not influence dextral eggs.10.The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature,of course,does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by their.申友国际教育（教学部）倒装句1.More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry.2.Emancipation has been less profound than expected,for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.3.So desperate is the situation that the Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources has recognized the monarch migration as an endangered biological phenomenon and has designated it the first priority in their effort to conserve the butterflies of the world.4.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the20years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth.5.Missing until recently were fossils clearly intermediate,or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.6.Had it not been for the superb preservation of these fossils,they might well have been classified as dinosaurs.7.Most important,perhaps,was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner of technique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist,Thomas Cole,who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the Hudson River.8.Among the species of seabirds that use the windswept cliffs of the Atlantic coast of Canada in the summer to mate,lay eggs,and rear their young are common murres,Atlantic puffins,black-legged kittiwakes,and northern gannets.9.Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits.10.Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals,sometimes easily recognizable as such,often distorted into gorgeous,weird,but always functional shapes.11.With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it,young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression.12.Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before1927as “silent”,the film has never been,in the full sense of the word,silent.13.Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity,the number of species in a particular ecosystem,to the health of the Earth and human well-being.14.Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well:that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony.15.Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them.Nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.16.Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration,from town and farm to city,within the United States.17.Here in lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.18.Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle,but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.19.One such novel idea is that of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’natural constitution:specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes,if they can be identified and isolated,that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria.Hence,the intensified research on legumes.20.Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s10”neurons should occupy,let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes.。
gmatog长难句
gmatog长难句The director claims that this production is as similar to the original production as is possible in a modern theater.Hotco oil burners, designed to be used in asphalt plants, are so efficient that Hotco will sell one to the Clifton Asphalt plant for no payment other than the cost savings between the total amount the asphalt plant actually paid for oil using its former burner during the last two years and the total amount it will pay for oil using the Hotco burner during the next two years. On installation, the plant will make an estimated payment, which will be adjusted after two years to equal the actual cost savings.The company's review process does not interfere with the prerogative of physicians, in cases where more than one effective procedure is available, to select the one they personally prefer.The spacing of the four holes on a fragment of a bone flute excavated at a Neanderthal campsite is just what is required to play the third through sixth notes of the diatonic scale—the seven-note musical scale used in much of Western music since the Renaissance. Musicologists therefore hypothesize that the diatonic musical scale was developed and used thousands of years before it was adopted by Western musicians.Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the hypothesis?(A) Bone flutes were probably the only musical instrument made by Neanderthals.(B) No musical instrument that is known to have used a diatonic scale is of an earlier date than the flute found at the Neanderthal campsite.(C) The flute was made from a cave-bear bone and the campsite at which the flute fragment was excavated was in a cave that also contained skeletal remains of cave bears.(D) Flutes are the simplest wind instrument that can be constructed to allow playing a diatonic scale.(E) The cave-bear leg bone used to make the Neanderthal flute would have been long enough to make a flute capable of playing a complete diatonic scale.Boreal owls range over larger areas in regions where food of the sort eaten by small mammals is sparse than they do in regions where such food is abundant.55. There is a great deal of geographical variation in the frequency of many surgical procedures-up to tenfold variation per hundred thousand people between different areas in the numbers of hysterectomies, prostatectomies, and tonsillectomies.To support a conclusion that much of the variation is due to unnecessary surgical procedures, it would be most important to establish which of the following?(A) A local board of review at each hospital examines the records of every operation todetermine whether the surgical procedure was necessary.(B) The variation is unrelated to factors (other than the surgical procedures themselves) that influence the incidence ofdiseases for which surgery might be considered(C) There are several categories of surgical procedure (other than hysterectomies,prostatectomies, and tonsillectomies) that are often performed unnecessarily.(O) For certain surgical procedures, it is difficult to determine after the operation whether the procedures were necessary or whether alternative treatment would have succeeded.(E) With respect to how often they are performed unnecessarily, hysterectomies, prostatectomies, and tonsillectomies are representative of surgical procedures in general.In response to viral infection, the immune systems of mice typically produce antibodies that destroy the virus by binding to proteins on its surface. Mice infected with a herpes-virus generally develop keratitis, a degenerative disease affecting part of the eye. Since proteins on the surface of cells in this part of the eye closely resemble those on the herpes-virussurface,scientists hypothesize that these cases of keratitis are caused by antibodies to herpes-virus.The explanation offered above for the low esteem in which scientific popularizers are held by research scientists assumes thatThyrian lawmaker: Thyria’s Cheese Importation Board inspects all cheese shipments to Thyria and rejects shipments not meeting specified standards. Yet only 1 percent is ever rejected. Therefore, since the health consequences and associated economic costs of not rejecting that 1 percent are negligible, whereas the board’s operating costs are considerable, for economic reasons alone the board should be disbanded.Consultant: I disagree. The threat of having their shipments rejected deters many cheese exporters from shipping substandard product.Whether there are insect pests that sometimes reduce feed-corn yields, but against which commonly used insecticides and the genetic modification are equally ineffective(A) The amount of time a patient spends in surgery versus the amount of time spent recovering from surgery(B) The amount by which the cost of producing custom replacements has declined with the introduction of the new technique for producing them(C) The degree to which the use of custom replacements is likely to reduce the need for repeat surgery when compared with the use of ordinary replacements(D) The degree to which custom replacements produced with the new technique are more carefully manufactured than are ordinary replacements(E) The amount by which custom replacements produced with the new technique will drop in cost as the production procedures become standardized and applicable on a larger scale。
