水电外文翻译

外文资料翻译学院:能源与环境学院年级、专业: 2009级热能与动力工程学生姓名:谢海林学号: *************** ****:***完成时间: 2013年5月23日中小水电站运行管理论析杨洋赵翰会（万家寨水利枢纽有限公司电站管理局）摘要：随着科学技术的发展及先进设备和技术的广泛应用，中小水电开发建设正处于发展建设的高峰期，而中小型水电站运行管理的水平是影响电站效益的一个重要因素。

因此本文从中小水电站运行管理的两个基本模式出发，归纳了目前国内中小水电站在运行管理中出现的问题，并结合目前社会发展和国家政策的需要，对中小水电站的运行管理中出现的问题提出了合理的建议和对策。

关键词：中小水电站，运行管理，模式中小水电站的运行管理不仅需要水电站的运行人员能从事运行及日常维护等工作，同时职工的技能素养等也十分重要。

因此探讨中小型水电站的运行管理对于中小型水电站的发展极为重要。

1中小水电站运行管理的两个基本模式国家相关政策的出台对水电建设和运行管理提出了更高的要求，因此针对当前水电站的管理模式即：自运行模式和委托管理模式，采取哪种模式提高电站的效益是企业目前所关注的热点问题。

1．1 自运行模式自运行模式是指电站的运行与日常维护全部由本公司的员工负责进行。

它的特点是小面全、用工多、管理工作便于控制且繁杂等的管理体制。

它是一种相对比较传统的电站运行管理模式，在大部分的老电站中基本采用自运行模式。

在采用自运行模式时所具备的条件（原因）有：根据当地建设的需要，老电站长期以来采取的国家投资体制问题所决定，国家必须安排人员进行自运行管理。

而近年来随着改革的深入发展，新老电站的出现，使得电力企业集团对老电站进行综合自动化改造，把富余人员转移到新建电站因此新电站中也采用自运行方式。

其次，为了更好地把握电站的运行清况和发电效益，电力企业往往也会采取自运行模式最后，在近期项目的开发运行过程中，电力企业积累了丰富的开发运行管理经验，因此自身有能力更好地进行运行管理。

1．2委托管理模式委托管理模式是指电站的运行与日常维护通过委托的形式给专业化的公司承担。

委托管理是近几年在国内刚刚出现的新事物。

采取委托管理模式的电力企业大多把重心放在自身核心业务发展方面，而除核心以外的其他事务转发给专业公司。

目的旨在于公司一方面尽可能的不受其他杂物的牵制从而集中精力做好自己最有把握的事，另一方面把某些事务发包给专业公司做，能够更好的提高此事物的前瞻性、系统性、可靠性、专业性等。

从而提高专业技术的把握。

在采取委托管理模式时具备的条件有：电力企业的定位不是在日常运行和维护工作及专业性很强的工作上，而是重点集中于电站开发和运行管理层次上。

同时随着电力体制改革的深入发展，伴随而生的一些专业性很强的运行管理和维护检修企业开始出现，企业为简化公司业务的日常管理及转移运行管理过程中的风险等采取的业务外包，这些都为电力企业选择委托管理提供了条件。

2 中小水电站运行管理的问题随着中小型水电站的迅猛发展，中小水电站运行管理中的问题也日益凸显出来，并且成为影响和阻碍发电企业运行管理的重要因素。

这些因索主要表现在以下几个方面：2．1未严格执行相关制度在中小水电站的建设中大部分的企业只求节省、不要资质；只求尽快的投产发电，对于国家标准所规定的重要取证、投产验收以及关键项目的实验等程序，根本没有按照正规的程序执行。

其次，在生产的过程当中由于公司员工技术管理水平等原因，导致在生产中不按照指定的生产章程办事，忽略了规章制度的重要性，尤其是安全生产规章制度的忽视，导致中小水电站运行管理问题严重。

2．2人才流失严重中小水电站和大型水电站相比，在工作环境，地理位置等多方面来说都存在有很大的差距，因此在人才的选择和使用力面存在有很大的距离，大部分新投产的中小水电厂在运行管理过程中具有专业技术的人员数目不多且维护人员的素质普遍偏低，绝大部分人在工作之中没有相关的技能，也没有进行过生产人员教育与制度培训，也不具备本行业的相关技术证书和教育背景。

