Meeting temperature requirements for fisheries downstream of folsom

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Penrite Multi-Vehicle ATF产品说明书

Penrite Multi-Vehicle ATF产品说明书

AUTO TRANS FLUIDMULTI-VEHICLE OR APPLICATION SPECIFICA FULL RANGE OF FULL SYNTHETIC, SEMI SYNTHETIC & PREMIUM MINERAL ATFs THAT CAN BE USED IN PASSENGER, LIGHT & HEAVY DUTY VEHICLESSmooth shift durability is a measure of performance in automatic transmissions. Penrite’s Multi-Vehicle Full Synthetic ATF FS provides smooth shift durability 5 TIMES LONGER than the industry standard. Our Multi-Vehicle Semi Synthetic ATF MHP is 3 TIMES LONGER . Multi-Vehicle Full Synthetic ATF LV provides smooth shift durability 2.5 TIMES LONGER The industry standard test method is the JASO M349 - Anti-Shudder test. This means you will experience a smooth shift with ultimate high torque power in your transmissions for longer .d µ/d v (0.9m /s a t 40ºC ) x 1000Test HoursIndustry Standard (JASO M349)3 X Industry Standard5 X Industry Standard120240360480600-5.00.0 5.0 10.0 15.0x5x3x2.5 3 X Industry StandardFOR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE REFER TO APPLICATION GUIDE ON BACKPREMIUM MINERAL Application SpecificATF 33 (TYPE F)A TF 33 is special purpose, premium mineral, non-friction modified, red coloured automatic transmission fluid designed for Type F transmissions that specify M2C33-F or Ford SQM-2C9007-AA specifications. ATF 33 is designed for use in older Ford transmissions and power steering systems wherever a Ford Type F or G fluid is recommended. It can also be used in manual transmissions that specify this type of fluid. • Designed for optimum (sharp) shift for drag racing• Gives instant power transfer on accelerationKEY SPECIFICATIONS: Ford M2C33-F/G, Ford SQM-2C9007-AAAVAILABLE IN 1, 4, 20 & 205 LCOLOUR:REDPREMIUM MINERAL Smooth ShiftCLASSIC A TFKEY SPECIFICATIONS:DEXRON ®-IID, MERCON ®-IV, Allison C-4 MB 236.6/236.7, ZF TE-ML11/TE-ML 14AVAILABLE IN 5LCOLOUR:RED ATF Multi Vehicle DX III is an advanced technology premium mineral, multi vehicle, red coloured, automatic transmission fluid that exceeds the requirements of GM Dexron® IIIH. It is manufactured from the latest additive technology and advanced hydrocracked base oils along with a viscosity modifier to minimize shear loss and provide outstanding performance through the life of the fluid. Suitable for BTR transmissions as used by Ford.• Extended drain period up to 160,000km • Smooth gear changes over the life of the fluidPREMIUM MINERAL Multi-VehicleATF DX-IIIKEY SPECIFICA TIONS: GM DEXRON ® - IIE/IID /II, GM DEXRON ® IIIH/G/F , BTR 91LE/95LE, Ford MERCON/MERCON ® - IVAVAILABLE IN 1, 4, 10, 20, 60, 205 LCOLOUR:REDATF Multi Vehicle FS is a full synthetic, highly shear stable, multi vehicle, red coloured, automatic transmission fluid that exceeds the requirements of Ford Mercon ®V and GM Dexron ®IIIH as well as many other manufacturers requirements. It is an advanced formula designed for optimum performance & outstanding high temperature performance.• 5 x times smooth shift durability over the life of the fluid• Prevents clutch shudder in modulated torque converters• Extended oil drain intervalsATF Multi Vehicle MHP is a semi synthetic, multi vehicle, red coloured, automatic transmission fluid that exceeds the requirements of Mitsubishi SP2/SP3/PA, Dexron ® IIIH and Ford Mercon ® LV as well as many other manufacturers’ specifications. It is an advanced formula designed for optimum performance and outstanding high temperature resistance. • 3 x times smooth shift durability over the life of the fluid• Improved power transfer , fuel economy and reduced deposit formation • Reduced deposit formationsPenrite DCT Fluid is a highly advanced, full synthetic, multi vehicle, dual clutch transmission (DCT) fluid suitable for DCTs that use a wet clutch system. It is manufactured with advanced synthetic base oils and utilising the latest additive technology for applications in manymodern types of wet DCT transmissions. • Multi vehicle applications for wet DCT transmissions• Anti-shudder performance• Full Synthetic long life performance • Excellent wear protection for prolonged gearbox lifeFULL SYNTHETIC Multi-VehicleSEMI SYNTHETIC Multi-VehicleFULL SYNTHETIC Multi-VehicleATF FSATF MHPDCT FLUIDCOLOUR:REDCOLOUR:REDCOLOUR: AMBERFULL SYNTHETIC Application SpecificCVT FLUID V CVT Fluid V is a highly advanced, full synthetic, long drain, red coloured automatic transmission fluid manufactured with advanced synthetic and ultra-pure hydrocracked base oils and utilising state of the art additive technology for applications in many modern types of Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT). Its new and improved formulation means more applications are now possible. • New Improved Formulation• Full synthetic long life performance • Minimises wear and Maximises equipment lifeKEY SPECIFICATIONS:NISSAN NS-1/NS-2, HONDA HCF2/HMMF, MERCEDES 236.20, MOPAR CVT FLUID +4AVAILABLE IN 4 & 20 LCOLOUR:REDUPGRADEDClassic ATF is premium mineral, multivehicle, DEXRON ®-IID automatic transmission fluid for classic & older transmissions that required Type A / Suffix A or GM DEXRON ® / DEXRON ® II fluids. It is manufactured with modern additive technology and premium base oils to provide better shift performance and protection than original type automatic transmission fluids. • Designed exclusively for older transmissions• Compatible with GM DEXRON ® / DEXRON ® II & Type A/Suffix A fluids NEWATF Multi Vehicle L V is the latest generation technology, full synthetic, low viscosity automatic transmission fluid meeting the requirements of Ford MERCON ®-LV and GM DEXRON ®-VI, as well as many other manufacturer specifications. It is an advanced formulation automatic transmission fluid designed for optimum performance and outstanding high temperature resistance.• Designed to meet friction requirements for low viscosity fluids• 2.5 x times smoother shift over the life of the fluidFULL SYNTHETIC Multi-VehicleATF LVKEY SPECIFICATIONS: Ford MERCON ®-LV (M2C938-A), GM DEXRON ®-VI, Honda DW-1, Kia/Hyundai/Mitsubishi SP-IV, Toyota WS, Nissan/Infiniti Matic S, Mitsubishi Dia Queen J2,Ford M2C922-A1/M2C924-AAVAILABLE IN 1, 4, 20, 60 & 205 LCOLOUR:REDNEWNEWSMOOTHER SHIFTSMOOTHER SHIFTKEY SPECIFICATIONS: Ford MERCON ®-V (M2C202-B), Mitsubishi MM SP2/SP3/PA, Mazda MV/M-III, Nissan Matic C/D/J/K/S, BTR 91LE/95LE, T oyota WS/T -II/III/IV , Honda ATF 89/96/Z1, GM DEXRON ® - II/III/VI AVAILABLE IN 1, 4, 10, 20, 60 & 205 LKEY SPECIFICATIONS: Toyota T-II/III/IV, Mitsubishi MM SP2/SP3/P A, F ord MERCON ®-LV , Nissan Matic C/D/J/K, GM DEXRON ® - II/III H/G/F , BTR 91LE/95LE, Honda ATF 89/96/Z1, Chrysler ATF+3/ATF+4AVAILABLE IN 1, 4, 10, 20, 60 & 205 LKEY SPECIFICATIONS: Ford M2C936-A,BMW 83 22 2 148 578/579, 83 22 0 440 214/ 83 22 2 147 477, Mitsubishi SSTF-1, MB 236.21, Peugeot/Citroen 9734.S2, Volvo 1161838/39,Porsche Oil No . 999.917.080.00, VW TL 052 182/529 AVAILABLE IN 4 & 20 LFL_0004_ATF_A4 © Penrite Oil Company Pty Ltd 03/2015AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION STOP LEAKSpecifically formulated to control leaks in automatic transmission systems due to deteriorating or worn seals and gaskets. Auto Transmission Stop Leak has been designed for use in conventional automatic transmissions units. Suitable for cars, 4WDs and light commercial vehicles. AVAILABLE IN 375mLA treatment additive formulated to alleviate shift problems in automatic transmission systems and manual transmissions that utilise an automatic transmission fluid. It can also be used to reduce noise and wear in power steering systems of passenger vehicles.AVAILABLE IN 150mLA special purpose, heavier viscosity, transmission fluid designed for topping up Automatic Transmissions & Power Steering systems that require Dexron ® type II & III fluids. ATF T op up meets the basic frictional & anti-wear requirements of Dexron ®-IIE.AVAILABLE IN 1LPENRITE 4297(TRANSMISSION ADDITIVE)ATF TOP UP MULTI-VEHICLE (MINERAL)AUTO TRANS FLUIDMULTI-VEHICLE OR APPLICATION SPECIFICAPPLICATION GUIDEAUDI 4, 5 SPEED - except Multitronic CVT’sAUDI, S-TRONIC/DSGBMW 4, 5 SPEED AUTOBMW M3 E90/92, M5 F10 SERIES DCT’sCHRYSLERCHRYSLER SEBRING 2.0L TURBO DIESEL DCT’sCHRYSLER CVT’sCITROENDAEWOO DAIHATSUDODGEDODGE A VENGER, JOURNEY 2.0L TURBO DIESEL DCT’sDODGE CVT’sFORD ESCAPE, RANGER, KUGA, TERRITORYFORD EXPLORER, TAURUS, TRANSIT FORD FIESTA, COURIERFORD FOCUS, MONDEOFORD FOCUS L V /LW, KUGA 2.0L TURBO DIESEL DCT’sFORD/FPV F ALCON, F AIRLAINE, L TD 4 SPEED AUTO FORD/FPV F ALCON, F AIRLAINE, L TD 5 SPEED AUTO FORD LASER, TELSTAR, PROBE, MAVERICK, FESTIVAFORD XK-XDHOLDEN ASTRA, VECTRA, ZAFIRAHOLDEN BARINA TK, EPICA, VIVA, CRUZE*HOLDEN COLORADO, RODEO, JACKAROO, CAPTIVA*HOLDEN/HSV COMMODOREHOLDEN/HSV COMMODORE VE, VF* HONDA HYUNDAI INFINITIJAGUAR JEEPJEEP CVT’sKIALAND ROVER/RANGE ROVERLEXUSMAZDA 121, 323, 626, 929, MX5, RX7, BRAVOMAZDA 2,3,6, CX7, CX9, BT -50, TRIBUTEMERCEDES BENZ 4, 5 SPEED AUTOMERCEDES BENZ DCT’sMERCEDES BENZ CVT’sMINI (BMW)MINI (BMW) CVT’SMITSUBISHIMITSUBISHI LANCER EVO X, CJ RALLIART 2.0L TURBOMITSUBISHI CVT’sNISSANNISSAN CVT’sPROTON RENAUL T ROVERSAABSKODA DSGSUBARU SUZUKISUZUKI SX4, JB GRAND VITARA, SWIFT TOYOTA 3 SPEED TOYOTA 4 SPEEDTOYOTA 5, 6 SPEEDTRIUMPHVOLKSWAGEN 4,5 SPEED AUTOVOLKSWAGEN DSGVOLVOVOLVO DCT’sATF LV NEWATF FS ATF MHP DCT FLUID ATF DX-III CVT FLUID V UPGRADEDATF 33NEWThe above information is a guide only. For the full and exact recommendations refer to PENRITE’S LUBE GUIDE. The guide applies to vehicles manufactured from 1990 onwards.*ATF LV replaces Penrite ATF DX VI for GM DEXRON® VI applications. Penrite ATF DX VI may still be used, if available.。

Kandao Meeting 360全景会议摄影机说明书

Kandao Meeting 360全景会议摄影机说明书

产品名称: 360全景会议摄影机型号: WL0308制造商: 深圳看到科技有限公司地址: 深圳市南山区科文路9号中钢大厦M7栋5DProduct Name: Intelligent360 degree panoramic cameraModel: WL0308Manufacturer: Kandao Technology Co.,Ltd.说明书/說明書/User Guide/取扱説明書Address: Unit 5D, Block M7, SinoSteel Building,Nanshan, Shenzhen, ChinaUSBAdapterUSBFirmware updateAdaptercncn連接使用❶ 將本產品連接上12V/3.5A 旅充;❷ 按下鏡頭組件,鏡頭組件將自動彈起,機器啓動中,紅燈常亮,啓動完成藍燈慢閃;❸ 用USB 綫連接電腦和本產品;❹ S 打開會議視訊軟體(如SKYPE、ZOOM、QQ,小貝殼會議系統… …等),進入遠端會議後此時藍燈常亮;❺ 可以透過本產品控制音量大小和麥克風靜音,以及會議模式切換;❻ 會議完畢,按下鏡頭組件,10秒後關機完成。

❶ 開機並連上電腦,長按模式鍵3秒;❷ 相機重啓,並進入隨身碟模式;❸ 將韌體拷貝到本產品隨身碟;❹ 關機重啓,進入系統升級,藍燈快閃,升級完成,藍燈恢復常亮。

備註:有些視頻會議平臺需要您選擇MEETING 360的攝像頭和麥克風。

下載固件鏈接:/download /360camera❶ 使用前請詳細閲讀本説明;❷ 請注意所有警告說明;❸ 請遵循所有説明;❹ 切勿在散熱器、電熱器、爐子、或其他產熱設備等熱源附近進行工作;❺ 僅使用製造商為Kandao指定與提供的附件與配件;❻ 如需維修請至原廠授權點進行。

不論設備受到何種形式的損壞,例如電源線或插頭損壞,液體滲入或物體落入此設備淋雨或受潮,無法正常工作或跌落,則可能需要進行維修。

一次性使用工艺组件-ASMEBPE-2023新增内容解读

一次性使用工艺组件-ASMEBPE-2023新增内容解读

一次性使用工艺组件|ASMEBPE—2023新增内容解读加添了一次性使用部件和组件的要求,分为三个章节,分别是第七章一次性使用设计、第八章一次性使用工艺组件和第九章一次性使用的制造、组装和安装。

本文连续介绍第八章一次性使用工艺组件。

一次性使用工艺组件1.蒸汽直通和蒸汽直通连接器2.无菌连接器2.1制造商责任制造商应:(a)进行微生物侵入试验,以确认连接后无菌液路不会受到损害(b)定义连接器是干连接器还是湿连接器(1)干燥意味着液体不能进入连接器。

使用前,必需使用夹钳或其他合适的技术将液体与连接器隔离。

(2)湿意味着连接器中可以有液体进行连接。

(c)供给产品规格,包括但不限于以下内容:(1)温度额定值(2)压力额定值(3)灭菌方法的兼容性(例如,伽马灭菌,高压灭菌)(4)产品流路清洁度(微粒、内毒素、生物负载)(5)流速(d)定义连接器两半部分的性别(1)独。

特的阳半部分和阴半部分(2)没有性别,每一半都是一样的(e)定义连接是设计用于一次性连接还是多个连接(1)设计用于一次性连接的连接器应具有不可逆的锁定机制,除非其专门设计用于无菌断开。

(2)设计用于多重连接和断开的连接器应具有规定的最大连接数。

(f)供给装配说明,以确保正确连接2.2 全部者/用户责任全部者/用户应(a)依据全部适用过程和灭菌条件的服务要求,审查制造商的质量标准(b)确保由经过适当培训的操作员依照合格程序进行连接,以保持系统完整性3.柔性生物工艺容器(袋)3.1材料多层膜通常用于制造一次性袋。

制造商应确定袋的全部薄膜和连接层的构造材料。

对于预期用于过程接触的袋,制造商应识别全部材料(例如,重要材料、粘结层和添加剂),这些材料可能会掺杂袋内产品。

3.2确认制造商应供给一次性袋的工作温度和压力限值。

制造商应规定适当的灭菌方法,包括暴露范围、灭菌后有效期和其他限制。

制造商应供给处理和安全使用程序,包括悬挂限制、填充限制和二次密封建议。

标准操作规程 英文

标准操作规程 英文

标准操作规程英文《Standard Operating Procedures: Ensuring Efficiency and Consistency》Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) are a set of step-by-step instructions compiled by an organization to help employees carry out routine operations. SOPs serve as a guide for employees to ensure that tasks are done in a consistent and efficient manner, ultimately leading to higher productivity and quality of work.The importance of SOPs cannot be overstated. They provide a framework for employees to follow, minimizing errors and reducing the likelihood of accidents or compliance violations. By standardizing procedures, SOPs also help organizations maintain and improve quality standards, as well as meeting regulatory requirements.Developing effective SOPs requires careful planning and input from all relevant stakeholders. Clear and concise language should be used to communicate the procedures, and they should be easy to understand and follow. Regular review and updates of SOPs are also essential to ensure that they remain relevant and effective. Implementing SOPs in an organization can lead to numerous benefits. Employees can work more efficiently and confidently, knowing that they have clear guidelines to follow. Consistency in operations can also result in improved customer satisfaction, as well as higher levels of productivity and profitability for the organization.In summary, SOPs are an integral part of any successful organization. They provide a foundation for employees to perform their duties effectively and consistently, ultimately leading to improved operational efficiency and overall success. By investing time and resources in developing and maintaining SOPs, organizations can ensure that their processes are aligned with their goals and objectives.。

GL迷你坦克式热水器电子水槽下水器说明书(GL 2.5 - GL 4 - GL 6+)

GL迷你坦克式热水器电子水槽下水器说明书(GL 2.5 - GL 4 - GL 6+)