GMAT阅读长难句5大基本句型解析
GMAT阅读长难句5大基本句型解析在整个GMAT考试中，GMAT阅读被人们认为是比较难拿到分数的题型，这很大程度上是因为GMAT阅读中大量存在的复杂长难句。
下面小编就为大家整理了GMAT阅读的5大基本长难句句型，希望可以帮助大家提高GMAT阅读成绩。
第一种句型：主语+谓语这种句型是所有句子中最短的。
中有2个部分，下面大家就根据例子来看看：Many plants and trees disappeared abruptly during the period. (在这段时期许多动植物都突然消失了，在本句话中，plants 和animals做主语成分，disappear是不及物动词，做谓语，而during that period则做的是状语)。
再比如：Many millions of years after ferns evolved, another kind of flora evolved on Earth.(蕨类植物进化几百万年之后，地球上又出现了另外一种植物群。
)第二种句型：主语+谓语+宾语这是一种常见的句型，一般句子构成就是由这三部分组成。
通过例子大家来分析一下这类句型的结构：Yet the most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes.(然而这项历史周期中最基础的标志性事件却隐藏着一系列的矛盾中。
主语为standard，而the most fundamental是形容词做前置定语，修饰standard，of historical periodization是介宾结构做后置定语，限制standard。
Conceal隐藏，做谓语成分，paradoxes矛盾为宾语)。
下边这句话也是出自GMAT阅读文章，In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films --- a rough figure. (一个粗略的统计表明，1929年美国的电影产业放出了300部有声电影。
GMAT难句教程
17. A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .（4）一个对于H的关于为何法律上的奴隶制没有在17世纪60年代以前出现的原因所作解释的批评显示，关于奴隶制和种族偏见之间的关系的假说应当重新检查，而且显示出，对于在北美和南美之间的对黑怒的不同处理的解释应当被扩展。
难句类型：复杂修饰、省略解释：句子的主干清楚：A critique suggests that…, and suggests that…。
但是因为句子的结构复杂、修饰成分多，再加上后面的and 之后的suggests被省略，所以句子的结构很难被读出来的。
本句的suggest不再是暗示，而是显示、说明的意思，其同义词有point,indicate,imply。
本句的两个suggest之后的宾语从句都根据语法要求使用了虚拟语气。
意群训练：A critique of Handlin’s interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined , and that explanations for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded .18. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands，islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle，are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system，whose source，most geologists contend，is the upper mantle. （5 -）对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle plume）——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。
杨鹏GRE&GMAT长难句 全书英文句子整理打印版
1, that sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.2, Hardy’s weakness derived from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of these divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones.3,Virginia Woolf’s provocative statement about her intentions in writing Mrs. Dalloway has regularly been ignored by the critics, since it highlights an as pect of her literary interests very different from the traditional picture of the “poetic” novelist concerned with examining states of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathways of individual consciousness.4, as she put it in The Common Reader, “it is safe to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said or wrote; and yet, as we read him, we are absorbing morality at every pore.”5,with the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in the body fluids, leaving the large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by the liver into glucose, which is then sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogen resynthesis.6, alt hough Gutman admits that forced separation by sale was frequent, he shows that the slaves’ preference, revealed most clearly on plantations where sale was infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy.7, Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of the Black family encouraged the transmission of – and so was crucial in sustaining – the black heritage of folklore, music, and religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their African and American experiences.8, this preference for exogamy, Gutman suggests, may have derived from West African rules governing marriage, which, though they from one tribal group to another, all involved some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin.9, His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the US, but his definition of racial prejudice as “racially – based negative prejudgements against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competit ion,” can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.10, such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction speed, excitation threshold, and the like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remained negligible in significance for any possible correlation with the manifold dimensions of mental experience.11, it was possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulse or its condition was influenced by these differences, which seemed insteadto influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.12, although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as “common currency” throughout the nervous system.13, other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangement, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of the minute differences.14, although some experiments show that, as an object becomes familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for objects that are not notably simple and familiar.15, in large part as a consequence of the feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent years on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.16, if one begin by examining why ancients refer to Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek description of such societies were meant not so much to represent observed historical fact – real Amazonian societies – but rather to offer “moral lessons” on the supposed outcome of women’s rule in their own society.17, thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learn that the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literally correct description of this atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field – theoretical equations.18, the physicist rightly dreads precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumptions on which it is based are slightly changed, whereas an argument that is convincing though imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of its underlying assumption.19, however, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestockings came to regard themselves as a women’s group and to possess a sense of female solidarity lacking in the salonnieres, who remained isolated from one another by the primacy each held in her own salon.20, as my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarities between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them.21, although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances, it authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological, and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise.22, is this a defect, or are the authors working out of, or trying to forge, a different kind of aesthetic?23, in addition, the style of some Black novels, like Jean Toome r’s Cane, verges on expressionism or surrealism; dose this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are potted, a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?24, Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.25, although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into the space.26, the role those anthropologist ascribe to evolution is not of dictating the details of human behavior but one of imposing constrains –ways of feeling, thinking, and acting that “come naturally” in archetypal situation in any culture.27,which of the following most probably p rovides an appropriate analogy from human morphology for the “details” versus “constrains” distinction made in the passage in relation to human behavior?28, a low number of algal cells in the presence of a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.29, perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that over-looked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.30, studies by Hargrave and Green estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.31, in the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, that is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient – poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.32, the hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration.33, only when a system possesses natural or artificial boundaries that associate the water within in with the hydrologic cycle may the entire system properly be