且发电企业的调度人员中没有参加过调度机构培训的人员就己经占到了50 ％以上，大部分的培训调度记录十分棍乱，造假嫌疑很大。

2．3中小水电站设施缺乏，处理能力低绝大部分的中小水电站硬件设施缺乏，没有水情检测系统，测量调度系统，水库监视等设备，这些严重的影响了中小水电站的运行管理，尤其是近几年以来，中国的洪涝，干旱等灾害的频繁发生对中小水电站的设施也提出了更高的要求，因此在中小水电站的运行过程中设施的缺乏对于水电站的运行管理带来了巨大的麻烦。

同时，在中小水电站中运行规程等没有得到及时的更新，配置不完备等原因，使得事故应急处理的能力低。

3 中小水电站运行管理的对策3．1完善中小水电站技术管理提高员工业务技能发电企业属于技术密集型企业，中小水电站虽小，但在各个环节上对员工技术水平要求相当高。

而技术管理是一门知识，是技能要求非常高的专业，他对水电站的运行起着重要的作用，同时也对一切技术活动在中小水电站生产中进行科学的管理和严密的组织。

目前随着各种先进科学技术及设备在中小水电站中的应用，电力企业对技术管理的依赖也越来越强。

因此在电力企业用人方面我们应该紧跟时代的步伐，可以选聘一批具有相关专业和职业技能的学生充实员工队伍，提高水电站人员的科学素质和专业技能。

同时也可以对己有的水电站的员工进行在岗培训，根据员工的学历，工龄，对该技术的掌握程度等不同而采取有针对性的培训或是一对一的培训，并且邀请一批国内知名的专家和技术人员开展经验交流与学习探讨活动，或是派送一批优秀的员工去别的单位学习和培训，学习别的单位的优秀经验和技术，使之培养出一批具有综合技术和管理的优秀人才。

从而提高中小水电站员工的业务技能和管理水平，使员工在理论学习中获得知识，在工作实践中提高技能。

3．2加强巡视维护检修保证设施设备利用率电站设备能够不间断地安全可靠运行对于实现发电量的最大化，具有重要的意义。

但是绝大部分的中小水电站都位于地方电网区域内，因此负荷变化幅度很人，导致机组调整负荷和启停比较频繁。

因此只有提高设备的利用率才能解决这个问题。

中小型电站主要从以下五个方面来提高设各的利用率：①通过缺陷检查记录、设备维护检修管理。

②加强技术检验和检测的监督管理。

③定期切换设备试验管理，按调度和来水要求保证设备及时快速的并入电网。

④加强设备的日常维护管理。

⑤加强水工设施的管理和维护。

3．3避免人才外流企业人才外流是企业的一大损失，中小型水电站需要的是具有相当工作经验的从事与本行业相关的专业技术人员，而水电站的技术要求高，对于人才的培养周期长，因此避免人才外流对于企业的运行管理非常重要。

具体来说可以采取加强人文关怀，改善职工的生活和工作环境，适当的加薪等政策来留住人才，避免人才外流。

4 结语中小型水电站的运行管理本着从资源开发和利用出发，不断的提高电力企业的生产技术和管理水平，确保水电站能够经济、可靠、安全、高效的运行发展，做到运维合一，以管理促发展，以技术促发展，更好地发挥中小型水电站的经济效益和社会效益。

