Japanese 2级
高级英语lesson2原文及其翻译
“Hiroshima! Everybody off!” That must be what the man in the Japanese stationmaster's uniform shouted, as the fastest train in the world slipped to a stop in Hiroshima Station. I did not understand what he was saying. First of all, because he was shouting in Japanese. And secondly, because I had a lump in my throat and a lot of sad thoughts on my mind that had little to do with anything a Nippon railways official might say. The very act of stepping on this soil, in breathing this air of Hiroshima, was for me a far greater adventure than any trip or any reportorial assignment I'd previously taken. Was I not at the scene of the crime?The Japanese crowd did not appear to have the same preoccupations that I had. From the sidewalk outside the station, things seemed much the same as in other Japanese cities. Little girls and elderly ladies in kimonos rubbed shoulders with teenagers and women in western dress. Serious looking men spoke to one another as if they were oblivious of the crowds about them, and bobbed up and down re-heatedly in little bows, as they exchanged the ritual formula of gratitude and respect: "Tomo aligato gozayimas." Others were using little red telephones that hung on the facades of grocery stores and tobacco shops."Hi! Hi!" said the cab driver, whose door popped open at the very sight of a traveler. "Hi", or something that sounds very much like it, means "yes". "Can you take me to City Hall?" He grinned at me in the rear-view mirror and repeated "Hi!" "Hi! ’ We set off at top speed throug h the narrow streets of Hiroshima. The tall buildings of the martyred city flashed by as we lurched from side to side in response to the driver's sharp twists of the wheel.Just as I was beginning to find the ride long, the taxi screeched to a halt, and the driver got out and went over to a policeman to ask the way. As in Tokyo, taxi drivers in Hiroshima often know little of their city, but to avoid loss of face before foreigners, will not admit their ignorance, and will accept any destination without concern for how long it may take them to find it.At last this intermezzo came to an end, and I found myself in front of the gigantic City Hall. The usher bowed deeply and heaved a long, almost musical sigh, when I showed him the invitation which the mayor had sent me in response to my request for an interview. "That is not here, sir," he said in English. "The mayor expects you tonight for dinner with other foreigners or, the restaurant boat. See? This is where it is.” He sketched a little map for me on the back of my invitation.Thanks to his map, I was able to find a taxi driver who could take me straight to the canalembankment , where a sort of barge with a roof like one on a Japanese house was moored . The Japanese build their traditional houses on boats when land becomes too expensive. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers is the very symbol of the incessant struggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.At the door to the restaurant, a stunning, porcelain-faced woman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes. This done, I entered one of the low-ceilinged rooms of the little floating house, treading cautiously on the soft matting and experiencing a twinge of embarrassment at the prospect of meeting the mayor of Hiroshima in my socks.He was a tall, thin man, sad-eyed and serious. Quite unexpectedly, the strange emotion which had overwhelmed me at the station returned, and I was again crushed by the thought that I now stood on the site of the first atomic bombardment, where thousands upon thousands of people had been slain in one second, where thousands upon thousands of others had lingered on to die in slow agony .The introductions were made. Most of the guests were Japanese, and it was difficult for me to ask them just why we were gathered here. The few Americans and Germans seemed just as inhibited as I was. "Gentlemen," said the mayor, "I am happy to welcome you to Hiroshima."Everyone bowed, including the Westerners. After three days in Japan, the spinal column becomes extraordinarily flexible."Gentlemen, it is a very great honor to have you her e in Hiroshima."There were fresh bows, and the faces grew more and more serious each time the name Hiroshima was repeated."Hiroshi ma, as you know, is a city familiar to everyone,” continued the mayor."Yes, yes, of course,” murmured the company, more and more agitated."Seldom has a city gained such world renown, and I am proud and happy to welcome you to Hiroshima, a town known throughout the world for its--- oysters".I was just about to make my little bow of assent, when the meaning of these last words sank in, jolting me out of my sad reverie ."Hiroshima –oysters? What about the bomb and the misery and humanity's most heinous crime?" While the mayor went on with his speech in praise of southern Japanese sea food, I cautiously backed away and headed toward the far side of the room, where a few men were talkingamong themselves and paying little attention to the mayor's speech. "You look puzzled," said a small Japanese man with very large eye-glasses."Well, I must confess that I did not expect a speech about oysters here. I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact of the atomic impact .""No one talks about it any more, and no one wants to, especially, the people who were born here or who lived through it. "Do you feel the same way, too?""I was here, but I was not in the center of town. I tell you this because I am almost an old man. There are two different schools of thought in this city of oysters, one that would like to preserve traces of the bomb, and the other that would like to get rid of everything, even the monument that was erected at the point of impact. They would also like to demolish the atomic museum.""Why would they want to do that?""Because it hurts everybody, and because time marches on. That is why." The small Japanese man smiled, his eyes nearly closed behind their thick lenses. "If you write about this city, do not forget to say that it is the gayest city in Japan, even it many of the town's people still bear hidden wounds, and burns."Like any other, the hospital smelled of formaldehyde and ethere . Stretchers and wheelchairs lined the walls of endless corridors, and nurses walked by carrying Stretchers instruments, the very sight of which would send shivers down the spine of any healthy visitor. The so-called atomic section was located on the third floor. It consisted of 17 beds."I am a fisherman by trade. I have been here a very long time, more than twenty years, "said an old man in Japanese pajamas. “What is wrong with you?”"Something inside. I was in Hiroshima when it happened. I saw the fire ball. But I had no burns on my face or body. I ran all over the city looking for missing friends and relatives. I thought somehow I had been spared. But later my hair began to fall out, and my belly turned to water. I felt sick, and ever since then they have been testing and treating me. " The doctor at my side explained and commented upon the old man's story, "We still hare a handful of patients here who are being kept alive by constant car e. The other s died as a result of their injuries, or else committed suicide . ""Why did they commit suicide?""It is humiliating to survive in this city. If you bear any visible scars of atomic burns, your children will encounter prejudice on the par t of those who do not. No one will marry the daughter or the niece of an atomic bomb victim. People are afraid of genetic damage from the radiation." The old fisherman gazed at me politely and with interest.Hanging over the patient was a big ball made of bits of brightly colored paper, folded into the shape of tiny birds. "What's that?" I asked."Those are my lucky birds. Each day that I escape death, each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares, I make a new little paper bird, and add it to the others. This way I look at them and congratulate myself of the good fortune that my illness has brought me. Because, thanks to it, I have the opportunity to improve my character."Once again, outside in the open air, I tore into little pieces a small notebook with questions that I'd prepared in advance for inter views with the patients of the atomic ward. Among them was the question: Do you really think that Hiroshima is the liveliest city in Japan? I never asked it. But I could read the answer in every eye.“广岛到了!大家请下车!”当世界上最快的高速列车减速驶进广岛车站并渐渐停稳时,那位身着日本火车站站长制服的男人口中喊出的一定是这样的话。
【蔚蓝留学】STBJ标准商务日本语考试详解
STBJ标准商务日本语考试详解“标准商务日语考试”(the Standard Test for Business Japanese,简称STBJ),是由中日两国权威机构主办的以在日企工作的外国员工或者希望在日企就业的日语学习者为对象,以测试日语综合能力为目的而开发的一种新型实用型考试。
STBJ根据日企的需求设计了标准商务测试及标准商务日本语研修课程,侧重于日语语言运用能力以及在日企业务活动中所必需的商务知识及相关文化知识程度,以此判定在企业内部活动中的实践能力水平。
标准商务日语考试由听力、阅读等7部分组成,一年设2次考试,分5个等级,以0-1000分的形式给出成绩,全世界的考生都使用同一套试卷进行测试。