termed hydrogeologic.34, the historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the US since about 1870 had been precipitated by the closing of the internal frontier – that is, the depletion of available new land need35, in the early 1950’s, historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large number, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books.36, historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes towards crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice.37, it can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?38, my point is that its central consciousness – its profound understanding of class and gender as shaping influences on people’s lives – owes much to that earlier literary heritage, a heritage that, in general, has not been sufficiently valued by most contemporary literary cities.39, even the requirement that biomaterials processed from these materials be nontoxic to host tissue can be met by techniques derived from studying the reactions of tissue cultures to biomaterials or from short-term implants.40, but achieving necessary matches in physical properties across interfaces between living and non – living matter require knowledge of which molecules control the bonding of cells to each other – an area that we have not yet explored thoroughly.41, Islamic law is a phenomenon so different from all other forms of law – notwithstanding, of course, a considerable and inevitable number of coincidences with one or the other of them as far as subject matter and positive enactment are concerned – that its study is indispensable in order to appreciate adequately the full range of possible legal phenomena.42, Both Jewish law and canon law are more uniform that Islamic law. Though historically there is a discernible break between Jewish law of the sovereign state of ancient Israel and of the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jewish people after the conquest of Israel), the spirit of the legal matter in later parts of the Old Treatment is very close to that of the Talmud, one of the primary codification of Jewish law in the diaspora.43, Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islam law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories.44, one such novel idea is that of interesting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution: specially, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, the intensified research on legumes.45, it is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrog en gas.46, unless they succeed, they yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated, and even if the transfer of those gene complexes, once they are found, becomes possible.47, its subject (to use Maynard Mack’s categories) is “life – as –spectacle,” for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without; the tragic lliad, however, presents “life – as –experience” : readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero.48, most striking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish is eye placement: before maturity one eye migrates, so that in an adult flatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.49, A critique of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and radical prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.50, The best evidence for the layered mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic racks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid ocean ridge system, whose source, most geologists, is the upper mantle. 51, some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths, argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in “incompatible elements” (elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state) percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.52,fallois proposed that Proust had tried to begin a novel in 1908, abandoned it for what was to be a long demonstration of Saint-B’s blindness to the real nature of great writing, found the essay giving rise to personal memories and fictional developments, and allowed these to take over in a steadily developing novel.53, the very richness and complexity of the meaningful relationships that kept presenting and rearranging themselveson all levels, from abstract intelligence to profound dreamy feelings, made it difficult for Proust to set them out coherently.54, but those of us who hoped, with Kolb, that Kolb’s newly published complete edition of Proust’s correspondence for 1909 would document the process in greater detail are disappointed.55, now we must also examine the culture as we Mexican Americans have experienced it, passing from a sovereign people to compatriots with newly arriving settlers to, finally, a conquered people – a charter minority on our own land.56, it is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s (cDNA’s) that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s (mRNA’s) of the peptide hormone s. If brain cells are making the hormones, the cells will contain these mRNA’s. If the products the brain cells make resemble the hormones but are not identical to them, then the cDNA’s should still bind to these mRNA’s, but should not bind as tightly as they would to mRNA’s for the true hormones.57, the molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.58, nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.59, this succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and event not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposit.60, there have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.61, many critics of Emily Bronte’s novel Wuthering Heights see its second part as a counterpoint that comments on, if it does not reverse, the first part, where a “romantic” reading receives more confir mation.62, Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James, their does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts.63, this is not because such an interpretation necessarily stiffens into a thesis (although rigidity in any interpretation of this or of any novel is always a danger), but because Wuthering Heights has recalcitrant elements of undeniable power that, ultimately, resist inclusion in an-encom-passing interpretation.64, the isotopic composition of lead often varies from one source of common copper ore to another, with variations exceeding the measurement error; and preliminary studies indicate virtually uniform isotopic composition of the lead from a single copper-ore source.65, more probable is bird transport, either externally, by accidental attachment of the seeds to feathers, or internally, by the swallowing of fruit and subsequent excretion of the seeds.66, A long-term view of the history of the English colonies that became the US has been that England’s policy toward these colonies before 1763 was dictated by commercial interests and that a change to a more imperial policy, dominated by expansionist militarist objectives, generated the tensions that ultimately led to the American Revolution.67, it is not known rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond; but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic. n. 