The installer should review the contents of this manual with the owner upon completion of installation, and the manual should be left with the owner and placed in a location close to the installation.IMPORTANT SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS When using electrical appliances, safety precautions to reduce the risk of fire, electric shock or injury to persons should be followed, including:1.READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE USING THIS WATER HEATER.2.This water heater must be grounded.3.Install or locate this water heater only in accordance with the provided installation e this water heater only for its intended use as described in this manual.5.Contact a qualified electrician to have unit properly installed.6.As with any appliance, close supervision is necessary when used by children.7.Do not operate this water heater if it is not working properly or if it has been damaged or dropped.8.This water heater should be serviced only by qualified service personnel.Contact a service facility for examination, repair or adjustment.9.Failure to service the anode rod at least once a year could cause the tank to fail and leak.KEEP THESE INSTRUCTIONS AT HAND SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONS WARNING MODELGL 2.5GL 4GL 6+Capacitygallons 2.546VoltageVac 110/120 for each model Power at 120 VacWatts 150015001500Maximum Water pressurepsi 150150150WeightLbs 15.517.329.5AmperageAmps 12.50 for each model Phases 111Technical dataWARNING 3Temperature & pressure relief valve,3/4NPT male Temperature & pressure relief valve,3/4NPT male Hot water outlet Cold water inlet 1/2COMPONENT PARTS (Horizontal installation)Cold water inlet 3/4NPT male 4DIMENSIONS FOR GL 6+ (HORIZONTAL INSTALLATION)DIMENSIONS FOR GL 6+ (VERTICAL INSTALLATION)FIG.2/2FIG.2/35GL 2.5GL 414”10 1/4”12 1/4”7 1/2”3”6”31/2”1”14”51/2” 3 3/4”2 1/2”141/2”81/2”41/2”17 1/2”141/2”81/2”41/2”11 1/2”17 1/2”17 1/2”17 1/2”11 1/2”3/4N P T M A L E3”1”1/2NPT MALE3/4NPT MALE 2 1/2”6 1/2”General remarksThe manufacturer cannot be responsible for the damages caused by improper installation or by failure to follow instructions in this ply with the installation instructions before completing electric connection.The thermostat has been pre-set at the factory between 41°C (105°F) and 45°C (113°F).Hydrogen gas can be produced in a hot water system served by this heater that has not been used for a long period of time (generally 2 weeks or more).Hydrogen gas is extremely flammable.To reduce the risk of injury under these conditions, it is recommended that the hot water faucet be opened for several minutes at the kitchen sink before using any electrical appliance connected to the hot water system.If hydrogen gas is present, there will probably be an unusual sound such as air escaping through the pipe as the water begins to flow.There should be no smoking or open flame near the faucet at this time.CAUTIONCAUTIONCAUTION Installation instructionsFasten the supplied mounting bracket to the e screws that are suitable for the wall material and the weight of the heater.Hang the water heater on the bracket.Tug down wards on the heater to ensure that both “fingers”of the bracket are seated in the mounting slots.Confirm water piping orientation before wall mounting.Heater can sit on floor.Confirm water piping orientation before locating on floor location.The GL6+ needs to be wired with 12 GA.wire to a minimum 20 amp/ maximum 20 amp branch circuit.(Remove cover plate V (fig.3/4) using a thin screw-driver operating on point W (fig.3/4).Unscrew the screw below and lift the cover C (fig.3/4).When reassembling work in the opposite way being careful to insert first the tongue of the cover into the slot.) Insert 12 AWG through conduit at rear of heater.Secure internal wire connector below thermostat (fig.3/3) and connect wiring to right side of thermostat control.(+) to lower terminal marked “L ”, neutral to upper terminal marked “N”.Unit must be grounded T (fig.3/3).Connect the cold water inlet pipe to the inlet nipple (marked with a blue ring) and the hot water outlet pipe to the outlet nipple (marked with a red ring).The model GL 6+ can be piped horizontally from the side or vertically from the top.If you wish to install the unit horizontally, with the piping connections on the right side, you will have to be certain the tap between the two water tappings is plugged, the supplied Temperature and Pressure Relief Valve will need to be installed on top.If you wish to install the unit vertically, with the piping connections on top, you will have to be certain the tap on the side is plugged, the supplied Temperature and Pressure Relief Valve will need to be installed on top.Wall mounting (only for vertical installation)MODEL GL 6+Wiring Pipe connectionsFloor MountingThe GL 6+ water heater can be installed under the sink.Fasten the supplied mounting bracket to the e screws that are suitable for the wall material and the weight of the heater.Hang the water heater on the bracket.Tug down wards on the heater to ensure that both “fingers”of the bracket are seated in the mounting slots.Wall mounting MODEL GL 2.5 - GL 4The GL 2.5 and GL 4 water heaters can be installed under the sink.6Heater can sit on floor.Connect the cold water inlet pipe to the inlet nipple (marked with a blue ring) and the hot water outlet pipe to the outlet nipple (marked with a red ring).To reduce the risk of excessive pressures and temperatures in this water heater, install the supplied temperature and pressure protective equipment required by local codes but not less than a combination temperature and pressure relief valve certified by a nationally recognized testing laboratory that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials, as meeting the requirements for Relief Valves and Automatic Gas Shut-off Devices for Hot Water Supply Systems, ANSI Z21.22.This valve must be marked with a maximum set pressure not to exceed the marked maximum working pressure of the water heater.Install the valve in the opening provided and marked for this purpose in the water heater, and orient it or provide tubing so that any discharge from the valve will exit within 6 inches above, or at any distance below, the structural floor, and cannot contact any live electrical part.The discharge opening must not be blocked or reduced in size under any circumstances.Periodic discharge of the temperature and pressure relief valve or failure of the element gasket may be due to thermal expansion in a closed water supply system.The water utility supply meter may contain a check valve, backflow preventer or water pressure reducing valve which will create a closed water system.During the heating cycle of the water heater, the water expands causing pressure inside the water heater to increase.The temperature and pressure relief valve may discharge hot water under these conditions which results in a loss of energy and a build-up of lime on the relief valve seat.To prevent this from happening, there are two recommendations:1.Install a diaphgram-type expansion tank that is suitable for potable water on the cold water supply line.The expansion tank must have a minimum capacity of 1.5U.S.gallons for every 50 gallons of stored water.2.Install a 125 PSI pressure relief valve in the cold water supply line.Make sure the discharge of this valve is directed to an open drain and protected from freezing.Contact the local water supplier or plumbing inspector for information on how to control this situation.Do not plug the temperature and pressure relief valve.Instructions for useBefore connecting the power, fill the tank and system with water and check for leaks.To be certain that all air is out of the water system, open the hot water faucets on your fixtures until constant water flows from them otherwise damage to the element may occur.To start the heating cycle:A)first make sure tank is full.Otherwise the heating element may be damaged.B)the red light will come on and remain on until that temperature has been reached,at which point the light will go off, but will automatically come back on when the water temperature drops below the setting chosen.After installation check the water temperature.If adjustment is necessary remove front cover to adjust thermostat D (fig.3/5 - clockwise to increase the temperature and anticlockwise to decrease it).To reach the thermostat lift the plate V using a thin screw-driver operating on point W (fig.3/4).Unscrew the screw below and lift the cover C .When reassembling work in the opposite way being careful to insert first the tongue of the cover into the slot.CAUTION Closed system thermal expansion Starting and testing Temperature Setting7Pipe connectionsFloor MountingMaintenance instructionsNote:Do not attempt to repair this water heater yourself.Call a service person for assistance.Always turn off the power supply to the heater prior to servicing or draining the heater.PERIODIC MAINTENANCE AND PARTS REPLACEMENTNote:For most of these operations,the water will have to be drained from the heater.For all of these operations the power supply needs to be shut off and the front cover removed.Remove cover plate V (fig.3/4) using a thin screw-driver operating on point W (fig.3/4).Unscrew the screw below and lift the cover C (fig.3/4).When reassembling work in the opposite way being careful to insert first the tongue of the cover into the slot.1)If the heater has been installed with flexible hoses, shut off the power supply and turn the heater upside down over a sink to drain the water out of it, OR2)If the heater has been installed with rigid piping, siphon the water out through any (lower) service valve on the (inlet side).Keep a hot water faucet open while siphoning the water out, OR3)If the heater has been installed with flexible hoses, it can also be emptied by siphoning through the inlet side hose.Keep a hot water faucet open while siphoning.1.Turn off power supply and drain the heater (see previous section).2.Remove the front cover plate, disconnect terminals X , Y and T (fig.3/3).3.Unscrew the 4 heating element retaining nuts F (fig.3/3).4.Remove the element.G (fig.3/1).Scale deposits can affect the heating capability of the element.Heavy scale can even cause the element to burn out.The element can be descaled either chemically or manually:A)Soak the element in white vinegar or other descaling solution.Once descaled,rinse well with fresh water, to which you should add some baking soda, OR B)Once the element has dried up, use a soft brush (non metallic to prevent damaging the stainless steel sheath) on element.Brush the dried mineral off.Reinstall the element with gasket and make the wire connections.C)Replace anode rod if considerably shorter then diagram.WARNING:make sure the tank has been refilled with water before restoring power.The anode rod (N fig.3/2) helps protect the tank against corrosion.Depending on the water condition, the magnesium anode rod may need to be changed every year or so.Galvanic and electrolytic corrosion can destroy a tank if the anode rod is “spent”.Rusty water is usually an indication of a “spent”anode rod.If rusty water is present,examine anode rod immediately.Rapid degradation of the anode rod (less than 1year) may indicate the presence of galvanic corrosion due to “stray”direct current.In this case, it may be necessary to add a “grounding strap”from the Ariston tank to the copper plumbing.1.Turn off the power supply and drain the heater (see previous section).2.Remove heating element (see previous section).3.Remove and replace the anode rod N (fig.3/2).4.Refill tank with water before restoring power.Removing the heating element Descaling the heating elementChanging the anode rod REPLACEMENT OF PARTS8Draining the HeaterOccasionally, the high temperature limit shut off device may trigger and shut the system down.This occurs when water temperature exceeds 190°F and shuts off power to the heating element.The shut off device may also trigger from a power outage or electrical storm.To reset:1)IMPORTANT:Disconnect heater from electrical power.2)Remove front cover plate (C fig.3/4).3)Firmly press reset button (B fig.3/5).4)Replace cover plate, reconnect power.5)IMPORTANT:Check the operation of the thermostat, turn temperature dial from high to low, if the red light does not go off on low setting, turn off power supply and call a service person to replace thermostat.6)If the system works, place dial setting to desired setting.Note:a lower setting is more economical, and reduces the risk of scalding.CAUTION:Call a technician if the high limit needs to be reset frequently.Troubleshooting1.Make sure the power supply is on and working.2.If light does not come on, check that the reset button is pushed in;follow steps from previous section.3.If the indicator light works properly but temperature does not get hot a tap, test for a plumbing crossover;shut off cold supply to heater and open hot water tap.There should be no water flowing.Any continued flow indicates a crossover which will effect the temperature and will need to be corrected.4.Replace heating element (see previous section on changing the heating element).1.If the light does not come on, but water gets hot, check for faulty bulb.2.Check reset button;follow steps from previous section.1.Brown or rusty water indicates a “spent”anode rod.Replace anode rod.1.Smelly water could be due to an unusual reaction between local water and the heater’s anode rod.Check anode rod.1.Remove cover plate and turn the temperature selector dial (D fig.3/5) counter clockwise to lower temperature.If temperature never lowers then replace thermostat.1.Under Instructions for Use see Temperature Setting instruction.1.Check water fittings and T & P fitting on top of tank.2.Remove front cover and inspect heating element gasket.Water does not get hot Light not on Brown water Odor in water Water is too hot Water not hot enough Resetting High Limit SwitchLeaking91.Turn off power supply and drain the heater (see previous section).2.Remove the heating element (see section on Removing the Heating Element ).3.Install new element with gasket, making sure the gasket and element are positioned correctly.Tighten the retaining nuts and make the wire connections.4.Refill tank with water before restoring power.1.Turn off power supply.2.Disconnect the 2 push/pull type wires on thermostat.3.Loosen the two brass screws at right side of thermostat and pull wires out.4.Unscrew and remove the two phillips screws holding the thermostat down.5.Install new thermostat and re-attach wiring and screws.Changing the heating elementChanging the thermostat10G N FIG.3/1FIG.3/2FIG.3/3FIG.3/4FIG.3/5GZF X Y TVCDBF WARISTON• LIMITED6 YEARS WARRANTYCOVERAGEARISTON, THROUGH ITS U.S.DISTRIBUTOR CONTROLLED ENERGY CORP., (hereinafter CEC) guarantees this water heater to the Owner (hereinafter “Owner”) of the water heater at the original installation location against defects in material and workmanship for the periods specified below.WARRANTY PERIOD1.The inner Tank- If the inner tank leaks within six (6) years from the date of original installation of the water heater, because of a defect in material or workmanship, CEC will furnish to such Owner a new heater of the then prevailing comparable model.2.Any Component Part Other than The Original Inner Tank- If any component part (other than the inner tank) proven to be defective in material or workmanship within one (1) year from the date of original installation of the water heater, CEC will furnish the Owner with a replacement of the defective part(s).3.Verification of Date of Original Installation - When Owner cannot verify or document the original date of installation, the warranty period begins on the date of manufacture marked on the tag affixed to the water heater.EXCLUSIONS1.THIS LIMITED WARRANTY SHALL BE THE EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY MADE BY THE MANUFACTURER AND IS MADE IN LIEU OF ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED(WHETHER WRITTEN OR ORAL), INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.2.The Manufacturer shall not be liable for any incidental, consequential, special or contingent damages or expenses arising, directly or indirectly, from any defect in the water heater or the use of the water heater.3.The Manufacturer shall not be liable for any water damage arising, directly or indirectly, from any defect in the water heater component part(s) or from its use.4.Manufacturer shall not be liable under this warranty if:a) The water heater or any of its componentparts has been subject to misuse, alteration, neglect or accident, orb) The water heater has not been installed inaccordance with the applicable local plumbing and/or building code(s) and/or regulation(s), orc) The water heater has not been installed inaccordance with the printed manufacturer’s instructions, ord) The water heater is not continuouslysupplied with potable water.5.The OWNER and not the Manufacturer or his representative shall be liable for and shall pay for all field charges for labor or other expenses incurred in the removal and/or repair of the product or any expense incurred by the owner in order to repair the product.SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.THIS WARRANTY GIVES YOU SPECIFIC LEGAL RIGHTS AND YOU MAY ALSO HAVE OTHER RIGHTS WHICH MAY VARY FROM STA TE TO ST ATE.IMPORTANT:OWNER SHALL KEEP THISMAKE A CLAIMNOTE:A water heater should be installed insuch a manner that if it should leak, the resulting flow of water will not cause damage to the area in which it is installed.HOW THE OWNER CAN SECURE SERVICEOR MAKE A CLAIM1.Owner should contact the dealer who sold the water heater covered by this warranty or2.Owner should submit the warranty claim directly to CEC at the address listed below, and they will arrange for the handling of the claim3.Whenever any inquiry or service request is made, be sure to include the water heater model number the date of manufacture , date of installation, Dealer’s name and the watts and voltage.4.When returning the water heater or component part(s), they must be individually tagged and identified with the Returned Goods Authorization # issued by CEC and shipped prepaid to CEC at the address below.Controlled Energy Corp.340 Mad River ParkWaitsfield, VT 05673800-642-3111802-496-4436Fax 802 496-6924 COMMON SENSE HEAT & HOT WATER TECHNOLOGYMTS MAKES USE OFRECYCLED PAPER29.1.60.542.1.01 0900 L i t o g r a f s .r .l.Controlled Energy Corp.340 Mad River Park Waitsfield, VT 05673800-642-3111802-496-4436Fax 802 COMMON S ENSE H EAT & H OT W ATER TECHNOLOGYMerloni TermoSanitari SpA Viale Aristide Merloni, 4560044 Fabriano (AN)Tel. 0732.6011Telefax. 0732.602331Telex 560160。

Parker Hannifin 公司 PGI 分部 PGI-FET 4 2015 脱落泄漏试验用户指

Parker Hannifin 公司 PGI 分部 PGI-FET 4 2015 脱落泄漏试验用户指

Instrument Valve & Manifold Fugitive Emissions TestsParker Hannifin CorporationPGI Division16101 Vallen DriveHouston, Texas 77041phone 713 466 0056fax 800 558 9228********************/pgiTABLE OF CONTENTS1.0 I N TRODUCTIO N1.1 Test Purpose and Obj e ctive2.0 SUMMARY3.0 VALVES TESTED3.1 Parker PGI Valves3.2 Competitor Valves4.0 TEST SET-UP4.1 Test Set-up Schematic Drawing4.2 Test Set-up Descriptions4.2.1. Mechanical Cycling at Ambient Temperature4.2.2. Heat Cycle and Modified Heat Cycle5.0 INSTRUMENTATION UTILIZED5.1 Instrumentation Schematic Drawing5.2 Instrumentation Description6.0 TESTING DETAILS & RESULTS6.1 Mechanical Cycling at Ambient Temperature6.1.1. Test Procedure6.1.2.Failure I Test Completion Criteria6.1.3 Test Results: Parker PGI PTFE Pressure-Core® Seal6.1.4 Test Results: Competitor Adjustable PTFE Packing6.1.5 Test Summary6.2 Heat Cycle6.2.1. Test Procedure6.2.2 Failure I Test Completion Criteria6.2.3 Test Results: Parker PGI PTFE Pressure-Core® Seal6.2.4 Test Results: Competitor Adjustable PTFE Packing6.2.5 Test Summary6.3 Modified Heat Cycle6.3.1. Test Procedure6.3.2 Failure I Test Completion Criteria6.3.3 Test Results: Parker PGI PTFE Pressure-Core® Seal6.3.4 Test Results: Competitor Low E missions Seal6.3.5 Test SummaryINSTRU M ENTATION VALVE & M ANIFOLDFUGITIVE EMISSIONS TEST1.0 IN TROD U CT I O N1.1 T e s t P urpo se and O bj ec tiv eThe Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 provide fugitive emissions controlrequirements for volatile organic compounds emitted by valve stem seals. Totest the stem sealing capabilities of standard instrument valves and manifolds,Parker PGI contracted H.O. Mohr Research and Engineering, Inc. of Houston,Texas to perform a series of fugitive emission tests. The objective of thetesting was to determine the fugitive emission leak resistance of leading stemseal designs under various simulated field conditions. Mohr provided testequipment and personnel, and all testing was done in accordance with E PAtest Method 21 as found in part 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations.2.0 S UMMARYThe standard valves of two (2) different manufacturers were tested:∙Parker PGI∙ CompetitorThe Parker PGI and Competitor valves were tested under three (3)different test conditions. These conditions were simulated by thefollowing test procedures:∙Mechanical cycling at ambient temperature∙Heat cycle testing∙Modified heat cycle testingThe Parker PGI valves successfully completed all testing requirements forthe three different test conditions.The Competitor valves were not successful in meeting any testrequirements and failed all three test conditions.3.0 VALVES TESTED3.1 Parker PGIPTFE Pressure-Core® Stem Seal1/2" NPT Valve10,000 PSI WP @ ambient 8,000 PSI WP @ 450° F3.2 CompetitorAdjustable PTFE Stem Seal Packing1/2" NPT Valve10,000 PSI WP @ ambient 8,000 PSI WP @ 500° FLow Emissions Graphite Stem Seal Packing1/2" NPT Valve6,000 PSI WP @ ambient 1,500 PSI WP @ 850° F4.0 TEST SET-UP4.1 Test Set-up Schematic Drawing4.2 Tes t Se t-up Desc ripti o n sThe test design incorporated three separate tests: mechanical cycling atambient temperature, heat cycle and modified heat cycle testing. The set-up for the different tests is described below.4.2.1 M ec h a ni ca l C y c lin g a t A m b i e n t Te m pe r a tur eThe test valves were assembled into a tubing loop to facilitatepressurization with methane. The pressure was maintained at1000 PSI methane throughout the cycling procedure and wasmonitored with a Sensotec 0-5000 PSI stain gauge transducer.All data on mechanical cycles and fugitive emission leak rates weremanually recorded. A 98% pure CP grade bottle of methane with itsrespective regulator and shutoff valves was used to pressurize thetest valves for all fugitive emission leak rate tests.4.2.2 H ea t C y c l e a n d M o difi ed H ea t C y c l e Tes tin gE ach test valve was attached to tubing and fittings such that the testvalves could be inserted into an oven to accomplish the heat portionof the test while the block valves and pressure transducer for eachvalve pair remained outside the oven. This was accomplished by abarrier of Marinite insulating board which was used as the oven doorand heat barrier. A type J thermocouple was welded to each testvalve on the valve body. The position was adjacent to the bonnetnut. The thermocouples were read by digital thermal couplerreader/amplifiers and recorded on an Omniscribe two-pen strip chartrecorder.The oven was a manually controlled laboratory oven capable of500° F maximum. A shielded Type J thermocouple and readerwere used to monitor the oven air temperature.The pressure was monitored with a Sensotec 0-5000 PSI strain gagetransducer and a Daytronics digital strain gage indicator/amplifierconditioned the signal to be recorded on the strip chart recorder.Temperature and pressure for each valve was recorded during testing.A bottle source of dry nitrogen with its respective regulator and shut offvalves was used as the pressure medium for all heating cycles.A 98% pure CP grade bottle of methane was used to pressurize thetest valves for all fugitive emission leak rate tests.5.0 IN STRU M E N TATIO N UT I LIZED5.1 I nstrumentat i on Schemat i c Dra w ing5.2 In st rum e nt a ti o n Desc ripti o nThe Organic Vapor Analyzer (OVA) used during all testing was a FoxboroModel 128 dual mode analyzer. The instrument was used only in surveymode (Mode 1) which provides continuous operation for screening anarea for total organics and reporting the values directly in parts per million(PPM) methane equivalent.In the survey mode, the OVA 128 uses a flame ioni z ation detector tomonitor the presence of organic vapors. The internal signal processorthen converts and displays the results constantly to a hand held sampleprobe and meter. Sample gathering at the sniffer tube is accomplished bya small diaphragm air pump contained in the instrument.Calibration of the instrument is accomplished by introducing two knownconcentrations of certified calibration gases, with an adjustment of theinstrument’s potentiometer providing the necessary accuracy. The two (2)gases furnished with this instrument consist of zero gas for properly settingthe instrument z ero and a 95 PPM methane for setting concentration andrange readings.Complete calibration of the instrument was performed prior to testing andat the conclusion of the test program. A change of less than 3 P P M wasnoted during the final calibration.A daily calibration check was made prior to each test using therecommended procedure in the instrument operating manual.6.0 TEST I NG DETA I LS & RESULTS6.1 M ec h a ni ca l C y c lin g at Amb i e n t Te m perat ur e Test6.1.1 Test P r oced u reAt ambient temperature, pressuri z e test valves to 1000 PSI methane,cycle valve full open to full close 20 times and then sniff area of thevalve stem and seal within 1/2" of stem using the Organic VaporAnaly z er (OVA).6.1.2 Fa il u r e I Test Comp l et i on Cr i te ri aA reading of 1000 PPM or greater is considered failure criteria. Anadjustment of the bonnet seal gland nut may be made on any valvethat reaches a 1000 PPM leak rate. Repeat cycling procedures until2000 cycles have been completed or until the valve cannot be furtheradjusted to bring it within the 1000 PPM leak rate.6.1.3 Tes t Res ult s: Parker PGI PTFE Pressure-Core® Sea lCYCLES LEAK RATE PP M 1-·CO MM E N TS250050007500100010125010150011750020000E nd of test6.1.4 Tes t Res ult s: Competitor Ad ju s t ab l e PTFE Pac kin gCYCLES LEAK RATE PP M CO MM E N TS40>1000Tighten gland 1/4 turn70>1000Tighten gland 1/8 turn92>1000Stopped test6.1.5 Tes t S umm a ryA. Parker PGI Pressure-Core® Sea lThe Pressure-Core® Seal completed 2000 mechanical cycles(full open to full close), at which time the testing was stopped.The leak rate throughout the 2000 cycles never exceeded 10PPM.Operation of the valve was smooth and the force required toturn the stem was minimal.B. Competitor Ad ju s t ab l e PTFE Pac kin gThe adjustable PTFE seal failed at the 40th, 70th and 92ndmechanical cycle. The gland nut had to be readjusted aftereach failure. The test was aborted at cycle 92 since the valvewas showing a pattern of failure.This valve was more difficult to turn from the onset, and gotprogressively worse as the gland nut was adjusted.6.2 H eat C ycl e Tes t6.2.1 Tes t P r o c e dur ePurge the valves using dry nitrogen and then pressurize valves to1000 PSI nitrogen with the stem in the 1/2 open position. Heat thevalves to 400° F in the oven, remove and let air cool to ambient. Purgethe nitrogen from the system with methane and then pressurize to1000 PSI with methane. Sniff the area of the valve stem and bonnetseal within 1/2" of the stem using the OVA. Cycle the valve open andclosed five (5) times and repeat the OVA sniffing procedure.6.2.2 Fa ilur e I Tes t C ompl e tion C rit e ri aA reading of 1000 PM or greater is considered failure criteria. Anadjustment of the bonnet seal gland nut may be made on any valvethat reaches 1000 PM leak rate. Repeat the above procedures untilten (10) heat cycles have been completed or until the valve cannot befurther adjusted to bring it within the 1000 PPM leak rate.6.2.3 Test Results: Parker PGI Pressure-Core® SealMECH. CYCLES HEAT CYCLES LEAK RATE PPM0130518523010215103 51531015410204 6205 5255 5256303063030710357 5358204084540910459 445100501006.2.4 Test Results: Competitor Adjustable PTFE PackingMECH. CYCLESHEATCYCLESLEAKRATE PPM..: .COMMENTS01>1000Tighten gland ¼ turn 51052>1000Tighten gland ¼ turn 1020103>1000Stopped test6.2.5 Test SummaryPGI Pressure-Core® Sea lA. ParkerThe Pressure-Core® Seal completed all 10 thermal cyclesand 50 mechanical cycles. T he leak rates encounteredranged from 0 to 45 PPM over the duration of the test.Operation of the valve was smooth throughout all cycles.Ad ju stab l e PTFE Pack in gB. CompetitorThe adjustable PTFE seal was tightened prior to heatingand tested to assure no leakage was present. The valvewas then heated for the first cycle. At the first test pointafter cooling, the leak rate exceeded the 1000 PPMthreshold.The gland was again tightened. Five (5)mechanical cycles were then performed with a zero leakrate. The valve was subjected to two (2) additional heatcycles with the results being identical to the first heat cycle.The repeated failure pattern was enough evidence to abortthe test after the third cycle.The operation of the valve was initially smooth but as the glandnut was adjusted, the force to turn the valve increasedconsiderably.6.3 Modified Heat Cycle Test6.3.1 Test ProcedurePurge the valves using dry nitrogen and then pressuri z e valves to1000 PSI nitrogen with the stem in the 1/2 open position. Heat thevalves to 400° Fin the oven, remove and let air cool to ambient. Purgethe nitrogen from the system with methane and then pressurize to1000 PSI methane. Sniff the area of the valve stem and bonnet sealwithin 1/2" of the stem using the OVA. Cycle the valve open andclosed fifty times (50) times and repeat the OVA sniffing procedureevery 10 cycles.6.3.2 Failure I Test Completion CriteriaThe failure criteria for this test was reduced to 100 PP M or greater. Anadjustment of the bonnet seal gland nut may be made on any valvethat reaches 100 PPM leak rate. Repeat the above procedures untilthe valve cannot be further adjusted to bring it within the 100 PPMspecified leak rate.6.3.3 Test Results: Parker PGI Pressure-Core® Seal0/C CYCLESHEATCYCLESCOMMENTS501OK1002OK1503 2 PPM leak rate2004OK2505OK3006OK3507OK4008OK4509OK50010OK55011OK60012 2 PPM65013OK6941310 PPM Stem frozen 1/2 open;test discontinued6.3.4 Test Results: Competitor Low Emissions Graphite Seal0/C CYCLESHEATCYCLESCOMMENTS501OK892Fail - Tightened gland 1/4 turn 1393OK1444Fail - Tightened gland 1/4 turn 2005OK2506OK2557Fail - Tightened gland 1/8 turn 3008OK350930 PPM leak rate35010Fail - Tightened gland 1/8 turn 40011 2 PPM4501210 PPM5001320 PPM6.3.5 Test SummaryA. Parker PGI Pressure-Core® SealA total of 694 mechanical cycles and 13 heat cycles wereachieved. At that point, the stem froze at the 1/2 openposition due to galling of the threads. The leak rate at thatcycle was 10 PPM. Prior to that, 2 PPM had been themaximum leak rate recorded.C ompetitor Low Emissions Graphite SealB.The Competitor valve used in this portion of the test includeda low emissions graphite stem seal. This packing iswarranted against leaks for three (3) years from the date ofshipment at a level of less than 100 PPM. Maximumtemperature is 1,000° F.This valve received a total of 500 mechanical cycles and 13heat cycles. During that time the valve failed four (4) timesrequiring an adjustment to the gland nut after each failure.The initial operation of this valve was smooth. As the glandwas tightened, the force to turn increased to a point that oneman could not perform more than a few cycles without stoppingto rest. At this point two technicians were assigned to trade offin order to complete the test.。