参考文献：[1]冯赵石．中小水电站运行管理的建议及对策［J］．中国水能及电气化，2009 ( 2 ) .[2]杨曦．中小水电站运行管理规范探讨［J ] ．民营科技，2006 ( 6 ) .[3]范贵华，向东，侯若冰．中小水电站运行管理模式比较与选择[J] ．水力发电，2005 ( 6 ) .Small and medium-sized hydropower station operation management analysisYang Yang Zhao Anhui(WanJiaZhai water control project Co., LTD power station administration) Abstract: with the development of science and technology and advanced equipment and the wide application of technology, and small and medium-sized hydropower development construction is in the development of the construction of rush hour, and the level of medium and small size hydropower stations operation management station affects the efficiency is an important factor. So this article from small and medium-sized hydropower station operation management of two basic mode, summarizes the current domestic small and medium-sized hydropower station in operation management problems, and combining the development of society and the needs of the national policy, operation and management of small and medium sized hydropower station, the problems in put forward reasonable Suggestions and countermeasures.Key words: small and medium-sized hydropower station, operation management mode The operation of the small and medium-sized hydropower station management needs not only the operation of hydropower station in daily operation personnel can and maintenance, etc, and the worker's skills such as literacy is also very important. Probe into the medium and small size hydropower stations operation management for the development of small and medium-sized hydropower station is very important.1 small and medium-sized hydropower station operation management two basic mode National related policy appearing of hydropower construction and operation management put forward higher request, so in the current management mode of hydropower station is: since the operation mode and entrusted management mode, take which model of the hydropower station is enterprise improve benefit are the hot issues.1.1 Since the operation modeSince the operation mode is to point to the operation of the power station with the daily maintenance all by the company employees responsible for. It is characteristic of small face all, labor and many management work to control and the management system of multifarious, etc. It is a kind of relatively traditional power station management mode, in most of the old power station in using the basic operation mode. The operation mode in the qualifications (causes) : according to the needs of the construction of local, old power station has long take state investment system to the problem, the state must arrange persons on the operation management. But in recent years, with the deepening of the reform of development, the emergence of new and old power station, make the electric power enterprise groups on the comprehensive automation reconstruction old power station, the surplus employees transferred to the new power station so new power station also USES the operation mode. Second, in order to better grasp the operation of the power station in Qing dynasty and power benefit, the electric power enterprise also tend to take the operation mode and, finally, the development of the project in the process of operation, the electric power enterprise has accumulated rich development operation management experience, so that its own has the ability to better operation management.1.2 entrusted management modeEntrusted management mode is to point to the operation of the power station with the daily maintenance through the form of entrusted to professional company to undertake. Entrusted management is in domestic has just appeared in recent years of new things. Take management mode of the electric power enterprise by most of the focus on their core business development, and in addition to other than the core business forward to professional company. The aim is to hand in the company as much as possible from other sundry of traction and concentrate on the most certain do its thing, on the other hand, put some business subcontracted to specialized company do, to better improve the prospective, things systematic, reliability, professional, etc. So as to improve the grasp of the professional technology. Entrusted management mode in take conditions of are: electric power enterprise's orientation is not in the daily operation and maintenance work and professional strong work, but the emphasis on power plant development and operation management level. At the same time as the electric power system reform of development, with some of the very strong professional born operation management and maintenance overhaul enterprise began to appear, enterprise for simplified the business of the company daily management and transfer in the process of operation management and risk to outsourcing, these are for the electric power enterprise entrusted management provide the conditions for choice.2 medium and small hydropower station operation of managementWith the rapid development of medium and small size hydropower stations, and small and medium-sized hydropower station in operation management issues are becoming increasingly emerges, and become the influence and power generation enterprise operation management that important factors. These causes mainly displays in the following aspects:Not strictly implement the system of 2.1In the construction of the small and medium-sized hydropower station in most of the enterprise but don't save, aptitude; But as soon as possible of put into production power generation, for national standard prescribed by the important evidence collection, production and key project acceptance test procedure, no according to normal program execution. Secondly, in the production process because of the company staff technology management level and other factors, resulting in the production of the articles in accordance with specified production work, ignore the importance of rules and regulations, especially the safe production regulations of neglect; lead to small and medium-sized hydropower station operation management problem is serious.2.2 The brain drain is seriousSmall and medium-sized hydropower station and large hydropower station compared, in the work environment, the geographical position and so on various all there have a large gap, so in talent selection and use of force face a big gap there, most of the new production of small and medium-sized hydropower plants in operation management process with professional technology, number of people and the quality of the maintenance personnel not generally very low, most people in work there arerelated skills, also there are production personnel education and training system, also do not have the industry related technical certificate and education background. And power generation enterprise dispatch personnel did not take part in an organization of personnel training is already accounted for more than 50%, most of the training scheduling record very confusion, suspected fraud is very large. 