同源捕虏体68, even the “radical” critiques of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.69, they are called virtual particles in order to distinguish them from real particles, whose lifetimes are not constrained in the same way, and which can be detected.70, open knowledge of the existence of women’s oppression was too radical for the US in the fifties, and Beauvoir’s conclusion, that change in wome n’s economic condition, though insufficient by itself, “remains the basic factor” in improving women’s situation, was particularly unacceptable.71, other theorists propose that the Moon was ripped out of the Earth’s rocky mantle by the Earth’s collision w ith another large celestial body after much of the Earth’s iron fell to its core.72, however, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 73, Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern – acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural model – was not only more typicallyEnglish than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island and New Hampshire.74, Portrayals of the folk of Mecklenburg country, North Carolina, whom he remembers from early childhood, of the jazz musicians and tenement roofs of his Harlem days, of Pittsburgh steelworkers, and his reconstruction of classical Greek myths in the guise of the ancient Black kingdom of Benin, attest to this.75, a very specialized feeling adaptation in zooplankton is that of the tadpolelike appendicularian who lives in a walnut – sized (or smaller) balloon of mucus equipped with filters that capture and concentrate phytoplankton.76, these historians, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period.77, apparently most massive starts manage to lose sufficient material that their masses drop below the critical value of 1.4M before they exhaust their nuclear fuel.78, this is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality and under the federal sanction of equal pay for equal work.79, An impact capable of ejecting a fragment of the Martian surface into an Earth – intersecting orbit is even lesspr obable than such an event on the moon, in view of the Moon’s smaller size and closer proximity to Earth.80, Nor only are liver transplants never rejected, but they even induce a state of donor – specific unresponsiveness in which subsequent transplants of other organs, such as skin, from that donor are accepted permanently.81, As rock interfaces are crossed, the elastic characteristics encountered generally change abruptly, which causes part of the energy to be reflected back to the surface, where it is recorded by seismic instruments.82, while the new doctrine seems almost certainly correct, the one papyrus fragment raises the specter that another may be unearthed, showing, for instance, that is was a posthumous production of the Danaid tetralogy which bested Sophocles, and throwing the date once more into utter confusion.83, the methods that a community devise to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that that community perceives as essential.84, traditionally, pollination by wind has been viewed as a reproductive process marked by random events in which the vagaries of the wind are compensated for by the generation of vast quantities of pollen, so that the ultimate production of new seeds is assured at the expense of producing much more pollen than is actually used.85, because the potential hazards pollen grains are subject to as they are transported over long distances are enormous, wind pollinated plants have, in the view above, compensated for the ensuring loss of pollen through happenstance by virtue of producing an amount pollen that is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the amount produced by species pollinated by insects.86, for example, the spiral arrangement of scale – bract complexes on ovule – bearing pine cones, where the female reproductive organs of conifers are located, is important to the production of airflow patterns that spiral over the cone’s surfaces, thereby passing airborne pollen from one scale to the next.87, FE, however, predicted that women would be liberated from “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex into public industry”.88, it was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880s created a new class of “dead –end” jobs, thenceforth considered “women’s work”.89, The increase in the number of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.90, for one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density – independent factors all the time.91, in order to understand the n ature of the ecologist’s investigation, we may think of the density – dependent effects on growth parameters as the “signal” ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret, one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones, while the density – independent effects act to produce “noise” in population dynamics.92, but the play’s complex view of Black self –esteem and human solidity as compatible is no more “contradictory” than Du Bois’ famous, well-considered ideal of ethnic self –awareness coexisting with human unity, or Fanon’s emphasis on an ideal internationalism that also accommodates national identities and roles.93, in which of the following does the author of the passage reinforce his criticism of responses such as Isaacs’s to Raisin in the sun?94, Inheritors of some of the viewpoints of early twentieth – century Progressive historians such as Beard and Becker, these recent historians have put forward argument that deserve evaluation.95, Despite these vague categories, one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed.96, Yet those who stress the achievement of a general consensus among the colonists cannot fully understand that consensus without understanding the conflicts that had to be overcome or repressed in order to reach it.97, it can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding socioeconomic class and support for the rebel and Loyalist causes during the American Revolutionary War?98, she wished to discard the traditional methods and established vocabularies of such dance forms as ballet and to explore the internal sources of human expressiveness.99, although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what.100, with regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eight-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example, laboring people in eighteenth – century England readily shifted from home – brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.101, The correlation of carbon dioxide with temperature, of course, does not establish whether changes in atmospheric composition caused the warming and cooling trends or were caused by them.102, such philosophical concerns as the mind – body problem or, more generally, the nature of human knowledge they believe, are basic human question whose tentative philosophical solutions have served as the necessary foundations on which all other intellectual speculation has rested.103, the idea of an autonomous discipline called “philosophy” distinct from and sitting in judgment on such pursuits as theology and science turns out, close examination, to be of quite recent origin.。
GMAT阅读长难句10句+参考译文
GMAT阅读考察的重点在于句子结构以及之间的逻辑关键。
GMA T阅读长难句相对较长，而且比较拗口。
越到这类的句子，我们不需要细细梳理，而只需要抓住主要结构。
有些成分对于我们理解并无人任何作用，天道小编特整理10个GMA T阅读长难句附参考译文以供学习。
A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.[参考译文]一项关于1996年新闻报道的调查显示，反科学的标签还可以贴在许多其他团体身上，从提倡消灭最后存留的天花病毒的权威机构，到鼓吹削减基础研究经费的共和党人(都被贴上了反科学的标签)。
The 'true enemies of science, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth.[参考译文]环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗·厄尔里西认为，科学真正的敌人是那些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提出置疑的人。
GMAT阅读长难句解析(10,69)
GMAT阅读长难句解析（10/69）杨鹏长难句最大的好处就是它不仅仅有翻译，还有句子类型分类，详细的句子分析和意群训练。
所以前期在做题的时候最好严格按照老师教的方法，循序渐进，千万不要为了追求速度而囫囵吞枣，不求甚解，接下来小编就GMAT阅读长难句解析为大家介绍下，希望考生能够掌握，顺利备考GMAT 阅读考试。
010Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market.请思考：Please read between lines. What does the author really mean?难句类型：倒装+双重否定(正话反说) 难度：4 +标志：Consequently, nothing seems good or normal (|that| does not accord with the re- cfuirements of the free market).译文：因此，没有任何(不符合自由市场要求的)东西看上去是好的或正常的。
解释：又是一句似易实难的句子。
本句的主语nothing的定语从句被倒装到了句末，是因为如果按照正常语序nothing ( that does not accord with the requirements of the free market) seems good or normal 显得头重脚轻。
除此之外，本句由于使用了双重否定，句子的意思也不像看起来那么简单。
字面上的“没有任何(不符合自由市场要求的)东西看上去是好的或正常的”对读者来讲没有确实的意义，读者一定要理解到实际上作者想说的是“只有符合自由市场的东西才有可能是好的或是正常的”。
意群训练：Consequently，nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market.。
阅读难句GMAT全部句子收拾