CC1111 USB Evaluation Kit 868 915 MHz 快速上手指南说明书

CC1111 USB Evaluation Kit 868 915 MHz 快速上手指南说明书

SWRU328November 2015CC1111 USB Evaluation Kit 868/915 MHz Quick Start Guide1. Kit Contents∙ 1 x CC1111 USB Dongle(CC1111Dongle-868)∙This Quick Start GuideThe hardware in this kit is designed to comply with ETSI, FCC and IC regulatory requirements over temperature from 0 to +35°C.2. Getting StartedThe CC1111 USB Dongle can beused as a development platform forUSB and RF applications.An external development board ordebugger, like the CC Debugger,SmartRF04EB or SmartRF05EB, isrequired to program and debugsoftware running on the CC1111.Note that the CC1111 USB Dongle ispre-programmed with the packetsniffer firmware.This Quick Start Guide willdescribe how to use the donglewith the packet sniffer and whatwould be the next steps fordeveloping your own software.3. PreparationsBefore proceeding, pleasedownload and install the followingtools:SmartRF Flash Programmer/tool/flash-programmerYou will need this tool to programthe packet capture firmware on theCC1111 USB dongleSmartRF Packet Sniffer/packetsnifferThis is the PC tool that displaysand parses the packets received bythe capture device.4. Programming the DongleFor the USB dongle to operate as a packet capture device, it must be programmed with the packet sniffer firmware. By default, the dongle comes pre-programmed with this firmware. Connect the USB dongle to the debugger or the development board with an appropriate 10 pin flat cable. The dongle must also be powered via the USB bus. Refer to picture below for an example.Caution!Avoid using other power sources for the dongle than a regular USB voltage source at max 5.5V, 500 mA. 5. Programming the DongleLaunch the SmartRF FlashProgrammer and make sure youselect the “System-on-Chip” tab. Thetool should show a line with CC1111connected to a SmartRF04EB.Next, locate the flash imagesniffer_fw_ccxx11.hex in“C:\Program Files\Texas Instruments\SmartRFTools\Packet Sniffer\bin\general\f irmware”Select “Erase, program and verify”and press the “Perform Actions”button.6. Install USB DriverAfter programming the device,disconnect the dongle from theprogramming board and plug it intothe PC. Windows’ new hardwarewizard will appear.Select the options for automaticinstallation and wait for the driverinstallation to complete. If theWizard asks for a specific driver,point it to the cebal2.inf file locatedin “C:\Program Files\Texas Instruments\SmartRFTools\Drivers\cebal\win_<arch-specific>\”After installation of the driver, thePacket Sniffer capture device isready for use.Web sites: /lprfE2E Forum: /lprf-forum Make sure to subscribe to the Low-Power RF Newsletter to receive information about updates to documentation, new product releases, and more. Sign up on the TI web pages.7. Packet Sniffer (1)Launch the Packet Sniffer. A dialog will request the user to select a protocol. The CC1111 capture device can be used with the SimpliciTI or the Generic (no parsing) protocols. A new window will appear.The USB dongle should be listed with chip type CC1111 and EB type CC1111 USB dongle in the “Capturing Device” tab.Highlight the device to make it your capture device. 8. Packet Sniffer (2)Next, select the Radio Configurationtab and make sure the radio registerson the device are set according to theformat of the radio signals you aresniffing.If this is the first time you use thetool, press the browse button tolocate a .prs file with packet snifferregister settings for CC1111.You can generate your own .prs fileswith the “Register Export” function inSmartRF Studio9. Packet Sniffer (3)Finally, press the small “play” iconon the tool bar to start sniffingpackets.If there are radio packets on theair, and the CC1111 has theappropriate radio settings, thecaptured packets will be displayedin the packet snifferdisplaywindow.Enjoy!10. Developing USB SoftwareA good start for developing your ownUSB application for the CC1111 USBdongle would be the “CC USBFirmware Library and Examples”software package.The Library contains a complete USBframework that allows the user todevelop any USB device type.Examples showing implementations ofa HID device and a CDC device areincluded.The software can be downloaded fromthe CC1111EMK web page or directlyfrom/lit/zip/swrc08811. Development ToolsThe preferred tool for developingsoftware for CC1111 and for singlestepping and debugging is IAREmbedded Workbench for 8051.A free, code size limited version canbe downloaded from the web. See/ew805112. Thank You!We hope you will enjoy workingwith the CC1111 device andrelated Low-Power RF productsfrom Texas Instruments.The Low Power RF OnlineCommunity has forums, blogs andvideos. Use the forums to findinformation, discuss and get helpwith your design. Join us at/lprf-forumCaution! The kit contains ESDsensitive components. Handle withcare to prevent permanent damage.IMPORTANT NOTICETexas Instruments Incorporated and its subsidiaries(TI)reserve the right to make corrections,enhancements,improvements and other changes to its semiconductor products and services per JESD46,latest issue,and to discontinue any product or service per JESD48,latest issue.Buyers should obtain the latest relevant information before placing orders and should verify that such information is current and complete.All semiconductor products(also referred to herein as“components”)are sold subject to TI’s terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgment.TI warrants performance of its components to the specifications applicable at the time of sale,in accordance with the warranty in TI’s terms and conditions of sale of semiconductor products.Testing and other quality control techniques are used to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty.Except where mandated by applicable law,testing of all parameters of each component is not necessarily performed.TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or the design of Buyers’products.Buyers are responsible for their products and applications using TI components.To minimize the risks associated with Buyers’products and applications,Buyers should provide adequate design and operating safeguards.TI does not warrant or represent that any license,either express or implied,is granted under any patent right,copyright,mask work right,or other intellectual property right relating to any combination,machine,or process in which TI components or services are rmation published by TI regarding third-party products or services does not constitute a license to use such products or services or a warranty or endorsement e of such information may require a license from a third party under the patents or other intellectual property of the third party,or a license from TI under the patents or other intellectual property of TI.Reproduction of significant portions of TI information in TI data books or data sheets is permissible only if reproduction is without alteration and is accompanied by all associated warranties,conditions,limitations,and notices.TI is not responsible or liable for such altered rmation of third parties may be subject to additional restrictions.Resale of TI components or services with statements different from or beyond the parameters stated by TI for that component or service voids all express and any implied warranties for the associated TI component or service and is an unfair and deceptive business practice. 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2024版ISO9001 Quality Management System

2024版ISO9001 Quality Management System

目 录
• Certification and Supervision of ISO9001 Quality Management System
• Integration of ISO9001 Quality Management System with Other Management Systems
ISO 9001 has come one of the most widely used international standards in the world, with millions of organizations in over 170 countries certified to the standard
Full participation
Engaging employees in quality management: The organization should involve employees at all levels in the quality management process, empowering them to take ownership of quality and contribute to its improvement
Continuous improvement
Adopting a continuous improvement culture
The organization should cultivate a culture that resources employees to continuously seek opportunities for improvement and innovation
Using data and analysis for improvement

EMC PARTNER IMU4000 Test System 免疫性测试设备说明书

EMC PARTNER IMU4000 Test System 免疫性测试设备说明书

IMU4000 Test SystemI m m u n i t y T e s t sIMU4000 Overview 2Features & Benefits 4Application Options 6Standards 7Technical Specifications 8Accessories and Options 12E s t a b l i s h e d 19812Immunity Tests: IMU4000 Test SystemCOMMON MODE C extensionDIPS D extensionEFT / BURST F/F5 extensionSURGE S extensionVARIATION V extension3Immunity Tests: IMU4000 Test SystemElectrostatic Discharges (ESD)Connected to the IMU4000 front panel on the RS485 data bus, EXT-TRA3000 E gives 16kV Air discharge and 10kV Contact discharge. The additional “Firing” mode enables fault finding using continuous discharges.E extensionPN: 104023Electric Fast Transient / Burst (EFT)Plug-in for the IMU4000 mainframe. EXT-IMU4000 F / F5 generates fullycompliant impulses up to 4kV / 5kV, meeting and exceeding IEC and EN basic standard requirements. HV output for use with Capacitive coupling clamp and 3-Phase CDNsF extension4kV PN: 106896 / 5kV PN: 106898Combination Wave Generator /Surge (CWG)Plug-in for the IMU4000 mainframe. EXT-IMU4000 S generates fully compliant impulses up to 4.1kV, meeting and exceeding IEC and EN basic standard require-ments. HV output for use with 3-Phase CDNsS extensionCommon Mode Generator (CM)Plug-in for the IMU4000 mainframe. EXT-TRA3000 C is a complete on-board synthesiser for Continuous testing to 35V from DC to 150kHz.Combine with the EXT-TRA3000 C-SHORT to perform 300V testing.C extensionPN: 104028AC & DC InterruptsPlug-in for the IMU4000 mainframe. EXT-TRA3000 D is an electronic switch for interrupt testing to 16A. Can be used with internal (EXT-IMU3000 V) or external VAR-EXT1000 for DIP testing.D extensionPN: 104031AC Dips & VariationsPlug-in for the IMU4000 mainframe.EXT-IMU3000 V gives 5A DIP and variation capability.V extensionPN: 104025PN: 106897Differential Mode Generator (DM)Extension frame for the IMU4000 mainframe. IMU SLAVE SMART can be config -ured for either disturbance voltage tests up to 20V and current tests up to 4A. Combine with EXT-SMART PSC10 for current up to 20A or PS3 for voltage up to 300V.IMU SLAVE SMART PN: 105685FeaturesEasy Programming7” Colour touch panelRotary knob for navigation and data entryEPOS (EMC PARTNER Operating System)a new concept in graphical user interfaceSingle Port TestingBuilt in 16A single phase CDN for AC and DC powered EUTsAutomatic switching between test eventsComplete test reportUser ConfigurableOne or many disturbance sourcesFully modular designGrow the system as needs evolveService FriendlyUser replaceable extensionsBuilt in self test routinesUSB port to access service dataHighest Test LevelsCWG SurgeImpulse up to 4.1kVEFT up to 5kV test levelCompatible with existing Transient accessories.4Immunity Tests: IMU4000 Test System5Immunity Tests: IMU4000 Test System TEST REPORTNERATOR DETAILSice: IMU3000 al No: 1010 mware: 1.05bration until: 11.09.2013INFORMATIONTest Company: EMC LAB Operator: Anybody Temperature: +23°C Humidity: 45%EUT (Equipment Under Test)Manufacturer:Description:Serial Number:Comments:DETAILSXYZ CAP ProvidenceMotor drive with PWM control 068Second production batchEST TYPE:CWG 1.2/50us 2ohmSurge - Repetition : 13s Trigger: autoSurge Syncro: onAlternating Polarity : starting positive Change Ramp value after: 5 pulse(s)NumberNominal Synchro V-peakI-peak upling SURGE to: L-N +8000V +8000V +8000V +8000V +8000V -8000V -8000V -8000V -8000V -8000V 0000000000+ 8063V+ 8060V + 8040V + 8027V + 8047V - 8096V - 8063V - 8086V - 8083V - 8050V+ 825A + 825A + 825A + 825A + 825A - 825A - 825A - 825A - 825A - 825A upling SURGE to: L-PE+8000V +8000V +8000V +8000V +8000V -8000V 000000+ 8070V+ 8093V + 8073V + 80967V+ 8066V - 8096V+ 825A + 825A + 825A + 825A + 825A - 825ABenefitsGet Testing FasterYour aim is to perform testing Minimum learning timeEasy to follow user interface Save TimeTest setup fast and error free.Finish the job quicklyGet test report information as HTML fileUpgrade on SiteStart with a single function tester.Add new extensions on site Customize to your requirementsKeep TestingMaximize system up timeCalibrated extensions exchanged on site No disruption to the testing programOnly Need One TesterExpandable to include many disturbance tests Covers all EMC testing needs Cost effective solution6Immunity Tests: IMU4000 Test System7Immunity Tests: IMU4000 Test SystemMainframe SpecificationsIMU4000 Control featuresUser Interface7” Colour touch panelOperating System EMC PARTNER (EPOS)Communication Interface EthernetAccessory control interface RS485Atmospheric measurement Temperature, humidity, pressure (with accessory) BNC monitor ports EUT plus IMPULSE voltage & currentTrigger mode Auto, manual, externalSynchro source EUT power, Impulse out, ExternalSynchro on / off0° up to 360°IMU4000 Coupling Decoupling NetworkMaximum AC voltage280VMaximum DC voltage300VMaximum EUT current16AFrequency range DC up to 60HzPower frequency synchro16.7 up to 60HzCoupling EFT L, N, PE, L+N, L+PE, N+PE, L+N+PE, direct Coupling CWG L-N, L-PE, N-PE, directElectro Static DischargeEXT-TRA3000 E (ESD)Air dischargeContact dischargeContinuous Firing modeVoltage increment resolutionContact discharge repetition intervalDischarge detectionDischarge counterDischarge polarityHolding timeProgrammable parameter rampsDischarge triggerElectric Fast Transient (Burst)EXT-IMU4000 F (EFT 4kV)Voltage range0.25 up to 4.4kVVoltage amplitude into 50ohm0.125 up to 2.0kVVoltage amplitude into 1kohm0.24 up to 4.0kVEXT-IMU4000 F5 (EFT 5kV)Voltage range0.25 up to 5.1kVVoltgae amplitude into 50ohm0.125 up to 2.55kVVoltage amplitude into 1kohm0.24 up to 4.8kVCOMMON EFT SPECIFICATIONSSource impedance50ohmPulse front time at 50ohm5nsPulse duration at 50ohm50nsBurst duration0.01 up to 30msBurst repetition 1 up to 1000msSpike repetition frequency up to 1MHzPolarity Positive / Negative Programmable parameter ramps voltage, spike frequency, burst dura-tionSpike distribution IEC burst pattern and randomSurge ImpulsesEXT-IMU4000 S (CWG 4kV)Voltage range0.25 up to 4.1kVCurrent range0.125 up to 2.05kASource impedance2ohmSerial resistance common mode10ohmPulse front time at open circuit 1.2µsPulse duration at open circuit50µsPulse front time at short circuit8µsPulse duration at short circuit20µsPulse repetition up to 60 pulses per minutePulse repetition at maximum voltage 6 pulses per minuteDIPS, Interrupts & VariationsEXT-TRA3000 D (AC Dips)Voltage range0 up to 250VFrequency range with variac48 up to 60HzNominal current16AInterruption time50µs up to 30sAmplitude interrupt with internal variac0 up to 100% max. 5APhase angle to turn on and off0° up to 360°Voltage variation with internal variac0 up to 110% max. 5AInterrupt less than 1 period Input by phase angleInterrupt more than 1 period Input in milli seconds Programmable parameter ramps voltage, synchronisation, interrupt Rise and fall time at 100ohm load 1 up to 5µsOption 3.2 Special Program50ms Interrupt test to IEC 62052-11EXT-TRA3000 D (DC Dips)Voltage range20 up to 300VCurrent range0 up to 10AInterruption time 1 up to 29999msRise and fall time at 100ohm load 1 up to 50µsEXT-TRA3000 V (Voltage Variation)Voltage range0 up to 260VRated current5ATest modes Abrupt, AdjustSwitching time abrupt 1 up to 5µsRamp transition time25 up to 999 periodsCommon Mode TestsEXT-TRA3000 CContinuous duration test level0 up to 30VrmsVoltage setting range0.1 up to 35VSource impedance50ohmSync turn on for AC0°DC switching time 1 up to 5µsPower frequency tests DC, 16.7Hz, 50Hz, 60HzPower harmonic tests15Hz up to 150kHzSweep time 1 decade / minuteIMU4000 Selection GuideS T A N D A R D SI M U 4000 M a i n f r a m e E X T -I M U 4000 F o r F 5E X T -I M U 4000 S E X T -T R A 3000 D E X T -T R A 3000 V E X T -T R A 3000 C E x t e r n a l O p t i o n s V A R -E X T 1000M F 1000-1, -2 & -3C N 16, C N 16-22-7C N -E F T 1000P S 3P F S x & S R C x E X T -T R A 300 EE X T -T R A 3000 C S H O R T IEC61000-4-2 ESD ●●IEC61000-4-4 EFT ●●●IEC61000-4-5 CWG ●●□2IEC61000-4-8 AC MF ●□1●□1Technical SpecificationsMF-COIL-HANDCN16 TEXT-TRA3000 C SHORTIMU SLAVE SMARTVERI50EFTVERI1KEFTCDN-UTP8 ED3NW-K44PC + NW-K44PICN-EFT1000VERI-CP-EFTCN-BALUNCDN-A-3P200-690 F-SCDN-A-3P100-AC-DCCDN2000-06-32CDN2000A-06-63CN-R40C05DN2000-22-5NW-TRA-RAILCDN-KIT1000 ED3CN16-450CPFS32 & SRC32DIPS100EVERI-DIPSVAR-EXT1000MF1000-1, -2 & -3ATSPS3OPT-LINK-CTRL3000ADAPTER BOX TRA-ACCTEMA3000 SoftwareRemote control from a PC requires TEMA3000 software and an OPTICAL LINK togalvanically separate the PC from IMU4000.TEMA3000 is a modern software running under Win7 operating systems.The heart of a complex test system, TEMA3000 includes the functions:- Generator control from a PC- Linking of test to form a complex sequence- Library of predefined tests for IEC basic and product standards- Integration of DSOs- Test report generationFor further information please do not hesitate to contact EMC PARTNER’s representa-tive in your region. You will find a complete list of our representatives and a lot of otheruseful information on our website:www emc-partner comThe Headquarters in SwitzerlandEMC PARTNER AGBaselstrasse 160CH - 4242 LaufenSwitzerlandPhone: +41 61 775 20 30Fax: +41 61 775 20 59Email: sales@emc-partner.chWeb-Site: Your local representativeVersion 25 April 2014. Subject to change without notice.。