STBJ六大特点:1、注重日语的实用性,满足日企工作及在日生活的需要;2、商务部直属机构主办的考试,认定证由中、日权威机构共同具名发放;3、每年2次考试,频度适中,既体现了考试的严肃性,又使考生有充足的准备时间;4、有权威的系列教材,共计11册的教材及题集,填补了商务日语从来没有系统教材的空白;5、作为赴日留学考试,可直接提交至日本入国管理局;6、作为日企就职必不可少的硬件条件。
STBJ测定的能力STBJ是以日语为手段测定实际从事商务活动能力的考试,所以在一般日语能力测试的基础上,又增加了以下各项能力的测试。
1、在企业工作中所需要的词汇、表达方面知识,及恰当运用的能力;2、对日本人在商务活动中使用的各种表达的真实意图的理解能力;3、商务场合不可欠缺的恰当的敬意表达能力;4、了解日本人独特的委婉表达、虑及对方的表达并能恰当应对的能力;5、掌握日本人商务活动中不可缺少的商务惯例。
STBJ的测试对象:1、希望到日本企业就职的外国人;2、已经在日本企业工作的外国人;3、和日本企业有商务往来的外国企业的工作人员;4、将来希望从事同日本进行商务活动的大学生。
STBJ的能力等级说明:BJ1级(800~1000分)“在企业里可以使用日语进行业务活动”1、有关自己的业务问题能够进行顺畅的交流;2、能够准确地理解日常业务中一般的指示、托求和请求;3、能够在日常业务中准确表达自己的意愿和见解;4、能够根据场合状况的不同使用恰当的敬语表达;5、能够准确理解工作单位的各种揭示、指令文书及商务文书的内容。
大学日语四级
传说中的大学日语四级2010年06月19日星期六下午 12:56今天上午冒着炎热的天气去考了CJT即college Japanese test ,和大学英语四六级CET-4和CET6是亲戚。
即college English test。
结果这厮被忽视了很久,貌似是09年改革的还是诞生的,反正很不起眼就是了。
我发现之后顿感兴趣,因为过早征服了英语四六级闲着没事做,于是诞生征服所有四六级的欲望。
于是报名了日语四级,CJT-4。
咱现在其实正在备考NJLPT-2即国际日语能力等级测试2级,7月4号开考,于是权当今天的考试做个热身。
倒霉的是出门发现没带耳机,结果跑回宿舍拿,踩着时间热气呼呼汗如雨下到了考场,结果听力是公开播放的…考了一会儿顿时没有做下去的欲望…难度远低于我的预想……因为据网上说,大学日语四级的考试难度和NLJPT二级相当,于是去考了发现被骗了。
现在看来,CJT-4的难度最多和NJLPT-4的难度相当,是改革后的NJLPT。
估计网上说的那是大学专业日语四级。
拜托大哥大姐们说清楚啊!专四和非专四的差别很大的好不好……凭我的印象先说一下题型:这是2010年6月的大学日语四级听力20道。
5道有图,5道即时应答,10道短对话。
有图题目不甚脑残。
比如例题是一张照相机的图片。
题目是“这是什么?”A照相机B收音机C电视D笔记本电脑。
这次的第一题图是一个雪人,题目“这是什么季节?”A春B夏C秋D冬。
第二题图是一个房间里面五个人,问题是“房间里有几个人?”A2人B3人C4人D5人。
第三题图是一个人头上有个感叹号,问题是“这人是什么心情?”A惊讶B高兴C哭泣D喜悦……让我哭笑不得,姐好歹也算是高分通过JLPT3的人…当然有图题目是没有写选项的,当然也是用日语读的,我就直接在这边打中文了。
即时应答也没有选项内容。
是说一句话,然后挑答句,都是基础的日常对话。
比如--天气真好A真的呢B谢谢C你好吗D对不起这种的。
平假名-汉字 20道。
学习日语的网站
学习日语的网站大嘴日语 7.0/soft/4089.htm-----------------------------------------1./merrysue/category/236.html(标日初级天天学)2./amujap/(阿木日语入门,特别适用于初学者)3./(只需免费注册就可以,还有真人发音.对初学者不错)4./article.php?articleid=1036《标准日本语》MP3下载5./(日语学园)(强烈推荐)6./awstats/hzmjpbbs/awstats.hzmjpbbs.keyphras es.html(日语学习(分类繁多))7./japanese(标准日语的视频)8./index.asp?boardid=10最受欢迎的日语学习网站大全:神州日语:专业的日语视频培训课程。
/%BA%DA%C1%FA%BD%AD2221/blog/item/284ee53dc551d303 bba1677d.html和风日语谜语网站http://www.geocities.jp/nazo2club/日本传说(有声http://www.digital-lib.nttdocomo.co...shi4/index.html ; 神州培训易:(各地日语学习班大全):/curriculum_list/__0__363____.htmALC语言教育出版社http://www.alc.co.jp ;许多日语读解材料http://language.tiu.ac.jp ;说话方法商谈室http://www2.plala.or.jp/tngc ;日语教师个人网页链接http://nihongo-online.jp/links/t-links.htm日文听力FLASH http://www.pref.toyama.jp/sections/.../dream/navi.swf日语水平测验网站/jptest/testmain.asp ;关于“敬语”的网站http://www3.kcn.ne.jp/~jarry/keig/keimn.html下面是日语的相关学习资料,可以好好利用学习下:)~标准日语教程mp3等下载,学习方法:)~/bibi/archive/2005/12/11/23401.html《标准日本语》这套教材的配套听力磁带的mp3下载/index.asp标准日本语初中级电子书及mp3下载/happygo/japanese新版标准日本语电子书/catalog/detail.asp?Id=8990提供些日语,希望你仔细看看:)下面网址有日文的基础知识~还有真人发音和对话~~还有练习,很不错的,你可以学习一下:) /zskj/1013/JAPANESE.swf日语资料---初学者必看,有51音图,常用日常用语,中日文对照:)~~/archive/index.php?t-8533.html下面是标准日语的视频讲座。
japanese中级词汇总结
中级词汇总结转贴:连体そんな那种,那样ある有个,某·····いろんな各种各样的そうした这种,这样的こうした这种,这样的接続それに还有けれど但是けれども但是なぜならば因为すると那么,于是いっぽうで另一方面つまり也就是だけど但是しかも而且したがって因此それでも即使如此だって可是なお另外,还有副詞どんどん接连不断いっぱい满,很多しばらく一会儿思い切り(おもいきり)尽情まず首先さっと迅速,一下子特別(とくべつ)特别おもに主要しとしとと淅淅沥沥ただ只,仅ほんとうに真すべて全部,一切もし如果ガタガタ哗哗しょっちゅう经常却って(かえって)反而たびたび经常,屡次たえず不断つねに经常少しも(すこしも)一点也(不)漸く(ようやく)终于,总算まさに正,正是一体(いったい)究竟かなり相当大体(だいたい)大体年々(ねんねん)年年一斉に(いっせいに)一齐わざわざ特意,特地やっぱり毕竟还是やはり毕竟还是たっぷり足够,很多わずか仅仅,仅有いっそう更加たちまち立即,迅速赤々と(あかあかと)熊熊まだまだ还くれぐれも反复请求ちょっぴり稍微,有点せっかく好不容易さらに还要,进而大幅に(おおはばに)大幅度とうとう终于今に(いまに)不久どんなに多么ごく非常,极あくまでも终究,到底今や(いまや)现在,已经最早(もはや)已经よほど相当,十分とうぜん当然あまりにも太,过于たった只,仅あんまり太,过于つい刚,相距不远せいぜい最多不过···絶対に(ぜったいに)绝对即座に(そくざに)立即こんなに这样,这么すでに已经とかく往往,总是互いに(たがいに)相互決して(けっして)决(不)はるかに远,遥远とりわけ尤其きわめて极其いちいち一一外来語1、コンサート音楽会2、ユーモゕ幽默3、トイレ便所4、ドゕ門5、ボール球6、ピーマン柿子椒7、キャベツ巻心菜8、バナナ香蕉9、パイナップル菠萝10、メロン甘い瓜11、レモン柠檬12、メニュー菜単13、ハンバーグ牛肉餅14、ライス米飯15、ゕイスクリーム冰激凌16、カレーライス咖喱飯17、バット球棒18、ジュース菓子汁19、コラム専欄20、チューリップ郁金香21、コップ杯子22、バイオリン手提琴23、ラジカセ収録機24、キロメートル公里25、センチメートル厘米26、ミリメートル毫米27、グラム千克28、リットル公升29、レクリエーション娯楽『活動』30、ハイキング徒歩旅行31、ピクニック野遊び32、サイクリング自転車旅行33、ドライブ開汽車遠遊34、ゴルフ膏爾夫35、ボーリング保齡球36、ゕクセサリー首飾37、テレックス電伝38、フゔクシミリ伝真39、バランス平衡40、ゕルミ鋁41、ガス煤気42、セメント水泥43、コンクリート混凝土44、プラスチック塑料45、ゴム橡膠46、スケッチする速書47、カモメ海鷗48、トンビ鳶49、エンジン発動機50、パイロット飛行士51、スチュワーデス空姐52、タイムマシン時間53、ルネサンス文芸54、グライダー滑翔機55、ハンカチ手帕56、コイン硬幣57、コンクール競賽58、トランジスタ晶体管59、レーダー雷達60、ロープ繩索61、ウエーター男服務員62、ウエートレス女服務員63、コック料理人64、グラフ図表65、パンツ褲衩66、オーバー大衣67、ベルト皮帶68、スリッパ拖鞋69、サンダル涼鞋『上』詞組1、このあいだ以前2、なんとなく似乎有点3、思わず(思わず)情不自禁4、それほど那麽,那樣5、見た目(みため)外観6、ちょっとした有点特別7、そうか是啊8、じゃあ那麽9、前もって提前10、残らず(のこらず)全部11、どうしても無論如何12、これほど這種程度,如此13、それだけ相應的14、このまま就這樣15、そのまま就那樣16、あのまま就那樣17、その後後来、以後18、なんとか設法、千方百計19、その代わり取而代之,反而20、ただでさえ本来就,平常就21、何と言っても首先,不論怎麽說22、今では現在23、それなのに儘管這樣24、これなら這樣一來25、それでも即便如此26、どのように如何怎樣27、それそこ那才,那正是28、これまで以前、暦来慣用型29、相談に乗る幫人斟酌30、見聞を広める長見識31、便宜を図る提供方便32、腰を抜かす驚呆,癱瘓33、比べものにならない無法比擬34、肩を持つ偏袒35、相槌(あいづち)を打つ隨身附和36、頭に来る惱火37、袖(そで)にする怠慢38、気になる擔心39、気をつけて小心40、気に入る稱心41、気にする在乎42、気が長い慢性子43、気が進む感興趣44、気がつく注意45、気が短い性急46、手を焼く束手無策47、手を切る斷絕關係48、足を洗う洗手不幹49、胸がつぶれる受打擊50、腹を立つ生氣51、胸を痛める痛心52、口を出す插嘴,多嘴。
樱花日语语法-2级(3)
2級文法コーナー(3)【基本動詞】1.目的語を取らない動詞例;明日働きます。
今日10時に寝ます。
起きます()寝ます()働きます()2.目的語を取る動詞①動作の対象に「を」を用いる動詞 (表示动作的对象要使用助词「を」)例;日本語を勉強します。
写真を撮ります。
買います()勉強します()食べます()聞きます()飲みます()します()書きます()撮ります()読みます()見ます()②動作の対象に「に」を用いる動詞 (表示动作的对象要使用助词「に」)例;友達に会います。
会います()③移動する場所に「へ」を用いる動詞(移动的场所,方向要使用助词「へ」)例;学校へ行きます。
うちへ帰ります。
行きます()来ます()帰ります()3.動詞文で使う助詞日语当中为了连接名词和动词,使用各种各样的助词。
这个助词根据助词之前的名词和助词后面的动词的不同,而使用不同的助词。
①で~ます。
・・・动词在动作进行场所食堂でご飯を食べます。
公園で友達に会います。
②へ(に)~ます。
・・・动作的主体,从某一个场所移动到另一个场所。
5時に家へ帰ります。
③にあります。
/います。
・・・「あります、います」的文章当中人或物体存在的位置教室に先生がいます。
カバンに本があります。
④で~ます。
・・・表示进行动作的手段,方式。
バスで家へ帰ります。
ボールペンで手紙を書きます。
練習動詞と助詞を書きましょう。
例;明日学校(へ)行きます。
毎朝家(で)パンを(食べます)。
1) 明日友達とテニス()します。
2) 毎晩わたしはお茶()飲みます。
3) 公園()犬の写真を()。
4) ボールペン()手紙を()。
5) 毎朝父は英語()新聞()読みます。
6) 5時から8時までテレビを()。
7) 教室()CDを()。
8) 毎日学校まで自転車()行きます。
9) トイレは1階()あります。
10) 昼、食堂()友達()会います。
4.動詞の語尾変化日语的动词根据词尾的变化来表示时态(过去时、非过去时)或者肯定、否定等。
2011年12月日语能力考试JLPT
2011年新JLPT日语能力考试介绍日本语能力测试(JLPT/The Japanese-Language Proficiency Test)是对日本国内及海外以母语非日语学习者为对象,进行日语能力测试和认定。
考试自1984年起一年一度在世界各地举办,从2009年开始每年举办2次,于7月和12月的第一个星期日实施。
在日本国内,本测试由日本语国际教育支援协会举办,在中国由日本国际交流基金会与中国教育部海外考试中心共同协力举办。
日本语能力测试是由日本国际交流基金会及日本国际教育支援协会于1984年建立的一套较为完整的考试评价体系,并于同年开始在有关国家和地区实施,截止2009年,世界上共有54个国家和地区的176个城市(除日本国内之外)举办此项考试,74.2万人报名。
(国内则在37个城市设有70个考点。
)该考試在日本国内由考试实施委员会,决定其方针、实施计划、考试内容及证书的授予标准等。
该委员会下设规划委员会和考试委员会。
规划委员会负责实施计划的制定和考试结果的分析评价;考试委员会负责试题的命制。
考试报名没有年龄、职业、学历、地区、民族、国籍、在校与否等限制,中国公民持正式居民身份证,外国人持护照均可上网报名。
考试试卷由日本发往全球各地,考完后再全部送回日本统一阅卷,3月前后再将成绩发回各地考点。
所以考试是全球性的,取得的合格证书也是全球通用的。
2003年文部科学省创立日本留学试验之前,本考试用于检定日本大学留学生的日语语文能力。
近年来,参加日本语能力测试的考生范围不断扩大,考试目的也不断增多,除了测试日语水平外,还有的是为了就业、升级、升职等等。
对测试的要求和建议也越来越多。
因此,日本国际交流基金会与日本国际教育支援协会运用20多年来对日语教育学和测试理论的研究成果及迄今为止积累起来的测试成绩数据,对日本语能力测试的内容进行了改版,决定自2010年开始实施新的日本语能力测试。
新测试的等级与原日本语能力测试的等级对应关系如下:N1 与原日本语能力测试1级相比,加深了高难度部分,但及格线基本相同。
日语2级考试 (2)
日语2级考试考试概述日语2级考试,又称为JLPT N2(Japanese Language Proficiency Test LevelN2),是由日本国际交流基金(The Japan Foundation)主办的一项官方日语水平考试。
该考试旨在评估考生在日语听力、阅读、语法、词汇和写作方面的能力。
它是日语考试中的高级水平考试,要求考生具备一定的日语沟通能力。
考试内容日语2级考试涵盖以下几个方面的内容:1. 听力(Listening)•听懂各种对话和短文,理解其中的重要信息;•能够听懂较快速度的口语表达,并从中获取关键信息;•能够根据所听内容回答问题。
2. 阅读(Reading)•能够理解复杂的日语文章,包括文学作品、新闻报道、社论等;•能够从文章中获取重要信息、推测上下文意义;•能够理解各种文体的日语写作。
3. 语法(Grammar)•熟悉日语的语法结构,包括各种句型和语法规则;•能够正确使用不同的语法结构表达意思;•能够根据语境选择合适的语法结构。
4. 词汇(Vocabulary)•掌握一定数量的日语单词和固定词组;•能够正确使用词汇表达意思;•能够根据上下文理解词汇的意义。
5. 写作(Writing)•能够根据题目要求,使用正确的句子结构和词汇进行写作;•能够清晰、连贯地表达自己的意思;•能够正确使用日语书写规范。
考试要求日语2级考试的要求相对较高,对考生的日语能力有较高的要求。
1. 听力要求考生需要能够听懂较快速度的日语口语,并提取其中的关键信息。
他们需要通过听力材料回答问题,并能够理解对话和短文中的重要信息。
2. 阅读要求考生需要能够理解复杂的日语文章,包括文学作品、新闻报道、社论等。
他们需要从文章中获取重要信息,推测上下文意义,并理解不同文体的日语写作。
3. 语法要求考生需要熟悉日语的语法结构,包括各种句型和语法规则,并能够正确使用不同的语法结构表达意思。
他们需要根据语境选择合适的语法结构。
日语一级和二级的区别,该如何学习日语讲课教案
日语一级和二级的区别,该如何学习日语日语一级和二级本质的区别是n2比较生活,n1比较书面。
所以,词汇和语法就不同。
没有好坏之分,一级是日语等级的最高级别,个人感觉还是等级越高也好。
适合对象:日语N1级:日语达到中级基础或已经可以流利交流的学员。
以日语能力考试一级考试为目标,或想到日企就业或去日本留学者。
日语N2级:已经学习过《新版标准日本语》(中级上下)的学生可以参加此级别的考试。
通过新2级应试者将可以比较轻松进入日企就业或具备了去日本留学的最基本要求。
如果你想学习日语可以来这个扣裙,首先是478,中间是932,最后是026,里面可以学习和交流,也有资料可以下载。
JLPT(Japanese Language Proficiency Test),“日本语能力测试”是为了适应世界各国学习日语人数日渐增加的趋势,日本国际交流基金及其财团法人日本国际教育协会于1984年建立了一套较为完整的考试评价体系--日本语能力测试,并于同年开始在有关国家和地区实施,受到了日语学习者的欢迎。
2009年开始,日本语能力测试将更改为一年实施两次。
2010年日本语能力考试进行了全面改版,将原来的四个级别调整为五个级别,N1级是改版后的日本语能力测试(JLPT)的等级之一,是水平要求最高的一级。
比较一下对日语语言应用能力的要求1、单词这绝对是一个质的飞跃,为什么是质的飞跃?N2所要求和考核的词汇量大概在6000-7000这样子。
N1的要求至少是12000,甚至可能更多。
这可并不只是数量上的翻一倍。
简单来说,N2的词汇题考察的都是日常生活中常使用的单词,记忆起来也简单。
N1的词汇题考察的单词就比较高级了,会偏向文章中常用的,需要多多记忆。
2、语法N1比N2多了100多条,很多意思和2级是相近的,但是表达方式更丰富更书面更高级。
阅读和听力其实就是考对单词和语法的整体掌握度了,只有单词语法都记牢了理解透彻了,才能准确的分析出题人的意图。
英语比较级和最高级用法讲解
Tom runs faster than Sam. ③ 英语比数学重要。
English is more important than math. ④ Lucy 比Lily 学习好。
Lucy studies better than Lily.
eg: He works more carefully than I (me). 他比我工作更细心。
(3)“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……” eg: He becomes fatter and fatter.
他越来越胖了。 She studies better and better. 她学得越来越好了。
Tom is as tall as Sam. ② Tom 和 Sam 跑得一样快。
Tom runs as fast as Sam. ③ 英语和数学一样重要。
English is as important as math. ④ Lucy 和Lily 学习一样好。
Lucy studies as well as Lily.
(5)形容词比较级前可加数词,表示“大(小)……多少”“ 长(短)……多少”
eg:He is five years younger than me. 他比我小五岁。
(6)表示倍数时用:…times+比较级+than…
eg:My room is three times bigger than yours.
③ 英语不如数学重要。 English is not as / so important as math.
④ Lucy 不如Lily 学习好。 Lucy doesn’t study as / so well as Lily.