2.3 Small and medium-sized hydropower stations lacks of facilities, low processing powerMost of the small and medium-sized hydropower station, the lack of hardware facilities, no water detection system, measurement of scheduling system, surveillance equipment and so on the reservoir, the serious effect of operation management for small and medium-sized hydropower station, especially since in recent years, China's flood, drought, the frequent occurrence disasters to small and medium-sized hydropower facilities also put forward higher request, so small and medium-sized hydropower station in the operation process of the lack of facilities for the operation of hydropower station management brought great trouble. At the same time, in the small and medium-sized hydropower station does not have the operation rules in get timely update, configuration is not complete and other reasons, and makes the accident emergency processing power is low.3 small and medium-sized hydropower station operation management countermeasures Small and medium-sized hydropower station 3.1 perfect technical management to improve the staff business skillsPower generation enterprise belongs to technology-intensive enterprise, small and medium-sized hydropower stations are small, but in each link of employees on the technical level requirements quite high. And technology management is a knowledge, is skill of very high professional, he's running for hydropower station plays an important role, and also all technical activities of small and medium-sized hydropower station in the production of scientific management and strict organization. At present with all kinds of advanced science and technology and equipment in the application of small and medium-sized hydropower station, the electric power enterprise of technical management depends on the stronger and stronger. So in the electric power enterprise aspect we should follow the pace of The Times, can be selected a group of related professional and vocational skills of the students enrich staff team, improve the quality and scientific personnel hydropower station, the professional skills. At the same time also can have some of the hydropower station staff on on-the-job training, according to staff degree, length of service, the technical control and so on the different degree and to adopt targeted training or one-to-one training, and invited a group of domestic famous experts and technical persons to carry out the exchange of experience and learning discussion activities, or send a number of excellent staff to other units learning and training, learning other unit of excellent experience and technology, to develop a batch of comprehensive technology and management of talents. So as to improve the small and medium-sized hydropower station staff business skills and management level, staff in the study of the theory knowledge we gain, in the work practice to improve the skills.3.2 strengthen repair and maintenance of facilities ensure patrol utilization Power plant equipment can incessantly safe and reliable operation of the capacity to achieve the maximum, has the vital significance. But most of the small and medium-sized hydropower station are located in local power grid area, so the load variation amplitude is people and caused unit load and rev. Stop adjustment is frequent. So only to increase the utilization ratio of equipment can solve the problem. Small and medium power plant mainly from the following five aspects to improve the utilization rate of the set: (1) through the defect inspection records, the maintenance of equipment maintenance management. (2) Strengthening technical inspection and testing the supervision and management. (3) Switching equipment regularly test management, according to the scheduling and coming water requirements ensure that equipment in time of rapid merged into the grid. (4) strengthen the equipment routine maintenance management. (5) Strengthen the management of the facilities and maintenance of hydraulic structures.3.3 avoid brain drainEnterprise brain drain is a great loss to the enterprise, medium and small size hydropower stations need is to have significant work experience in the industry with the relevant professional and technical personnel, and hydropower station high technical requirements and culture to talented person cycle is long, thus avoiding the brain drain to the operation of the enterprise management is very important. Specific for can take to strengthen the humanistic care, improve the worker's life and working environment, and the appropriate for a raise and other policies to retain talents, avoid the brain drain.4 epiloguesMedium and small size hydropower stations in the operation management from the resources development and utilization of the electric power enterprise continuously improve the production technology and the management level, ensure hydropower station can, reliable, safe, economic and efficient operation development, operation and maintenance do one, to management, promoting development, promote development technology, and to better develop the medium and small size hydropower stations economic benefit and social benefit.References:[1] FengZhaoShi. Small and medium-sized hydropower station operation management Suggestions and countermeasures of [J]. China water and electrification, 2009 (2).[2] xi. Small and medium-sized hydropower station operation management discussed standard [J]. Private science and technology, 2006 (6).[3] FanGuiHua, to the east, HouReBing. Small and medium-sized hydropower station, the comparison and selection management mode [J]. Hydroelectric power, 2005 (6).。