Invertek 600 3000W 纯正弦波太阳能逆变器用户手册说明书

Invertek 600 3000W 纯正弦波太阳能逆变器用户手册说明书

Invertek pure sine wave solar inverter 600/3000WUser’s manualContentsManual instruction----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 Important safety instructions---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3 1. Product introduction-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.1. General function description-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.2. Series models introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 1.3. Electrical specifications-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 1.4. Audible alarm--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8 1.5. Environmental specifications------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 1.6. Fan control-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 1.7. Power limitation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 1.8. Short circuit protection--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------91.9. Over load protection---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------102. Installation and operation--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 2.1. Unpacking and inspection--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 2.2. Handling and storage--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 2.3. Front panel description and operation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------12 2.4. Rear panel description and operation-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------152.5. Installation----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------153. Maintenance and troubleshooting---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 3.1. Preventative maintenance-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 3.2. Troubleshooting guide------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18Manual instructionPurposeThe purpose of this manual is to provide explanations and procedures for operating, maintaining, and troubleshooting the pure sine wave inverter. This manual should be read through carefully before installations and operations. Please retain this manual for future reference.ScopeThis document defines the functional requirements of pure sine wave inverter, intended for worldwide use in electronic processing equipment. The inverter unit shall contain a fan for forced air-cooling. The inverter may be used singly or in redundant configurations. All manuals are applicable under all operating conditions when installed in the end use system, unless otherwise stated.Order of precedenceThis manual is intended for anyone who needs to install and operate the inverter. In the event of a conflict between this manual and references cited herein, this manual shall take precedence.OrganizationThis manual is composed of three chapters.Chapter 1: product introduction contains the information about general description, features and specifications of inverter.Chapter 2: installation and operation provides the information about installation and operation of inverter.Chapter 3: maintenance and troubleshooting contains the information of how to maintain and troubleshoot inverter.Important safety instructionsGeneral safety precautions1. Before installing and using the inverter, read all instructions and cautionary markings on the inverter andall appropriate sections of this guide. Be sure to read all instructions and cautionary markings for any equipment attached to this unit.2. This unit is designed for indoor use only. Do not expose the inverter to rain, snow, or spray.3. To reduce risk of fire hazard, do not cover or obstruct the ventilation openings. Do not install the inverterin a zero-clearance compartment.4. Use only attachments recommended or sold by the manufacturer. Doing otherwise may result in a risk offire, electric shock, or injury to persons.5. To avoid a risk of fire and electric shock, make sure that existing wiring is in good condition and that wireis not undersized. Do not operate the inverter module with damaged or substandard wiring.6. Do not operate the inverter module if it has received a sharp blow, been dropped, or otherwise damagedin any way.Precautions when working with batteriesTo avoid personal injury and property damage, read these battery precautions on handling, charging and disposing batteries.1. Not reverse INPUT+ and INPUT- to battery.2. Keeps the battery away from heat sources including direct sunlight, open fires, microwave ovens, andhigh-voltage container? Temperatures over 60ºC may cause damage. Make sure the area around the battery is well ventilated.3. Never smoke or allow a spark or flame near the engine or batteries.4. Use caution to reduce the risk or dropping a metal tool on the battery. It could spark or short circuit thebattery or other electrical parts and could cause an explosion.5. Remove all metal items, like rings, bracelets, and watches when working batteries.6. Have plenty of fresh water and soap nearby in case battery acid contacts skin, clothing, or eyes.7. If battery acid contacts skin or clothing, wash immediately with soap and water. If acid enters your eye,immediately flood it with running cold water for at least twenty minutes and get medical attentionimmediately.8. If you need to remove a battery, always remove the grounded terminal from the battery first. Make sure allaccessories are off so you don’t cause a spark.1. Product introduction1.1. General function descriptionThe pure sine wave inverter adopts many superior features and is designed based on the highest standards in the industry. The advanced high frequency infrastructure with pure sine wave output is perfectly designed for diverse applications including home, office, and heavy-duty industrial power environments. The inverter can operate independently. However, the unique optional N+X parallel redundancy structure design can maximize the expansibility of integrating additional units to the inverter system in the future. Pure sine wave inverter promises to provide the extraordinary performance in terms of reliability and flexibility all environments from home to heavy-duty industrial.1.1.1. FeaturesØAdopts new pure sine wave inverter topologyØHigh power density with superior reliability and performanceØSurge rating: 2 * power ratingØInput/output isolated designØOptional N+X redundancy functionØDesign for harsh environment and various equipmentsØ“All master” dynamic mechanism eliminate single point failure to optimize reliabilityØPure sine wave output(THD<3%) for wide range of applications and harsh environmentØOutput frequency: 50/60Hz switch selectableØLow power “power saving mode” to conserve energyØCapable of driving highly reactive & capacitive loads at start momentØLED indicators displayØAdvanced DSP controlØProtection: input low voltage/overload/short circuit/low battery alarm/input over voltage/over temperature/high output voltage/low output voltage/unit internal failure/unit parallel failure1.1.2. ApplicationPower tools: circular saws, drills, grinders, sanders, buffers, weed and hedge trimmers, air compressors. Office equipment: computers, printers, monitors, facsimile machines, scanner.Household items: vacuum cleaners, fans, fluorescent and incandescent lights, shavers, sewing machines. Kitchen appliances: coffee makers, blenders, ice markers, toasters.Industrial equipment: metal halide lamp, high – pressure sodium lamp.Home entertainment electronics: television, VCRs, video games, stereos, musical instruments, satellite equipment.1.2. Series models introductionTo fulfill the diverse environments and power demands, the pure sine wave inverter has complete lines for meeting the requirements from the clients. The inverter system ranges from 600W to 3000W that can fulfill the majority power demands from home, small business to industrial heavy-duty environment.1.2.1. Product linePart number DescriptionInvertek600/120 600W inverter (I/P: 12VDC, O/P: 120VAC)Invertek1000/120 1000W inverter (I/P: 12VDC, O/P: 120VAC)Invertek2000/120 2000W inverter (I/P: 12VDC, O/P: 120VAC)Invertek3000/120 3000W inverter (I/P: 12VDC, O/P: 120VAC)Invertek600/220 600W inverter (I/P: 12VDC, O/P: 220VAC)Invertek1000/220 1000W inverter (I/P: 12VDC, O/P: 220VAC)Invertek2000/220 2000W inverter (I/P: 12VDC, O/P: 220VAC)Invertek3000/220 3000W inverter (I/P: 12VDC, O/P: 220VAC)1.2.2. Physical specifications:Inverter mechanicalModel Dimension(L*W*H) mm Weight Invertek600 270(L)*160(W)*70(H) 2.2KgInvertek1000 355(L)*180(W)*82(H) 4.0KgInvertek2000 425(L)*245(W)*95(H) 7.5KgInvertek3000 495(L)*245(W)*95(H) 9.5Kg600W dimension (mm)1000W dimension (mm)2000W dimension (mm)3000W dimension (mm)1.2.3. CertificationCertification CESafety Comply with EN60950, UL-458 StandardEMCFCC part 15 class B; EN55022 Class B; IEC61000-4-2; IEC61000-4-3;IEC61000-4-4; IEC61000-4-5; IEC61000-4-61.3. Electrical specificationsNominal voltage 12VDC Operating range 10VDC~15VDC Output waveform Pure sine wave Surge rating 2*power rating Nominal output voltage 110/115/120VAC 220/230/240VACOutput voltage regulation±5% Output frequency50/60Hz ±0.1%Output current @110/115/120Invertek600/120 5.45A/5.22A/5AInvertek1000/120 9.09A/8.70A/8.33AInvertek2000/120 18.18A/17.39A/16.67AInvertek3000/120 27.28A/26.09A/25AOutput current @220/230/240Invertek600/220 2.73A/2.61A/2.50AInvertek1000/220 4.55A/4.35A/4.17AInvertek2000/220 9.10A/8.70A/8.34AInvertek3000/220 13.65A/13.05A/12.51ACrest factor 3:1THD <3%, linear load;<5%, non-linear load;Peak output current@110/115/120 Invertek600/120 10.92A/10.44A/10AInvertek1000/120 18.2A/17.4A/16.68AInvertek2000/120 36.4A/34.8A/33.36AInvertek3000/120 54.6A/52.2A/50.04APeak output current@220/230/240 Invertek600/220 5.46A/5.22A/5.00AInvertek1000/220 9.10A/8.70A/8.34AInvertek2000/220 18.20A/17.40A/16.68AInvertek3000/220 27.3A/26.1A/25.02APeak efficiency > 90%No load current drawInvertek600/1000 <12WInvertek2000/3000 <20W Stand-by current drawInvertek600/1000 <6WInvertek2000/3000 <10WPower saving recovery time 5 secondsProtection Overload, short circuits, reverse polarity,Over/under input voltage, over temperature,Over/under output voltage, unit internal failure,Unit in-parallel failure1.4. Audible alarmItem Alarm mode Beep mode RemarkInput level<battery-low level or >battery-high level1 Alarm Beep 1 time/1sLoad>150%2 Alarm Beep 2 time/1s Power limitation by temperature3 Alarm Beep 3 time/1s Fan fault4 Fault Beep always All fault modeSwitch on/off Chirp one time When switch on/off the unit 5Remote on/off Chirp one time When remote switch on/off the unit 1.5. Environmental specificationsOperating temperature Operation temperature: –20°C to +70°C –5°C to 40°C with full performanceStorage temperature -30°C to 70°COperating humidity 90% relative humidity(no condense) Noise <50dBOperating attitude 1500MForce cooling Load and temperature controlled cooling fan 1.6. Fan controlLoad level and temperature Fan speed Load<=10% and temperature<=40℃0Else Full speed 1.7. Power limitation½¼¾Temperature (°C)Power de-rating V.S. ambient temperature1.8. Short circuit protectionShort circuit protection algorithm consists of 2 stages:Stage 1: power limited during short circuitThe short current is set as the normal value for inverter, if output voltage is less than 40VAC and output current is higher than 2A for 4 cycles, Inverter will judged as short circuit fault maybe happened, and the short circuit protection algorithm will go to the second stage.Stage 2: unit resumed from short circuit conditionThe short current is regulated to 50% normal value, if output voltage is less than 50VAC and output current is higher than 2A for 30 seconds, the inverter system will consider the short circuit occurs, and the short current is set to a small value (4A), otherwise the short circuit alarm will be cleared.1.9. Over load protectionOver load protection consists of 2 stages:Stage 1: The overload protection will happen if the load power exceeds the rated power. With the conditions of 20s of 125% overload/10s of 150% overload/5s of 200% overload, the inverter system will judge as overload and de-rate the output power less than the rated power. Then the protection algorithm goes to the second stage.Stage 2: The inverter system remains operating with the de-rating power. If the load power is less than 10% for 10s, the system will recover back to the normal operation status.2. Installation and operation2.1. Unpacking and inspectionOnce receiving your pure sine wave inverter, remove the unit from its packaging and inspect it for scratches, cracks, broken connection. Your purchase of inverter unit should ship with the manual. If you want to add other more modules into the system achieve parallel function, you can choose the propositional packaging, if any missing or damage is discovered, repack the unit and return it to the original place of purchasing.Packing of inverterIn addition, some optional accessories are available could work with pure sine wave inverter. Please base on your application and then choose the suitable package.Part name Function descriptionFigureSync-hub-4A necessary kit for the in-parallel application. It can make modules parallel and achieve synchronized operationMax. in-parallel ports: 42.2. Handling and storageIf the inverter is going to be stored, it should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated location where the rain, splashing water, chemical agents, etc. will not reach based on the environment specification standard. The equipment should be covered with a tarpaulin or plastic wrapper to protect it from dust, dirt, paint, or other materials.The equipment can be lifted from the front panel by drawing out the handle. Firstly, screw off the steel bolt, then drawing out the handle until the whole module out. When the inverter module has to be installed in the shelf, the bolt should be screwed down.2.3. Front panel description and operationFront panel view (1000W)2.3.1. LED indicatorRefer to the above figure. There are 3 dual color LED indicators on the front panel: 1. Unit status indicator, 2. Load level indicator, 3. Input voltage indicator.1. Unit status indicatorSolidInverter okay Blink(slow) Power saving Green LEDBlink(fast) Unit starting SolidEEPROM faultBlink(slow) Unit start failure(DC-DC circuit) Orange LEDBlink(fast) Unit start failure(DC-AC circuit)SolidOver temperatureBlink(slow) Unit internal failure(DC-DC circuit)Red LEDBlink(fast)Short circuitOrange and red interchanged(slow) Unit internal failure(DC-AC circuit)Orange+red LED Orange and red interchanged(fast)Unit in-parallel failure2. Load level indicatorLED status OFF Green solid Orange solid Red solid Red blink 600W0~30W30~198W198~450W450~576WOver 576WPower saving / Frequency settingAC output outletLED indicatorParallel portCom. port1000W 0~50W 50~330W 330~750W 750~960W Over 960W 2000W 0~100W 100~660W 660~1500W 1500~1920W Over 1920W 3000W 0~150W 150~990W 990~2250W 2250~2880W Over 2880W3. Input voltage indicatorLED status Battery cut-off level(12VDC)Load level 0~29% 30~69% 70~100%Red solid <10.3VDC <10.2VDC <10VDCRed blink 10.3~11.3VDC 10.2~11.2VDC 10~11.0VDCGreen solid 11.3~14VDC 11.2~13.9VDC 11.0~13.7VDCOrange blink 14~15VDC 13.9~14.9VDC 13.7~14.7VDCOrange solid >15VDC >14.9VDC >14.7VDC2.3.2. Power saving/frequency setting1. Power saving mode can be set by 3 dip switches, SW1, SW2 and SW3 on front panel. For example: when the power saving watt setting is 15W, if load level>15W, the inverter will go to normal operation; if load level<15W, the inverter will go to the power saving mode.Invertek600 Invertek1000 Invertek2000/3000 SW1 SW2 SW3 Disable Disable Disable OFF OFF OFF 13W 20W 40W ON OFF OFF 35W 50W 100W OFF ON OFF 60W 80W 160W ON ON OFF 85W 110W 220W OFF OFF ON 85W 110W 220W Others2. Frequency can be set by a dip switch SW4 on front panel.Frequency S4 Status50Hz OFF60Hz ON2.3.2. AC outlets600W1000W2000W&3000WGFCI*1GFCI*1NEMA 5-15R(2 position)*2Schuko*1Schuko*1Schuko*1Universal*1Schuko*1, hardwireSchuko*2, hardwireIEC(2 position)*1Universal*1, hardwireGFCI*1, hardwireNEMA 5-15R(2 position)*1 IEC(2 position)*1Universal*2, hardwireAustralia/New Zealand*1 NEMA 5-15R(2 position)*1IEC(4 position)*1, hardwireUnited Kingdom*1Australia/New Zealand*1,hardwireNEMA 5-15R(2 position)*2,hardwireUnited Kingdom* 1, hardwireAustralia/New Zealand*2,hardwireIEC*1, hardwireUnited Kingdom*2, hardwireNEMA 5-20R(2 position)*12.4. Rear panel description and operationRear panel view (1000W)Main switchON: Located the switch to “On”, the machine power on.OFF: Located the switch to “OFF”, the machine power off.REMO: Located the switch to “REMO”, the machine can be switched on or off remotely by wired remote control.Remote control portConnect the remote control to the port.Ground terminalConnect the GND to the ground terminal.Please using #6 AWG wire to connect vehicle chassis.The inverter should be installed in a location that meets the following requirements:n Dry — Do not allow water to drip or splash on the invertern Safe — Do not install in a battery compartment or other areas where flammable fumes may exist, such as fuel storage areas or engine compartmentn Ventilated — Allow at least one inch of clearance around the inverter for air flow. Ensure the ventilation opening on the rear and front of the unit are not obstructedn Dust — Do not install the inverter in a dusty environments where are dust, wood particles or other filings/shavings are present. Dust can be pulled into the unit when the cooling fan is operatingn Close to batteries — Avoid excessive cable lengths but do not install the inverter in the same compartment as batteries. Also do not mount the inverter where it will be exposed to the gases produced by the battery. These gases are very corrosive and prolonged exposure also will damage the inverterM6 screwPVC WIRE AWG#2, #2/0, #4, #4/0TerminalBattery to inverter cable connection2.5.2. Battery connectionStep 1-Following battery polarity guide located near battery terminal! Place the battery cable ring terminal over inverter’s battery terminal. Tighten the M6 nut. Do not place anything between the flat partof battery terminal and the battery cable ring terminal, or overheating may occur.Caution! DO NOT place anything between battery cable ring terminals and battery terminals. The terminal stud is not designed to carry current. Apply anti-oxidant paste to terminals after terminals have been torqued.Step 2- Connect battery cables to your batteriesl Single battery connection:when using a single battery, its voltage must be equal to the voltage of pure sine wave inverter nominal input voltage.Caution! For the user operation safety, we strongly recommend that you should isolate the battery terminals before you start to operate the unit. If you parallel more batteries to extend the backup time, please make sure that you already use tapes to isolate the rest battery terminals before you start to operating the unit.l Parallel battery connection:when using multiple batteries in parallel, each battery’s voltage must be equal to the voltage of pure sine wave inverter nominal input voltage.DC wiring connectionsPlease be noted that connect the battery cables to the DC input terminals of the pure sine wave inverter. Your cables should be as short as possible (ideally, less than 6 feet/1.8 meters) enough to handle the required current in accordance with the electrical codes or regulations application. Cables are not an adequate gauge (too narrow) or too long will decrease the inverter performances such as poor surge capability and low input voltage warnings frequently and shutdowns.If the cables longer or narrower, the greater the voltage drop. Increasing your DC cable size will help improve the situation.The following cable recommendations are for the best performance of inverter (apply both 120V and 220V versions).Model P/N Wire AWG Inline fuseInvertek600 # 4 120AInvertek1000 # 2 160AInvertek2000# 2/0 320AInvertek3000# 4/0 480AWarning:1. Connect the cables to the power input terminals on the rear panel of the inverter. The red terminal is positive (+) and black terminal is negative (-). Insert the cables into the terminals and tighten screw to clamp the wires securely2. Also, use only high quality copper wire and keep cable length short, a maximum of 3-6 feet. Make sure all the DC connections are tight. Loose connections could result overheat in a potential hazard.3. Carefully check that all wiring is disconnected from any electrical sources. Do not connect the output terminals of the inverter to an incoming AC source.2.5.3. AC connectionBefore having AC connection, match the power requirements of connected devices with the power output of pure sine wave inverter to avoid overload. Consult a qualified electrician, follow local code for the proper outlet connectors and select the correct outlet (reference 2.3.3. AC outlet).3. Maintenance and troubleshooting3.1. Preventative maintenanceThe following preventive maintenance routines should be considered as a minimum requirement. Your installation and site may require additional preventive maintenance to assure optimal performance from your installed inverter and associated equipment. These routines should be performed twice a year (more often if required). We strongly recommend a contract with pure sine wave inverter customer support services for preventive and remedial maintenance. The technician or electrician performing preventive maintenance on the equipment must read and understand thoroughly this manual and be familiar with the indicators, controls, and operation of the equipment.3.2. Troubleshooting guideIf the inverter fails to operate properly, use the troubleshooting table to determine the probable cause(s) and solution(s) to resolve error conditions. For unlisted error conditions, please contact your local dealer for technical assistances.Troubleshooting tableError condition Possible cause RecommendationNo AC output and all LEDs off Lack of input power1. Check if input cables are all firmlyconnected to power source.2. Check if power source is not yet switchedon, or is low in power.3. Check if input cables are connected tocorrect polarity, positive to positive, negative to negative(reverse connect will lead to the fuse open, need be repaired).No AC output and status LED isred/blink(fast) Short circuit1. Check if the devices connect to the ACoutput is damaged.Turn off the input power source, remove theload and check the connection, then switchon the input power to restart the inverter.No AC output and status LED isred/blink(slow) Audible alarm: beep always Unit internal failure(DC-DC circuit)Reboot the inverter unit, If the inverter cannot work normally; suggest to send the unitback to supplier.No AC output and status LED isred/solidAudible alarm: beep always Over temperature1. The inverter has been overheated, switchoff the inverter and the consumer, and waitfor approx. 2 minutes and switch on theinverter only, suggest reduce the loadingand make sure that a better ventilation forthe inverter is given ,Then switch on theconsumer again.No AC output and status LED is orange/blink(fast) Audible alarm: beep always Unit start failure(DC-AC circuit)Reboot the inverter unit, if the inverter cannot work normally; suggest to send the unitback to supplier.No AC output and status LED is orange/blink(slow) Audible alarm: beep always Unit start failure(DC-DC circuit)Reboot the inverter unit, if the inverter cannot work normally; suggest to send the unitback to supplier.No AC output and status LED isorange red /blink (red one time and Yellow one time (slow)) Audible alarm: beep always Unit internal failure(DC-AC circuit)Reboot the inverter unit, if the inverter cannot work normally; suggest to send the unitback to supplier.No AC output and status LED isorange red/blink(red one times and yellow one time(slow)) Audible alarm: beep always Unit in-parallel failure1. Check if output power cables areconnected to correctly;2. Check if parallel communication cablesare connected to correctly.No AC output and input level LEDis red solidAudible alarm: beep 1 time/1s Input voltage lower thanoperatingrange(10~15V)No AC output and input level LEDis orange solidAudible alarm: beep 1 time/1s Input voltage higherthan operatingrange(10~15V)Ensure input voltage in 10V~15VDC range.AC output exists and beep alarm3 times per second Fan failureReboot the inverter system, if the invertercan not work normally, suggest to send theunit back to supplier.。

英汉对照工程词汇全解

英汉对照工程词汇全解

英汉对照工程常用词汇AN USUAL ENGLISH-CHINESE VOCABULLARY IN ENGINEERING DESIGN(全册)信息产业电子第十一设计研究院有限公司技术质量部二00三年七月编制说明《本英汉对照工程设计常用词汇》原编于1996年12月,收集了我院有关工程设计方面的常用词汇﹑词组和句子。

现在原版的基础上重新进行了统编,为配合院办发[2003]96号《关于提高我院职工英语口语水平的强制性规定》,方便设计人员查阅,并在提高英语口语的同时,也不断提高阅读﹑翻译工程设计文件的能力和水平,以便更好地在工程设计中和外方顾客就技术问题进行有效地沟通与交流。