英语2级词汇(2)
gain v. 获得;增加,进展;(钟表等)走快;受益n. 增加;(常用复)收益game n. 游戏;运动garage n. 汽车库;汽车修理厂garden n. 花园gate n. 大门;门gather v. 集合,聚集;收集;逐渐增加;猜想n. 集合,聚集gay adj. 快乐的,欢快的;艳丽的n.(美俚)同性恋者general adj. 全体的,普遍的;一般的;笼统的;首席的n. 将军;概要generation n. 代,一代,一代人gentle adj. 温和的,和蔼的;轻柔的gentleman (复数gentlemen) n. 绅士,有身份的人geography n. 地理学,地理German n. 德国人;德语adj. 德国的,德国人的;德语的Germany n. 德国get v. 得到,获得;进入或变为某种状态get along 进展;(勉强)过活;(与…)各睦相处get away 离开;逃脱get back 从某处回到某处get down (从…)下来;写下get in 进入;收获get off 离开;下(车等)get on 登上(车、船、飞机等),骑上(马、摩托车等)get on with 与…相处融洽get through (使)通过;完成;(电话)接通get together 召集;相聚;收集;取得一致get up 增加,增强;起床;起立gift n. 赠品,礼物;天赋,才能girl n. 女孩,姑娘give v. 给give back 归还,送回give out 分发;用完;发出(蒸汽、烟等)give up 放弃glad adj. 高兴的(与sorry相对);乐意的glance v. 扫视,看一眼,瞥;闪耀n. 一瞥,扫视;闪光glass n. 玻璃杯;玻璃(复数glasses眼镜)globe n. 地球,世界;地球仪glove n. 手套go v. 去;走;驶;通到,达到n. 去;进行;试一下go away 走开;离去go back 回去go by 经过;(时间)过去;依据go fishing/shopping/skating/swimming去钓鱼/购物/滑冰/游泳go for a walk去散步go on 继续来源:go on doing sth.继续做某事go on with one‘s work 继续工作go out 出去;(灯、火等)熄灭;过时;下台go over 仔细检查;复习;越过go to school 去上学go to bed 上床睡觉goal n. 目的,目标,目的地;球门,球篮goat n. 山羊god n. 上帝;神;被极度尊崇的人(或物)gold n. 金,黄金;(总称)金币;金色adj. 金色的,金制的golden adj. 金的,金制的;贵重的,极好的good adj. 好的(其比较级和最高级为better和best)be good at 擅长于…goodbye interj. 再见,再会goods n.(复数)货物,商品goose(复数geese) n. 鹅,雌鹅,鹅肉government n. 政府;政体,体制;治理grade n. 年级gradually adv. 逐渐地,逐步地graduate v.(使)毕业adj. 毕业的;研究生的n.(大学)毕业生;研究生grain n. 谷物,粮食;谷粒;一点儿grammar n. 语法,语法学;语法书grand adj. 雄伟的,壮丽的;重大的;极好的;崇高的granddaughter n. 孙女,外孙女grandfather n. 祖父,外祖父grandmother n. 祖母,外祖母grandson n. 孙子,外孙子grass n. 草;草场;牧草gray(=grey) adj. 灰色的,灰白的;阴沉的;阴暗的n. 灰色great adv.(口语)好极了,很好adj. 伟大的;很大的;重大的Greek adj. 希腊的,希腊人的;希腊语的n. 希腊人;希腊语green adj. 绿色的,青色的n. 绿色greet v. 问候,迎接,招呼;对…作出反应;呈现在…面前greeting n. 问候,迎接,招呼;(常用复数)祝愿词,贺词ground n. 地面ground floor 地下室group n. 群;小组;团体grow (grew, grown) v. 生长;发育;种植;渐渐变得grow up 长成;长大guard n. 警卫员,看守,哨兵;守卫,警戒,警惕v. 保卫,警卫;防止guess v. 猜测guest n. 客人,宾客,旅客guide n. 领路人,导游,向导,引导者;指南v. 给…领路,给…导游gun n. 炮,枪habit n. 习惯,习性hair n. 头发,毛发haircut n. 理发;(尤指男子)发式half n. 半,一半adj. 一半的adv. 一半地half an hour 半小时hall n. 会堂,礼堂,大厅;门厅;办公楼ham n. 火腿;(兽类的)后腿hammer 锤子,榔头hand n. 手v. 交出;传递hand in上交,交进hand out 分配;分发handkerchief n. 方帕;方巾handsome adj.(男子)漂亮的,英俊的;(女子)端庄健美的,(体态、形体)好看的hang(hung, hung; hanged, hanged) n.悬挂;暂停v. 悬挂,吊,垂下;吊死happen v. 发生;(后接不定式)碰巧,恰好happy adj. 幸福的,愉快的,恰当的hard adj. 困难的,坚固的adv. 努力地,艰苦地hardly adv. 几乎不hard-working adj.努力工作的,勤勉的harvest n. 收获,收割;收成;结果v. 收获,收割has v. 有(第三人称单数一般现在时)hat n. 帽子,一般指有边的帽子hate v.憎恨;不愿n.憎恨,厌恶have(had, had) v. 有have a cold 患感冒have a good time 玩得开心,玩得愉快have a meeting/match/rest 开会/比赛/休息have breakfast/lunch/supper吃早饭/午饭/晚饭have lessons/classes 上课have sports锻炼,运动have got to 非得,必须have sth. on 穿着have to 必须,不得不he pron. 他head n. 头,头脑;才智;人,个人v. 在…前头,为…之首,在…之顶部;用头撞;拦裁;朝某方向前进use one‘s head 思考,动脑筋headache n. 头痛;令人头痛的人(或事)have a headache 患头痛headmaster n.(中小学的)校长health n. 健康,健康状况healthy adj. 健康的;健壮的hear(过去式heard;过去分词heard) v. 听见,听取,听hear from 收到…来信hear of 听说heart n. 心脏learn/know sth. by heart 记住heat n. 热,高温,炎热;热度;激烈v.(使)变热,加热heaven n. (常用复数)天,天空;(常作大写)天堂,天国;上天,上帝heavy adj. 重的,繁重的,沉重的height n. 高,高度,身高;(常用复数)高地,高处;(常用单数)顶点,顶端hello interj. 喂(表示问候或唤起注意)say hello to 问候help v. & n. 帮助,帮忙help oneself to 自助help sb. with sth. 帮某人做某事her pron. 她的;她(宾格)here adv. 这里,这儿here and there 各处,到处hero n. 英雄,勇士;男主角,主人公hers pron. 她的herself pron. 她自己hi interj. 喂hide v. 躲藏,掩藏;隐瞒,掩饰high adj.高的adv.很高,很重要hill n. 小山him pron. (he的宾格)他himself pron.他自己hire v. 租用,雇用n. 租用,雇用;租金his pron. 他的history n. 历史,历史学;个人经历,履历;病历,病史hit v.打击;碰撞;碰上n. 打击;(演出等)成功而轰动一时的人物(或事物)hobby n. 业余爱好;嗜好hold(held, held) v. 拿,握住;举行,进行hold a meeting 举行会议hold on(口语)等一等;不挂断hole n. 洞,孔眼,洞穴;漏洞holiday n. 假日,节日on holiday 在度假,在休假home n. 家,住宅at home 在家go home 回家homework n. 家庭作业do one‘s homework 做家庭作业honest adj. 诚实的,正直的honour n. 荣誉,光荣,名誉,信誉hope n. 希望v. 希望来源:考试大网hopeless adj. 没有希望的,绝望的;无能的,教不会的horse n. 马hospital n. 医院hot adj. 热的,热情的hot-dog 热狗,红肠面包hotel n. 旅馆hour n. 小时;时间,时刻house n. 房子,住宅housewife n. 家庭主妇housework n. 家务劳动,家事how adv. (指程度、数量)多么,多少how far 多远how long 多久how many(用于可数名词)多少how much(用于不可数名词)多少how old多大年龄however adv. 不管怎样conj. 然而,可是,仍然huge adj. 巨大的,庞大的human adj. 人的,人类的n.人hundred num. & n. 一百,(复数)许多hunger n. 饿,饥饿;(常用单数)渴望;hungry adj. 饥饿的hurry n. & v. 赶紧,赶忙hurry up 赶紧in a hurry 匆忙hurt(过去式hurt;过去分词hurt)v. 弄痛,使受伤;危害,损害n.(常用单数)伤害,危害,痛苦husband n. 丈夫I pron. 我ice n. 冰;冰块idea n. 思想;概念;主意if conj. 如果,假如;是否ill adj. 病的,生病的illness n. 病,疾病imagine v. 想象,设想;猜想,认为immediate adj. 立即的,即刻的;直接的,最接近的importance n. 重要,重要性important adj. 重要的;重大的impossible adj. 不可能的,办不到的;不能忍受的,难以对付的improve v. 改善,改进in prep. 在…里(内,上);用…(表示)adv. 在家;在内inch n. 英寸;少许,一点儿include v. 包括,包含income n. 收入,收益,所得increase v. & n. 增加,增长,增强indeed adv. 真正地,当然;(用于加强语气)确实,实在India n. 印度Indian adj. 印度的,印度人的;印第安人的n. 印度人;印第安人;印第安语Industry n. 工业,产业,行业;勤劳,勤奋information n. 信息;情报ink n. 墨水inside n. 里面,内部adj. 里面的,内部的,内侧的adv. 在里面(或内部),往里面prep. 在…里面,在…内部;在…以内,少于insist v. 坚持,强调,坚决主张instead adv. 代替,顶替instead of 代替,而不是institute n. 学会,协会;学院;研究院v. 建立,设立instruction n. 指示,命令,用法说明,须知interest v. 使发生兴趣n. 兴趣;利息;名胜a place of interest 名胜interested adj. 感兴趣的interesting adj. 有趣的,有意思的international adj. 国际的,世界(性)的interrupt v. 中止,阻碍;打断,打扰into prep. 到…里introduce v. 介绍,引荐;传入,引进invite v. 邀请;请求,征求;引起,招致iron n. 铁;铁制品;熨斗v. 熨平is v. 动词be第三人称单数现在式island n. 岛;岛状物it pron. 它its pron. 它的itself pron. 它自己jacket n. 上衣;茄克jam n. 果酱;拥挤,堵塞;困境,窘境January n. 一月Japan n. 日本Japanese n. & adj. 日本人(的);日语(的)jar n. 罐子,坛子,广口瓶job n. 工作join v.加入;连接;联合join in 参加,同…一起join up连接;入伍;加入joke n. 笑话,玩笑journey n. 旅行,行程,路程joy n. 欢乐,喜悦judge n. 法官,审判员;仲裁人,鉴定人v. 审理,审判,判决;断定,判断juice n. (蔬菜、水果等的)汁,液July n. 七月jump v.跳n. 跳June n. 六月just adv. 正好;恰好just now刚才;立即就,马上just then正在那时keep(kept, kept) v.保持,留住;饲养;照顾keep on doing sth.继续做某事key n. 钥匙kick v. 踢kill v. 杀死,致死;扼杀,毁灭;消磨(时间)kilo n. 千克;公里kilogram(me )n. 千克,公斤(重量单位)(略作kg)kilometer(=kilometer) n. 千米,公里kind n. 种类adj. 和善的,友善的a kind of 一种,一类all kinds of 各种各样的kindergarten n. 幼儿园adj. 幼儿园的,初级的king n. 国王,君主;(某界)大王,巨子kiss v.吻;轻拂n.吻;(风,浪等)拂kitchen n.厨房kite n. 风筝knee n. 膝,膝盖knife (复数knives) n. 刀,匕首knock n. 击,打v. 敲,击,打knock at 敲knock into sb. 偶然遇见某人know (knew, known) v. 知道,了解,认识(某人),熟悉;精通knowledge n. 知识,学问lab n. 实验室,研究室labo(u)r n. 劳动;劳工,工人lack v. 缺乏,缺少,不足ladder n. 梯子;阶梯,途径lady n. 女士,夫人,小姐;贵妇人,淑女lake n. 湖lamp n. 灯land n. 陆地,土地v.登陆(岸);使降落,使落到language n.语言large adj. 巨大的last adj. 最后的;刚过去的adv. 最后v. 持续at last 最后,终于late adj. & adv.迟的(地),晚的(地);末期的;最近的,已故的be late for(school) (上学)迟到lately adv. 近来,最近,不久前later adj. 更晚的,较晚的;以后的;末期的,晚年的adv. 后来,较晚地laugh v. 笑n.笑(声)laugh at 嘲笑,因…而笑law n. 法律,法规;法学;规律,定律,规则lawyer n. 律师lay v. 放,搁;使倒下;铺设;使处于特定状态;设计,制定lazy adj. 懒惰的,懒散的;慢吞吞的,缓慢的lead v. 指引,为…带路;领导;致使;领先;度过(时间、生活等);通向leaf n. 叶子;(书刊的)张,页league n.同盟,联盟;协会,社团League Member 团员Learn (learnt, learnt; learned, learned) v. 学;学会Least adj. 最小的;最无足轻重的adv.(little的最高级)最少,最不at least 至少,起码leave(left, left) v. 离开;把…留下;出发lecture n. & v. 演讲;讲座left adj. 左边的,左侧的adv. 向左,在左侧n. 左面,左边;(L-)左派on the left 在左边,在左侧leg n. 腿(部)lend vt. 借书,借给length n. 长,长度,距离less adj. & adv.(little的比较级)更少的(地),更小的(地)less than 少于lesson n. 功课,课程;教训do one's lessons 复习(或预习)功课have lessons 有课let vt. 让,允许;出租;设,使let in 让…进来let out 放走;出租;泄露letter n. 字母,文字;信,函件level n. 水平;水平面liberate n. 解放,使获自由;释放library n. 图书馆;藏书,文库lie1(过去式lay;过去分词lain) 躺,平卧,平放;处于某种状态;位于;存在;展现lie2 n. 谎言,谎v.说谎life (复数lives) n. 生活,生存;生命,性命;寿命lifetime n. 一生,终生;使用期lift v. 提,举,抬;提高;撤消;(雾等)消散n. 电梯,举起;搭便车light n. 灯,光adj.轻的,淡色的lightning n. 闪电like prep. 像,跟…一样v.喜欢be like 相像,相似should/would like 希望,想要(通常接不定式)(=wish或want)limit n. & v. 限度,限制;界限line n. 线;生产线;排;行v. 沿…排列;排队lion n. 狮子lip n. 嘴唇;(洞口等的)边缘list n. 表,目录,名单v. 列表,登录;列举listen vi. 听listen to 听(to后面的动词要用原形)liter(=litre) n. 升(容量单位)little adv. & adj. 稍许,一点;小的n. 没有多少;一点a little 一点live v. 居住,生活lively adj. 充满活力的,活泼的;愉快的,热烈的;栩栩如生的,生动逼真的living-room n. 起居室load n. 负荷;装载量v. 装载;使担负,大量给予loaf n. 一个(面包)lock n. 锁v. 锁,锁上lonely adj. 孤独,寂寞;人迹稀少的,荒凉的long adj. & adv. 长的(地),长久的(地)v. 热望,渴望before long 不久以后;很快long ago 很久以前long before 很久以前no longer 不再not……any longer 不再look v. 瞧,看n. 瞧,看look after 照料look at 看,观看look for 寻找look forward to 盼望(to后加名词或动词现在分词形式)look out 注意,留神look up 向上看,查字典have a look 看一看take a look 看一下lorry n. 卡车,运货卡车lose(lost, lost) v. 失去,丧失,损失;失败;丢失;未能赶上;迷失loss n. 遗失;损失;减少;失败lot n.许多a lot of 许多lots of 很多loud adj. 响亮的;(颜色等)花哨的,(举止等)招摇的adv. 响亮地loven.& v. 爱,喜爱lovely adj. 可爱的;令人愉快的low adj. 低矮的;低下的,卑鄙的luck n. 运气;好运luggage n. 行李,皮箱lunch n. 午餐,便饭have lunch 吃午餐achine n. 机器mad adj. 疯的,精神错乱的madam(=madame) n. 女士;夫人,太太magazine n. 杂志,期刊mail n. 邮政;邮件mailbox n. 邮筒,邮箱,信箱main adj. 主要的,最重要的major adj.(数量、程度、价值)较大的;主要的v. 主修majority n. 多数,大多数make(made, made) v. 做,制作;使得;整理;总计be made from 由…制成be made in …制造be made of 由…制成make a mistake 出差错make a noise 发出噪音man(复数men)n.男人;人类manage v. 管理,经营,处理;控制;设法做到manager n. 经理;负责人many(more, most) adj. 许多的,多的a good/great many 很多map n. 地图march v. 进军,行军;行进,(快步)行走;游行示威n. 行军,进军;进行曲March n.三月Mark n. 痕迹,斑;(考试等的)分数;符号v. 给…打分数;标明;标志market n. 市场,集市marriage n. 结婚,婚姻;结婚仪式,婚礼marry v. 娶,嫁,和…结婚;把…嫁出Marxism n. 马克思主义mass n. 块,团,堆;大量;大小;群众adj. 群众(性)的master n.(男)主人,雇主;大师;硕士v. 征服;meet (过去式/过去分词met;met) v.见面,会面,遇见meeting n. 聚会;开会have a meeting 开会hold a meeting 举行聚会member n. 成员,会员memory n. 记忆力;回忆;纪念mend v. 修补,修理mental adj. 精神的,心理的;智力的;精神病的mention v. 提到,说起menu n. 菜单merchant n. 商人merely adv. 仅仅,只,不过message n. 信息,口信,便条take a message for 给…带个信metal n. 金属meter(=metre) n. 计;米method n. 方法,办法;条理midday n. 正午,中午middle adj. 中间的;中级的n.中间in the middle of 在…中间midnight n. 午夜,半夜might aux. & v. may的过去式;可能,也许,会mile n. 英里milk n. 奶,牛奶million num. & n. 百万millions of 许许多多的mind n.想法;意见;心情;智力;头脑v.注意;当心;介意never mind 没关系,不要紧make up one‘s mind 下决心;决定mine1 n. 矿,矿山,矿井mine2 pron. (I的物主代词)我的mineral n. 矿物;矿石adj. 矿物(质)的minister n. 部长,大臣minute n. 分,分钟;一会儿adj. 微小的;详细的in a minute 马上,很快just a minute 等一下(=just a moment)mirror n. 镜子v. 反射,映照,反映miss v. 错过,惦念,失去,缺Miss n. 女士,小姐(对未婚妇女的称呼)mistake n.错误v.弄错;误会;误解by mistake 错误地make a mistake 出错,犯错误mix v. 混合,调制;混淆,弄错;交往,相处model n. 模型;模范;型号;模特modern adj.现代的,近代的;新式的,时新的moment n.片刻,瞬间;某一个特定时刻just a moment 稍等(=just a minute)the moment 一…(就…)Monday n. 星期一money n. 货币;财富,金钱monitor n.(学校的)班长;(计算机的)显示器monkey n. 猴;猿month n. 月,月份moon n. 月亮,月球;月光more adj. 超过的;额外的;(much或many的比较级)更多的adv. 更,更加pron. 更多,再多一些的人或物more or less 或多或少no more 不再;不能再多not……any more 不再once more 再一次morning n.早晨;上午most adj. & adv. (much或many时最高级)最多n. 大多数,大部分mother n.母亲motor n. 发动机,电动机mountain n. 山;山脉mountainous adj. 多山的,有山的;巨大如山的mouse(复数mice) n. 鼠;鼠标mouth n. 嘴move v.搬动;移动;(使)运行,运转;使感动movement n. 运动;活动Mr.(=Mister) n. 先生(用于姓前)Mrs.(=Mistress) n. 夫人much(more, most) adv. 多,很,非常adj. 很多的murder n. & v. 谋杀,凶杀museum n. 博物馆music n. 音乐musical adj. 音乐的,悦耳的;爱好音乐的must aux.v. 必须,应当my pron. 我的nail n. 指甲;钉子v. 钉,钉牢,使固定name n. 名字,名称,名义v. 命名,名叫narrow adj. 狭窄的;狭隘的;勉强的v. (使)变窄;(使)缩小nation n. 国家,民族national adj. 国家的,国有的,全国的;民族的nationality n. 国籍;民族native adj. 出生地的;本土的n. 土生土长者,本地人,本国人natural adj. 自然(界)的,天然的;当然的;出于本性的,天生的nature n. 自然界,大自然;天性,性格;本质,性质,类型navy n. 海军near prep. 在…附近nearly adv. 将近,几乎neat adj. 整洁的,爱整洁的;干净利落的;纯的necessary adj.必要的;必需的neck n. 脖子,颈项need v.aux. 需要,必须in need of 需要needle n. 针,指针,针状物neighbo(u)r n. 邻居;临近的人(或物),邻国neither pron. 两者都不adv. 也不neither……nor…… 既不…也不…nephew n. 侄子,外甥nervous adj. 神经系统的,神经性的;神经紧张的net n. 网,网状物;网络adj. 净的,纯的never adv. 决不;从来没有new adj. 新的news n. 新闻;消息newspaper n. 报纸next adj. 下一个的adv.在这之后;必然;结果nice adj. 令人愉快的;好的,漂亮的niece n. 侄女,甥女night n. 