GMAT Sentences: No. 001 Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons the Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups havedifficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. No. 002 Fascination with this ideal has made Americans defy the “Old World” categories of settled possessiveness versus unsettling deprivation, the cupidity of retention versus the cupidity of seizure, a “status quo” defended or attacked. No. 003 The nonstarters were considered the ones who wanted stability, a strong referee to give them some position in the race, a regulative hand to calm manic speculation; an authority that can call things toa halt, begin things again from compensatorily staggered “starting lines.” No. 004 “Reform” in America has been sterile because it can imagine no change except through the extension of this metaphor of a race, wider inclusion of competitors, “a piece of the action,” as it were, for the disenfranchised. No. 005 We have no pride in our growing interdependence, in the fact that our system can serve others, that we are able to help those in need; empty boasts from the past make us ashamed of our present achievements, make us try to forget or deny them, move away from them. No. 006 The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid then it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents. No. 007 This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currentsare driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents. No. 008 The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth’s surface and seriously require explanation because, in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind islands arcs, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the North Sea. No. 009 Furthermore, neutrinos carry with them information about the site and circumstances of their production: therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe. No. 010 Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market.No. 011 Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable economic function. No. 012 In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires. No. 013 That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more that its competitors’ charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. No. 014 Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of nonsocialist countries other than the United States. No. 015 Synder, Daly, and Bruns have recently proposed that caffeineaffects behavior by countering the activity in the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called adenosine. No. 016 To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventing adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice. No. 017 The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs. No. 018 Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it? No. 019 Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960s when the Small Business Administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsored management and technical assistance available to minority business enterprises. No. 020 Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting larger, growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies.No. 021 MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations that does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available. No. 022 Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. But the debate could not be resolved because no one was able to ask the crucial questions in a form in which they could be pursued productively. No. 024 During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.” No. 025 Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo. No. 026 “Expulsion of children from the ‘cash nexus’ … although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains, “was also part of a cultural process of ‘sacralization’ of children’s lives.” No. 027 Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggest; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. No. 028 The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy. No. 029 Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources. Since large bees are not affected by the spraying of Matacil, these results add weight to the argument that spraying where the pollinators are sensitive to the pesticide used decreases plant fecundity.No. 031 The question of whether the decrease in plant fecundity caused by the spaying of pesticides actually causes a decline in the overall population of flowering plant species still remains unanswered. No.032 Although at first the colonies held little positive attractionfor the English – they would rather have stayed home – by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. No. 033 If the competitor can prove injury from the imports – and that the United States company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad – the United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would be subject to duties. No. 034 In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever. No. 035 In such a context, what is recognized as “dependency” in Western psychiatric terms is not, in Korean terms, an admission of weakness or failure. No. 036 And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured. No. 037 Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell. No. 038 In addition, the ideal of six CEO’s (female or male) serving on the board of each of the largest corporations is realizable only if every CEO serves on six board. No. 039 Increasingly, historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the staggering disparity between the indigenous population of America in 1492 – new estimates of which soar as high as 100 million, or approximately one-sixth of the human race at that time – and the few million full-blooded Native Americans alive atthe end of the nineteenth century. No. 040 Virgin-soil epidemics are those in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless.No. 041 Spanish tribute records … The evidence provided by the documents of British and French colonies is not as definitive because the conquerors of those areas did not establish permanent settlements and begin to keep continuous records until the seventeenth century, by which time the worst epidemics had probably already taken place. No. 042 Unfortunately, the documentation of these and other epidemics is slight and frequently unreliable, and it is necessary to supplement what little we do know with evidence from recent epidemics among Native Americans. No. 043 Scientists have begun to suspect that this intergalactic gas is probably a mixture of gases left over from the “big bang” when the galaxies were formed and gas was forced out of galaxies by supernova explosions. No. 044 He noted that the wavelengths of the radiation emitted by a gas would change as the gas cooled, so that as the gas flowed into the galaxy and became cooler, it would emit not x-rays, but visible light, like that which was captured in the photographs. No. 045 Transported outside the nucleus to the cytoplasm, the mRNA is translated into the protein it encodes by an organelle known as a ribosome, which strings together amino acids in the order specified by the sequence of elements in the mRNA molecule. No. 046 However, recent investigations have shown that the concentrations of most mRNA’s correlate best, not with their synthesis rate, but rather with the equally variable rates at which cells degrade the different mRNA’s in their cytoplasm. No. 047 If a cell degrades both a rapidly and a slowly synthesized mRNA slowly, both mRNA’s will accumulate to high levels. No. 048 For instance, the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently. No. 049 Japanese automakers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs. No. 050 Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.No. 051 In recent studies, however, we have discovered that the production and release in brain neurons of the neurotransmitter serotonin (neurotransmitters are compounds that neurons use to transmit signals to other cells) depend directly on the food that the body processes. No. 052 Our first studies sought to determine whether the increase inserotonin observed in rats given a large injection of the amino acid tryptophan might also occur after rats ate meals that change tryptophan levels in the blood. No. 053 The consumption of protein increases blood concentration of the other amino acids much more, proportionately, than it does that of tryptophan. No. 054 The revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation grew in part from the research that Woodward had done for the NAACP legal campaign during its preparation for Brown v. Board of Education. No. 055 Woodward confessed with ironic modesty that the first edition “had begun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolution published in 1776.” No. 056 Yet, like Paine, Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment, and of how