该“词汇”虽然多达190页,但还需要不断补充和完善。

技术质量部翻译组的同志将在以后继续做好这项工作。

技术质量部2003年7月30日目录1.图面常用词汇 32.土建部分213.给排水部分554.气动部分775.电气部分856.暖通部分111工程设计图面常用词汇CONCLISE ENGLISH OF DRAWING PACKAGE总论GENERAL图纸目录Drawing list标准图目录Standard drawing list典型图目录Typical drawing list标准、规范目录Standard and regulation list统一详图目录Uniform detail list标准图集Standard drawing collection设备清单Equipment list材料表Material list建筑物、构筑物一览表List of buildings and structures施工进度表Schedule of construction建筑构件表List of architectural members管道及管件汇总表Summary of pipes and pipe fittings楼面、屋面构造表Construction chart of floor and roof各种管道数量表Bill of piping quantity预埋件明细表Schedule of embedded elements比例Scale无比例、不按比例Not to scale项目名称Project, item标题栏Caption of drawing, drawing heading图号Drawing no.(DWG NO.)张号Page序号No.编号Code型号Type规格Specification单位Unit图例Legend说明Notes备注Remarks由…设计Designed by…由…校对Checked by…由…审核Approved by…由…发行Issued by…专业Specialty总图Site plan土建Civil建筑Architecture结构Structure机械Mechanical给水排水Water supply and drainage暖通Heating, ventilation and air conditioning(HV AC)电气Electrical供电Power supply电照Lighting自控Automatic control 通信Communication 物理概念Physical concept 长度Length宽度Width高度Height净高Clear height深度Depth面积Area体积V olume时间Time速度Speed, velocity温度Temperature湿度Humidity功率Power压力Pressure力Force公斤Kilogram( Kg)克Gram (g)吨Ton (t)米Meter (m)厘米Centimeter (cm) 毫米Millimeter (mm) 平方米Square meter (㎡) 立方米Cubic meter (m3) 秒Second (s)分Minute (m)时Hour (h)厚度Thickness直径Diameter半径Radius弯曲半径Curve radius内径Inside diameter 外径Outside diameter 圆形Circle, round方形Square矩形Rectangle矩形的Rectangular立方体Cube椭圆Ellipse重量Weight毛重Gross weight净重Net weight质量Quality数量Quantity自然条件Natural conditions气象Meteorology气象资料Meteorological data日照Sun shine年平均日照时数Yearly mean sun shine hours风级Wind class风向Wind direction风力Wind force风向标Weather cock逐月风向频率Monthly wind direction and frequency 最大(平均)风速Maximum (mean) wind velocity主导风向Prevailing wind dirction最大风速Maximum wind velocity台风Typhoon季节风Monsoon降雨资料Rainfall data降雨频率Rainfall frequency降雨强度Rainfall intensity降雨日数Number of rainy days最大(平均)降雨量Maximum (mean) rainfall年降雨量Annual rainfall极限降水量Maximum possible pricipitation雨量Rain precipitation降雨面积Rain precipitation暴雨Rain area持续时间Rain storm降雨历时Duration暴雨历时Duration of rainfall年平均雷暴时数Duration of rain storm溢流周期Yearly mean lightning and thunder days 年平均气温Overflow period年绝对最低气温Yearly absolute temperature, l owest年绝对最高气温Yearly absolute temperature, highest最冷月或最热月平均温度Mean temperature, coldest month or hottest month年、月、平均温度,最高、最低Temperature, yearly, monthly, mean, highest, lowest最高或最低绝对温度Absolute temperature, highest or lowest 湿球温度Wet bulb thermometer湿球温度计Wet bulb thermometer干球温度Dry bulb temperature干球温度计Dry bulb thermometer干湿温差Psychometric chart冰冻期Frost period冰冻深度Frost penetration最大积雪深度Maximum snow penetration采暖地区Region with heating provision不采暖地区Region without heating provision采暖室外计算温度Calculating outdoor temperature for heating通风(冬季)室外计算温度Calculating outdoor temperature for ventilation (winter)绝对大气压Absolute atmospheric pressure 蒸发量Vaporization volume相对湿度Relative humidity建筑材料Building material水泥Cement水泥标号Cement grade硅酸盐水泥Portland cement矿渣硅酸盐水泥Portland slag cement灌浆水泥Grout cement快凝水泥Rapid setting cement防潮水泥Waterproof cement高强度水泥High-strength cement高标号水泥High-strength cement水泥沙浆强度Cement mortar strength水泥沙浆需水量Water demand of cement mortar 砖Brick普通粘土砖Common clay brick实心砖Solid brick异形砖Special brick角砖Angle brick拱顶砖Key brick面砖Face brick勒脚砖Springer带槽砖Brick with groove空心砖Hollow brick承重空心砖Load-bearing hollow brick通风空心砖Ventilating brick耐火砖Fire brick高耐火砖High duty fire clay brick特级粘土耐火粘土砖Super-duty fire clay brick轻质耐火粘土砖Light weight fire clay brick工字钢底砖Clip tile (brick)矿渣砖Slag brick多孔砖Porous brick瓦Tile屋面瓦Roof tile石板瓦Slate陶土瓦Vitrified tile粘土瓦Clay shingle脊瓦Ridge tile斜沟瓦Vallay tile槽形瓦Grooved tile石棉瓦Asbestos tile方块毛石Square rubble条石、块石Block stone花岗石Granite花岗石饰面板Granite finishing plank大理石Marble大理石板Marble slab人造大理石Artificial marble预制水磨石Precast terrazzo砌块Block混凝土砌块Concrete block加气混凝土砌块Aerated concrete block实心砌块Solid block空心砌块Hollow block耐火砌块Refractory block衬里砌块Bushing block玻璃Glass光学玻璃Optical glass防眩光玻璃Anti-dazzle glass耐热玻璃Heat resisting glass隔声玻璃Sound proof glass平板玻璃Plate glass标准玻璃Standard glass抛光平板玻璃Polished plate glass中空玻璃Double glazing glass双层中空玻璃Glazing glass, insulating glass 浮法玻璃Float glass新釉面玻璃Neo-ceramic glass有机玻璃Organic glass钢化玻璃Armourplate glass强化玻璃Strengthened glass磨光玻璃Abrades glass, polished glass 毛玻璃Obscured glass, frosted glass 夹丝安全玻璃Wired glass无色玻璃White glass不透明玻璃Opaque glass漫射玻璃Diffusing glass波形玻璃Corrugated glass槽形玻璃Channel glass淬火玻璃Heat treated glass薄膜玻璃Film glass兰色玻璃Blue glass琥珀色玻璃Amber glass中性灰色滤光玻璃Neutral-tinted glass乳色玻璃Opalescent glass乳白玻璃Opal glass压花玻璃Patterned glass酸蚀刻玻璃Acid-etched glass大理石玻璃Marbled glass磨沙玻璃Ground glass雪花玻璃Alabaster glass玻璃纤维板Glass fiber board钢Steel碳素钢Carbon steel低(中、高)碳钢Low (medium, high) carbon steel 结构钢Structural steel高强度结构钢High-strength structural steel普通碳素结构钢Ordinary carbon structural steel 铸钢Cast steel耐酸钢Acid-resisting steel型钢Shaped steel圆钢Round steel bar热轧圆钢Hot rolled round steel扁钢Flat steel bar角钢Angle steel方钢Square steel槽钢Channel steel冷轧碳素钢板Cold rolled carbon steel plate波纹钢板Corrugated steel花纹钢板Reliefed steel plate不锈钢管Stainless steel pipe焊接钢管Welded steel pipe无缝钢管Seamless steel pipe镀锌钢管Galvanized steel pipe高强度钢丝High strength steel wire绑扎用钢丝Binding wire冷拨低碳钢丝Cold drawn mild steel wire钢筋Steel bar, steel reinforcement铸件管Cast iron pipe铸铁给水管Cast iron water pipe铸铁污水管Cast iron soil pipe铜Copper黄铜Brass铝Aluminum铅Lead锡Bin镍Nickel锌Zinc螺栓Bolt螺孔直径Diameter of bolt hole垫板Packing垫片Spacer锚固螺栓Anchor bolt现场安装螺栓Field bolt safety nut安全螺帽Safety nut地脚螺栓Holding-down bolt, ground bolt调整螺栓Adjusting nut平头螺栓Cheese head bolt源头螺栓Botton head bolt夹紧螺栓Clinch bolt埋头螺栓Countersunk bolt防松螺帽Self-locking nut带销螺栓头Bolt head with feather柳钉Rivet螺丝Screw垫圈Washer平垫圈Flat washer弹簧垫圈Spring washer防松垫圈Lock washer胶合板Plywood纤维板Fiber board聚合物Polymer高分子化合物High-molecular compound树脂Resin环氧树脂Epoxy resin聚乙烯Polyethylene (PE)聚录乙烯Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)聚苯乙烯Polystyrene聚脂树脂Polyester resin聚丙烯Polyropylene发泡聚案脂Foamed polyurethane建筑及结构设计规范Code for architectural and structural design 施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance建筑抗震设计规范Building seismic design code建筑材料标准Standard for building materials地基及基础规范Code for soil and foundation防火规范Fire-protection code卫生标准Sanitary standard电气设计及装置规范Code for electrical design and installation 给排水规范Code for water supply and drainage供暖及通风设计及装置规范Code for heating and ventilating design and installation工艺Technology工艺流程图Process flow chart运输流程图Transport flow chart加工图Process technology drawing工艺设备平面布置图Process equipment layout装配图Assembly drawing人流Person flow物流Goods flow产品大纲Product program生产线Production line生产能力Production capacity年生产量Annual yield, annual output工作制度Work system组织机构表Organization chart工艺对建筑的要求Process requirements on buildings 设计Design设计单位Designer用户Client大学University工厂Factory公司Company有限公司Company limited (Ltd)集团公司、总公司Corporation研究所Research institute设计文件Design document设计资料Design data设计任务书Design prospectus设计说明书Design instruction设计范围Design scope设计周期Design period设计程序Design procedure方案投标Scheme tender方案比较Scheme comparison审批Approval设计阶段Design stage可行性研究(报告)Feasibility study方案设计Initial design初步设计Preliminary design施工图设计Final design设计修改Design modification设计联络Design liaison合同Contract签定合同Sign contract协议、协定Agreement会议纪要Minutes of meeting施工单位Constructor承包单位Contractor供货单位Supplier施工监理Construction supervisor工地经理Site manager职务名称Title董事长﹑院长President总经理General manager总工程师General engineer主任、处长Department manager总设计师Chief designer项目经理Project manager主任工程师Chief engineer工程师Engineer图纸Drawing总平面图General plan布置图Layout工艺专业有关词汇Words concerning technology工艺Technology工艺过程Process工艺过程设计Process design设备平面布置Plant design工艺要求Technological level电子产品Electronic product半导体Semiconductor电子管Electron tube二级管Diode三级管Triode晶体管Transistor集成电路Integrated circuit (IC)大规模集成电路Large scale integration (of circuits) (LSI)超大规模集成电路Very large scale integration (of circuits)(VLSI)计算机Computer微型计算机Microcomputer微处理机Microprocessor个人计算机Personal computer计算机终端Terminal电子打字机Electronic type writer计算机打印机Computer printer机器人Robot电子游戏机Electronic gamer电视机Television彩色电视机Color TV黑白电视机Black and white TV显象管Kinescope彩色显象管Color kinescope; chromoscope 黑白显象管Monochrome picture tuve录机Radio cassette电子琴Electronic piano微波炉Microwave oven录象机Video recorder电传机Teleprinter传真机Facsimile printer电话单机Telephone电话交换机Telephone exchange光导纤维Optical fiber雷达Radar激光(器)Laser发射机Transmitter天线Antenna声纳(定位器)Sound radar剖面图放大图Section大样图、详图Enlarged detail安装图Installation drawing标准图(定型)Standard drawing示意图Schematic diagram流程图Flow diagram系统图System diagram原理图Principle diagram综合管道平面图General layout of piping system 屋面平面图Roof plan立面图、正视图Elevation侧、横、背、正面图Side, back, front elevation横、纵、局部剖面图Cross, longitudinal, part section 装配图Assembly drawing鸟澉图Bird’s e ye view底图Transparent drawing草图Sketch表格和说明Table and instruction图纸目录List of drawings材料表List of material重复使用图纸目录List of repeat drawing说明Instruction建筑物构筑物明细表List of buildings and structures 建筑一览表Schedule of buildings建设单位Client子项工程名称Sub-project日期Date处室Department专业Specialty比例Scale图纸名称Name of drawing图号Drawing No.张数Page quantity张号Page No.编号Code序号Serial No.代号Mark名称Name型号规格Type and specification数量Quantity单位Unit备注Remark设计阶段Stage (of design)物理概念Physical concept长度Length宽度Width高度Height; altitude深度Depth面积Area时间Time速度Speed温度Temperature湿度Humidity功率Power压力Pressure力Force公斤Kilogram (Kg)克Gram (g)吨Ton (t)米Meter (m)厘米Centimeter (cm)毫米Millimeter (mm)平方米Square meter立方米Cubic meter秒Second分Minute时Hour厚度Thickness直径Diameter半径Radius外径Outside diameter内径Inside diameter圆形Circle方形Square立方体Cube椭圆Ellipse重量Weight毛重Gross weight净重Net weight质量Quality规范Regulation; handbook手册handbook设计规范,手册Regulation, handbook for design施工安装规范,手册Regulation, handbook for construction andinstallation验收规范Regulation for acceptance消防规范Regulation for fire fighting环境保护Environment protection设备手册Handbook of equipment材料手册Handbook of material设计基础资料Basic data of design自然条件Natural condition气象Meteorology气候Climate风向Wind direction主导风Prevailing wind水位Water level地下水位Underground water level最大风速Maximum wind speed最高水位Highest water level最低水位Lowest water level冰冻日数Frost duration冰冻深度Frost penetration海拔Above sea level海拔高度Altitude标高Elevation level原地面标高Natural ground elevation设计地面标高Designed ground elevation地坪Ground level室外地坪标高Outdoor ground elevation室内地坪标高Indoor ground elevation室内外高差Difference of elevation between indoor andoutdoor中心标高Center elevation雷暴日数Number of lightening days地形Topography经度Longitude纬度Latitude土壤Soil回填土Back filled earth相对湿度Relative humidity选厂基础资料Basic data for site selection选厂报告Report of site selection厂址调查Site investigation生产条件Condition of production生产流程Production process生产能力Production capacity班制Shift per day日班Day shift夜班Nightshift工作日Working day假日Vacation我院专业设置Specialist set up in EDRI工艺Technology无线电技术Radio technique机械Mechanical电化学Electro-chemistry元器件Electronic component电真空器件Electric vacuum component总图General plan土建Civil建筑Architecture结构Structure机械Mechanical暖通Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning(HV AC)给排水Water supply and drain气体动力Gas utility环境保护Environment protection非标准设计Design of non-standard product 电气Electrical供电Power supply电照Power distribution and lighting 自动控制Automatic control通信Communication一层First floor二层Second floor三层Third floor夹层Mezzanine技术夹层Technical floor走廊Corridor外廊Open corridor门廊Porch门厅Entrance hall前厅Lobby出口Exit入口Entrance楼梯间Staircase竖井Shaft电梯间Lift shaft电梯Lift; elevator自动扶梯Escalator办公室Office会议室Meeting room会客室,接待室Reception room展览室Display room休息室Lobby阅览室Reading room资料室Reference room实验室Laboratory医务室Clinic衣帽间Cloak room更衣室Locker room厂长室Director’s room经理室Manager’s room秘书室Secretary’s room会计室Counter’s room值班室Duty room助理室Assista nt’s room总务室General affairs office小食堂Lunch room食堂Canteen厨房Kitchen餐厅Dining hall备餐间Food preparation room茶室Tea room咖啡室Coffee room酒吧Bar卧室Bed room起居室Living room客厅Parlor书房Study浴室Bathroom厕所Toilet男厕Men’s女厕Women’s工艺设备Production equipment车床Lathe磨床Grinder转床Driller冲床Puncher电锯Electric saw电梯Elevator电炉Electric furnace电弧炉Arc furnace电阻炉Electronic furnace of resistance type 烘箱,干燥机Drier起重机Crab吊车Crane电焊机Shot welder送风机Air-supply fan鼓风机Blast fan排风机Exhaust fan泵Pump扩散泵Diffusion pump装配线Assembly line生产线Production line生产车间Workshops车间Workshop辅助车间Auxiliary shop机械加工车间Machine shop锻工车间Blacksmith shop冲压车间Press shop焊接车间Welding shop电镀车间Electroplating shop钳工车间Fitter shop机修车间Machine repairing shop金工车间Smith shop装配车间Assembly shop;包装车间Packing shop工具间Packing shop维修间Tool room洁净室Maintenance room净化厂房Purification factory微波暗室Anechoic chamber磁屏暗室Magnetic shielding chamber 设计室Design room房间名称Room names底层Ground floor一层First floor公用建筑Public buildings俱乐部Club电影院Cinema礼堂Assembly hall火车站Railway station飞机场Airport汽车站Bus station游泳池Swimming pool运动场Sports ground体育馆Stadium图书馆Library招待所Hostel医院Hospital公寓Apartment宿舍Dormitory宿舍区Living quarters平房Single-story building公用设施Public utilities facilities电话站Exchange station计算机房Computer room空调机房Air conditioning room新风机室Fresh air room水泵房Water pump house压缩机房Compressor room控制室Control room工作平台Working platform空压站Air compressor station变电站Transformer station冷却塔Cooling tower洗涤塔Scrubber热交换站Heat exchanger station污水处理站Sewage treatment station氢氧(发生)站Hydrogen and oxygen (generation) station 油库Fuel storage微波站Microwave station锅炉房Boiler house冷冻站Chiller station土建部分总图专业常用词汇Words concerning general plan厂区Factory area生活区Living area停车场Parking yard车库Garage自行车棚Bicycle shed大门Gate门房Gate house围墙Enclosure wall围栏Fence建筑红线Property line办公楼Office building科研楼Research building食堂Canteen水泵房Water pump station车间Workshop成品库Finished product store旗杆Flag pole广场Square绿化带Greenbelt喷泉Fountain雕塑Sculpture花园Garden道路Road桥Bridge公路Highway铁路Railway弯道Turn建筑面积Building area建筑占地面积Area occupied by building空地Spare space十字路口Cross零点线Zero line斜坡Slope挖方Excavation老土Natural soil原土Original soil换土Earth shift室外管道Outdoor pipeline室外管沟Outdoor trench雨水明沟Rainwater channel排洪沟Flood trench下水道Sewer下水道检查井Sewer manhole明沟Open channel热力管沟Heating trench草坪Lawn树木,乔木Tree灌木Shrub花坛Flower bed防火距离Fire protection distance抗(地)震Aseismatic抗振动Anti-vibration防振动Vibration-proof防爆Explosion proof防酸Acid-proof防尘Dust-proof经济专业有关词汇Words concerning economy 概算Budgetary estimate预算Budget决算Final accounts估算Estimation估价Cost estimate价、费、成本Cost价格Price成本核算Cost keeping投资Investment投资费、基建费Capital cost工程费Construction cost安装费Cost of installation不可预见费Unpredicted cost额外费用Extra cost设备费Cost of equipment单价Unit price出厂价格Factory price市场价格Market price运费Freight关税Customs duty兑换率Foreign exchange人民币Rate of exchange外汇人民币(RMB)外汇兑换卷Foreign exchange certificate美元U.S. dollar日元Japanese yen港元Hongkong dollar英镑Pound sterling西德马克DM法国法郎 F.F瑞士法郎S.F.荷兰盾H.FL卢布Ruble总图Site plan基址图Site plot总体规划图Master plan位置图Location map发展规划图Development planning长远规划图Long-term planning总平面图及竖向布置图Site plan and vertical arrangement土方工程图Earth-work drawing土方累计图Mass diagram土方累计曲线Mass curve围墙结构构造图Structural construction chart of fence wall 道路结构构造图Structural construction chart of road道路纵剖面图Road profile道路横剖面图Cross section of road室外管线平面图Outdoor pipeline plan道路和堆放场构造图Construction of road and storage yard工厂组成表Factory composition table工厂区划图Factory blocking地形图Topographical map工厂区,工业区Industrial district工业发展区Industrial development area生活区Residential area, living area商业区Commercial area长区面积Site area建筑面积Floor area建筑占地面积Built-up area铺砌面积Paving area使用面积Usable floor area有效面积Effective floor space建筑总面积Total floor area建筑各层面积Floor space of each story容积率Building volume ratio利用系数,利用率Utilization factor方位,朝向Orientation结构面积Structural area通道面积Passage area道路及广场面积Area of roads and plaza建筑系数Building occupation coefficient 绿化系数Landscaping factor建筑密度Building density城市规划City planning住宅区方案Residential district planning住宅小区Living quarters总建筑基地面积Gross site area人行道Pedestrian-way行车道Traffic line露天堆放场Storage yard街道交叉处的转盘道Turnaround停车区Parking area停车道Parking lane围墙Fence wall钢丝网围墙Wire-net fence绿化地带Green belt草坪Lawn花坛Flower bed旗杆座Flag-pole stand预留发展地Space for furture extension边线,界线Border line建筑红线Red line安全距离Sfety distance防火间隔Fire break纵坐标Ordinate横坐标Abscissa基准点Datum mark水准基点Bench mark地区水准点Regional bench mark标高Level相对标高Relative elevation设计标高Designed elevation室外地面标高Elevation of ground室外道路标高Road level室外散水标高Outdoor water discharge level 室内地坪标高Elevation of indoor grade绝对标高Absolute altitude等高线Contour line道路纵剖面Profile of road道路横剖面Cross section of road道路交叉点标高Elevation of road intersection 高差Elevation difference土方Earth work土方工程量V olume of earthwork土方平衡表Earthwork balance sheet填土高度Height of filling余土Surplus earth缺土Earth to回填Backfill洼地Depression坡度Inclination坡道Ramp阶梯地面Terraced ground中整场地Site leveling运土Transported soil砂石移运Detritus transport人工填土Artificial fill台阶式挖土法Bench method台阶式挖掘Bench excavation平衡挖填Balance of cuts and fills借土挖方Borrow cut借土填方Borrow fill超挖Overbreak超填Overfill挡土板Lagging挡墙,板桩Bulkhead原状土样Undisturbed soil sample重塑土样Remolded sample爆破工程Explosion work管道Pipeline架空管道Overhead piping地下管道Underground piping管道系统Piping system埋管深度Pipe laying depth城市给水City water supply热力管道Heating pipe line工艺管道Process pipe line氧气管道Oxygen pipe line雨水明沟Rainwater channel下水道Sewer下水道检查井Sewer manhole明沟Ditch, open drain涵洞Culvert边沟Gutter截流井Catch basin给水井Feed well集水井Collecting well室外管沟Outdoor trench排洪沟Flood trench建筑Architecture建筑工程说明General notes建筑草图Architectural sketch建筑透视图Perspective室内装修表Room finish schedule建筑阴影(投影)图Architectural shades and shadows建筑渲染图Architectural rendering1号建筑一层平面布置图Fist floor plan, building No.1屋面平面图Roof plan1号建筑立面图Elevation, building No.11号建筑剖面图Section, building No.1A-A剖面图Section A-A门厅吊顶平面图Entrance hall suspend ceiling plan铝合金门窗,幕墙图Drawing of aluminium door, window andglazing curtain wall1号建筑一层吊顶平面图Suspended ceiling plan, first wall一层吊顶平面图Suspended ceiling plan电梯井道平面放大图Enlarged plan of elevator shaft楼梯平面图Stair plan砖墙节点详图Brick wall joint detail统一建筑详图Uniform architectural details建筑构件表List of architectural components1号建筑节点详图Joint detail, building No.1办公大楼Office building装配大楼Assembly building配变电站Substation, transformer station冷冻站Chiller station纯水站Pure water station去离子水站Deionized water station动力站Utility station乙炔发生站Acetylene generation station压缩空气站Compressor station配气站Gas distribution station煤气发生站Gas generation station热力站Heat energy station液化厂油气站Liquefied petroleum gas station氧气站Oxygen氮氧站Nitrogen-oxygen station冷却塔Cooling tower微波站Microwave station洗涤塔Scrubber污水处理站Sewage treatment station氢氧发生站Hydrogen and oxygen station 锅炉房Boiler house热交换站Heat exchanger station走廊Corridor外廊Open corridor门廊Porch净化走道Purified corridor参观走道Viewing corridor服务走道Service corridor缓冲走道Buffer corridor门厅Entrance hall前厅Lobby出口Exit入口Entrance雇员入口Employee entrance行政人员入口Staff entrance办公室Office开敞式办公室Open office行政办公室Administration office经理办公室Manager office秘书办公室Secretary office助理办公室Assistant office人事办公室Personnel office财务办公室Financial office会计室Counter’s room总务室General affair office收发货办公室Receiving and shipping office 会议室Meeting room会客室Reception room展览室Demonstration room医务室Clinic值班室Duty room图书室Library资料室Information center数据中心Data center食堂Canteen厨房Kitchen餐厅Dining room备餐室Food preparation room茶室Tea room咖啡室Coffee room休息室Break room酒吧Bar洗手间Wash room盥洗室Toilet男厕所Men’s女厕所Women’s更衣室Changing room淋浴室Shower room保安中心Security center储存室Store开水间Kettle room实验室Laboratory产品开发实验室Development laboratory维修间Maintenance room仓库Store原材料仓库Raw material store成品仓库Finished product store备件存放间Parts store材料入检Incoming goods inspection发货区Shipping area化学品存放间Chemical store维修备件存放间Maintenance parts store水泵房Water pump room空调设备室Air handling units room电梯间Elevator room锅炉房Boiler room楼梯间Staircase room车间Workshop辅助车间Auxiliary workshop机械加工车间Mechanical process workshop 锻工车间Blacksmith shop冲压车间Press shop焊接车间Welding shop电镀车间Electroplating shop;钳工车间Fitter shop机修车间Machine repairing shop金工车间Smith shop装配车间Assembly shop包装车间Packing shop烧结车间Sintering shop工具间Tools room洁净室Clean room净化厂房Purified factory微波暗室Anechoic chamber拉丝区Drawing area耐火构造Fire resisting construction建筑耐火等级Fire resistance rating of building 饿抵抗能够耐火时限Rated fire-resistance duration耐火极限Limited of fire resistance开间Bay进深Depth柱网Column grid柱列轴线Axis of column row墙Wall外墙external wall内墙Internal wall隔墙Wall partition砖墙Brick wall空斗墙Row lock wall抹面墙Rendered wall空心墙Hollow wall混凝土砌块墙Concrete block wall承重墙Bearing wall非承重墙Non-bearing wall剪力墙Shear wall围护墙Cladding wall挡土墙Earth-retaining wall背墙Back wall胸墙Breast wall地龙墙Sleeper wall幕墙Curtain wall山墙Gable wall女儿墙Parapet砖压顶女儿墙Brick-cap parapet玻璃隔墙Glazed partition隔断Shower stall活动隔断Movable partition防火墙Fire proof wall抗震墙Earthquake resisting wall地面和楼面面层Ground and floor surface course 现浇混凝土楼面Cast-in-place concrete floor水泥沙浆楼面Cement mortar floor现浇水磨石楼面Cast-in-site terrazzo floor块料楼面Block flooring砖楼面Brick floor预制混凝土块楼面Precut concrete block floor预制水磨石楼面Precut terrazzo floor人造大理石楼面Manu marble block floor碎拼大理石楼面Filler broken-marble floor缸砖楼面Clinker floor马赛克楼面Mosaic tile floor镶嵌楼面Floor inlaid拼花楼面Mosaic pavement水泥花砖楼面Cement tile floor水泥压光Cement troweled塑料面Plastic floor纤维板楼面Hard board floor胶合板楼面Glued slab floor无缝楼面Jointless floor叠层楼面Laminated floor供形楼面Arched floor抗静电活动地板Anti-static movable floor活动地板支架Support of movable floor有吊顶的楼板Double floor人造石铺面Granolithic finish玻璃钢面Glassfiber floor拼花花岗岩Granite floor地砖Floor tile防滑砖Non-slip tile抗静电铝合金地面Anti-static aluminium alloy floor地毯Carpet踢脚Skirting木踢脚Wooded skirtingPVC踢脚PVC skirting玻璃钢踢脚Fiber glass skirting水泥踢脚Cement skirting门Door木门Wooded door钢门Steel door钢丝网门Chain ink铁门Iron door玻璃门Glazed door组合门Composite door两面包铁皮门Door clad with sheet iron on both sides 内门Internal door外门External door大门Gate防火门Fire resisting door隔声门Sound proof door保温门Thermal insulation door冷藏门Cooler door太平门Emergency door安全门Exit door防爆门Explosion proof door防护门Protection door屏蔽门Shield door防射线门Rediation resisting door防风砂门Weather tight door密闭门Sealed door泄压门Pressure release door壁橱门Closet door引风门Ventilation door平开门Side hung door单开门Single action door双向门Double action door双扇门Double action door双扇对开门Double hinged door单开或双开弹簧门Single or double acting door 双开弹簧门Swing door推拉门Sliding door竖向推拉门Vertical sliding door隔栅推拉门Sliding grating door折门According door套叠门Telescoping door水平翻门Trap door卷门Rolling door转门Revolving door自动门Automatic door法式门French door固定门Fixed door夹板门Plywood door镶板门Paneled door平板玻璃门Plate glass door隔栅门Grille door百叶门Shutter door连窗门Door with side window空心门Hollow door窗Window木窗Wooded window钢窗Steel window铝合金窗Aluminium alloy window 塑料窗Plastic framed window纱窗Screen window供窗Arch window凸窗Bay window凹窗Bow window圆窗Round window方窗Square window多角窗Canted window无框格窗Sashless window防火窗Fire resisting window隔声窗Sound proof window保温窗Heat insulation window间隔窗Partition window防护窗Protection window安全窗Security window屏蔽窗Shield window防射线窗Rediation resisting window防风沙窗Weather tight window密闭窗Sealed window泄压窗Pressure release window换气窗Vent sash假窗Blank window陈列橱窗Display window扩散窗Diffuse window平开窗Side hung window右(左)开平窗Side hung right (left) hand window 内开平窗Inward opening window推拉窗Sliding window垂直推拉窗Vertically sliding window旋转窗Pivoted window自动开窗Automatic window折叠窗Folding window固定窗Fixed window单层窗Single window双层窗Double window三层窗Triple window山墙窗Gable window边窗Side light腰窗Fanlight带窗Continuous window子母扇窗Attached sash window组合窗Composite window落地窗French window带纱扇窗Window with screen sash固定百叶窗Louver window遮阳式窗Awning window卷帘百叶窗Rolling shutter天窗Skylight上框Head边框Jamb中横框Transom中竖框Mullion下框Sill窗框Sash frame上梃Top rail中梃Middle rail下梃Bottow rail边梃Stile风雨板Weather board挡风雨条Weather strip窗帘Window blind窗铁栅Window guard窗插梢Sash bolt拉手Handle铰链Hinge可拆铰链Loose joint窗开关调节器Window adjuster地弹簧Floor spring门弹弓Door closer-spring 门锁Door latch with lock 推拉门滑轨Sliding door rail门销Door bolt暗门锁Dormant bolt门锁Door lock单元门锁Unit lock磁卡门锁Card lock推拉把手Push and pull brace 门推板Push plate踢板Kick plate定门器Door stop闭门器Door closer弹子锁Night latch转轴Pivot门链条Door chain插锁Mortise lock钥匙孔板Key plate钥匙孔盖Key hole escutcheon 气窗联动开关Window gearing手动开关器Hand opener电动开关器Electric opener楼梯Stair主楼梯Main stair。