夜晚at night 在夜里nine num. 九ninety num. 九十ninth num. 第九no adv. 不,不是adj. 没有noble adj. 高尚的,崇高的;贵族的,壮观的n.(常用复数)贵族nobody pron. 没有人nod n.(常用单数)点头v. 点头,点头表示,点头同意;打瞌睡,打盹noise n. 嘈杂声;响声make a noise 吵闹noisy adj. 喧闹的;嘈杂的none pron. 没有一个,无一adv.一点也不noon n. 中午,正午at noon 在中午nor conj. 也不,也没有normal adj. 正常的;平常的;规范的n. 正规,常态north n. 北,北方,北部adj. 向北的;北方的,北部的northern adj. 北方的,北部的nose n. 鼻子not adv. 不,没有not at all 不用谢not only……but also…… 不但…而且…note n. 记录,笔记;短笺;钞票,纸币;音符nothing pron. & n. 没有东西,没有什么have nothing to do with 与…无关;和…不往来notice v. 注意到,察觉到n. 注意,觉察;通知,布告,启示noun n. 名词November n. 十一月now adv. 现在,目前,如今;立刻,马上;当时;于是,接着(表示语气,命令,不满)from now on 从现在起now and then 时而,偶尔number n. 数字;号码a number of 若干的;很多的nurse n. 护士;保姆nut n. 坚果,干果,果仁;螺母,螺帽obey v. 服从,听从object n. 物体,实物;对象;目标occur v. 发生,出现ocean n. 洋,海洋;许多,大量o'clock(=of the clock) adv. …点钟,…时October n. 十月www.Eof prep. (表示所属、性质、主客体)…的;关于;对于;由…制成;由于,因为;表示同位关系;(表示关系、联系)…的of course 当然off prep. 从…离开,脱离adv. 表示离去,距离,隔开;表示完成,结束;表示中断,关掉offer v. 给予,提出;出价,开价n. 给予(物),提供(物),提议;报价office n. 办公室;公职;职务;部,局,处officer n. 军官,警官;(政府)官员,公务员official n. 官员,行政人员,高级职员adj. 官方的;官员的often adv. 常常,经常oh int. 哦,啊考试大论坛oil n. 油,润滑油;石油,燃料油;油画作品;油漆OK(=okay) adv. & adj. 好,行old adj. 老的;旧的on prep. 在…上;向着;根据,按照,由于;在…边上;关于,论述;在…时adv. 连续地,不间断地;向前,(继续)下去;上去,穿上;(灯)开着,(机器等)运转着,处于…情况and so on 等等on and on 不停地once adv. 曾经;一次at once 立刻,马上once upon a time 从前one num. 一adj. 某一个的pron.某一个one by one 一个接一个地oneself pron. (反身代词)自己,自身;亲自only adv. 仅仅adj.唯一的onto prep. 到…之上open adj. 开的,开放的v. 打开;开办operate v. 运转,运行,活动;起作用;操纵;管理operation n. 操作,运转;手术;运算opinion n. 意见,看法,主张,判断opposite adj. 对面的;相反的adv. 在对面,对过v. 对立面,对立物or conj. 或者;否则,要不然or so 大约,左右orange n. 橙子,桔子;桔汁adj. 桔色的,橙色的order n.命令;次序v. 命令;定购in order 按顺序in order that目的在于,为了in order to 为了(做某事)ordinary adj. 通常的,平常的,普通的;平淡的,平庸的organize(=organise) v. 组织,安排;使有条理,使井然有条other adj. 其他的pron. 其他的人或物the other(s) 其余的人(物)otherwise conj. 否则,不然adv. 除此之外,在其他方面;不然;别样ought aux. v. 应当,应该ought to 应该our pron. (we的所有格)我们的ours pron. 我们的ourselves pron. 我们自己out adv. 在外;向外;出去out of 离开outdoor adj. (在)户外的,(在)露天的,(在)野外的outdoors n. 户外,野外adv. 在户外,在露天,在野外outside adv. 在外面prep. 在…之外over adv. 在那边;在另一边;结束,完了,再prep.(表示数目、程度)超过,在…以上over and over 一再地,再三地over there 在那边overcoat n. 外套,在衣owe v. 欠;应感激;应该把…归功于own adj. 自己的v. 拥有ox(复数oxen) n.牛pack n.包裹,背包;袋,小包,小盒v. 捆扎;包装;挤满packet n. 小包裹,小袋,小盒,小捆page n. 页,页码pain n. 痛,疼痛;痛苦,悲痛;(常用复数)辛苦,努力paint n.油漆,颜料,涂料v. (用颜料等)画,描绘painting n. 绘画;(一幅)画pair n. 一对,一双来源:考试大a pair of 一对,一双,一条,一把,一幅palace n. 宫殿,华丽大厦the Summer Palace 颐和圆pale adj. 苍白的,灰白的;浅色的v. 变苍白,失色,(使)暗淡pan n. 平底锅,盘子paper n. 纸;报纸;文章,论文;考卷;票据pardon n.& vt. 原谅,饶恕,赦免beg one‘s pardon 请原谅能否…parent n. 父亲,母亲;动(植)物的母体;起源,根本Paris n. 巴黎(法国首都)park n. 公园;停车场v.停放(车辆)part n. 部分;角色;方面;零件take part in 参加particular adj. 特殊的;详细的;(过分)讲究的n.(常用复数)详情partly adv. 部分地,不完全地,在一定程度上party n. 政党,党派;集会Party Member 党员pass v. 经过;超过;传递(用具等)n. 通行证pass by 经过,路过;不理;疏忽passage n. 通道,通路passenger n. 乘客,旅客passer-by(复数passers-by) n. 过路人,路人passport n. 护照past prep. 过,经过n.过去,昔日;往事adj. 过去的path n. 路,小路;道路,途径patient adj. 忍耐的,有耐心的n. 病人,患者pattern n. 模式,原型;花样;方式,风格pause n. 中止,间歇v. 暂停,中止,停顿pay(过去式/过去分词paid;paid) v. 付(款)n. 工资pay for sth. 付钱;支付;付出代价pay off 还清债务;报复;赢利;取得成功peace n. 和平,各睦;平静,安宁peaceful adj. 平静的,安宁的;和平的,爱好和平的pear n. 梨,梨树peasant n. 农民,小农pen n. 钢笔;圆珠笔pencil n. 铅笔penny n. 便士people n. 人;人们;民族per prep. 每,每一percent n. 百分之一perfect adj. 完全的;完美的perform v. 做,履行,执行;表演,演出perhaps adv. 或许,大概,可能period n. 时期,阶段,时代;学时,课时;句号,句点permit v. 许可,允许;使有可能n. 通行证,执照person n. 人personal adj. 私人的,个人的;有关私人的;亲自的persuade v. 说服,劝服;使相信pet n. 宠物,宠儿photo(=photograph) n. 照片take photos 拍照physics n. 物理,物理学piano n. 钢琴pick v. 挑选;拾,采,摘pick out 挑出;选择;辨认出;弄清pick up 拾起;振作;接某人;(无意地获得)学会(语言等)picnic(picnicked; picnicking) v. 去野餐picture n.图片;画像;照片;美景pie n. 馅饼piece n. 块,片,段;一件,一张v. 拼凑,拼合a piece of 一块(一片等)pig n. 猪pile n. 一堆,一叠v. 堆积pillow n. 枕头,靠垫pilot n. 飞行员;领航员,舵手v. 驾驶;领航;带领pin n. 大头针,别针;发夹;闩v. (pinned; pinning)钉住,别住pink n. 粉红色,桃红色adj. 粉红色的,桃红色的pioneer n. 先驱,倡导者,开拓者the Young Pioneers 少年先锋队pipe n. 管子,导管;烟斗,烟筒;管乐器;pity n. 怜悯,同情;可怜的事,惋惜place n. 地方;处所take one‘s place 取代,代替take place 发生,进行take the place of 取代…plain adj. & adv. 清晰的(地),明白的(地);朴素的;普通的;坦率的n. 平原plan v.& n. 计划plane(=aeroplane) n.飞机plant v. 种植n.植物;工厂;车间(同factory)plastic n.(常用复数)塑料,塑料制品adj. 塑料(制)的,可塑的plate n. 盘子,碟子;板(块)v. 镀,电镀platform n. 平台;站台,月台;讲台play v. 玩;做游戏;打球;演奏;扮演n. 玩耍;戏剧player n. 运动员;演员;做游戏的人playground n. 运动场,操场,(儿童)游乐场pleasant adj. 令人愉快的,舒适的,讨人喜欢的please adv. 请v. 使满意;使愉快pleased adj. 高兴的,满意的pleasure n. 愉快;高兴plenty n. 丰富,充足;富裕plenty of 很多,大量plough n. 犁,犁形工具v. 犁,耕pocket n. 衣袋,口袋,兜;钱包,钱,财力adj. 袖珍的,小型的poem n. 诗poet n. 诗人point n. 点,尖端;小数点;分数;地点;条,项;目的v. 弄尖;指向point out 指出;说及point to 指向;表明pole n. 柱,杆;地极,磁极,电极police n. 警察机关,警方policeman(复数policemen) n. 警察polite adj. 有礼貌的;有教养的political adj. 政治的,政治上的;政党的,党派的politics n. 政治,政治学;政治主张,政见pollution n. 污染,污染物pool n. 池塘,水池;水洼;共用物,共用人员v. 共用,把…集中一起用poor adj. 贫穷的;可怜的;不好的;贫乏的;低劣的popular adj. 通俗的,流行的,大众化的;广受欢迎的population n. 人口pork n. 猪肉port n. 港口,口岸,港市position n. 位置,方位;地位;姿势;态度possession n. 拥有,占有,所有权;(常用复数)所有物,财产possible adj. 可能的;做得到的;可以接受的,合理的possibly adj. 可能的,可能发生的;可行的,可用的post n. 邮政;邮寄v. 邮寄post office 邮政局postcard n. 明信片pot n. 罐,壶,锅potato n. 马铃薯,土豆pound n. 磅(重量单位);英镑(英国货币单位)pour v. 倾倒,涌流powder n. 粉,粉末power n. 力,力量,能力;权力;强国;动力practical adj. 实际的,实践的practice n. 练习,实习;实行,实施;业务,开业;惯例practise v. 练习,实习;遵循;从事(职业)praise v. 赞扬,称赞,赞美n. 赞扬,表扬;赞扬话,赞美辞precious adj. 珍贵的,贵重的,珍爱的prefer v. 更喜欢,宁愿prepare v. 准备,预备present adj. 出席的,现在的n. 现在,目前;礼物,赠品v. 赠送,呈献at present 目前,现在president n. 总统,国家主席;(大学)校长,院长,会长;董事长press n.报刊,报业,新闻界;印刷,印刷机v. 按,挤,压,熨平;催促pretend v. 假装,装作pretty adj. 漂亮的,俊俏的,优美的adv. 相当,很,非常prevent v. 防止,阻止,预防price n. 价格,价钱pride n.自豪,引以自豪的人(或事物);骄傲;自尊(心)v. 使自豪,使得意print v. 印,印刷,出版;用印刷体写n. 印刷,印刷品,出版物;印刷字体prison n. 监狱prisoner n. 囚犯,犯人prize n. 奖赏,奖金,奖品;值得追求的东西v. 重视,珍视adj. 获奖的probably adv. 很可能,大概problem n.问题,疑难问题produce v. 生产,制造;引起;提出;上演,创作n. 物产,农产品product n. 工业产品production n. 生产,制造;作品professor n. 教授program(me) n. 节目,演出;计划,方案;节目单;(电脑)程序progress n. 进步,进展,发展promise v. 允诺,答应n. 诺言,承诺,许诺make a promise 许下诺言pronounce v. 发音;宣称,宣告,宣判pronunciation n. 发音,发音法proper adj. 合适的,恰当的protect v. 保护,防护proud adj. 自豪的,得意的;骄傲的be proud of 为…而骄傲考试大公共英语站点编辑整理prove v. 证明,证实;原来是,结果是provide v. 供应,供给,提供public n. 公众,公民adj. 公众的,公共的;公用的;公开的in public 公开地,当众;公然地pull v. 拉;拖;拔pump n. 泵来源:考试大v.(用泵)抽(水),充气punish v. 惩罚,处罚pupil n. 小学生;学生pure adj. 纯的,纯净的,纯洁的;完美的;完全的purpose n. 目的,意图purse n. 钱包,女用小包push v. 推来源:考试大n. 推put v.放;叙述;记下put away 放好,收藏起来put on 穿上(衣服)put sth. down 把…放下put up挂起,举起考试大公共英语站点编辑整理quality n. 质量;性质;品质quantity n. 量,数量quarrel n. 争吵,口角v. 争吵,吵嘴quarrel about 为…争吵quarter n. 四分之一;一刻钟queen n. 王后,女王question n. 问题quick adj. 快的,迅速的;敏捷的,灵敏的,伶俐的quickly adv. 快;迅速地quiet adj. 安静的;平静的quite adv. 完全,十分考试大公共英语站点编辑整理race n. 比赛,赛跑,竞争;人种v. 和…竞赛,(与…)赛速度radio n. 无线电;收音机;广播on the radio 通过广播,从收音机中railway n. 铁路rain v. 下雨n. 雨raincoat n. 雨衣raise v. 抬起,举起rapid adj. 迅速的,快的n.(常用复数)急流,湍滩rather adv. 宁愿,宁可;相当,颇rather than (与其…)倒不如…ray n. 光线,射线,辐射线reach v. 到达,达到;神出(手等)n. 所及范围,理解力;地带read(read, read) v. 读ready adj. 准备好地,有准备的be/get ready (for) 作好…的准备,为…作准备real adj. 真的,真正的,现实的,真实的realize(=realise) v. 实现;认识,体会,明白really adv. 真正地,确实地,实际上;很,十分,全然reason n. 原因receipt n. 收到,接到receive n. 收到;接待;遭受recent adj. 接近的,近来的recognize v. 认出,识别;认可,承认,确认;常识,报偿record n. 记录,记载;履历,历史;最高纪录;唱片keep a record 记录recover v. 寻回,追回,重新得到red n. 红色adj. 红色的reduce v. 减少,缩小;减轻;使降级refer v. 提到,谈到;参考,查阅refrigerator(=fridge) n. 冰箱,冷藏库refuse v. 拒绝,回绝,拒绝接受regard n. 尊敬,尊重v. 看待,认为,对待regret n. & v. 遗憾,后悔regular adj. 定期的,固定的;规则的;常规的relation n. 关系,关联;亲戚relative n.亲戚,亲属adj. 相对的;有关的;比较的remain v. 留下,逗留;保持不变;剩余remember v. 记住;记得remind v. 提醒,使想起remove v. 移开,挪走,拿去;调动repair v. 修理,修复;弥补n. 修理,修补repeat v. & n. 重复,重做,重说reply v. & n. 回答,答复report n. 传说;报告;报到v. 报告;报道republic n. 共和国,共和政体the People‘s Republic of China 中华人民共和国request v. & n. 请求,要求;require v. 需要;要求,规定research n. 研究,调查;(常用复数)研究工作,调查工作v. 研究,调查respect n. & n. 尊敬,敬重rest n. 休息;(与the连用)其余的部分v. 休息;靠,搁在。
初中英语2级词表
2级词表1.本表共收423词,为小学2级核心词汇,其余300左右词汇可根据话题需要进行补充。
Aa (an)aboutafraidafter afternoon againallalsoalwaysandangry animal answeranyapplearmartaskataunt autumnBbabybackbadbagballbanana basketballbe (is, am, are) bear beautifulbedbeforebegin behind beside betweenbigbike =bicycle bird birthday black blackboard blueboatbodybookbox boybreadbreakfastbringbrotherbrownbusbusybutbuybybyeCcakecallcancandycapcarcardcatchairchickenchild (pl. children)ChinaChinesecinemacityclasscleancleverclockcloseclothescloudycoatcoldcolour (AmE color)comecomputercookcoolcousincowcrayoncryDdad (daddy)dancedaydeardeskdifficultdinnerdirtydodoctordogdoordowndrawdressdrinkdriverduckEearearlyeasyeateggelephantemailEnglisheveningeveryexerciseeyeFfacefamilyfanfarfarmfarmerfastfatherfavouritefeelfilmfindfinefishfloorflowerflyfoodfoot/feetfootballforfriendfromfruitGgamegetgirlgivegogoodgoodbye grandfather (grandpa) grandmother (grandma) grassgreatgreenHhairhalfhandhappyhaveheheadhealthyhearheavyhellohelpherherehihighhimhisholidayhomehorsehospitalhothourhousehowhungryIIice-cream ideaillininterestingititsJjuicejumpKkidkindkitchenkiteknowLlakelateleftleglessonletlibrarylightlikelistenlittlelivelonglooklovelunchMmakeman (pl. men)manymapmaths (AmE math)memeetmilkminuteMissmonkeymonthmoonmorningmother (mom, mum)mouthMrMrsMsmuchmusicmyNnamenearnewnextnicenightnonoodlenosenotnownurseOofoftenoldonopenororangeourPpandapantsparentparkpartyPE = physical educationpenpencilpeoplephotopicturepigplaceplaneplantplayplaygroundpleasepolicepotatopupilputRrainreadredricerightriver room rulerrunSsadsay school schoolbag science season seeshe sheep shipshirtshoe shop short shorts sing sistersitskirt sleep slow small snow sock some sometimes song sorry soup speak sport spring standstarstop story street strong study subject summer sunsunnysupermarketsweaterswimTtabletaketalktalltaxiteateachertellthankthatthetheirthemthentherethesetheythinthinkthisthosetigertimetiredtotodaytoilettomatotomorrowtootoytraintraveltreetryturnTVUumbrellauncleunderupususeVvegetableveryvisitWwaitwalkwantwarmwashwatchwaterwaywewearweatherweekwelcomewellwhatwhenwherewhitewhowhosewhywindowwindywinterwithwoman (pl. women)wonderfulwordworkworkerworrywritewrongYyearyellowyesyesterdayyouyoungyourZzoo5级词表1.本表共收1600词。
英语2级口语考试自我介绍
英语2级口语考试自我介绍在个人在进行英语的口语考试时应该如何进行自我介绍呢?如下是店铺为大家准备的英语2级口语考试自我介绍范文,希望对你的考试有所帮助。
