chapter1(b)

Psychology is born!
The date 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline, since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig. Wundt is, therefore, regarded as the ‘founding father’ of psychology.
science
3.physics: a subject has been adopted as the ideal model by scientists in psychology, who have borrowed its scientific methods and principles.
Psychoanalysis 精神分析
It was prominent in Austria at the end of 19th century.
Sigmund Freud (1856－1939)
Psychodynamic argued that the motion of underlying forces of personality determines our thoughts, feeling, and behavior.
Module 2: A Science Evolves
Psychology’s historical foundation
psychology has the endless past, but only has the brief history.
philosophy
Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle in the 5th century BC. Two philosophical influences on the development of psychology were:
1. Empiricism-which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively observable, such as behavior.
2. Introspection-deliberate looking into one’s own mind to examine one’s own thoughts and feeling.
Introspection
Functionalism机能主义
William James（1842-1910） Functionalism
Consciousness is constantly “flowing like a river” and cannot be broken into “atoms of thought”. – Moved from structure to what the mind does and how behavior functions
Behaviorism 行为主义
The founder of behaviorism is American psychologist John B.Wation, and established in 1913.
Behaviorism defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses.
RANK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Historian’s Rankings
FIGURE Wilhenlm Wundt William James Sigmund Freud John B.Watson Ivan Pavlov Hermann Ebbinghaus Jean Piaget B.F.Skinner Alfred Binet Gustav Theodor Fechner
History of Psychology- Foundations
Aristotle （384 B.C. -322 B.C. ） Peri psyches《论灵魂》 People are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
History of Psychology- Foundations
radical behaviorism 激进的行为主义
John B.Wation(1878-1958) Psychology must limit it self to
observable, measurable behavior and refuse consciousness. Based on Ivan pavlov experiment where dogs salivated when heard bell Focus on the importance of learning of measurable responses to environmental stimuli.
science
2.Physiology(生理学): the discoveries of the structure and function of the brain, nervous, and endocrine systems have significantly contributed to the understanding of behavior.
•June Etta Downey
Personality trait theorist
•Anna Freud
Structuralism构造主义
Wilhelm Wundt(1832-1920)
Edward Bradford Titchener(1867-1927)
Structuralism attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations such as sight or taste, and subjective feelings such as emotional responses, will, and mental images such as memories or dreams. Structuralists believed that the mind functions by combining the elements of experience
Neo－ behaviorism新行为主义
B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) Reinforcement: A stimulus
follows a response and increases the frequency of the response.
Gestalt psychology格式塔心理学
AREA OF CONTRIBUTIION Structuralism Functionalism Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Conditioning Memory Cognitive Development Operant Conditioning Assessment of Intelligence Psychophysics
Psychoanalysis argued that unconscious processes, especially sexual and aggressive impulses, are more influential than conscious thought in determining human behavior.
Descartes 笛卡尔（1596-1650） Mind and body are separated (dualism philosophy)
Pineal gland(松果体）
History of Psychology- Foundations
Locke 洛克（1632-1704）
Empiricism 经验主义 Science should rely on observation
It was prominent in Germany in the 1920s. Three founders-Max Werthimer(1880-
1943),Kurt koffka(1886-1941),and Wolfgang Kohler(1887-1967). Gestalt - means “whole” or good form It emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate stimuli into meaningful patterns. Learning by insight
Socrates（ 469B.C. -399B.C. ） Plato’s teacher We should rely in processes such as rational thought and introspection to achieve selfknowledge .
History of Psychology- Foundations
Today’s Perspectives