汽车专业英语黄韶炯版课后习题答案

汽车专业英语黄韶炯版课后习题答案

Until 11 The automobile’s further development will be determined by already existing and steadily increasing requirements, by additional further requirements and by the technical possibilities for meeting these requirements. The following focal points for development and research efforts can be discerned:汽车的进一步发展取决于已经存在的、目前稳定增长和未来的需求以及为了满足这些需求的技术。

下来给出发展研究的几个要点:2Further improvements of the automobile through products innovation in all classis functions, i. e. performance, fuel economy, environmental impact, safety, comfort and reliability.传统功能的产品革新,比如:性能、燃油经济性、环境友好、安全、舒适性和可靠性。

3Further development of new technologies such as electrics, alternative materials, new test and production methods.新技术的发展,比如:电气、替代材料、新型测试和生产技术。

4 Long-range solutions for traffic problems such as highway congestion, smog in cities and carbon dioxide enrichment of our atmosphere.解决交通问题的技术,比如:交通拥堵,城市烟雾和温室效应。

空调工程设计英语

空调工程设计英语

空调工程设计英语精选英文空调工程设计英语:Air Conditioning System Engineering DesignI. IntroductionIn today's rapidly evolving construction industry, the design of an efficient and sustainable air conditioning system is paramount. This document outlines the comprehensive engineering design for a new air conditioning system, focusing on meeting the specific requirements of the project while ensuring optimal performance, energy efficiency, and environmental friendliness.II. Project OverviewThe proposed air conditioning system is intended for a commercial office building located in a hot and humid climate. The building houses various offices, conference rooms, and common areas, with a total floor area of approximately 10,000 square meters. The system must provide comfortable indoor temperatures and humidity levels while minimizing energy consumption and noise levels.III. Design Criteria1. Temperature Control: Maintain indoor temperatures between 22°C and 26°C.2. Humidity Control: Maintain relative humidity levels between 40% and 60%.3. Air Quality: Ensure good indoor air quality by providing adequate ventilation and filtration.4. Noise Levels: Keep noise levels below 40 dB in office areas and 50 dB in commonareas.5. Energy Efficiency: Optimize system design for maximum energy savings.IV. System Design1. Air Conditioning Units: Select high-efficiency split-system air conditioners with variable refrigerant flow (VRF) technology. These units provide precise temperature and humidity control while minimizing energy usage.2. Ductwork: Design an efficient ductwork system with minimal bends and leaks to ensure optimal airflow and reduce energy losses.3. Outdoor Condensers: Locate outdoor condensers in a shaded and well-ventilated area to improve efficiency.4. Air Handling Units (AHUs): Install AHUs with high-efficiency filters and fans to maintain good indoor air quality and noise levels.5. Controls: Implement a sophisticated Building Automation System (BAS) to monitor and control the air conditioning system. This system should include temperature sensors, humidity sensors, and control valves to ensure precise temperature and humidity control.6. Energy Recovery Ventilators (ERVs): Install ERVs to recover energy from exhaust air and reduce the energy required for ventilation.V. Environmental Considerations1. Energy Efficiency: Use energy-efficient components and equipment to minimize energy consumption.2. Sustainability: Consider using renewable energy sources such as solar panels orgeothermal energy to further reduce energy usage.3. Environmentally Friendly Materials: Select materials that have low environmental impact and are recyclable or biodegradable.VI. Safety Measures1. Electrical Safety: Ensure all electrical components and wiring are properly grounded and protected against overcurrent and short circuits.2. Fire Safety: Install fire detectors and sprinkler systems in critical areas to mitigate the risk of fire.3. Maintenance Access: Provide adequate space and access for regular maintenance and repairs to ensure the system's reliability and longevity.VII. ConclusionThe proposed air conditioning system design meets the specific requirements of the project while incorporating the latest in energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. By using high-efficiency components and equipment, we aim to provide a comfortable indoor environment while minimizing energy consumption and environmental impact.中文对照翻译:空调系统工程设计一、简介在当今快速发展的建筑业中,gao效和可持续的空调系统的设计至关重要。

种子需要的条件是什么的英语作文

种子需要的条件是什么的英语作文

种子需要的条件是什么的英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Title: Conditions Required for Seed GerminationIntroduction:Seed germination is the process where a seed begins to sprout and grow into a new plant. It is a crucial stage in the life cycle of a plant, as it marks the beginning of growth and development. However, for germination to occur successfully, certain conditions must be met to ensure the seed has everything it needs to grow into a healthy plant.1. Water:One of the most important factors for seed germination is water. Water is essential for activating enzymes that break down stored food in the seed and initiate metabolic processes needed for growth. Without water, the seed will remain dormant and unable to germinate.2. Temperature:Temperature plays a vital role in seed germination as it affects the rate of enzymatic reactions and metabolic processes. Different plant species have specific temperature requirements for germination. Some seeds require cold stratification, where they need to be exposed to cold temperatures for a certain period before they can germinate.3. Oxygen:Oxygen is another crucial factor for seed germination as it is needed for cellular respiration. During germination, the embryo within the seed requires oxygen to break down stored food and produce energy for growth. Seeds that are buried too deep in the soil may not receive enough oxygen for germination to occur.4. Light:While some seeds require light to germinate, others need darkness. Light is necessary for triggering the germination of certain seeds by stimulating the production of hormones that promote growth. However, excessive light exposure can inhibit germination in some plant species.5. Soil:The quality of the soil is also important for seed germination. Seeds need a suitable medium that provides nutrients, moisture, and adequate aeration for root development. Poor soil conditions can hinder germination and result in stunted plant growth.Conclusion:In conclusion, seed germination is a complex process that requires specific conditions to be met for successful growth and development. By providing the necessary elements such as water, temperature, oxygen, light, and soil, we can ensure the optimal conditions for seeds to germinate and flourish into healthy plants. Understanding these requirements is essential for gardeners and farmers to cultivate crops successfully and promote sustainable agriculture.篇2Seeds are the starting point for all plant life, and are essential for the continuation of any species. In order for a seed to germinate and grow into a healthy plant, there are a number of key conditions that need to be met.The first requirement for a seed to sprout is water. Seeds are typically dormant and will only begin to germinate once theycome into contact with water. Water triggers the metabolic processes within the seed that allow it to begin growing. Without water, seeds will remain dormant and will not be able to germinate.In addition to water, seeds also require the right temperature to germinate. Different plants have different temperature requirements, with some seeds needing cooler temperatures to sprout while others need warmer temperatures. It is important for gardeners to know the specific temperature requirements for the seeds they are planting in order to create the right environment for germination.Another important factor for seed germination is oxygen. Seeds require oxygen to carry out the process of respiration, which is necessary for growth. Oxygen is typically found in soil, but soil that is too compacted or waterlogged may not have enough oxygen for seeds to germinate. Ensuring that soil is loose and well-drained can help provide the oxygen that seeds need to sprout.Light is another important factor for seed germination, though it is not required for all seeds. Some seeds need light to germinate, while others germinate in darkness. Understandingthe light requirements for specific seeds is essential for successful germination.Lastly, seeds need the right soil conditions in order to germinate. Soil should be well-draining to prevent waterlogging, which can inhibit germination. It should also be rich in nutrients to provide the necessary food for young plants to grow. Testing the pH of the soil and amending it as needed can help create the ideal conditions for seed germination.In conclusion, seeds require a number of key conditions in order to germinate and grow into healthy plants. By providing the right combination of water, temperature, oxygen, light, and soil conditions, gardeners can ensure that their seeds have the best chance of successfully sprouting. Understanding the needs of different seeds and creating the right environment for germination is essential for a successful gardening experience.篇3Seeds are essential for the growth of plants. They contain all the necessary nutrients and genetic information needed for the development of a new plant. However, for seeds to germinate and grow successfully, certain conditions need to be met. In thisarticle, we will explore the requirements that seeds need to grow into healthy plants.First and foremost, seeds need moisture to germinate. Water is essential for the activation of enzymes that break down the seed coat and initiate the process of germination. Without water, seeds will remain dormant and will not be able to sprout. The amount of water needed varies depending on the type of seed, but generally, seeds should be kept moist but not waterlogged.Secondly, seeds require warmth to germinate. Different plant species have different temperature requirements for germination, but in general, seeds need a warm environment to stimulate growth. Temperature also affects the speed of germination, with higher temperatures usually resulting in quicker germination. Providing the right temperature conditions is crucial for successful seed germination.In addition to water and warmth, seeds also need oxygen to germinate. Oxygen is used in the process of respiration, which provides energy for the germinating seed. Proper aeration of the soil or planting medium is important to ensure that seeds have access to an adequate supply of oxygen. Poorly aerated soils can lead to stunted growth or even seedling death.Furthermore, light is another important factor that can influence seed germination. While some seeds require light to germinate, others can germinate in darkness. Light signals to the seed that it has reached the soil surface and can start growing. Providing the appropriate amount of light is crucial for the successful germination of light-dependent seeds.Apart from these basic requirements, seeds also need suitable soil conditions to grow. Soil pH, nutrient levels, and texture can all impact seed germination and plant growth. Different plant species have different preferences for these soil characteristics, so it is important to choose the right growing medium for the seeds you are planting.In conclusion, seeds require specific conditions to germinate and grow into healthy plants. By providing the right amount of water, warmth, oxygen, and light, as well as suitable soil conditions, you can ensure the successful germination of seeds and the healthy growth of plants. Understanding and meeting these requirements is essential for gardeners and farmers looking to cultivate plants from seeds.Overall, seeds need a combination of several factors to successfully germinate and grow, and by providing the rightconditions, you can ensure that your seeds will develop into healthy plants.。