英语2级口语考试自我介绍篇1Good morning,my dear teachers,my dear professors.i am very glad to be here for your interview.my name is song yonghao,i am 22 years old .i come from luoyang,a very beautiful aicent city.my undergratuade period will be accomplished in changan university in july ,2004;and now,i am trying my best for obtaining a key to tongji university.generally speaking ,i am a hard working student especially do the thing i am interested in. i will try my best to finish it no matter how difficult it is. when i was sophomore, i found web design very interesting, so i learned it very hard . to weaver a homepage for myself, i stayed with my pesonel computer for half a month.,and i am the first one in my class who own his homepage. forthermore,i am a person with great perserverence. during the days preparing for the first examination,i insist on running every day, no matter what the weather was like.and just owning to this,i could concentrate on my study and succeeded in the end.well ,in my spare time ,i like basketball, tennis and chinese chess. also english is my favorate.i often go to english corner to practise my oral english on every thursday,and write compositions to improve my witten ability .but i know my english is not good enough ,i will continue studying.ok, that is all,thank you for your attention英语2级口语考试自我介绍篇2Good morning, my name is jack, it is really a great honor to have this opportunity for a interview, I would like to answer whatever you may raise, and I hope I can make a good performance today, eventually enroll in this prestigious university in september. now I will introduce myself briefly,I am 21 years old,born in heilongjiang province ,northeast of china,and I am curruently a senior student at beijing XX uni.my major is packaging engineering.and I will receive my bachelor degree after my graduation in june.in the past 4 years,i spend most of my time on study,I have passed CET4/6 with a ease. and I have acquired basic knowledge of packaging and publishing both in theory and in practice. besides, I have attendseveral packaging exhibition hold in Beijing, this is our advantage study here, I have taken a tour to some big factory and company. through these I have a deeply understanding of domestic packaging industry. compared to developed countries such as us, unfortunately, although we have made extraordinary progress since 1978,our packaging industry are still underdeveloped, mess, unstable, the situation of employees in this field are awkard. but I have full confidence in a bright future if only our economy can keep the growth pace still. I guess you maybe interested in the reason itch to law, and what is my plan during graduate study life, I would like to tell you that pursue law is one of my lifelong goal,I like my major packaging and I won't give up,if I can pursue my master degree here I will combine law with my former education. I will work hard in thesefields ,patent ,trademark, copyright, on the base of my years study in department of p&p, my character? I cannot describe it well, but I know I am optimistic and confident. sometimes I prefer to stay alone, reading, listening to music, but I am not lonely, Ilike to chat with my classmates, almost talk everything ,my favorite pastime is valleyball,playing cards or surf online. through college life,I learn how to balance between study and entertainment. by the way, I was a actor of our amazing drama club. I had a few glorious memory on stage. that is my pride.英语2级口语考试自我介绍篇3hi, nice to meet you . This is really a great honor to have this opportunity, and I believe I can make good performance today. Now I will introduce myself briefly. I am a sephomore now, and I have tremendous interest, I love college life with various activities ,many excellent and funny friends ,but I am not really into my college , Because I do not like my profession you cannot imagine how crazy It made me when facing Mathematical and physical symbols every day, I love english and I want to be an english intepreter,Life is like a box of chocolate,you never know what you are gonna to get,may be I will succeed in this thing,a good author once said The prizes of life are at the end of each journey, not near the beginning, so it is not given to me to know how many steps are necessary in order to reach my goal, I will always strive to make the ne_t hour better than this one.i am not afraid of failure,but I hope I had better not meet him,when I came across him,I just go around and say I don not give a damn.I am not a good friends-maker ,but I am always the one that easy to get along with .I think I'm a good team player and I'm a person of great honesty to others. So that's all.thank you英语2级口语考试自我介绍篇4Good afternoon, teachers! I`m very happy to introduce myself here.I`m Scott. My Chinese name is SunZijing. I`m 13. I`m fromClass1 Grade 6 of TongPu No.2 Primary School. I have manyhobbies, such as playing ping-pong, playing badminton, listening to music, reading magazines and so on. My favourite food is chicken. It`s tasty and yummy. So I`m very strong. I`m a naughty boy.I always play tricks. And I just like staying in my room and reading books. But I have a dream, I want to be a car-designer. Because I`m a car fan.This is me. Please remember SunZijing! Thank you very much!英语2级口语考试自我介绍篇5Good afternoon, everyone! My name is wjh. I am 12 years old. Now I’m a student in -itan School. The school is a little far from my home, so I uaually get up early and go to school by bike. My favorite subject in school is English, because it’s very interesting. I like Chinese too. My teachers are kind and fun. I like them.I have many friends at school and we usually study and play together. On weekends, I usually go shopping with my mother, sometimes I climb moutains with my father. I love my parents very much and they love me. I like eating fruits and vegetables, because I want to be healthy. Fish is my favorite food. It’s yummy. In four seasons, I like winter best.Because I like playing with snow. I made a beautiful snowman with my parents last year. I was very happy. I hope it will snow this year too. I have a dog. His name is -i-i. He is very smart and lovely. I like playing with him. I think I am a happy girl. I often smile and I’m very friendly. I hope you like me. Thank you!英语2级口语考试自我介绍篇6My name is xxx. I was born in (Dalian, Liaoning )xxx province in February 19XX. I am average height, medium build.I have longblack hair and I wear a pear of glasses. I usually wear a red coat and a black trousers.Bcause my favourite colours are black and red .My father is a worker,and he works very hard .My mother is an Enlish teacher ,and she is kind to her students. I have a small room .There is a bed and a desk in it . The main subjects I studied at school included Chinese, maths, English, physics, chemistry and computer.I have many haobbis ,for example, I like English and computer best and I am very good at them. Last year I won a prize in the school computer competition. In my spare time I enjoy listening to popular music and collecting stamps. My favorite sports are swimming in summer and skating in winter. That is me ,a lovely girl.英语2级口语考试自我介绍篇7good morning, my dear teachers, my dear professors. i am very glad to be here for your interview. my name is song yonghao;i am 22 years old .i comes from luoyang, a very beautiful anicent city. my undergraduate period will be accomplished in chang'an university in july ,--;and now, i am trying my best for obtaining a key to tongji university.generally speaking, i am a hard working student especially do the thing .i am interested in. i will try my best to finish it no matter how difficult it is. when i was sophomore, i found web design very interesting, so i learned it very hard. to weaver a homepage for myself, i stayed with my personnel computer for half a month.and i am the first one in my class who own his homepage. furthermore is a person with great perseverance. during the days preparing for the first e-amination, i insist on running every day, no matter what the weather was like. and just owning to this, i could concentrate on my study and succeeded in the end.well, in my spare time, i like basketball, tennis and chinese chess. also english is my favorate. i often go to english corner to practice my oral english on every thursday, and write compositions to improve my written ability .but i know my english is not good enough, i will continue studying.英语2级口语考试自我介绍篇8In my spare time, I like to read novels. I think reading could enlarge my knowledge. As for novels, I could imagine whatever I like such as a well-known scientist or a kung-fu master. In addition to reading, I also like to play PC games. A lot of grownups think playing PC games hinders the students from learning. But I think PC games could motivate me to learn something such as English or Japanese.My favorite course is English because I think it is interesting to say one thing via different sounds. I wish my English could be improved in the next four years and be able to speak fluent English in the future.My name is Li Hua. I was born in Dalian, Liaoning province in February 1977.In my spare time I enjoy listening to popular music and collecting stamps. My favorite sports are swimming in summer and skating in winter.I think language is very interesting. I could express one substance by using different sounds. So I wish I could study and read more English literatures and enlarge my knowledge. In my spare time, I like to do anything relating to English such as listening to English songs, watching English movies or TV programs, or even attending the activities held by some English clubs or institutes. I used to go abroad for a short- term English study. During that time, I learned a lot of daily life English and saw a lot of different things.英语2级口语考试自我介绍篇9Hello, everyone! I'm Feng Biyu, a girl of 19 years old. As you can see, I am very glad to get along with all of you and I hope we’ll have a good time in our subsequent study.My hometown is in SiHong, Northern JiangSu Province, a beautiful place with a lot of clear rivers and lakes. When boating on HongZe Lake, I always feel free and relaxed. It is really a wonderful place to enjoy your life.I graduated from SiHong Middle School. It was set up in 1949 and now it is more than 60 years old.I have a lot of friends in my middle school. We love each other. Time goes by, but our friendship will never go away. They cheer me up, make me happy and do some help when I meet with difficulties.That's all, thank you!英语2级口语考试自我介绍篇10Good afternoon, everyone! My name is wjh. I am 12 years old. Now I’m a student in Xitan School. The school is a little far from my home, so I uaually get up early and go to school by bike. My favorite subject in school is English, because it’s very interesting.I like Chinese too. My teachers are kind and fun. I like them.I have many friends at school and we usually study and play together. On weekends, I usually go shopping with my mother, sometimes I climb moutains with my father. I love my parents very much and they love me. I like eating fruits and vegetables, because I want to be healthy. Fish is my favorite food. It’s yummy. In four seasons, I like winter best.Because I like playing with snow. I made a beautiful snowman with my parents last year. I was very happy. I hope it will snowthis year too. I have a dog. His name is Xixi. He is very smart and lovely. I like playing with him. I think I am a happy girl. I often smile and I’m very friendly. I hope you like m e. Thank you!【英语2级口语考试自我介绍(精选10篇)】。
自然拼读2级PPT
d ay-day f ay-fay s ay-say
This is May.This is Fay. Fay is gay. Fay says, “Let’s pay today.”
Ray the May. play on the hay. He says we have to pay for the clay. it’s the day we play at the bay.
a : at fat hat mat sam plan a-e: ate fate hate mate same plane
a fat cat a tape
The fat cat ate a tape.
pals
pale
My pal is pale.
This is Pam. Pam sees a man. His name is James.
vowel pair
ai
ay
ea
ee
oa
aid
l
laid
ail
j
jail
m aid maid s ail sail
p
paid p
pail
r
raid n
nail
The mail will sail. Pam and Kent sat on the rail.
ain m ain f ain pain
Pam and James had a date.