historical evidence could undermine the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities. No. 057 Joseph Glarthaar’s Forged in Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War, but it uses more soldiers’ letters and diaries – including rare material from Black soldiers – and concentrates more intensely on Black-While relations in Black regiments that do any of its predecessors. No. 058 While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other self-serving motives, this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments. No. 059 Moreover, arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose. New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes.No. 061 These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria. No. 062 The new tax law allowed corporations to deduct the cost of the product donated plus half the difference between cost and fair market selling price, with the proviso that deductions cannot exceed twice cost. No. 063 Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace. No. 064 To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions. No. 065 For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifying women’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women. No. 066 More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry. According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth. No. 068 However, none of these high-technology methods are of any valueif the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized. No. 069 In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.。
GMAT阅读长难句解题技巧
GMAT阅读长难句解题技巧GMAT阅读长难句在一定程度上影响了考生的成绩，给考生带来了巨大的心理压力。
那么如何应对GMAT阅读中必然出现的长难句呢？下面文都国际教育小编和大家分享一下GMAT阅读长难句的解题技巧。
GMAT阅读经典长难句1. The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately,a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.很不幸，这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。
一些经济学家认为世界经济结构的强有力的变化已经结束了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史关联为基础的旧的经济模式。
2. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.例如，阿斯旺大坝使得尼罗河不再洪水泛滥，但是它也夺去了埃及以前所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥，这些换宋的就是这么个疾病滋生的水库，现在这个水库积满了淤泥，几乎不能发电了。
3. New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training, 企业重组的新方法，所有那些重新设计、缩小规模的做法，只是对一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡献。
GMAT阅读长难句解析(1,69)
GMAT阅读长难句解析（1/69）杨鹏长难句最大的好处就是它不仅仅有翻译，还有句子类型分类，详细的句子分析和意群训练。
所以前期在做题的时候最好严格按照老师教的方法，循序渐进，千万不要为了追求速度而囫囵吞枣，不求甚解，接下来小编就GMAT阅读长难句解析为大家介绍下，希望考生能够掌握，顺利备考GMAT 阅读考试。
001Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.难句类型：复杂修饰难度：4标志：Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons ( why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business) is I that they lack ac cess [ to the sizable orders and subcontracts ( [that are generated by large companies)].译文：人权活动分子一直认为(黑人、拉美裔和其他少数族裔的美国人之所以难以在商界有所作为的)主要原因就是因为他们缺乏得到[大规模的订单和(大公司所产生的)分包合同的]違登。
(完整版)gmatgre长难句打印版
也不知道杨鹏先生是否同意（应该不会反对，呵呵，一样么？），我将其《GRE&GMAT 阅读难句教程》中的G部分全部摘录下来，希望能够对大家有所帮助，不过在摘录的过程中，发现电子版的好像跟正规出版的差几个句子，也罢，全部原封不动了！真的很感谢杨先生，我的阅读水平显著提高了，就在这个5、1长假，而且我还玩了好长时间，呵呵不过路漫漫，不知何时是尽头，我准备7月份考G，8月份考T，呵呵，年底申请，最好是能够申请Marketing了，与同道中人一起努力了，呵呵！感谢ECUST 的Miss Hu提供的资料。
我在berrain抄录所有难句的基础上加了杨鹏的解释和意群训练，这样此文档基本已涵盖全书的内容，希望它对各位G友的阅读能力能有所帮助。
GRE难句解读——提高GRE阅读必须要过的第一关作者：杨鹏读者学习指导：大原则：以实战的要求为目的。
难句子不仅出现在阅读中，还出现在句子填空、逻辑但体中，因此，对难句子得攻克变得相当重要。
原则一：迅速读懂原则二：利用语法、不靠语法即在Gre中，考生永远也不需要再考场上分析一句话的语法成分，也不要想这句话有没有语法错误，考生的唯一任务就是现场迅速的读懂文章。
然而在初期可以少量的运用语法，目的有二：一为初学者如果看不懂句子得结构，往往会感到心情沮丧，或大脑混乱，根本就读不尽文章，因此引入语法能够给读者以信心；二为运用语法，可以了解文章的语法结构，并最终完全熟悉各种类型的句子，达到一遍就可以读懂句子得效果。
原则三：学练结合，以连为主训练的类别：1、难句阅读训练；2、阅读理解力训练；即“懂”3、阅读速度与阅读习惯训练，即“迅速”。
实际上，对于英语语法得学习，包括对英文单词的中文释意的记忆和对英语句子得中文翻译，都只是我们学习英语的辅助工具；我们最终的目的，是为了提高对英语的实际使用能力。
具体到Gre的考试的应用上，就是看到英语句子时，正确的做法不应该是现场分析出其余法结构，再背出每个单词的中文释意，再把这些中文单词串成句子，最后才根据翻译出来的中文来想这句话的意思是什么，而是读到每个单词、每一句话的时候，大脑中的第一反映是其意思而不是中文释意。
GMAT长难句详细解析
GMAT长难句详细解析GMAT长难句详细解析为了帮助大家有效战胜GMAT考试中的长难句，yjbys网店铺在此和大家分享GMAT长难句详细解析，供大家阅读参考。
A desire to throw over reality a light that never was might give away abruptly to the desire on the part of what we might consider a novelist-scientist to record exactly and concretely the structureand texture of a flower.思维导图主干结构A desire might give away abruptly to the desire.一种欲望突然地被这种欲望所代替。
子句拆分该句一共有三个子句：1) 主句(第一层级)：见主干结构2) that引导的定语从句(第二层级): that never was 这个定语从句修饰a light。
3) what引导的宾语从句(第二层级): what we might consider a novelist-scientist。
知识难点1) 短语倒装to throw overreality a light that never was修饰a desire，其中throw over reality a light that never was是短语倒装结构。
正常的语序是throw A over B，当A很长按照标准书面语言的习惯表达使用倒装结构，写成throw over B A。
to record exactly and concretely the structure and texture of a flower修饰the desire，其中record exactly and concretely the structure and textureof a flower是短语倒装结构，正常的语序是record the structure and texture of a flower exactly andconcretely。
阅读难句GMAT全部句子整理
GMAT Sentences:No. 001Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons the Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies.No. 002Fascination with this ideal has made Americans defy the “Old World” categories of settled possessiveness versus unsettling deprivation, the cupidity of retention versus the cupidity of seizure, a “status quo” defended or attacked.No. 003The nonstarters were considered the ones who wanted stability, a strong referee to give them some position in the race, a regulative hand to calm manic speculation; an authority that can call things to a halt, begin things again from compensatorily staggered “starting lines.”No. 004“Reform” in America has been sterile because it can imagine no change except through the extension of this metaphor of a race, wider inclusion of competitors, “a piece of the action,” as it were, for the disenfranchised.No. 005We have no pride in our growing interdependence, in the fact that our system can serve others, that we are able to help those in need; empty boasts from the past make us ashamed of our present achievements, make us try to forget or deny them, move away from them.No. 006The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid then it is subjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continents.No. 007This view may be correct: it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.No. 008The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth’s surface and seriously require explanation because, in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind islands arcs, there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin, such as the Gulf of Mexico, the Black Sea, and perhaps the North Sea.No. 009Furthermore, neutrinos carry with them information about the site and circumstances of their production: therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe.No. 010Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market.No. 011Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable economic function.No. 012In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires.No. 013That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more that its competitors’ charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories.No. 014Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of nonsocialist countries other than the United States.No. 015Synder, Daly, and Bruns have recently proposed that caffeine affects behavior by countering the activity in the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called adenosine.No. 016To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by preventingadenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in the brains of mice.No. 017The problem is that the compound has mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs.No. 018Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it?No. 019Federal efforts to aid minority businesses began in the 1960s when the Small Business Administration (SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsored management and technical assistance available to minority business enterprises.No. 020Recently federal policymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the minority business sector by moving away from directly aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting larger, growth-oriented minority firms through intermediary companies.No. 021MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing established firms with easier access