12年语言学复习题

Revision Exercises for LinguisticsDirections: Fill in the following blanks with appropriate words.1. C_________ analysis, is the way to analyze lexical meaning.2. V owels can be nasalized. The vowel nasalization rule is an a_______ rule, which, forthe most part, is caused by articulation or physiological process in which successive sounds are made identical, or more similar, to one another.3. According to Austin’s new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performingthree acts simultaneously when speaking : locutionary act, illocutionary act and p_________ act.4. In Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, d________ are attempts by the speakerto get the hearer to do something.5. ------ Do you know where Mr. Brown is?------ Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city.This conversation flouted the maxim of q________.6. Dorm is formed through c______.7. Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community,with each having a definite role t play. This phenomenon is d________..8. S_______ dialect is designated as the official or national language of a country.9. The children know the taboo words, the polite forms of address during p______development.10. Generally four types of motivations have been identified in the second languagelearning. “Learners learn the second language for enjoyment or pleasure from learning.” Is called i_______ motivation.11. Language is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation oflinguistic data, conducted with reference to some g______ theory of language structure.12. Language is a system of a________ vocal symbols used for humancommunication.13. When pitch, stress and length are tied to the sentence rather than the word inisolation, they are collectively known as i________.14. M________ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.15. Saussure took a s________ view of language and his notion of language is amatter of social conventions..16. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with thed_______.17. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place iscommonly termed d_______ structure.18. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.19. The information about a word’s complement is included in the head and termeds________.20. In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs make up the largest part of thevocabulary. They are the content words of a language, which are sometimes called “o_____ class words”.21. The description of a language at some point of time in history is a s_________study.22. Chomsky looks at language from a p_______ point of view and to him competence isa property of the mind of each individual.23. According to its position in a new word, a _______ are divided into two kinds:prefixes and suffixes.24. C_______ refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similarfunctions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.25. The final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriatetransformations is called s________ structure.26. When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are c_____ homonyms.27. Some bound morphemes which are for most part purely grammatical markers,signifying concepts as tense, number, case and so on, they are referred to as i_______ morphemes.28. T________, a special type of rule that can move an element of a sentence from oneposition to another.29. S_______ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form; it isabstract and de-contextualized.30. According to the number of a________ contained in a predication, we classify thepredications into two-place predication, one-place predication and no-place predication.31. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected toobserve is called the C_________ Principle proposed by J.Grice.32. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personalgrammars, and their language develops in stages until it a_________ the grammatical rules of the adult language.33. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with thediacritics.34. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personalgrammars, and their language develops in stages until it a_________ the grammatical rules of the adult language.Directions: The following statements may be true or false. Put “T” in the bracket before the statement which is true, and “F” in the bracket before that which is false.( F) 1. Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.( T ) 2. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.( F ) 3. We can always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is always the sum of the meaning of its parts.( T ) 4. The relationship between the embodied clause and its matrix clause is one of the part to the whole.( T ) 5. The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.( F ) 6. According to Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts, inviting, ordering, advising, promising and apologizing all fall into the category of direction. ( T ) 7. New words may be formed from existing words by subtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word; that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus“peddle” was derived from “peddler” on mistaken assumption that “-er” wasthe agentive suffix.( F ) 8. When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.( F ) 9. In first language acquisition children’s grammar models are exactly after the grammar of adult language.( T )10. A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their generalintelligence.( T ) 1. The written system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only bespoken, but not written..( T ) 2. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature ofa sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.( T ) 3. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particularorder.( F ) 4. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with same reference always have thesame sense.( T) 5. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if asentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.( T ) 6. Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.( F ) 7. One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internalborrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply therule generally.( T ) 8. Culture is the total set of beliefs, attitudes, customs, behavior, social habits, etc, of the number of a particular society.( F ) 9. In first language acquisition children’s grammar models are exactly after the grammar of adult language.