Pam made a cake. They ate the cake by the lake.
j. ake--- jake c. ake– cake s. ake– sake
J .ane—jane l .ane—lane c.ane--cane
日本介护保险失智症评估及其对我国的启示
l a t e r [J ].J o u r n a l o fA f f e c t i v eD i s o r d e r s ,2014,169:1-6.[29] D O N N AE ,N E I L M ,E R I N B ,e ta l .I m p r o v i n g p o s t o p e r a t i v e p a t i e n t r e p o r t e db e n e f i t sa n ds a t i s f a c t i o nf o l l o w i n g s p i n a l f u s i o n w i t h a s i n g l e p r e o p e r a t i v e e d u c a t i o n s e s s i o n [J ].T h e S pi n e J o u r n a l ,2019,19(5):840-845.[30] B L O C K AR .D e m o r a l i z a t i o n ,p a t i e n ta c t i v a t i o n ,a n dt h eo u t c o m eo fs p i n e s u r g e r y [J ].H e a l t h c a r e (B a s e l ,S w i t z e r l a n d ),2016,4(1):11.[31] H I B B A R DJH ,MA H O N E Y E .T o w a r da t h e o r y of p a t i e n t a n d c o n s u m e r a c t i v a t i o n [J ].P a t i e n tE d u c a t i o na n dC o u n s e l i ng ,2010,78(3):377-381.[32] H I B B A R DJH ,G R E E N EJ .T h e i m pa c to fa ni n c e n t i v eo nt h e u s eo f a n o n l i n e s e l f -d i r e c t e d w e l l n e s s a n d s e l f -m a n a ge m e n t p r o g r a m [J ].J o u r n a l o fM e d i c a l I n t e r n e tR e s e a r c h ,2014,16(10):e 217.[33] M I L A N IR V ,L A V I E C J ,B O B E R R M ,e t a l .I m p r o v i n gh y p e r t e n s i o n c o n t r o l a n d p a t i e n te n g a g e m e n tu s i n g d i gi t a l t o o l s [J ].T h eA m e r i c a n J o u r n a l o fM e d i c i n e ,2017,130(1):14-20.[34] S K O L A S K Y RL ,MA G G A R D A M ,L ID ,e t a l .H e a l t hb e h a v i o rc h a n g e c o u n s e l i n g i n s u r g e r y f o rde g e n e r a t i v el u m b a rs pi n a l s t e n o s i s .P a r tⅡ:pa t i e n t a c t i v a t i o nm e d i a t e s t h e e f f e c t s o f h e a l t hb e h a v i o rc h a n g ec o u n s e l i n g o n r e h a b i l i t a t i o n e n g a ge m e n t [J ].A r c h i v e s of P h ys i c a lM e d i c i n ea n dR e h a b i l i t a t i o n ,2015,96(7):1208-1214.[35] I M E R IH ,D E S S E L L E S ,H E T E M ID ,e ta l .M o b i l ee l e c t r o n i cd e v i c e sa s m e a n s o ff a c i l i t a t i n g pa t i e n ta c t i v a t i o n a n d h e a l t h p r o f e s s i o n a le m p o w e r m e n tr e l a t e d t oi n f o r m a t i o n s e e k i n g on c h r o n i cc o n d i t i o n sa n d m e d i c a t i o n s :q u a l i t a t i v es t u d y [J ].J M I R mH e a l t ha n du H e a l t h ,2021,9(8):e 26300.[36] S O N GJH ,X U P ,P A R A D I C E D B .H e a l t h g o a la t t a i n m e n to fp a t i e n t sw i t h c h r o n i c d i s e a s e s i nw e b -b a s e d p a t i e n t c o mm u n i t i e s :c o n t e n ta n ds u r v i v a la n a l ys i s [J ].J o u r n a lo f M e d i c a lI n t e r n e t R e s e a r c h ,2020,22(9):e 19895.[37] W I T TD ,B E N S O N G ,C AM P B E L LS ,e t a l .M e a s u r e so f p a t i e n t a c t i v a t i o na n ds o c i a ls u p p o r t i na p e e r -l e ds u p po r tn e t w o r kf o r w o m e nw i t hc a r d i o v a s c u l a rd i s e a s e [J ].J o u r n a lo fC a r d i o p u l m o n a r y R e h a b i l i t a t i o na n dP r e v e n t i o n ,2016,36(6):430-437.[38] MO R E N O -C H I C OC ,R O Y C ,MO N F O R T E -R O Y O C ,e ta l .E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f an u r s e -l e d ,f a c e -t o -f a c eh e a l t hc o a c h i n g i n t e r v e n t i o n i ne n h a n c i n g a c t i v a t i o na n ds e c o n d a r y o u t c o m e so f p r i m a r y ca r e u s e r sw i t h c h r o n i c c o n d i t i o n s [J ].R e s e a r c h i nN u r s i n g &H e a l t h ,2021,44(3):458-472.[39] M I S H R A M K ,S A U N D E R S C H ,R O D R I G U E Z H P ,e ta l .H o w d o h e a l t h c a r e p r o f e s s i o n a l s w o r k i n g in a c c o u n t a b l ec a r e o r g a n i s a t i o n s u n d e r s t a n d p a t i e n t a c t i v a t i o n a n d e n g a g e m e n t ?Q u a l i t a t i v e i n t e r v i e w sa c r o s st w ot i m e p o i n t s [J ].B M J O pe n ,2018,8(10):e 023068.(收稿日期:2023-01-12;修回日期:2023-04-30)(本文编辑李进鹏)日本介护保险失智症评估及其对我国的启示王梓寒,周 英,谭文英E v a l u a t i o no n J a p a n e s e l o n g -t e r mc a r e i n s u r a n c e f o r d e m e n t i a a n d i t s e n l i gh t e n m e n t i nC h i n a W A N GZ i h a n ,Z H O UY i n g ,T A N W e n y i n g(N u r s i n g S c h o o l o fG u a n g z h o uM e d i c a lU n i v e r s i t y ,G u a n g d o n g 510182C h i n a)A b s t r a c t T h i s p a p e r i n t r o d u c e s t h e e v a l u a t i o n c r i t e r i a a n de v a l u a t i o n l o g i c o f J a p a n e s e l o n g-t e r mc a r e i n s u r a n c e f o r d e m e n t i a .I t a l s o c o m p a r e s a n da n a l y z e s t h e e v a l u a t i o n c r i t e r i a f o r l o n g -t e r mc a r e d i s a b i l i t y l e v e l (T r i a l ) i nC h i n a .T h e e v a l u a t i o n c r i t e r i a f o r d i s a b i l i t yo f l o n g -t e r m c a r ei n s u r a n c eo fo u rc o u n t r y s t i l lh a ss o m e p r o b l e m s ,i n c l u d i n g t h es u b je c t i v ea s s e s s m e n t i n d e xa n dc l a s s if i c a t i o n m e t h o d ,i n a d e q u a c y o f B a r t h e l i n d e x f o r p a t i e n t sw i t h d e m e n t i aw h o s em o t o r a b i l i t y h a s n o t d e t e r i o r a t e d ,t h e i n c o m pl e t e a s s e s s m e n t o f c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o na n da b s e n c eo f m e n t a lb e h a v i o rs y m p t o m.B a s e do nt h ea s s e s s m e n te x p e r i e n c eo fd e m e n t i ai nJ a p a n 'sn u r s i n gi n s u r a n c e ,s o m e s u g g e s t i o n s a r e p u t f o r w a r d ,s u c h a s t a k i n g n u r s i n g t i m e a s t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e v a r i a b l e b e t w e e n t h em e n t a l a n d p h ys i c a l s t a t u s o f d e m e n t i a p e r s o n n e l a n dd i s a b i l i t y l e v e l ,c o n s t r u c t i n g a n a s s e s s m e n t s c a l e s u i t a b l e f o r t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f d a i l y l i v i n g of d e m e n t i a p a t i e n t s ,a n d i n c l u d i n gp a t i e n t sw i t hm i l da n dm o d e r a t e d e m e n t i a i n t o t h e c o v e r ag e o f l o n g-t e r mc a r e i n s u r a n c e p i l o t c i t i e s .K e y w o r d s J a p a n ;d e m e n t i a ;l o n g -t e r mc a r e i n s u r a n c e ;B a r t h e l i n d e x 摘要 对日本介护保险失智症的评估标准和评定逻辑进行介绍,并与我国的‘长期护理失能等级评估标准(试行)“进行比较分析㊂我国长期护理保险(长护险)失能评估标准还存在评估指标和等级划分方法不够客观㊁B a r t h e l 指数不适用于运动能力尚未退化的失智症病人㊁认知功能评估不全面和精神行为症状评估缺位等问题㊂在借鉴日本介护保险失智症评估经验的基础上,提出以护理时间作为失能失智人员身心状况与失能等级之间的中介变量㊁构建适合失智症病人的日常生活活动能力评估量表㊁将轻中度失智症病人纳入长护险试点城市的保障范围等建议㊂关键词 日本;失智症;长期护理保险;B a r t h e l 指数d o i :10.12104/j.i s s n .1674-4748.2023.13.006基金项目 国家社会科学基金一般项目,编号:18B R K 034;广州市教育局重点学科(护理学)项目,编号:穗教科 2019 5号㊂作者简介 王梓寒,硕士研究生在读,单位:510182,广州医科大学护理学院;周英(通讯作者)㊁谭文英单位:510182,广州医科大学护理学院㊂引用信息 王梓寒,周英,谭文英.日本介护保险失智症评估及其对我国的启示[J ].全科护理,2023,21(13):1755-1759.㊃5571㊃全科护理2023年5月第21卷第13期Copyright ©博看网. All Rights Reserved.截至2021年底,我国60岁及以上人口为2.67亿人,其中65岁以上人口超2.00亿人,占全国总人口的14.2%[1],我国人口老龄化形势严峻㊂同时,目前我国失智症人群已超过1500万人,总人数位居世界第一[2]㊂2016年我国推行长期护理保险(以下简称 长护险 ),失能评估是受益人的准入门槛,决定了长护险的保障范围,起着 守门人 的作用[3]㊂2021年,国家医保局和民政部[4]印发‘长期护理失能等级评估标准(试行)“(以下简称‘评估标准(试行)“),其中日常生活活动能力评估仍沿用B a r t h e l指数㊂已有研究表明, B a r t h e l指数存在着条目难度与失智人员的实际能力不匹配㊁条目之间的难度间距过小㊁冗余选项等问题[5]㊂日本的介护保险制度运行发展至今已有20多年,在评估方面积累了一定的经验㊂目前国内关于日本介护保险评估工具的研究多以简单的介绍和描述为主[6-8],对日本介护保险中的失智症等级评估研究还有待深入㊂因此,本研究对日本介护保险的失智症评估标准和评定逻辑进行分析,并与我国的‘评估标准(试行)“进行比较,总结我国目前失能评估标准中存在的不足之处,旨在为我国探索建立长护险客观科学的失能评估标准提供借鉴㊂1日本介护保险评估现状2000年日本正式启动介护保险法案,保障对象包括65岁及以上老年人(第1号被保险人)和40~64岁的患病者(第2号被保险人)[9]㊂评估工具采用 要介护认定调查表 ,其中基本调查项目74项,中间项目评估群5个,分别为身体机能或起居动作㊁生活能力㊁认知能力㊁精神行为症状及社会生活适应性,特别医疗指标群则由12个医疗指标构成,用以反映申请人的特别医疗需求[10]㊂日本介护保险分两步判定申请人的失能失智等级,第1步是将 要介护认定调查表 信息输入 一次判定 计算机评估系统,由计算机判定护理等级;第2步由护理评估审查会委员根据特别事项记录㊁老年残障人士日常生活自理度(卧床度)㊁失智症病人日常生活自理度(失智度)㊁认知功能/状态稳定性评估结果㊁主治医师意见书等对 一次判定 评估结果进行更改,评估结果将参保人员分为8个级别,由低到高依次为自立㊁要支援1级或2级㊁要介护1~5级[11]㊂2日本介护保险失智症等级判定的评估逻辑2.1 介护劳力和时间 的判定原则日本介护保险评估等级的划分并不是单纯以申请人的身心障碍评估指标作为依据,而是根据 介护劳力和时间 的多少来判断要介护等级[12]㊂在介护保险实施前,日本1995年 1997年在全国选定几十家医疗机构㊁养老机构㊁上门护理服务机构㊁日间服务中心等,采用 每分钟护理强度研究法 开展实地调查㊂首先 每分钟护理强度研究法 将护理内容用代码表示,然后由专职调查员记录各种机构护理人员连续48h内为每位老年人提供的护理内容和时间[10]㊂在开发出目前的护理等级认定逻辑(即使用树状模型推算护理等级认定的标准时间,并以此作为判断标准)之前,日本采用的方法是评估申请人每项日常生活动作的情况,并将这些调查项目的得分相加起来㊂其前提是依据总分数的多少与 介护劳力和时间 之间存在比例关系㊂但是,这种方法并没有考虑到申请人各种身心状况之间的相关性㊂事实上,老年人的身心状况之间相互关联,不能凭借单一项目得分的多少来决定评估结果[12]㊂因此,日本介护保险开发了现行评估等级认定所使用的 树形图 ,其评估逻辑是尽可能显示申请人复杂的身心状况与调查项目之间的相关性,并将其状态如实反映在判定结果中㊂目前,日本所使用的是2007年绘制的进食㊁排泄㊁移动㊁保持个人卫生㊁间接生活援助㊁精神行为症状㊁功能训练相关行为㊁医疗相关行为构成的8种护理服务 树形图 [13]㊂2.2 要介护认定调查表 中的失智相关评估指标 要介护认定调查表 中有55个一级指标评估申请人日常生活障碍程度,划分为5个 中间项目指标群 ,分别为身体机能或起居动作㊁生活能力㊁认知能力㊁精神神经行为症状及社会生活适应性㊂ 中间项目指标群 是以 每分钟护理强度评估法 的3400个样本数据为基础,用统计学手法将各项目与身心状况之间的相关关系得分化[10]㊂其中,有关失智症的评估指标达28项(如表1所示),主要分布在认知能力(9项)㊁精神行为症状(15项)和对社会生活的适应性(4项)这3个 中间项目指标群 ㊂根据评估方法不同可将一级指标分为3类: 按能力评估的调查项目 按有无及频率评估的项目 按援助方法评估的项目 [12]㊂通过结合这3个分类进行调查,根据 每分钟护理强度研究法 数据的树形图计算申请人所需的介护劳力和时间㊂其中,精神行为症状的项目仅通过有无并不一定能判断是否耗费介护劳力和时间,因此为了在二次判定中对介护劳力和时间进行合理评估,要在特别说明事项中记录该行为的介护劳力㊁时间以及频率㊂此外,护理人员没有采取特别措施的也应将该内容记录在特别说明事项中[12]㊂㊃6571㊃C H I N E S EG E N E R A LP R A C T I C E N U R S I N G M a y2023V o l.21N o.13Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.表1 要介护认定调查表 中的失智症相关评估指标中间项目指标群评估指标评估方法认知能力表达意思㊁了解每天的日常作息㊁说出出生日期或年龄㊁短期记忆㊁徘徊㊁外出后无法返回等9项按能力评估( 能 或 不能 )精神行为症状被害妄想,如被偷窃物品等㊁凭空捏造假话㊁又哭又笑,情绪不稳定㊁昼夜颠倒㊁重复同样的内容㊁想独自外出等15项按有无及频率评估( 有时有 有 或 没有 )对社会生活的适应性财务管理㊁日常决策㊁不适应集体㊁购物4项按援助方法评估( 无需介助需部分介助 完全介助 )2.3运动能力尚未退化失智症病人的介护时间追加日本厚生劳动省根据以往全国审查数据分析后得出的结果,对于运动能力尚未退化的失智症病人采取追加时间(介护劳力和时间)的形式表示[12-13]㊂针对在2007年度的要介护等级认定示范项目(第1次)的34401个对象数据中, 失智症病人日常生活自理度 为Ⅲ级㊁Ⅳ级或M级,且 老年残障人士日常生活自理度 为自理㊁J或A,要介护认定等级的标准时间不超过70m i n 者的一次判定结果与护理认定审查会做出的判断结果进行比较,从统计学上对重度的判断结果进行计算㊂如果判定为较重度介护等级的可能性较高,则追加计算时间,使要介护等级认定上升1级或2级[12-13]㊂失智症病人日常生活自理度等级划分如表2所示㊂表2失智症病人日常生活自理度等级判断标准观察到的症状和行为实例Ⅰ患有失智症,但日常在家庭和社会中的生活大多可以独立Ⅱ有一些影响日常生活的症状㊁行为或者难以沟通,但只要有人看护时就可以自理Ⅱa在家以外的地方观察到上述Ⅱ级中的情况经常迷路或在购物㊁办事㊁财务管理等曾经能够做到的事情上出现明显错误Ⅱb在家以外的地方观察到上述Ⅱ级中的情况无法进行服药管理㊁无法独立留守家中接听电话㊁接待访客等Ⅲ出现影响日常生活的症状㊁行为,或者难以沟通,需要介护Ⅲa主要在白天观察到上述Ⅲ级中的情况换衣服㊁进餐㊁排便等做不好,需要很长时间才能完成;胡乱把东西塞进嘴里㊁收集东西㊁徘徊㊁大小便失禁㊁大喊大叫㊁发出奇怪的声音㊁用火不当㊁不讲卫生㊁性方面的异常行为等Ⅲb主要在晚上观察到上述Ⅲ级中的情况与等级Ⅲa相同Ⅳ频繁出现影响日常生活的症状㊁行为,或者难以沟通,需要经常介护与等级Ⅲ相同M被认定有严重的精神症状或问题行为,或严重的身体疾病,需要专门的医疗护理意识失常㊁妄想㊁兴奋㊁自残或伤害他人等精神症状,或由精神症状引起的周边症状持续的状态等3我国试点城市长护险评估标准现状2016至今,我国共有49个长护险试点城市,全国除西藏自治区㊁青海省㊁海南省㊁宁夏回族自治区4个地区外,其余省份均已开展试点工作㊂国家医保局会同财政部印发的‘关于扩大长期护理保险制度试点的指导意见“(简称‘扩大试点意见“)提出试点阶段以重度失能人员为长护险重点保障对象[14]㊂在国家没有出台全国统一的评估工具前,首批试点城市中大部分使用 日常生活活动能力评定量表 (B a r t h e l指数)作为评估工具㊂2021年8月,国家医保局会同民政部印发‘评估标准(试行)“,内容包括日常生活活动能力㊁认知能力和感知觉与沟通能力3个一级指标和17个二级指标,在失能等级划分方面通过组合法分为0~5级共6个等级[15]㊂其中,0级为基本正常,1级为轻度失能,2级为中度失能,3~5级分别为重度失能Ⅰ级㊁Ⅱ级㊁Ⅲ级㊂4‘长期护理失能等级评估标准(试行)“存在的问题4.1评估指标和等级划分方法不够客观,易发生 道德损害 现象‘评估标准(试行)“中的评估指标多数是主观问答题,评估结果的准确性和客观性受到评估对象对评估指标理解差异和利益诉求的影响㊂研究表明,B a r t h e l指数中的评估条目主观性较强,评估对象为获取更高的失能等级而隐瞒身体状况的情形不在少数[16-17]㊂此外,‘评估标准(试行)“虽然是复合型多维㊃7571㊃全科护理2023年5月第21卷第13期Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.