to relevant management techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop sound business foundations that does simply making general management experience and small amounts of capital available.No. 022Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action.No. 023But the debate could not be resolved because no one was able to ask the crucial questions in a form in which they could be pursued productively.No. 024During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the “useful” child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the “useless” child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally “priceless.”No. 025Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child’s emotional value made child labor taboo.No. 026“Expulsion of children from the ‘cash nexus’ … although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer maintains, “was also part of a cultural process of ‘sacralization’ of children’s lives.”No. 027Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggest; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.No. 028The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy.No. 029Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources.No. 030Since large bees are not affected by the spraying of Matacil, these results add weight to the argument that spraying where the pollinators are sensitive to the pesticide used decreases plant fecundity.No. 031The question of whether the decrease in plant fecundity caused by thespaying of pesticides actually causes a decline in the overall population of flowering plant species still remains unanswered.No.032Although at first the colonies held little positive attraction for the English – they would rather have stayed home – by the eighteenth century people increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity.No. 033If the competitor can prove injury from the imports – and that the United States company received a subsidy from a foreign government to build its plant abroad –the United States company’s products will be uncompetitive in the United States, since they would be subject to duties.No. 034In addition many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded before the cultures disappeared forever.No. 035In such a context, what is recognized as “dependency” in Western psychiatric terms is not, in Korean terms, an admission of weakness or failure.No. 036And managers under pressure to maximize cost-cutting will resist innovation because they know that more fundamental changes in processes or systems will wreak havoc with the results on which they are measured.No. 037Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell.No. 038In addition, the ideal of six CEO’s (female or male) serving on the board of each of the largest corporations is realizable only if every CEO serves on six board.No. 039Increasingly, historians are blaming diseases imported from the Old World for the staggering disparity between the indigenous population of America in 1492 – new estimates of which soar as high as 100 million,or approximately one-sixth of the human race at that time –and the few million full-blooded Native Americans alive at the end of the nineteenth century.No. 040Virgin-soil epidemics are those in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless.No. 041Spanish tribute records … The evidence provided by the documents of British and French colonies is not as definitive because the conquerors of those areas did not establish permanent settlements and begin to keep continuous records until the seventeenth century, by which time the worst epidemics had probably already taken place.No. 042Unfortunately, the documentation of these and other epidemics is slight and frequently unreliable, and it is necessary to supplement what little we do know with evidence from recent epidemics among Native Americans.No. 043Scientists have begun to suspect that this intergalactic gas is probably a mixture of gases left over from the “big bang” when the galaxies were formed and gas was forced out of galaxies by supernova explosions.No. 044He noted that the wavelengths of the radiation emitted by a gas would change as the gas cooled, so that as the gas flowed into the galaxy and became cooler, it would emit not x-rays, but visible light, like that which was captured in the photographs.No. 045Transported outside the nucleus to the cytoplasm, the mRNA is translated into the protein it encodes by an organelle known as a ribosome, which strings together amino acids in the order specified by the sequence of elements in the mRNA molecule.No. 046However, recent investigations have shown that the concentrations of most mRNA’s correlate best, n ot with their synthesis rate, but rather with the equally variable rates at which cells degrade the different mRNA’s in their cytoplasm.No. 047If a cell degrades both a rapidly and a slowly synthesized mRNA slowly, both mRNA’s will accumulate to high levels.No. 048For instance, the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently.No. 049Japanese automakers chose to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs.No. 050Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the need to store the buffer stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active.No. 051In recent studies, however, we have discovered that the production and release in brain neurons of the neurotransmitter serotonin (neurotransmitters are compounds that neurons use to transmit signals to other cells) depend directly on the food that the body processes.No. 052Our first studies sought to determine whether the increase in serotonin observed in rats given a large injection of the amino acid tryptophan might also occur after rats ate meals that change tryptophan levels in the blood.No. 053The consumption of protein increases blood concentration of the other amino acids much more, proportionately, than it does that of tryptophan.No. 054The revisionist view of Jim Crow legislation grew in part from the research that Woodward had done for the NAACP legal campaign during its preparation for Brown v. Board of Education.No. 055Woodward confessed with ironic modesty that the first edit ion “hadbegun to suffer under some of the handicaps that might be expected in a history of the American Revolution published in 1776.”No. 056Yet, like Paine, Woodward had an unerring sense of the revolutionary moment, and of how historical evidence could undermine the mythological tradition that was crushing the dreams of new social possibilities.No. 057Joseph Glarthaar’s Forged in Battle is not the first excellent study of Black soldiers and their White officers in the Civil War, but it uses m ore soldiers’ letters and diaries –including rare material from Black soldiers –and concentrates more intensely on Black-While relations in Black regiments that do any of its predecessors.No. 058While perhaps true of those officers who joined Black units for promotion or other self-serving motives, this statement misrepresents the attitudes of the many abolitionists who became officers in Black regiments.No. 059Moreover, arguments pointing out the extent of both structural and functional differences between eukaryotes and true bacteria convinced many biologists that the precursors of the eukaryotes must have diverged from the common ancestor before the bacteria arose.No. 060New techniques for determining the molecular sequence of the RNA of organisms have produced evolutionary information about the degree to which organisms are related, the time since they diverged from a common ancestor, and the reconstruction of ancestral versions of genes.No. 061These techniques have strongly suggested that although the true bacteria indeed form a large coherent group, certain other bacteria, the archaebacteria, which are also prokaryotes and which resemble true bacteria, represent a distinct evolutionary branch that far antedates the common ancestor of all true bacteria.No. 062The new tax law allowed corporations to deduct the cost of the product donated plus half the difference between cost and fair market selling price, with the proviso that deductions cannot exceed twice cost.No. 063Unfortunately, emancipation has been less profound than expected, for not even industrial