浸润角测试法《英文》

浸润角测试法《英文》

BY F. M. HOSKING, J. J. STEPHENS AND J. A. REJENTStainless steel and Ag-Ni-Ag laminate are joined to copper withAu-based alloys at 400–550°C (752–1022°F)Intermediate Temperature Joiningof Dissimilar MetalsWELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 127-s128-s| APRIL1999Thermal Processing Conditions Wetting experiments were conducted in a batch vacuum furnace. The furnace chamber was evacuated to a nominal working pressure of 7 mPa (5 x 10–5torr)with a roughing and diffusion pump sys-tem. Molecular sieve and cold traps on the roughing and diffusion pumps prevented pump oil from backstreaming into the chamber and contaminating test surfaces with organic material. Furnace and sam-ple temperatures were controlled and monitored with a microprocessor and cal-ibrated thermocouples, ±2°C (±35.6°F).The control thermocouple was mounted independent of the work thermocouples,located just above the fixtured samples.The work thermocouples were positioned on or next to the test pieces.Preliminary wetting tests were con-ducted with the Au-12Ge and Au-18In al-loys on DPTE Cu, OFHC Cu, Ag, Ni,duplex stainless steel and Ni-plated duplex stainless steel substrates. The filler metal preforms and substrates were not given any special surface pretreatment other than a solvent degrease. The Au-12Ge tests were conducted at a peak pro-cess temperature of 400°C, while the Au-18In tests were performed at 550°C (1022°F). Subsequent Au-12Ge testing was done at a slightly higher temperature of 430–450°C (806–842°F) to assureproper alloy melt-ing and reaction with the base met-als. In all cases, theheating rate was5°C/min (41°F/min)from ambient to the peak test tempera-ture, with a short 10–15 min soak at 30°C (86°F) belowthe solidus temper-ature of the selectedfiller metal. The brief hold at this temperature helped to equilibrate the sample with the ac-tual furnace condi-tions before ramping up to the final joining tem-perature. A 5 min hold at the peakprocessing temper-ature was used.Similar process-ing conditions were used to fabri-cate the shear test coupons — Fig. 4.Degreased fillermetal preforms were positioned over thecopper ring and metal wheel interface.The gap at the interface was nominal 0.08 mm (0.003in.). The wheel-ring sub-assembly was elevated on graphite padsin the furnace to facilitate unrestrictedcapillary flow of the filler metal into thegap. Excess filler metal was ground off around the free surface of the processed joint to yield a discrete interface for shear testing.The bulk mechanical test filler metalspecimens were given a thermal anneal to recrystallize their as-received, rolled-sheet microstructure. The final test microstructures were relatively homoge-neous and more representative of the actual joint microstructures. The Au-12Ge alloy was annealed at 335°C (635°F) for 2 h, while the Au-18In alloy was thermally treated at 425°C (797°F)for 2 h. Annealing was performed in adiffusion-pumped vacuum furnace, with a base pressure of 14µPa (1 x 10–7torr).Mechanical Testing Shear tests were conducted with amechanical test frame run in stroke con-trol mode. Each test specimen was placed into a steel die and centered over a slightly oversized hole that served as a guide for the copper ring as it wassheared from the wheel subassembly.The projection at the end of the test punch was sized to the inner diameter of the copper ring and was used to align the punch edge over the joint interface. The engaged punch was pushed against the ring at a rate of 0.025 mm/s (0.001 in./s),with a maximum travel distance of 1.0mm (0.040 in.). Test results were recorded on a strip chart recorder and re-ported as the maximum breaking load in shear. Four replicates per ring-wheel and filler metal combination were shear tested for statistical sampling.Bulk filler metal properties were de-termined by tensile and tensile creep test-ing. The data was used to obtain the minimum true strain rate as a function of the true stress. The true stress represents the average stress over the tested strain interval used to determine the minimum creep rate (Ref. 12). The test geometry is shown in Fig. 3. The test piece is a stan-dard flat tensile creep specimen with a nominal test cross section of 3.2x 0.5mm (0.125 x 0.020 in.). The test coupons were annealed as described above prior to tensile testing. Tensile tests were con-ducted in a servohydraulic load frame at a strain rate of 5%/min (8.33 x 10–4s –1).WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 129-s.1250 1.0002.188.594.219 2 PL .117.113DIA. 2 PL .156 R 4 PL .219.438NOTES: Au-12Ge alloy strip 1 in. wide x 0.020 in.thickx.xxx ±.010x.xxxx ±.002TOLERANCES Fig. 3 — Tensile creep specimen drawing.Fig. 4 — Fixturing of “ring-in-plug” shear testspecimen.Fig. 5 — Optical images of cross-sectioned Au-18In wetting samples processed in a vac-uum at 550°C: A — On as-received stainless steel; B — on Ni-plated stainless steel.(A)75 µmStainless SteelAu-18InNi-plated Stainless Steel75 µmAu-18In(B)130-s | APRIL 1999NiCuNi-plated Stainless Steel Stainless Steel Ag (A)(B)100 µm100 µmExcept for the nonplated stainless steel sample, the contact angles were gener-ally less than 20 deg. The DPTE Cu sample yielded the highest angle in the grouping — 19deg— while the others were less than 10 deg. These low angles indicated excellent wetting. As done with the Au-18In experiments, tests were performed on bare steel pieces in dry hy-drogen, with no improvements in wetting observed. Nickel plating of the steel sur-face, however, yielded excellent wetting results. The steel’s surface oxide is gen-erally very stable below 900°C (1652°F) and cannot be wetted normally by most conventional filler metals, unless the oxide is removed. With a Ni-plated sur-face, however, the Ge constituent reacts with the Ni surface to form an inter-metallic compound, Ni3Ge, that facili-tates wetting and bonding to the underlying steel piece.Good wetting behavior does not necessarily guarantee reliable solder or braze joints. Base metal-filler metal interfacial reactions, as well as the mechanical and physical metallurgy of the filler metal, can significantly affect the structural performance of the joint. In the former case, brittle phases or extensive base metal dissolution can jeopardize joint integrity. As a conse-quence, these interfacial reactions will affect the short- and long-term response of the processed joints to mechanical loads under extreme service conditions. For the latter case, an understanding of the physical and mechanical metallurgy of the filler metal is critical toward being able to predict joint response during specified processing and service condi-tions. These issues are considered below. Bulk Filler Metal Microstructure and Mechanical PropertiesThe bulk microstructures of the annealed filler metal sheet were very distinctive for the two different alloys —Fig. 7. The Au-18In alloy exhibited widespread banding, even after thermal treatment. The microstructure of the Au-12Ge alloy, however, was more homogeneous — consisting of a gold matrix with a uniform dispersion of blocky germanium particulate. Au has normally negligible solubility for Ge below 250°C (482°F). The resulting dis-persion of Ge in the Au matrix is very similar to precipitates formed during the processing of an in-situ composite. The dispersion serves to strengthen the alloy, but at the expense of ductility and ability to fabricate filler metal forms or shapes. The average Knoop microhardness (15-s indent time, 100-g load) for the annealed Au-12Ge alloy (2 h at 335°C) was 112.8±8.3.On the other hand, Au-In is a binary system that can develop several different intermetallic compounds, depending on the alloy composition and thermal treat-ment. For example, the Au-18In compo-sition is very close to the correspondingAu4In, Au3In, Au7In3intermetallic com-pounds. Au also exhibits significantly more solubility for In than Ge. Au has 4–5 wt-% solubility for In, even at room temperature. The microhardness for the annealed Au-18In alloy was significantly higher than that measured for the an-nealed Au-12Ge alloy. The average Knoop microhardness for the annealed Au-18In alloy (2 h at 425°C) was 199.8 ±15.0. The higher value was attributed to the intermetallic phases in its mi-crostructure, which help to strengthen the alloy, but lower its ductility. These structural and mechanical differences for Au-18In — particularly its lower ductility — make the alloy more difficult to work with than Au-12Ge.The tensile stress-strain data for both alloys are summarized in Figs. 8–9 and Table 3. The Au-18In alloy was clearly stronger than the Au-12Ge alloy, al-though its ductility — as measured by uniform plastic strain — was generally lower. Au-18In had a maximum engi-neering stress of approximately 600 MPa (87 ksi) at 22°C (71.6°F), with tensile strength rapidly decreasing with increas-ing test temperature (e.g., 200 MPa [29 ksi] at 270°C and 25 MPa [3.6 ksi] at 420°C). The data suggests a phase trans-formation in the Au-18In alloy at ele-vated temperatures — particularly above 270°C — where its tensile strength de-creases dramatically and work hardening is negligible. The Au-12Ge maximum engineering stress varied from approxi-mately 200 MPa (29 ksi) at 22°C to 50 MPa (7.3 ksi) at 320°C.With respect to stress-strain behavior, the most revealing result was the rela-tively low ductility demonstrated by the Au-18In alloy at elevated temperatures. Its uniform engineering strain at 270°C is only 0.5%. Conversely, the Au-12Ge alloy had values of uniform engineering strain ranging from a maximum of 3.7% at 170°C, decreasing to a minimum of 0.9% at 320°C.The creep data obtained at 270°C for Au-12Ge is plotted in Fig. 10. The tests were conducted at 270°C, with engi-neering stress levels of 14.3, 29.1 and 59.3 MPa (2, 4.2 and 8.5 ksi). The 270°C creep curves exhibited relatively small amounts of primary strain. Similar tests were conducted at other elevated tem-peratures, as described in the experi-mental section; these data are shown in Table 4. The Au-12Ge alloy exhibited significant primary creep strain at lower temperatures — e.g., the 170°C creep curves exhibit primary creep strains of 0.5% to 0.7%.Although only a limited number of the Au-12Ge creep tests were taken to failure, metallographic analysis clearly revealedFig. 8 — Bulk Au-12Ge tensile data at 22, 170 and 320°C.Fig. 9 — Bulk Au-18In tensile data at 22, 270 and 420°C.WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 131-s132-s | APRIL 199930 µmFractureSurfaceMPa (14.5 ksi) and increased up to 12.0at the highest true stress value of 135.1MPa (19.6 ksi).Unfortunately, extensive extrapola-tion of Equation 1 outside the tempera-ture range used for creep tests (170–320°C) may not be very practical.For example, the sinh correlation tends to underestimate the strain rate of the ten-sile test results obtained at 22°C by 6 or-ders of magnitude when the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) for Au-12Ge is converted to a true stress value, 206.4MPa (29.9 ksi), and Equation 1 is used to calculate the minimum strain rate.With respect to creep test results,significantly lower strain rates were measured on the Au-18In alloy at comparable stress and temperature con-ditions. The creep data for the Au-18In alloy are summarized in Table 5. Although space does not permit a full discussion of the creep properties for this alloy, the shape of its creep curves were generally of an inverted nature, with the minimumcreep rate being observed very close to the beginning of the test. This creep be-havior is often observed in Class I or “alloy” type systems (Ref. 16). T rue mini-mum strain rate data for the Au-18In alloy are plotted as a function of true stress at 270, 320, 370 and 420°C in Fig.13. The Garofalo sinh equation was found to pro-vide a reasonable fit to the minimum strain rate data as a function of stress and temperature. The following correlation was obtained for the Au-18In alloy:êmin =(1.008 x 106) {sinh [0.03692 σ (MPa)]}1.40[exp(–30,591/RT)](2)where a quality of fit (r 2parameter) of 0.96 was obtained. The fit to the data, as given by Equation 2, is presented in Fig.13 as solid lines. The 420°C data clearly exhibited power law creep characteris-tics — i.e., a straight line with a slope of 1.40 on the log-log scale for minimum strain rate as a function of true stress.However, the data tend more towardpower law breakdown at the lower tem-peratures, along with somewhat higher effective stress exponents. For example,the effective stress exponents for the 270°C data on Fig. 13 ranged from 2.7 at the lowest true stress value of 50.3 MPa (7.3 ksi), to 5.2 at the highest observed true stress value of 100.3 MPa (14.5 ksi).Prototype Joint Shear Test ResultsThe next phase of testing involved the fabrication of prototype assemblies. The Au-12Ge alloy was selected for this phase of the investigation. The selection was based on the results from the wetting and bulk strength measurements. Since the joint design consists of dissimilar metals with different coefficients of ther-mal expansion, the more ductile Au-12Ge alloy offers potentially better compliance (i.e., creep relaxation) under transient thermal loading conditions. The Au-12Ge alloy clearly demonstrated bet-ter wetting behavior and bulk ductilityWELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 133-sFig. 12 — Comparison of creep data and “sinh” fit (Equation 1) for Au-12Ge alloy. Measured data are individual points, while the computed fit is represented by solid lines.Temp.Eng. Stress Strain Rate at Min. Eng at End Stress Strain Rate °C (°F)(MPa)(s –1)Strain Rate of Test (MPa)(s –1)170 (338)98.48 2.06 x 10–60.01370.019799.83 2.032 x 10–6170 (338)116.00 1.49 x 10–50.01480.0358*117.72 1.468 x 10–5170 (338)132.138.13 x 10–50.02230.0340*135.087.953 x 10–5220 (428)29.25 2.94 x 10–70.00790.008329.48 2.917 x 10–7220 (428)58.92 5.84 x 10–60.01300.030459.69 5.765 x 10–6220 (428)88.44 4.29 x 10–50.01080.061389.40 4.244 x 10–5270 (518)14.27 1.04 x 10–60.00930.012914.40 1.030 x 10–6270 (518)29.11 1.24 x 10–50.01100.084029.43 1.227 x 10–5270 (518)59.35 1.19 x 10–40.01230.080460.08 1.176 x 10–4320 (608)7.367.10 x 10–60.01300.06257.467.009 x 10–6320 (608)14.83 2.22 x 10–50.01350.066615.03 2.190 x 10–5320 (608)29.671.71 x 10–40.00580.064229.841.700 x 10–4a Creep tests were generally not taken to fracture, with the exception of those tests marked with an asterisk (*).Fig. 13 — Comparison of creep data and “sinh” fit (Equation 2) for Au-18In alloy. Measured data are individual points, while the computed fit is represented by solid lines.(A)(B)100 µm Au-12GeDPTECuAg100 µm134-s| APRIL 1999stronger stainless steel material was sub-stituted for the AgNiAg laminate. Low strength joints were obtained between the plated Ferralium Alloy 255 duplex stainless steel pieces and DPTE Cu. Most soldered specimens failed during han-dling and were not shear tested to quan-tify joint strengths. The DPTE Cu material was replaced subsequently by OFHC Cu.The Cu change had the same effect as obtained with the AgNiAg test parts. The steel and OFHC Cu joints passed visual inspection and yielded an average shear breaking load of 16.6 kN (3700 lb). The steel samples were nominally 0.3 mm (0.012 in.) thicker than the AgNiAg test pieces, resulting in a shear area of ap-proximately 102 x 10–6m 2(0.157 in.2).The mean room temperature shear strength of these specimens, therefore,was 163 MPa (23.5 ksi) — comparable to the room temperature AgNiAg-OFHC Cu joint strengths. A summary of the Ag-NiAg- and Ni-plated duplex steel-to-Cu shear strength results is presented in Fig.17. The selection of OFHC Cu was clearly a critical materials change in making the joining process work.Cross-sectioned images of a Ferralium Alloy 255-OFHC Cu assembly are shown in Fig. 18. Excellent wetting was ob-served on the Ni-plated steel surface. The only measurable base metal dissolution occurred on the Cu side of the joint —Fig. 18B. Elemental analysis detected Cu in the Au-based matrix of the joint. The bulk joint microstructure was primarily a two-phase eutectic, consisting of Ge in the Au-Cu matrix. A relatively uneven,thick layer of the Au-based matrix was observed along the Cu interface. Ni 3Geintermetallic compound was detected between the Ni-plated steel surface and the filler metal. Failure analysis of the shear-tested specimens revealed a similar failure path as obtained in the AgNiAg-Cu samples, with failures occurring in the Cu ring near the joint interface, but not in the joint. The Cu piece was plastically deformed by the test punch.The above wetting, microstructural and mechanical test results clearly demonstrated the feasibility of using Au-12Ge to fabricate “intermediate” melt-ing, structural joints. Ni-plating of the stainless steel parts and the selection of OFHC Cu for the ring material enhanced the wetting behavior and joint strength.Bulk filler metal tensile creep properties also provided important design informa-tion, with an estimate of first-order joint response. Although the Au-18In alloy offered a slightly higher joining tempera-ture, the Au-12Ge alloy yielded a more ductile joint.Conclusions1)The feasibility of an “intermediate melting” joining process was evaluated to bond Cu to Ag and Ni surfaces be-tween 450–550°C in vacuum. The selected alloys were Au-12Ge and Au-18In.2)The Au-12Ge alloy typically yielded better wetting results than the Au-18In alloy.3)Nickel-plating of duplex stainless steel facilitated wetting by both Au al-loys. The interfacial reaction product was either Ni 3Ge for the Au-12Ge alloy or Ni 3In for the Au-18In alloy. Direct wet-ting to the stainless steel surface was notpossible without the Ni-plated layer.4)Bulk filler metal tensile data re-vealed that Au-18In has higher tensile strength and less ductility than Au-12Ge.The creep behavior of the Au-12Ge alloy also suggests that it would be more effective in relaxing residual stresses gen-erated during thermal processing under relatively low applied creep loads and temperatures. Since the joint design is comprised of dissimilar metals having dif-ferent thermal expansion properties, the more ductile Au-12Ge alloy was chosen for the fabrication of prototype assemblies.5)Dissolution of DPTE Cu by Au-12Ge and the formation of a Te-enriched layer at the filler metal and Cu interfaceWELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 135-sFig. 15 — Backscattered electron images of a AgNiAg/Au-12Ge/OFHC Cu shear specimen: A — At low magnification; B — at the Ag and Ni lami-nate interface; C — across the Ni and Cu joint.Fig. 16 — Shear tested AgNiAg/Au-12Ge/OFHC Cu specimen.300 µmAgNiAgOFHC CuA u -12G e(B)(A)(C)100 µm 10 µm OFHC CuNiAgAgAu-12Ge 10 µmAu-12GeAu-12GeNiNiAgOFHC Cu136-s | APRIL 1999Au-12Ge(A)(B)100 µm 30 µmNiNi-platedStainless SteelOFHC CuN i -p l a t e d S t a i n l e s s S t e e lOFHC CuAu-12Ge。

TRA-BONDF131

TRA-BONDF131

TRA-BOND F131HIGH Tg, ROOM TEMPERATURE CURINGFIBER-OPTIC EPOXY ADHESIVEPROPERTYTYPICAL VALUES TRA-BOND F131 is a fiber-optic adhesive used for terminating ALL types of fiber-optic connectors as wellas LED displays, lenses and other optical components. It produces a typical Tg of 95°C thus meetingspecification requirements of Bellcore and connector manufacturers. This two-part, low viscosity systemcan be cured at room temperature overnight or as fast as 15 minutes at 65°C.www.henkel .com /electronicsClear ColorClear Color, mixed1.200Specific gravity, mixed1,800Viscosity, cps, mixed@ 25°C 1.0Thixotropic index-60 to 120Operating temperature range, °C78Hardness, Shore D100/30Mix ratio, pbw, Resin/Hardener3,700Lap shear, alum to alum, psi95.00Glass transition (Tg), °C, ultimate0.22Impact, izod, ft. lbs/inch of notch1.00E+11Volume resistivity, ohm-cm @ 25°C CURE SCHEDULE18 hours @ 25°C or1 hour @ 65°C or15 minutes @ 90°C for one drop application Revision:DPrint Date:10/18/2007QAF-1057 Rev C Revision Date:6/20/2003APPLICATION DIRECTIONS(1) Carefully clean and dry all surfaces to be bonded.(2) Remove clamp and thoroughly mix the TRA-BOND F131 epoxy adhesive system components in the handy BIPAX mixing-dispenser package until color is uniform throughout.(3) Apply this completely mixed adhesive to the prepared surfaces, and gently press these surfaces together. Contact pressure is adequate for strong, reliable bonds -- however maintain contact until adhesive is completely cured.Uncured epoxy adhesives - consisting of resin and hardener components - may cause dermatitis, skin sensitization or other allergic responses. Prevent all contact with skin and eyes. If contact occurs, flush immediately with plenty of water (get prompt medical attention for eyes). Keep awayfrom heat and open flame. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN. Immediately clean up any spills that may occur.TRA-BOND F131WARNING: THIS MATERIAL IS SOLD FOR INDUSTRIAL USE ONLYThe expiration date is based upon dry storage conditions at or below 80°F (27°C), unless specified otherwise on the packaging, in the original, sealed and unopened containers for BIPAX, TRA-PAX and bulk packaged materials. The expiration date for pre-mixed and frozen materials is based upon dry storage conditions at or below the temperature indicated on each package. Contents may separate during storage. Resin or hardener in bulk containers (e.g. quarts, gallons) should be thoroughly mixed prior to combining them to obtain all the benefits of the properties designed into the formulation.Some ingredients in this formulation provided in BIPAX, TRA-PAX and bulk packaging may crystallize when subjected to low temperature storage. Merely returning the product back to room temperature will not always redissolve thecrystals and a gentle warming cycle of 125°F for 30 minutes prior to mixing the resin and hardener components may be necessary to return the product to its best condition. Crystallized epoxy components do not react as well as liquid components and should be redissolved prior to use for best results.The properties given are TYPICAL VALUES and are not intended for use in preparing specifications.Users should make their own tests to determine the suitability of this product for their own purposes.STORAGE AND HANDLING CONDITIONS Europe North America Asia-Pacific P.R. China Korea Nijverheidsstraat 7 46 Manning Road 100 Kaneda, Atsugi-shi No. 332 Meigui South Road Rm# 806, 8th Fl., Dae RyungB-2260 Westerlo Billerica, MA 01821 Kanagawa-ken, 243-0807 WaiGaoQiao Free Trade Zone Techno Town II 569-21Belgium Tel 800-832-4929 Japan Shanghai 200131 Gasan-dong, Geumcheon-guSeoul 153-771 Tel +(32)-(0) 14 57 56 11 Tel (978) 436-9700 Tel (81) 462-258-880 Tel (86)-21-38984800 Tel (82)-2-6675-8182Fax: +(32)-(0) 14 58 55 30 Fax: (978) 436-9701 Fax: (81) 462-221-347 Fax (86)-21-50484160 Fax (82)-2-6675-8196H ENKEL CORPORATION MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, CONCERNING THE SUITABILITY OF THESE MATERIALS FOR USE IN IMPLANTATION IN THE HUMAN BODY, OR FOR ANY OTHER USE. These materials are not designed or manufactured for use in implantation in the human body. Henkel Corporation has not performed clinical testing of these materials for implantation. Henkel Corporation has neither sought, nor received, approval from the FDA for the use of these materials in implantation in the human body. No representative of ours has any authority to waive or change the foregoing provisions but, subject to such provisions, our engineers are available to assist purchasers in adapting our products to their needs and to the circumstances prevailing in their business. Nothing contained herein shall be construed to imply the non-existence of any relevant patents or to constitute a permission, inducement or recommendation to practice any invention covered by any patent, without authority from the owner of this patent. We also expect purchasers to use our products in accordance with the guiding principles of the Chemical Manufacturers Association’s Responsible Care program.© 2007 Henkel CorporationNoteThe data contained herein are furnished for information only and are believed to be reliable. We cannot assume responsibility for the results obtained by others over whose methods we have no control. It is the user's responsibility to determine suitability for the user's purpose of any production methods mentioned herein and to adopt such precautions as may be advisable for the protection of property and of persons against any hazards that may be involved in the handling and use thereof. In light of the foregoing, Henkel Corporation specifically disclaims all warranties expressed or implied, including warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, arising from sale or use of Henkel Corporation’s products. Henkel Corporation specifically disclaims any liability for consequential or incidental damages of any kind, including lost profits. The discussion herein of various processes or compositions is not to be interpreted as representation that they are free from domination of patents owned by others or as a license under any Henkel Corporation patents that may cover such processes or compositions. We recommend that each prospective user test his proposed application before repetitive use, using this data as a guide. This product may be covered by one or more United States or foreign patents or patent applications.Trademark usageExcept as otherwise noted, all trademarks in this document are trademarks of Henkel Corporation in the U.S. and elsewhere. ® denotes a trademark registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.。

CTS Filtered Terminal Blocks说明书

CTS Filtered Terminal Blocks说明书

NorthAmerica:+1-800-757-6686•International:+1-508-435-6831•Asia:+65-6481-1466••************************FILTERED TERMINAL BLOCKSEliminate Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)UL Standard 1059 CompliantTerminal BlocksCTS UL-recognized filtered terminal blocks are specifically designedto save time and money for EMI filtering applications. By combininga filtering component with an industry standard terminal block, CTShas created an effective barrier to EMI noise.CTS filtered terminal blocks allow the engineer to eliminate EMIusing an existing mechanical design element combined with the excellent performance of a Pi filter.PCB Mounted Filtered Terminal BlocksCTS latest line of filtered terminal blocks allow engineers the abilityto mount the blocks directly onto the PCB. These filters save laboras well as board space. In addition, the filoffers a wide range ofperformance while meeting specific requirements. It is the perfectEMI solution.SPECIFICATIONS• 2-8 terminals available• Operating temperature: -55°C to 105°C• Working voltage: Up to 250 V AC• Capacitance: Up to 15 nF• DC resistance: 0.01 Ohms max.• Wire sizes to #12 AWG• Screw size: #6-32 or #8-32 head screw• Insertion loss: 65dB up to 10GHz SPECIFICATIONS• Operating temperature: -40°C to 105°C• DC working voltages: 100V DC @ 85°C• Capacitance: Up to 2500 pF• Dielectric withstanding voltage: 707V DC• Insulation resistance: ≥ 10 GΩ• DC current: 12 Amps• DC resistance: ≤ 10 mΩNorth America: +1-800-757-6686 International: +1-508-435-6831 Asia: +65-6481-1466 ******************** EMI/RFI FILTERSCoaxial BroadbandHigh Frequency, Low Pass C FilterL Filter ‘High frequency, small size, excellent capacitance values’Coaxial Broadband EMI/RFI FiltersCTS coaxial broadband EMI/RFI filters have high capacitance values (up to 1.4 μF),and are resin and hermetically sealed. These filters are available to MIL-PRF-15733standards.SPECIFICATIONS• Max. torque: 9 in-lbs (1.04 Nm)• DC resistance: 0.01 Ohms max.• Working voltages up to 280 V DC at 125°C• Insertion loss: Up to 70dB at 1GHz• 4601 series seal tested per MIL-STD-202, Method 112, Condition A°CAPPLICATIONS: Power Supplies, Power Inputs & Outputs, Industrial Controls and Telecommunications Equipment High Frequency, Low Pass EMI/RFI Filters CTS has a wide range of high frequency, low pass filters that are small in size and offer excellent performance. These filters save bulkhead space and eliminate EMI while reducing cost.SPECIFICATIONS • Frequency range 1MHz to 10GHz • Operating temperature: -55°C to +125°C • Capacitance values up to 100,000 pF • Capacitance tolerance (+100%, 0%) (+80%, -20%), or customer specific • Working voltage: 50-2,000 V DC • Current: 5-25 Amps • S uggested mounting torque from 2 in-lbs to 9 in-lbs (0.231 to 1.04 Nm)• H ex nut 0.125 in-0.5 in across the flats• M ax. solder temperature 500°F (260°C)APPLICATIONS: Telecommunications, CATV, Telemetry, Radar, Amplifiers and RF SwitchesPi Filter C Filter Pi Filter C Filter EMI/RFI FILTERS Surface Mount Quick Connect & Bolt-In Filter Plate Assemblies EMI/RFI Surface Mount Filters CTS 4700 series Pi and C filters are used where cost and space savings are a priority and improved insertion loss is required. The filter's unique design makes it suitable for common production soldering processes. The state-of-the-art manufacturing process results in excellent electrical and mechanical performance. The square or round body allows easy handling, positioning and soldering onto the PCB. The 4700 series is another cost effective, quality product from CTS.SPECIFICATIONS • 100 V DC up to 125°C • Dielectric withstanding: 300 V DC • 4700/4701 DC rating: 10 Amps; 4702 DC rating: 20 Amps • Insertion loss: Up to 70dB at 1GHz • Capacitance: 100 pF to 5,000 pF EMI/RFI Filters & Capacitor Assemblies CTS quick-connect and bolt-in filter plate assemblies provide ease of installation and line customization of standard size plates. Filter plates are the most efficient and cost effective solution for filtering multiple lines into or between different system compartments.For higher frequency applications (above 50MHz), filter plates can be more effective than typical surface mount solutions. The natural shielding quality of the plates creates an effective RF barrier that provides excellent insertion loss and isolation for frequencies above 5MHz. The pre-assembled plates greatly reduce the time and resources required to individually install solder or bushing mount filters.CTS quick connect series of filter plates features a base plate with built-in installation clips. These clips allow for cost effective mounting into the system’s bulkhead without the cost associated with traditional hardware.SPECIFICATIONS • Operating temperature: -55°C to 125°C • Capacitance values up to 10,000 pF • Working voltage at 125°C: 100 V DC • Current: 5-10 Amps • No-load insertion loss: 70dB up to 10GHz ‘For use where cost saving is a priority and improved insertion loss is required’CERAMIC CAPACITORS &RESONATORS High Q FactorCircuit MiniaturizationCeramic Trimmer Capacitors CTS leads the way in the miniaturization of ceramic trimmers. The 513 SMT, all-ceramic trimmer capacitor offers outstanding features such as exceptionally smooth tuning, extra miniaturized - 0.196 diameter x 0.100in height max. (4.98 x 2.54mm) ceramic base & dielectric - very stable, high Q factor for ultra high frequency applications, wide temperature range - functional under extreme conditions, SMD on tape and reel - suitable for automatic pick and place, and rugged construction.DISC Ceramic WEECON ® Capacitors Known throughout the industry for quality and reliability, CTS prides itself on maintaining an excellent track record in producing high reliability products.Our DISC ceramic capacitors have three classifications:Temperature Compensating - highest Q, minute capacitiance change with temperature, more stable than glass or mica. Extended Temperature Compensating - finite and repeatable capacitance change with temperature, also high Q and stability.High Dielectric Constant - high capacitance, low dissi-pation factor replaces paper, film, glass, mica in generalpurpose applications.CTS WEECONS ® have long been the industry standardand offer the broadest selection of available ceramicformulations and package sizes. With a capacitancerange of 1 pF to 0.082 mF, WEECON® capacitors offera variety of TC materials and tolerances. The range oftemperature characteristics available make theWEECON ® suitable from the ultra stable requirements oftuned circuits to the general purpose needs for couplingand bypassing.Encapsulated with ahard, bright polymericcoating, these capaci-tors are formulated toprovide mechanicalprotection under nor-mal environmentalconditions.Available in 25, 50, 100 and 500 voltsThickness from 0.1 to 0.175in (depends on voltage)Square sizes from 0.1 x 0.1 in to 0.6 x 0.6inOperates efficiently at -55°C to 125°C SPECIFICATIONS • Operating temperature: -55°C to 125°C • Capacitance range of 1-3 pF max. to 10-60 pF max.• Working voltage: 25-200 V DC • Dielectric strength: 50-500 V DC • Torque from 0.3 in-oz to 6 in-oz (0.035 to 0.693 Nm)APPLICATIONS: Point to Point, PCB, Avionics, Communications Equipment and Instrumentation.SPECIFICATIONS • Sizes: 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12mm • Dielectric constant: 9 min., 90 max.• Frequency range: 250MHz — 6GHz*• Electrodes: High density, fired on silver, with tin plating over nickel barrier finish *Higher frequencies available by special order.APPLICATIONS: Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs), Coaxial Resonator Oscillators (CROs), Bandpass Filters, Wireless Devices and Duplexers.Ceramic Coaxial Resonators CTS ceramic coaxial resonators are offered in four sizes and four dielectric constants with a frequency range from 800MHz to 5.9GHz. To ensure superior performance and adequate miniaturization, these parts are made of quality metalized ceramics. CTS offers the best ceramic composition in order to meet all necessary temperature performance, shielding and miniaturization requirements for an endless number of applications.‘Superior performance, extra miniaturized, and high Q factor ’ North America: +1-800-757-6686International: +1-508-435-6831Asia: +65-655-17551L AUNCHING I NNOVATIVE P RODUCTS INTO THE F UTURE◆ Quartz Crystals◆ Clock Oscillators◆ Timing Modules◆ Semiconductor ICsF REQUENCY C ONTROL P RODUCTSEMC P RODUCTS◆ Surface Mount Filters◆ Feed Through Filters◆ Filtered Terminal Blocks◆ Variable TrimmerCapacitors◆ Coaxial Resonators◆ Custom EMI FilterPlate Assemblies◆ Ceramic Disc CapacitorsC ERAMIC C OMPONENTSR ESISTOR P RODUCTSE LECTROCOMPONENTS T HERMAL M ANAGEMENT S OLUTIONS◆ Monoblock Filters◆ Monoblock Duplexers ◆ ClearPlex® Waveguide Filters ◆ClearONE™ Terminators ◆Chip Resistor Arrays◆Current Sensing◆Ultra High Resistance◆ Potentiometers◆Encoders◆ Mini-Joysticks◆ Rotary Switches◆ DIP Switches◆ Trimmer Potentiometers ◆ Sensors and Controls◆ Custom Assemblies◆ Heat Sinks◆ Fansinks◆ ZIF Circuit Card Retainers。