度评估工具,但是各个维度评分标准不统一,无法验证评估工具的信效度;同时,‘评估标准(试行)“采用组合法划分失能等级,不能建立与验证数据模型㊂保障失能失智人员及其家庭维持正常生活是国家长护险的实施目标,因此要确保参保人在遇到失能风险时能够从该社会政策中获得基本的生活保障权利㊂作为长护险受益人的纳入标准,评估工具需随着国家保障水平的变化和实际应用中的问题不断更新调整㊂由于‘评估标准(试行)“采用主观组合的方法进行等级划分,当试点城市的保障对象比例变化时,组合工具难以实现这样的现实需求[18]㊂4.2 B a r t h e l指数不适用于运动能力尚未退化的失智症病人‘评估标准(试行)“中的日常生活活动能力评估仍然沿用B a r t h e l指数㊂B a r t h e l指数最早用于康复治疗机构的病人,它对于长期照护需求人群,如运动能力尚未退化的失智症病人等的适用性缺乏理论支撑[3]㊂蒋曼等[19]对国内某一试点城市的1955例长护险评估对象开展调查,比较并分析评估对象的精神智能等级与长护险评估等级间的差异㊂结果发现,认知障碍被评为中度㊁重度的评估对象在实际长期护理评估等级被评为正常㊁轻度失能的人数占全部评估对象的比例为18.8%㊂丁琳等[20]将R a s c h模型引入B a r t h e l指数评估,以检验B a r t h e l指数在失智症病人自理能力评估中的适用性㊂结果显示,B a r t h e l指数整体难度与失智症病人实际能力不匹配,有必要降低条目难度,调整条目间距㊂W u等[5]对4810例广州市长护险申请人员的失智状况和评估结论进行分析,结果显示,B a r t h e l指数存在狭窄阈值宽度㊁测量差距㊁冗余项目和项目偏差等问题,不适用于长护险中的失智症病人评估,并建议构建全面的失能评估体系㊂4.3认知功能评估不够全面,精神行为症状评估缺位‘评估标准(试行)“中认知领域条目较少,仅有4个评估条目,缺乏失智症病人的精神行为症状评估㊂上海市老年照护统一需求评估标准(试行)2.0版中认知功能和精神状态的评估条目有22项,所占比重在自理能力维度中达25%[18]㊂日本 要介护认定调查表 中有关失智症的评估指标达28项,其中精神行为症状评估条目有15项[13]㊂精神行为症状是指失智症病人的行为以及心理状态,如 徘徊 反复言语/重复动作 不适应集体 等[21]㊂研究表明,认知功能下降和精神行为症状是失智症病人生活自理能力丧失的主要原因[22-23]㊂70%~90%的失智症病人会出现至少一种精神行为症状[24]㊂因此,我国的长护险评估工具要在参考借鉴国外成熟评估工具的基础上增设精神行为症状条目,并根据我国国情给予适当调整,开展失智症人群预评估㊂5日本介护保险失智症评估对我国的启示5.1以护理时间作为失能人员身心状况与失能等级之间的中介变量目前,我国存在 失能程度论 的误区,即认为老年人身体状况越差,则照护等级就应该越高[25]㊂日本介护保险的实践表明,在衡量护理服务需求程度时,不应仅依据疾病的严重程度和自理能力,而应该依据介护劳力和时间[13]㊂因护理所需时间与疾病程度㊁自理能力并不完全成正比㊂如鼻饲喂养的老年人,其吃饭时间并不会比自己用勺子吃饭但患有脑卒中后遗症的老年人要长,其所需的照护等级也并不一定更高㊂日本在老年人身心状况评估与要介护等级判定之间选用标准护理时间作为中介变量[10-11]㊂考虑到运动能力尚未退化的失智症病人,日本在2003年修订认定逻辑时引入 打钩制度 ㊂ 打钩制度 的对象为运动能力尚未退化的失智症病人,经护理认定审查会审查过往数据,依据要介护等级认定的标准时间所表示的需要护理状态类型,识别类型较高的失智症群体特征,并在具有这些特征的护理认定审查会资料上 打钩 标记,根据打钩数量将失智症病人的要介护等级上升1级或2级[12]㊂要介护等级认定的审查判定是以标准护理时间为基准,判断介护劳力和时间是否比一般情况长或短㊂然而, 打钩制度 使得 一次判定 的标准时间失去效用㊂因此,从2009年开始日本将 打钩制度 改为以失智症介护时间追加计算的形式,从而统一要介护等级认定原则㊂随着我国长护险制度的推进,可尝试将护理时间作为失能人员身心状况与失能等级之间的中介变量,以护理所需时间作为失能等级划分的依据,而不是简单地将身体状态的测评分数加权后直接对应失能等级,有利于客观㊁准确㊁公平地分配长期护理服务资源㊂5.2构建适合失智症病人的日常生活活动能力评估量表在长期照护领域,B a r t h e l指数是国内外第一代失能评估量表[8]㊂实践表明,B a r t h e l指数的部分条目测量过于粗糙,对失智人员区分度低,个别条目如 平地行走 床椅转移 等需要进一步细分与优化,才能更好表达失智老年人自理能力水平,并与护理服务更好衔接[20]㊂日本 要介护认定调查表 中对日常生活活动能力的评估主要为身体功能和起居动作群㊁生活能力群㊂身体功能和起居动作群中包括四肢关节瘫痪㊁挛缩等项目,由调查员让调查对象作出实际行为动作或询问其情况进行评估;生活能力群则包括移动㊁排泄㊁进食等16项调查项目,由调查员询问护理人员是㊃8571㊃C H I N E S EG E N E R A LP R A C T I C E N U R S I N G M a y2023V o l.21N o.13Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.否有实施援助进行评估[13]㊂我国应借鉴日本的 要介护认定调查表 ,细化日常生活功能的评估指标,将评估指标与护理服务相衔接,构建适合失智症病人的日常生活活动能力评估量表㊂5.3将轻中度失智症病人纳入长护险的保障范围失智症的病程长达8~10年,发病早期常被病人本人及家属忽略㊂随着疾病进展,失智症病人的自理能力逐渐下降,需要护理人员的帮助,晚期失智症病人则完全依赖他人照顾㊂目前我国尚未出台针对失智症长期照护的专项规划[26-27]㊂日本介护保险的第2号被保险人中包括了初期失智症(阿尔茨海默病㊁血管性失智症等)㊂我国首批15个试点城市中有6个将失智人员纳入保障范围,而第二批试点中则没有城市对失智人员保障进行探索[28]㊂日本 要介护认定调查表 74项评估指标中有28项用于评估失智症病人㊂与日本介护保险相比,我国长护险‘评估标准(试行)“对认知功能的评估指标只有4个,对精神行为症状的评估更是缺位㊂失智症作为神经系统退行性疾病,若得不到及时的诊断和干预,病情会快速恶化,从而增加病人家庭和社会的经济负担㊂在长护险制度发展初期,试点城市优先将重度失能人员作为保障对象有其必要性和紧迫性,但轻中度失智病人若长期不能得到有效的预防干预,失能程度将不断加重,进而增加长期护理的服务压力㊂因此,我国试点城市应逐步扩大失智人群的保障范围,评估标准要增设一定比例的认知功能和精神行为症状筛查条目,一方面可以对早期失智症病人提供干预措施,另一方面也有利于保障长护险基金使用的公平与效率㊂参考文献:[1]国家统计局.2021年末总人口(万人)[E B/O L].[2022-12-01].h t t p s://d a t a.s t a t s.g o v.c n/e a s y q u e r y.h t m?c n=C01&z b=A0301&s j=2021.[2]J I ALF,D U Y F,C HU L,e ta l.P r e v a l e n c e,r i s kf a c t o r s,a n dm a n a g e m e n t o f d e m e n t i a a n dm i l dc o g n i t i v e i m p a i r m e n t i na d u l t sa g e d60y e a r so ro l d e r i nC h i n a:ac r o s s-s e c t i o n a l s t u d y[J].T h eL a n c e t P u b l i cH e a l t h,2020,5(12):e661-e671.[3]陈诚诚,曹桂.长期护理保险待遇人筛选工具实践经验的述思[J].中国医疗保险,2021(8):35-39.[4]国家医保局办公室民政部办公厅.国家医保局办公室民政部办公厅关于印发‘长期护理失能等级评估标准(试行)“的通知[E B/O L].[2022-11-09].h t t p://w w w.g o v.c n/z h e n g c e/z h e n g c e k u/ 2021-08/06/c o n t e n t_5629937.h t m.[5] WUJL,C H E NS M,W E N H L,e t a l.H e a l t hs t a t u s,c a r en e e d s,a n da s s e s s m e n tf o rb e n e f ic i a r i e s w i t ho r w i t h o u tde m e n t i ai nap u b l i c l o n g-t e r m c a r ei n s u r a n c e p i l o ti n G u a n g z h o u,C h i n a[J].B MC H e a l t hS e r v i c e sR e s e a r c h,2020,20(1):1127.[6]张莹.日本介护保险制度中老年长期护理分级标准研究[J].中国全科医学,2011,14(22):2544-2545.[7]肖文文,雷洋,谢红.养老护理服务中分级标准的研究现状[J].中国护理管理,2017,17(9):1208-1212.[8]赵元萍,黄春芳,刘守国,等.长期照护保险失能评估工具的研究进展[J].中国护理管理,2019,19(1):113-119.[9]葛梦溪.中日韩三国长期护理保险中失能等级认定的比较研究[D].上海:上海师范大学,2021.[10]焦培欣.日本护理等级评估标准制定方法与配套条件研究[J].社会保障评论,2020,4(4):72-89.[11]高春兰,果硕.老年长期护理保险给付对象的等级评定体系研究 以日本和韩国经验为例[J].社会建设,2016,3(4):25-33.[12]马琳.要介护认定指导手册[M].汕头:汕头大学出版社,2019:1.[13]日本厚生劳动省.要介護認定介護認定審査会委員テキスト(2009年改訂版)[E B/O L].[2022-10-11].h t t p s://w w w.m h l w.g o.j p/f i l e/06-S e i s a k u j o u h o u-12300000-R o u k e n k y o k u/0000116033.p d f.[14]国家医保局,财政部.国家医保局财政部关于扩大长期护理保险制度试点的指导意见[E B/O L].[2022-09-08].h t t p://w w w.g o v.c n/z h e n g c e/z h e n g c e k u/2020-11/05/c o n t e n t_5557630.h t m.[15]冯文猛.失能等级评估标准公布老年人长期照护加速解题[J].中国卫生,2021,11:68-69.[16]陈奕男.长期护理保险道德风险形成机制研究 以上海市为例[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(社会科学版),2021,40(4):64-71.[17]蒋曼,戴瑞明,宋阳,等.基于日常生活活动能力量表的长期护理保险评估结果比较[J].中国初级卫生保健,2019,33(7):26-27.[18]曹宜璠,薛佳,万铃珊,等.上海市老年照护统一需求评估标准的框架㊁特点与启示[J].中国卫生资源,2022,25(1):63-67. [19]蒋曼,戴瑞明,宋阳,等.精神状态在长期护理保险评估中的考量[J].中国初级卫生保健,2019,33(7):31-32.[20]丁琳,陈素虹,吴家岚,等.B a r t h e l指数在长期护理机构老年痴呆患者中的适用性分析[J].中华护理杂志,2019,54(7):1012-1016.[21] K A L E SHC,L Y K E T S O SCG,M I L L E REM,e t a l.M a n a g e m e n t o fb e h a v i o r a l a n d p s yc h o l o g i c a l s y m p t o m s i n p e o p l ew i t h A l z h e i m e r'sd i se a s e:a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l D e l p h i c o n s e n s u s[J].I n t e r n a t i o n a lP s y c h o g e r i a t r i c s,2019,31(1):83-90.[22] D'A N T O N I OF,T R E MO L I Z Z O L,Z U F F I M,e t a l.C l i n i c a lp e r c e p t i o n a n d t r e a t m e n t o p t i o n s f o r b e h a v i o r a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l s y m p t o m s o f d e m e n t i a(B P S D)i n I t a l y[J].F r o n t i e r s i nP s y c h i a t r y,2022,13:843088.[23] C L E MM E N S E NFK,H O F F MA N N K,S I E R S MA V,e t a l.T h er o l e o f p h y s i c a l a n d c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o n i n p e r f o r m a n c e o f a c t i v i t i e so fd a i l y l i v i n g i n p a t i e n t s w i t h m i l d-t o-m o d e r a t e A l z h e i m e r'sd i se a s e-a c r o s s-s e c t i o n a l s t u d y[J].B M CG e r i a t r i c s,2020,20(1):513.[24]S T E I N B E R G M,S H E P P A R DJ M,T S C H A N ZJT,e ta l.T h ei n c i d e n c e o fm e n t a l a n db e h a v i o r a l d i s t u r b a n c e s i nd e m e n t i a:t h ec a c h eC o u n t y s t ud y[J].T h eJ o u r n a lo f Ne u r o p s y c h i a t r y a n dC l i n i c a lN e u r o s c i e n c e s,2003,15(3):340-345.[25]艾斌.老年人照护等级评估系统的标准照护时间与决策树模型及其政策应用研究[J].中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2019,46(1):58-69.[26]林郁婷,纪颖,刘胜兰,等.我国阿尔茨海默病照护体系研究[J].医学与社会,2022,35(9):54-58.[27]杜鹏,董亭月.老龄化背景下失智老年人的长期照护现状与政策应对[J].河北学刊,2018,38(3):165-170.[28]郑先平,童潇,吴超男,等.长期护理保险两批试点城市政策辨析与思考[J].医学与社会,2022,35(9):110-115.(收稿日期:2023-01-12;修回日期:2023-04-28)(本文编辑李进鹏)㊃9571㊃全科护理2023年5月第21卷第13期Copyright©博看网. All Rights Reserved.。
大学英语2级试卷
大学英语2级试卷班级_____姓名_____学号准考证号成绩________考试时间120 分钟试卷共_15_页Part One Listening Comprehension (20%)Section ADirections: In this section, you’ll hear five short conversations. After each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both conversations and questions will be read only once. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question, then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. A) Better. B) Interesting. C) Exciting D) Disappointing.2. A) At the police station. B) At a grocery.C) At a restaurant. D) At a travel agency.3. A) 110 dollars. B) 67 dollars. C) 70 dollars. D) 77 dollars.4. A) English. B) French. C) American. D) Japanese.5. A) The party will have to be postponed.B) The woman should bring her cousin to the party.C) He is sorry that she can’t come to his party.D) The man’s cousin is coming to the party, too.Section BDirection s: In this section, you’ll hear two long conversations. The conversation will be read twice. At the end of each conversation, you’ll hear five questions. Both conversations and questions will be read only once. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question, then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.6. A) Both a final examination and a term paper.B) Only a final examination.C) Only a term paper.D) Either a final examination or a term paper.7. A) A report. B) A book review.C) A research study. D) A five-page composition.8. A) no requirement B) 10 pagesC) 12 pages D)no less than 10 pages9. A) An essay examination. B) An objective examination.C) An open-book examination. D) A take-home examination.10. A) English. B) Psychology.C) Political science. D) Chemistry.Questions 11 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard11. A) Susan's boss is very happy with their work.B) Her boss is very concerned about the lack of business progress.C) Her boss thinks that Susan and Mary should close down the stand.D) Her boss is very happy with the progress of the conference.12. A) Their names and addresses.B) Their rate of commission.C) The size of their company and numbers of staff.D) Details of the agents' experience and their reliability.13. A) They want to meet in a hotel.B) They want to meet Susan and Mary's boss.C) They want to sign a business contract.D) They want to go to the cinema with Susan and Mary.14. A) see a film B) meet her agentC) prepare the report D) prepare the exhibition15. A) A report on the movie.B) To prepare a contract for the agents to sign.C) To send more brochures to the agents.D) A full report on the agents.Section CDirections: There are five sentences with ten blanks in this section. You’ll