wage labor has escaped continued sex segregation in the workplace.No. 064To explain this unfinished revolution in the status of women, historians have recently begun to emphasize the way a prevailing definition of femininity often determines the kinds of work allocated to women, even when such allocation is inappropriate to new conditions.No. 065For instance, early textile-mill entrepreneurs, in justifyingwo men’s employment in wage labor, made much of the assumption that women were by nature skillful at detailed tasks and patient in carrying out repetitive chores; the mill owners thus imported into the new industrial order hoary stereotypes associated with the homemaking activities they presumed to have been the purview of women.No. 066More remarkable than the origin has been the persistence of such sex segregation in twentieth-century industry.No. 067According to a recent theory, Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems were formed over two billion years ago from magmatic fluids that originated from molten granitelike bodies deep beneath the surface of the Earth.No. 068However, none of these high-technology methods are of any value if the sites to which they are applied have never mineralized, and to maximize the chances of discovery the explorer must therefore pay particular attention to selecting the ground formations most likely to be mineralized.No. 069In order for the far-ranging benefits of individual ownership to be achieved by owners, companies, and countries, employees and other individuals must make their own decisions to buy, and they must commit some of their own resources to the choice.。
GRE阅读：难句精选100句（十）
91、 For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time.(5)难句类型：正话反说 请思考：如果⽂中说这句话的前提是：all population are driven by two (and only two) categories of growth parameters, one is density-independent factors, and the other is density-independent factors. 那么作者说上⾯的这句话有什么⽤意。
解释：本句虽然貌不惊⼈，但本书既然将其收录进来，并标出难度5，就意味着其中有怪异之处。
值得⼀提的是，本⽂前⾯曾把控制种群密度的因素分为两种，⼀种叫做density-dependent factors(这⾥简称d-d因素)，另⼀种叫做dentsity-independent factors(简称d-I因素)。
原⽂的直译虽然好懂，但是总令⼈感觉说得不甚明⽩。
显然，GRE或GMAT的作者不可能随便说⼀句⽆关痛痒的话，那么没有任何种群能够在所有的时间全被d-I因素所控制，其真正意思是什么呢?就是：⼀切种群都必然在某个时间内受到d-d因素的控制。
本句是ETS在考试中惯⽤的正话反说的典型例⼦，请读者深沉体会。
本句在⽂章中也是理解作者态度的关键所在。
意群训练：For one thing, no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. 92、 In order to understand the nature of the ecologist’s investigation，we may think of the density-dependent effects on growth parameters as the "signal" ecologists are trying to isolate and interpret，one that tends to make the population increase from relatively low values or decrease from relatively high ones，while the density-independent effects act to produce "noise" in the population dynamics. (5) 为了能理解⽣态学家们所从事的研究的性质，我们可以把那些作⽤于增长参数的密度依赖效应视作⽣态学家们⼒图将其分离并予以解释的“信号”，正是这⼀信号倾向于使种群从相对较低的数值递增，或从相对较⾼的数值递减;⽽与此同时，那些密度独⽴效应起到的作⽤则构成了种群动态变化中的“噪⾳”。
gmat长难句训练
gmat长难句训练1. 定义与释义1.1 词性：名词1.2 释义：GMAT 考试中用于训练理解长难句能力的句子1.3 英文解释：Sentences used in the GMAT exam to train the ability to understand long and difficult sentences.1.4 相关词汇：GMAT sentence training2. 起源与背景2.1 词源：GMAT（Graduate Management Admission Test）是研究生管理科学入学考试的简称2.2 趣闻：GMAT 长难句训练对于提升考生的语言理解能力非常重要3. 常用搭配与短语3.1 GMAT long sentence：GMAT 长句例句：The GMAT long sentence in the passage confused many test-takers.翻译：文章中的 GMAT 长句让很多考生感到困惑。
3.2 difficult sentence in GMAT：GMAT 中的难句例句：Understanding the difficult sentence in GMAT is crucial for getting a high score.翻译：理解 GMAT 中的难句对于获得高分至关重要。
4. 实用片段（1）. "I was really struggling with the GMAT long difficult sentences during my preparation. Some of them were so complex that I had to read them several times to understand the meaning."翻译：“在准备过程中，我真的在努力应对 GMAT 中的长难句。
GMAT 语法--100个长难句分析
∙英语100个长难句分析（一）∙ 1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.[参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什么应该被制造出来。
2. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.[参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来制造它们。
3. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.[参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。
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能力：大脑容量+抗干扰能力
4
第三类 倒装
倒装：由于应该放在句首的成分太长，因 此倒装到句末。也是一种人为现象。例：
That sex ratio will be favored which
maximizes the number of descendant
s an individual will have and hence th
10
类似的情况：throw over , insert into , import into , infer from, establish for , advocate as , bring to our attention sth等
In spite of such omissions, what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile
study. Black Fiction surveys a wide
variety of novels, bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James
Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly
题目：1）主题题,:讲ARTISAN STATUS CHANGES (2) "MERE Mechanic .."引号的作用: 我选CONTRAST THE
STATUS AND SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE REVOLUTION 3)as a slur 说明什么：as a 有瞧不起的意思，答案应该是less disparage 4)主题题：Artisan 在美国的地位变化 5）except: artisan的经济地位下降的原因，提到四点：随着科技的发 展，雇主更关注产量，因此更愿意雇unskilled workers节约成本，手 工业从私人小作方到成为公司，用机器制造工艺品. 6)true except: artisan增多
2）study(第2段)作用：验证两个理论 3）不影响种群数量的因素：定位第一段取非
32
3．Artisan 在美国的地位变化（短）
第一段：1780年到19实际american artisan地位的变化，从1800年代 被人瞧不起，但是后来Elite认识到这些人是revolution的中坚力量 第二段：讲随着科技的发展，雇主更关注产量，因此更愿意雇 unskilled workers节约成本，手工业从私人小作方到成为公司，用机 器制是1930以后发生了变化，但在1960年后又回到以前的 中心上，培养女孩的public interest. “恢复了一些1930年后停止的东 西” 题目：1）主题题：新老观点：一个认为对妇女没影响不用研究，一个 认为对妇女影响很大，值得研究 2）1930年的scout 有什么变化：不重视培养public interest 3)why the historians 不想研究scout：认为其墨守陈规 4）作者说很多女人参加过scout课程想说明什么：历史学家本应该对 scout进行多些研究
8
GMAT难句的典型结构
长成分 1）、长从句做主语、宾语及其他成分 主语从句 宾语从句 2）、长状语 3）、层层修饰 4）、并列成分 9
常见倒装搭配
（1）、及物动词加介词：固定词组的固定搭配中， 经常出现倒装情况，如：bring A to B，写作： bring to B A
例：Yet Waltzer’s argument , however deficient ,
predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of
the family by technological
developments that made possible
e number of gene copies transmitted.
那种性别比例能在最大程度上增加一个个
体所能拥有的后代数量，并因此能在最大
程度上增加所传递到后代身上去的基因复
制品的数量。
5
读法：需要经过训练后才能按正常语 序读。
正常语序：
That sex ratio which maximizes the numbe
constructed, and its forthright, lucid style
exemplifies levelheaded and penetrati1n1g
criticism.
（2）、及物动词加副词
例：make possible …(单词或者句子)
Friedrich Engels, however,
the recruitment female sex into
of “the whole public industry.”
12
省略
省略的几种情况
（1）、重复的成分
（2）、让步转折的省略：如although (but
（3）、定语从句引导词的省略which （that ）
（4）、定语从句的引导词和系动词同时省 略，变成后置定语
34
5．Austro-Asiatic 语言
一个社会设计出来保存自己的方法得以形成 来保持那个社会认为最重要的一些方面。读法： 初级：读出主谓宾来。分析：主语： The methods； 谓语：com into being； 不定式to引导表示目的状语。高级：直接读， 见后。考查能力：考查考生的大脑容量。
3
第二类：大段的插入与或同位语，打断读 者的思路，割裂前后之间的语义，造成理 解的困难。我们称之为“打岔”。
qualities (such as “the capacity for hard work”) essential in produc1in3g wealth
4. 短语被分割：如：such as, so that , too to , more than , from A to B , between A and B 5. 多重否定：如： Despite these vague categories , one should not claim unequivocally that hostility between recognizable classes cannot be legitimately observed .
33
4．Scout program
第一段:讲述了一个老观点，有些历史学家认为不值得研究，因为这 个program教会了妇女哪些东西，诸如体格训练、自立自救等，最后 一句话指出新的研究认为老观点要改变
第二段：讲述新的观点，认为该课程有历史意义，其实还教会了妇女 哪些东西，诸如增强在公众面前表现自我的能力等
14
阅读机经
30
1.女性工作时间（短）
题目 第：1１段）：哪政个府正提确出：要选限男制雇妇员女和工fe作m时ini间st，gr这oup
的预样测她相们同可，以所更以好一地个平支衡持在该家法庭律的，责一任个。不男支持
con２３s性 为 者 于eq））工这。妇u主实e作样女女n题际c者会性在e，该出使组男选法于 得 织 性一 律私 雇 也 主个 的心 主 这 导法 结赞 倾 样 的律 果成 向 认 职的 如这 于 为 业颁 何，个 不 领布 ，认法 雇 域和 选为案佣有它 项这，女所的有样他性建妇不们工树女利认作，的
Moreover， I can feel strong emotion s in response to objects of art that ar e interpretations， rather than representations， of reali
ty.
初级：跳过插入语； 高级：直接读；查查
2
The methods that a community devi ses to perpetuate itself come into b eing to preserve aspects of the cult ural legacy that that community per ceives as essential.
oppo因rtu此n比itie较s增反加对了这，个有法在案这。些法律enact的地方
妇女 第的2o段pp：or男tun女it双ies方增对加法了案，效我果选的的预后计者都．是其无实原 文里稽说之的谈是，妇实女际的上收，入只增有加一了些，州有实些行雇了主这愿个意招收妇女
做额外的法工案作，．并所且以在我实想行也法算案是的o州pp，or妇tu女nit的ie工s增作加了
有头重脚轻之感。所以原文将此长长的从句倒装
成谓语will be favored之后。
6
高级读法：直接读，考查能力：大脑的排序能力
第四类：省略
相对以上三种来讲比较简单，在短句中 大家一般都可以看出。但是如果在长句 中出现，特别是如果与以上三种之一甚 至几种同时出现，也会给同学们带来很 大的困难。如上例原句中的省略 ，在第 二个the number of 前省略了 "sex ration which maximizes".
does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism-namely , that it brings to predominant positions in a society
people who ,no matter how legitimately they have earned their material rewards , often lack those other qualities that evoke affection or admiration.