测试标准 英文

测试标准 英文

测试标准英文Testing Standards。

Testing standards are a set of criteria and guidelines used to determine the quality, reliability, and performance of a product or system. These standards are essential in ensuring that products meet the required specifications and are safe for use by consumers. In this document, we will discuss the importance of testing standards, the different types of testing standards, and the benefits of adhering to these standards.Importance of Testing Standards。

Testing standards play a crucial role in the development and manufacturing of products. They provide a framework for evaluating the performance, safety, and quality of a product, ensuring that it meets the necessary requirements and regulations. By adhering to testing standards, manufacturers can demonstrate the reliabilityand safety of their products, gaining the trust of consumers and regulatory authorities.Furthermore, testing standards help to minimize therisk of product failures and recalls, saving manufacturers from potential financial losses and damage to their reputation. They also contribute to the overall improvement of product quality and performance, leading to higher customer satisfaction and loyalty.Types of Testing Standards。

尼姆智能会议机说明书

尼姆智能会议机说明书

Neat Frame packs powerful technology into an all in one compact and convenient meeting device that enables you to free up your computer for other tasks.A portrait-oriented touch screen, advanced camera, speakers, microphones, and environmental sensors, help deliver superior-quality audio, video and other unique capabilities to your personal space and focused meeting areas.Neat Frame is a stand-alone device that also supports wired and wireless headsets.Neat Frame Video conferencing device with integrated touch screenEverything you need Neat Frame comes with everything you need to get started.In the boxNeat Frame: Video conferencing device with integrated touch screen.Power cord: 9.8 t (3m)Weight: 7.6 pounds (3.45 kg)Size & weight 17.52 i n (445 m m )15.6 i n8.75 in (222 mm) 4.38 in (111 mm)8 d e gSetup & connectivityEnvironmental RequirementsAmbient operating temperature:32° to 95° F (0° - 35° C)Storage temperature: -4° - 140° F (-20° - 60° C) Relative humidity: 10% to 90%Network standby: W Additional Product Informationh tps://neat.no/frame Neat Frame - User Manual rev06SetupUse the provided cables to set up the system. Connect the cables according to the illustration. Cables marked are included. Cables marked are optional and not required for basic use of the system.Requirements for a complete setup Internet connection Video serviceHandleSecurity lock slotAC power9.8 t (3m) Cable1/4-20 UNC thread tripod mountFactory reset bu tonUSB-C3.5mm 4-pin mini jackClose privacy cover Open privacy cover。

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Meeting Temperature Requirements for Fisheries Downstream of FolsomReservoir, CaliforniaVanessa I. Martinez 1, Scott A. Wells 2 and R. Craig Addley 31Project Scientist, Cardno ENTRIX, 701 University Avenue, Suite 200, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA, 916-923-1097; email: vanessa.martinez@2Chair and Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, 1930 SW 4th Avenue, Suite 200, Portland, OR 97201 USA, 503-725-4276; email: wellss@3Senior Consultant, Cardno ENTRIX, 701 University Avenue, Suite 200, Sacramento, CA 95825 USA, 916-923-1097; email: craig.addley@AbstractFolsom lake, located near Sacramento California USA, is a deep-storage reservoir that provides municipal water, power generation and cold water for salmonid fish in the lower American River. The reservoir has discrete temperature control shutters on the three powerhouse intakes that allow the operator to choose different water levels at each intake to accommodate downstream temperature requirements. A complex model of the reservoir was developed using the CE-QUAL-W2 model (Cole and Wells, 2013) and was calibrated to historical operations over a 10-year time period. Absolute mean temperature errors in model profiles and in downstream temperature were 0.57o C and 0.59o C, respectively, well less than the goal of <1o C. Variability in meteorological data sources and leakage through the temperature control shutters at the dam were challenges during model calibration. A complex operational model tool was developed using the CE-QUAL-W2 model to automatically determine how best to select outlet shutter position in order to reach the downstream temperature goals for fish. The goal was to develop an operational tool that best allows for meeting overall goals of using the limited stored cold water pool to meet downstream temperature objectives. The model proved successful running long-term simulations that can be used to evaluate operations based on modified or forecasted hydrological and meteorological inputs.IntroductionThe purpose of this study is to develop a model that could be used to evaluate alternative hydrology and reservoir operations scenarios to potentially manage flow and shutter operations for Folsom Dam in order to meet temperature targets in the Lower American River. The primary objectives of these temperature targets are to maintain suitable temperatures for Central Valley steelhead during the summerD o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y N a n j i n g H y d r a u l i c R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o n 09/19/16. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .rearing period and Chinook salmon spawning during the fall months given an estimated starting reservoir volume. The water temperature targets also affect habitat availability for other aquatic species that inhabit the American River.Since Folsom Dam is designed to be able to pull water from various elevations simultaneously, it was desirable to develop a tool that would automatically determine the best shutter settings and flow rates through each powerhouse to match a specified outflow temperature. This approach could help to conserve cold water until later in the season when temperatures become more critical as well as determine when it was necessary to partially bypass power generation and pull cooler water from the bottom of the reservoir (low level outlets).The modeling tool uses CE-QUAL-W2 (Cole and Wells, 2013), a 2-D hydrodynamic and temperature model, modified with enhanced and automated temperature shutter modeling capability added on as part of the model code. The completed modeling tool allows modelers to run scenarios in which the model itself determines how best to operate the elevation of the powerhouse shutters and municipal outtake to meet downstream temperature targets.Background InformationFolsom Dam and reservoir are located approximately 20 miles northeast of the city of Sacramento, California, on the American River. This reservoir has a capacity of 976,000 acre-feet (1,203,878,290 cubic meters) and drains an area of approximately 1875 square miles (4,856 square kilometers). The dam was built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers between 1948 and 1956, at which point operation of the dam was transferred to the Bureau of Reclamation (U.S. Dept. of Interior, 2013). Downstream of Folsom Dam, the American River provides important habitat for Central Valley steelhead and Chinook salmon and temperatures in this section of the river play a critical role in determining the health of these as well as other species.Folsom Dam was constructed with a total of 20 different outlets and outlet structures. Three power generation penstocks are each fitted with an adjustable shutter that allows for 4 different configurations (discrete inflow elevations), allowing the operator to pull water from different elevations depending on water level and desired outflow temperature. In addition to the powerhouse shutters, a single variable elevation control structure is used to divert water for municipal use. The remaining structures are all at fixed locations and include 8 rectangular river outlets and 8 spillway gates. These are generally used only for flood control and occasionally for temperature control in the late fall.D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y N a n j i n g H y d r a u l i c R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o n 09/19/16. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .Figure 1. Folsom Dam Outlet Structures (Google Maps, 2013)An earlier model study of Folsom Reservoir by the US Bureau of Reclamation (Bender et al. 2007) was conducted in 2007. In that study the CE-QUAL-W2 model was also used but with a coarser grid than what was used in this study. That study had an average mean temperature profile error of about 1o C, but had to use very unusual light extinction coefficients. This model supposedly calibrated well to downstream temperatures but no error statistics were shown.Model BathymetryBathymetric data for Folsom Lake were collected by means of multi-beam sonar and photogrammetry during the fall of 2005 as part of a sedimentation study conducted by the Bureau of Reclamation (Ferrari, 2007). These data were used to develop a 3-D bathometric representation of Folsom Lake as seen in Figure 2. This grid was in turn used to develop the CE-QUAL-W2 model grid as shown in Figure 3. The grid was divided up into a total of 3 branches with 191 segments each having an average length of 250 meters. The vertical model resolution was 0.61 m or 2 ft. The model grid matched the 2005 Sediment Survey volume elevation and surface area elevation curves.D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y N a n j i n g H y d r a u l i c R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o n 09/19/16. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .Figure 2. Folsom Reservoir bathymetry showing the North Fork and South Fork of the American River channels . Dimensions are in m.Figure 3. Model grid segment layout for the 3 model branches.Branch 1Branch 2Branch 3D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y N a n j i n g H y d r a u l i c R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o n 09/19/16. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .Historical Model CalibrationThe model was run for a 10 year period between January 1, 2001 and December 31, 2011. Boundary conditions for flow, meteorological data, and outflow during this period were developed. A very detailed approach for filling in data gaps was undertaken to provide a good set of boundary conditions for this 10 year period.Secchi disk data in 1979 were used to estimate the average light extinction coefficient. Calculations show that the light extinction coefficient varied from 0.3 to 0.7 m-1 with an average value close to the CE-QUAL-W2 default value of 0.45 m -1. Inflows included the North and Middle Forks of the American River, the South Fork American River, Mormon Ravine, and Newcastle Power Plant. Outflows included 3 penstocks with discrete shutter settings, municipal water withdrawals with variable shutter settings, deep water outlet releases, and spills.Air temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed and direction, cloud cover, and solar radiation were collected from various meteorological stations in the vicinity for this time period. Most of the model uncertainty was in filling meteorological data gaps especially wind data and in estimating the amount of leakage into the lower level powerhouse outlet from the shutters.Almost one thousand temperature profiles were taken over this 10 year period at 6 stations in Folsom Lake with a profile frequency of about once per month (US Bureau of Reclamation). Figure 4 shows a couple representative model predictions compared to field data for temperature profiles taken in August of 2002 and October of 2007. Error statistics for the model profiles are shown in Table 1.D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y N a n j i n g H y d r a u l i c R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o n 09/19/16. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .Figure 4. Model temperatures compared to measurements on August 20, 2002 (left) andOctober 31, 2007 (right) at 6 different stations in Folsom Reservoir.Table 1. Temperature profile model error statistics.TemperatureProfile ModelSegment# ofprofiles# of individualtemperatureobservationsMeanErroro CAbsoluteMeanErroro CRoot MeanSquaredErroro CTEMP 63 169 4421 -0.050 0.607 0.772TEMP 72 154 4681 -0.0930.589 0.769TEMP 91 154 4861 0.032 0.520 0.669TEMP 105 178 7190 -0.0490.530 0.689TEMP 151 154 4283 0.175 0.585 0.726TEMP 169 171 5943 0.0110.506 0.648Average overall statistics: 0.004 0.556 0.712Downloadedfromascelibrary.orgbyNanjingHydraulicResearchInstituteon9/19/16.CopyrightASCE.Forpersonaluseonly;allrightsreserved.A comparison of all profile data to measurements over the 10 year period is shown in Figure 5.Figure 5. Comparison of model predicted profile temperatures and measured profile data between 2001 and 2011. For a linear fit through the origin, slope is 1.002 with an R 2 of 0.996.Comparisons of model predictions to field data were also made to temperatures measured downstream of the dam. This comparison is shown in Figure 6. Absolute mean errors for downstream temperatures were less than 0.6o C.Figure 6. Model predicted temperatures below Folsom Dam compared to measured temperatures below Folsom Dam between 2001 and 2011.D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y N a n j i n g H y d r a u l i c R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o n 09/19/16. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .Automatic Shutter and Municipal Outlet ScenarioUpon completion of the fully calibrated historical operations model, the model was re-run using the same boundary conditions (inflows, temperatures, meteorological conditions, and outflows); but with the model automatically selecting shutter settings and outflow locations (e.g., low level outlets). The model run with automated operation of the municipal outlet and powerhouse shutters was then compared to the historical operations.Automatic Model Simulation ToolsThree individual model tools were developed and tested using boundary condition and meteorological data from the same time period to fully automate shutter operation. The three tools are discussed below.Automatic Municipal Water Intake ElevationIt was observed from data recorded between 2006 and 2011 that operators of the municipal water intake structure would generally try to extract water at approximately 18o C (65o F) or cooler during most time periods, given certain operational constraints. This capability was built into the model, allowing the modeler to specify general constraints such as: (1) target temperature: (2) maximum and minimum inlet elevations: and (3) minimum inlet elevation below water surface elevation (WSE). In addition to these constraints, operation rules were set including the following: 1. On March 1st of each model year, elevation of intake was raised as high as possible given WSE constraint2. If not raised to max on March 1st , the model continued checking on a dailybases until the intake could be raised to maximum elevation3. If temperature criteria were violated, the intake was lowered in one meterincrements until water temperature met criteria4. The model continued lowering intake elevation as dictated by temperaturecriteria until Dec 1st of each model year, or until minimum water intake elevation was reached. Automatic Shutter OperationsThe next tool that was developed was an algorithm that would calculate how to divide flow through each of the three powerhouse penstocks, and when to change the shutter configuration to pull water from deeper in the reservoir as the outflows increased in temperature. Each of the Folsom Dam powerhouse penstock shutters operate independently and have a total of 4 different elevation settings. The overall flow rate was specified as well as a daily water temperature target that the model was trying to match. A code was developed to calculate the percent flow to be directed through each penstock and the elevation of each shutter given the following constraints:D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y N a n j i n g H y d r a u l i c R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o n 09/19/16. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .1. Minimum and maximum flow through each powerhouse2. Shutters had to be a minimum of 8.23 meters below WSE at any time;otherwise shutters would be lowered to next lowest level. An extensive set of operational rules were set up to apportion flow through each of the powerhouses and determine when shutters needed to be lowered in order to meet temperature criteria. When all shutters were at their lowest level and temperature criteria were still not being met, the model was set up to allow a portion of the outflow water to pass through the lower level river outlets at the bottom of the dam – completely by-passing the powerhouse.Automatic Temperature Schedule ChoiceAn algorithm was developed that allowed the model to run without user interference to converge on the ‘best’ temperature schedule that could be met. The model user provides 10 temperature target “schedules” or daily average temperature time-series files, ranging from coolest (#1) to warmest (#10). The model starts with schedule #5 and runs until it violates a temperature criterion more than 3 times in a season (either consecutively or cumulatively), at which point it restarts to an earlier time and chooses a warmer target schedule. Conversely if the starting temperature target file was too warm and the outflow temperatures never violated the temperature target, the model restarts to an earlier time and reruns using a cooler temperature target file. This logic for running the model is shown in Figure 7.Results of Automatic Shutter and Municipal Outlet ScenarioAn example of the combined outflow temperature results of the Automatic Shutter and Temperature Target scenario are shown compared to an historical operations calibration model in Figure 8 for 2008. The new code was able to release warmer water earlier in the summer and maintain significantly cooler temperatures later into the fall spawning season. A view of the resulting water temperatures approximately 32 km (20 miles) downstream at Watt Avenue are shown in Figure 9.D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y N a n j i n g H y d r a u l i c R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o n 09/19/16. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .Figure 7. Flow chart for automatic model selection of optimal temperature schedule.D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y N a n j i n g H y d r a u l i c R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o n 09/19/16. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .Figure 8. Comparison of Historical vs. Automated scenarios of Folsom Dam combined outflow temperature, 2008.Figure 9. Comparison of Historical vs. Automated scenarios of Watt Ave watertemperature, 2008. (Note: These are not direct model results; they were obtained by using a flow, outflow water temperature, solar radiation and air temperature regression.)ConclusionsUsing extensive flow, water temperature, and meteorological data collected during the period of 2001 to 2011, a fully calibrated CE-QUAL-W2 model of Folsom Lake was developed. This model performed very well when compared to in-lake temperature profile and downstream temperature data, with absolute mean errors of less than 0.6o C for both metrics. This calibrated model was then re-run using a series of tools developed to allow complete automation of the municipal outlet andD a i l y A v e r a g e W a t e r T e m p e r a t u r e b e l o w F o l s o m , o C1/24/082/23/083/24/084/23/085/23/086/22/087/22/088/21/089/20/0810/20/0811/19/0812/19/08D a i l y A v e r a g e W a t e r T e m p e r a t u r e b e l o w F o l s o m , o FD a i l y A v e r a g e W a t e r T e m p e r a t u r e a t W a t t A v e , o C1/24/082/23/083/24/084/23/085/23/086/22/087/22/088/21/089/20/0810/20/0811/19/0812/19/08D a i l y A v e r a g e W a t e r T e m p e r a t u r e a t W a t t A v e , o F D o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y N a n j i n g H y d r a u l i c R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o n 09/19/16. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .powerhouse shutters. These tools could be generalized to operate outlet structures for any reservoir application.Using this automated approach demonstrated that optimized shutter operations have the potential to reduce overall river temperatures below the dam – some years significantly during biologically critical time periods. This highlights one of the major benefits of using an automatic temperature target technique. The iterative method helps to identify operations that could potentially result in releasing cooler water too soon in the year, only to discover later on that insufficient cool water remains to meet temperature targets later in the year.In addition to illustrating how historical operation of the shutters can be modified, this automated approach allows modelers to set up long term historical period of record or future conditions scenarios. For historical period of record model scenarios, alternative hydrology inflow/outflow scenarios for project can be developed and the model can then run these automatically, generating the best possible temperature results. For future conditions scenarios, future hydrology forecasts can be input and the model can decide how to run the dam outlets and the resulting forecasts of future downstream river temperatures can evaluated.AcknowledgementsSupport provided by Placer County Water Agency; Calibration data sets provided by the US Bureau of Reclamation; We benefitted greatly by learning from previous efforts by Chris Hammersmark, CBEC Inc., who has used these types of modeling approaches.ReferencesBender, M., Kubitschek, J., and Vermeyen, T. (2007). “Temperature Modeling ofFolsom Lake, Lake Natoma, and the Lower American River, Special Report,” U. S. Bureau of Reclamation , Sacramento County, CaliforniaCole, T. and Wells, S.A. (2013). “CE-QUAL-W2: A Two-Dimensional, LaterallyAveraged, Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model, Version 3.7” Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University , Portland, OR. Ferrari, Ronald L, (2007). “Folsom Lake, 2005 sedimentation survey,” U.S. Dept. ofInterior, Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center , Denver Colorado. Folsom Lake, CA. (May 2013). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved fromhttps:///maps?q=folsom,ca&hl=en&ll=38.707105,-121.157441 U.S Department of the Interior – Bureau of Reclamation. (2013). “Folsom Dam”Retrieved from/projects/Facility.jsp?fac_Name=Folsom+Dam&groupName=Overvi ewD o w n l o a d e d f r o m a s c e l i b r a r y .o r g b y N a n j i n g H y d r a u l i c R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o n 09/19/16. C o p y r i g h t A S CE .F o r p e r s o n a l u s e o n l y ; a l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d .。

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