hear the sentences read twice. Listen carefully and fill in the blanks with what you have heard.16. As college students, we are expected to learn ___________ and ____________.17. Only a small amount of last-minute __________ might turn out to be of help when ____ for examinations.18. Guess what! I’ve just won a __________ worth $2,000! I’ll _________it in the bank for my further education.19. In the last 20 years, many kinds of _______ industries have been set up ______ by peasants.20. To get the greatest ________ from a trip to another country, it is vital for you to have an ______ of the language.Part Three Cloze (10%)Directions: There are twenty blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices. Choose the one that best fits into the passage and then mark your answer on the answer sheet.The United States is full of automobiles. There are __51__ many families without cars. But some families have two or __52__ more. However, cars are used for more than pleasure. They are a __53__ part of life.Cars are __54__ for business. They are driven to offices and factories by workers who have no __55__ way to get to their jobs. When salesmen are sent to different parts of the city, they have to drive in order to __56__ their products. Farmers have to drive into the city in order to get __57__. Sometimes small children must be driven to __58__. In some cities school buses are used __59__ when children live more than a mile from the school. When the children are __60__ young to walk that far, their mothers take __61__ driving them to school. One __62__ drives on Mondays, taking her own children and the neighbors’ children __63__ well. Another mother drives on Tuesdays, __64__ on Wednesdays, and so on. This is called forming a car pool. Men also form car pools, __65__ three of four men taking turns driving to the place __66__ they all work.More car pools should be formed in order to put __67__ automobiles on the road and to use less __68__. Parking is a great problem, and __69__ is the traffic in and around cities. Too many cars are being driven. Something will have to be done __70__ the use of cars.51. A) not B) so C) still D) such52. A) even B) no C) little D) many53. A) great B) necessary C) proper D) possible54. A) bought B) used C) produced D) sold55. A) other B) private C) short D) easy56. A) get B) buy C) carry D) hold57. A) food B) home C) markets D) supplies58. A) cities B) school C) outside D) gardens59. A) even B) alone C) only D) often60. A) not B) hardly C) too D) very61. A) risks B) time C) pride D) turns62. A) mother B) child C) way D) car63. A) pretty B) much C) as D) just64. A) others B) another C) some D) one65. A) unless B) until C) after D) with66. A) where B) that C) while D) when67. A) more B) fewer C) many D) less68. A) time B) space C) energy D) gasoline69. A) it B) this C) so D) which70. A) on B) for C) from D) aboutPart Five Word Building (10%)Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.91. Her joy at his return ___________ her face. (bright)92. Mahatma Gandhi is a _________ Indian nationalist leader whose principle of nonviolent resistance led to the country’s independence in 1947. (fame)93. A sure way to _________ your muscle is to practise weight lifting. (strength)94. Thomas Jefferson is best remembered as the writer of the _____________ of Independence. (declare)95. A _________ discussion sprang up between an American major and a young girl. (heat)96. Judging by his family and _________ background, Jefferson was a member of the group with top social status. (education)97. Nowadays people are more easily tricked into buying unnecessary things by those cleverly made _________________. (advertise)98. It’s no use thinking too much about one’s ________ youth. (lose).99. Einstein, being a pure theorist, had no interest in the practical _________ of his ideas and theories at all. (apply)100. The film, though _________, is not likely to engage the attention of a thinking audience. (amuse) Part Six Translation (15%)Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.101. 亨利创作的艺术品在许多方面都比他兄弟的要好。
赴XX理工大学求学读研专业申请介绍
赴XX理工大学求学读研专业申请介绍香港理工大学,简称“理大”(The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,缩写“PolyU”),是一所既充满活力又拥有骄人 * 大学。
理大毕业生的实用价值,更被雇主视为同侪之冠。
大学在追求卓越学术水平的同时,不断推陈出新,提供富实用性专业课程、培训、应用研究及专业顾问等服务,支持工商企业长远发展。
理大位于红磡海底隧道毗邻,占地约九万三千五百平方米。
提供课程均能切合工商界及社会人士的需求。
大学培育拥有专业知识和独立思考,具备良好沟通技巧及广阔视野的首选毕业生。
让学生可在选择学科和学习进度方面更具灵活性。
Master of Science in Aountancy 会计学 (有一年或以上工作经验者优先,学制1.5年,学费114,000港币)Master of Science in Applied Mathematics for Science and Technology (Actuarial and Investment Science/Decision Science ) 科技应用数学(精算及投资科学/决策科学,学制两年,学费100,050港币)Master of Science in Automotive Engineering Design 汽车工程设计 (学制一年,学费110,055港币) Master of Science in Biomedical Engineering 生物医学工程 (学制一年,学费110,055港币)Master of Science in Building Services Engineering 屋宇设备工程 (有相关工作经验者优先,学制一年,学费81,000港币)Master of Arts in Chinese Culture 中国文化 (学制1年,需要电话面试,学费100,050港币)Master of Arts in Chinese Language and Literature 中国语文 (学制1.5年,需要面试或笔试,学费100,050港币) Master of Arts in Chinese Linguistics 中国语言学 (学制1.5年,学费100,050港币) Master of Science in Civil Engineering 土木工程 (学制1年,学费81,000港币)Master of Science in Construction Law and Dispute Resolution 建筑法与争议解决学 (有两年或以上工作经验者优先,学制1年,学费81,000港币)Master of Science in Construction and Real Estate 建筑及房地产学 (有相关工作经验者优先,学制一年,学费81,000港币) Master of Corporate Governance 公司管治学 (需要面试,学制2年,学费114,000港币) Master of Arts in Design 设计学 (需要面试,学制一年,学费115,500港币) Master of Science inE-Commerce 电子商务 (学制1.5年,学费88500港币) Master of Educational and Child Psychology 教育及儿童心理学(心理学背景,学制2年,学费100,000港币)Master of Science in Electrical Engineering 电机工程 (学制一年,学费115,500港币)Master of Science in Electronic and Information Engineering 电子与信息工程 (学制一年,学费115,500港币)Master of Science in Engineering Business Management 工程商业管理 (需要相关工作经验,学制一年,学费100,000港币) Master of Arts in English Language Arts 英语语言艺术 (专业不限,相关专业优先,托福96分或雅思7分,或专八,可能需要面试或笔试,学制一年,学费115,500港币)Master of Arts in English Language Studies 英语语言 (专业不限,相关专业优先,托福96分或雅思7分,或专八,学制一年,学费115,500港币)Master of Arts in English Language Teaching 英语教学 (托福96分或雅思7分,或专八,可能需要面试或笔试,学制一年,学费115,500港币)Master of Arts in English for the Professions 专业英语(英语托福96分或雅思7分,或专八,至少2年相关工作经验,可能需要面试或笔试,学制一年,学费115,500港币)Master of Science in Environmental Management and Engineering 环境管理及工程学 (学制一年,学费81,000港币) Master of Science in Facility Management 设施管理 (有两年或以上工作经验者优先,学制一年,学费81,000港币) Master of Arts in Fashion and Textile Design 服装及纺织品设计 (可能需要面试或笔试,学制一年,学费100,050港币) Master of Arts in Fashion and Textiles 服装及纺织学 (可能需要面试或笔试,学制一年,学费100,050港币)Master of Science in Fire and Safety Engineering 消防及安全工程 (有相关工作经验者优先,学制一年,学费81,000港币) Master of Science in Geometrics (Geographic Information Systems) 测绘及地理资讯学-地理资讯(理工科背景,学制一年,学费81,000港币)Master of Science in Geometrics (Surveying) 测绘及地理资讯学-测量(理工科背景,学制一年,学费81,000港币) Master of Arts in Guidance and Counseling 咨商与辅导 (学制1.5年,学费100,050港币)Master of Science in Health Care (Infection Control) 医疗护理学-感染控制(相关背景及工作经验,学制1.5年,学费100,050港币) Master of Science in Health Informatics 健康信息科技 (学制一年,学费100,050港币)Master of Science in Industrial Logistics Systems 工业物流系统 (理工、商科、管理类背景,可能需要面试或笔试,学制1年,学费100,050港币)Master of Science in Information Systems 资讯系统 (学制1.5年,学费100,050港币) Master of Science in Information Technology 资讯科技 (学制1.5年,学费100,050港币) Master of Science in Integrated Engineering 综合工程学 (学制1年,学费100,050港币)Master of Science in International Shipping and Transport Logistics 国际航运及物流管理 (相关专业,英语托福79,写作20,学制2年,学费115,500港币)Master of Arts in Japanese Studies for the Professions 专业日语文学(日语2级,至少一年相关经验,需要参加英语测试,学制1.5年,学费100,050港币)Master of Science in Knowledge Management 知识管理 (有相关工作经验者优先,学制1年,学费100,050港币) Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering 机械工程学 (可能需要面试或笔试,学制一年,学费100,050港币)Master of Science in Medical Imaging and Radiation Science 医学影像及放射科学 (相关专业,有相关工作经验者优先,学制一年,学费100,050港币)Master of Science in Medical Laboratory Science 医疗化验科学 (有相关工作经验者优先,学制一年,学费100,050港币) Master of Science in Multimedia and Entertainment Technology 多媒体科艺 (学制一年,学费120,060港币) Master of Science in Project Management 项目管理 (学制一年,有两年工作经验者优先,学费81,000港币)Master of Arts in Social Policy and Social Development 社会政策及社会发展 (有相关工作经验者优先,学制一年,学费100,050港币) Master of Arts in Social Work (Family-centered Practiceand Family Therapy) 家庭本位服务及家庭治疗 (需要相关工作经验,学制1.5年,学费100,050港币)Master of Science in Software Technology 软件科技 (学制1.5年,学费100,050港币)Master of Science in Sustainable Urban Development 可持续城市发展学 (学制一年,学费81,000港币)Master of Arts in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language 对外汉语教学 (有两年对外汉语教学经验者优先,学制1.5年,学费100,050港币)Master of Science in Technology Management 科技管理 (学制一年,可能需要面试或笔试,学费100,050港币)Master of Arts in Translating and Interpreting 翻译与传译 (托福96分或雅思7分,或C专八,学制1.5年,学费100,050港币)内容仅供参考。
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首先就是单词量的问题,其次是听力的问题,接着是语法。
日常会话中用的都是大多都是2级中的语法。
《日本语能力测试2级语法解析》中有很全的2级语法。
掌握一些必要的句型,再加上每天背的单词套在里面,再多练习听力(不然不是听不懂来着),当然还有掌握你的生活需要用到哪些方面的日语。
再买些类似办公室日语的书,就能解决。
如果要练听力的话,
我觉得如果是为了练习日语听力的话,还是听片子比较好,因为是片子有连贯性,而且有字幕,也知道正确的意思。
可以先不看字幕看一遍,然后再看字幕,了解自己真正理解了多少。
然后在听一遍理解里面用的单词。
把下下来的片子(通常是rm格式)转换成mp3格式,平时有空就听。
可以去猪猪乐园下片子
/forumdisplay.php?fid=306
如果在上海的话,古北那里有家音像店,很多最新的原版片子,片子里面都有日文字幕,觉得很不错。
很多日本人也都会去光顾。
JapanHR-日语汉语-对译朗读-语音杂志
/bbs/forumdisplay.php?fid=64&page=
在线放送
NHK每日日语新闻http://www.nhk.or.jp/rj/ram/jp/japanese.ram ;
读卖新闻在线新闻在线收看http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/stream/ ;
TBST每日新闻在线收看http://news.tbs.co.jp ;
jetro新闻在线http://www.jetro.go.jp/cstv/ ;
青森新闻放送在线收看http://www.rab.co.jp ;
大阪在线新闻收听http://mbs.co.jp/rnews ;
impress电视新闻/ ;
株式会社E-NEWS http://www.e-news.co.jp/ ;
NNN24日本新闻网络/ ;
还有学日文歌,也是不错的学习方法。
goo 音乐免费下载
http://music.goo.ne.jp/artist/ARTLISD1107763/listen.html
日本音乐交流中心
/links/index.htm
歌词搜索
/
第九频道音乐网
/music/singlezhuanji.asp?id=790
黑胶音乐网
/
藏漫阁
/
読売テレビ
http://www.ytv.co.jp/yeah/index_set.html
如果要报考2级的话,建议看一下参考书。
《日本语能力测试2级语法解析》
兴界图书出版公司(此书详细介绍2级考试中会考到的语法,有部分习题)
《日语能力测验考前题库语法2级》《文字词汇2级》
外语教学与研究出版社,全都是针对2级语法和文字词汇的练习题,非常有针对性。
《文字词汇2级》上会整理出2级考试中会出现到的形容词、副词、复合词等等,千万不要嫌麻烦,一定要一个一个搞懂,虽然是多了点,没办法的。
可以整理成小册子。
这3本书非常重要。
以后如果要考1级的时候也是。
阅读的话,可以看看
《日本语2级能力考试对策与模拟试题读解语法部分》
华东理工大学出版社
2级的做完以后,1级的也可以看看,阅读这东西很难分1级、2级的。
所以都看看不会有错的。
听力,
《日语听解测试指导与实践》
大连理工大学出版社
配磁带的,不过我个人的建议,有空可以多看看日剧,先听自己理解,在看字幕,看看自己理解的怎么样。