( F )10. When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds intheir native language once their parents teach them.I. Choose the most appropriate answer from A,B,C and D for each blank.1. The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”“a rose by anyname would smell as sweet ” well illustrates________.A. the arbitrary nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD.the big difference between human language and animal communication2.Linguistic is the scientific study of _______.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC.human languages in generalD. the system of a particular language3. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ___study.A. comparativeB. diachronicC. up-to-dateD. descriptive4. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “-ed”in the word“learned ” is known as a(n) ______.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free form5.What the element “-es”indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element“-ed” past tense, and “-ing” progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also_____.A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophones d. phones6. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place iscommonly termed the _______.A. phrase structureB. surface structureC. syntactic structureD. deep structure7. In the phrase structure rule “S→ NP ＋ VP”, the arrow can be read _____.A. is equal toB. consist ofC. hasD. generates8. Predication analysis is the way to analyze _____ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentence9. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form iscalled_______.A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. antonymyD. homonymy10.Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl” and “lass” belongis called ______ synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational11.According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker tosome future course of action are called_______.A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declaratives12.The utterance “We’re already working 25 hours a day, eightdays a week” obviouslyviolates the maxim of_____.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner13.Y’s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of _____.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner15. The illocutionary point of _____ is to express the psychological state specified in theutterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives16.Of the three speech acts, linguists are most interested in the _____ because this kind ofspeech act is identical with the speaker’s intention.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutionary actD. constative act17.Changes in a language are changes in the grammar of the speakers of the language. This means that phonemes, ______, words and grammatical rules may be borrowed, added, lost or altered.A. phrasesB. sentencesC. morphemesD. utterances18. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.19. In the first language acquisition children usually ______ grammatical rules from the linguistic information they hear.A. useB. acceptC. generalizeD. reconstruct20. In general, the _____ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child’s second year.A. babbling B, one-word C. two-word D. multiword21. Natural languages are viewed to vary according to _____ set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement22. Since early 1980s Noam Chomsky and other generative linguists proposed and developed a theory of universal grammar known as the ______ theory.A. speech actB. TGC. principles-and-parametersD. minimalist program23. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age six is around _____.A. 7800B. 6800C. 5800D. 480024. Motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.______.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. Social25. A bilingual speaker often use two languages alternatively during a conversation with another bilingual speaker , a speech situation known as ______.A. discourse role-switchingB. activity role-switchingC. social role-switchingD. code-switching26. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners’_______.A. second languageB. first languageC. foreign languageD. interlanguage27.The study of _____ does NOT form the core of linguistics.A. syntaxB. pragmaticsC. morphologyD. sociolinguistics28. If the study of meaning is conducted in the context of language use, a branch of linguistic study called _____ comes into being.A. syntaxB. semanticsC. pragmaticsD. morphology29. Which of the following words is the entire arbitrary one?A. crashB. bookC. newspaperD. beautiful30. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?A. competenceB. arbitrarinessC. displacementD. productivity31._____ is regarded as the “father of modernlinguistics”?A. ChomskyB. SaussureC.HallidayD. Whorf32.Children can speak before they can read or write shows that_____.A. language is basically vocalB. language is arbitraryC. language is used for communicationD language is productive33. Language has the feature of ______ in the sense that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacement D, interchangeability34. N. Chomsky is a great _____ linguist.A. SwissB. FrenchC. CanadianD. American35. Phonetics is the study of _______.A. all the sounds that occur in the world’s languagesB. speech sounds used by human languages to representC. the differences between sounds used in human languages and sounds in natureD. how phonological differences can lead to misunderstanding36.In the field of phonology, which of the following is NOT belong to the supersegmentalfeatures?A. stressB. tone c. intonation D. syllable37.A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word fromanother in a given language is a _____.A. phonemeB. allophoneC. phoneD. allmorph38.In English there is only one glottal. It is______.A.〔f〕B.〔r〕C.〔h〕D.〔v〕39.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the _____ of that phoneme.A. minimalB. allomorphC. phonesD. allophones40.Morphology is the study of ________.A.the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formationB. the uses of different types of utterances in different contextsC, the differences between sounds used in human languages and sounds in natureD. the rules that pertain to all languages throughout the world41. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”?A. nounsB. adjectivesC. conjunctionsD. adverbs42. There are____ morphemes in the word “undesirability”.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six43. What elements does a phrase contain?A. head, determiner and complementB. head, specifier and complementC. head, specifier and complementizerD. head, determiner and complementizer44. According to the componential analysis, the words “girl” and “woman” differ in thefeature of ______.A. HUMANB. ANIMALC.MALED.ADULT45.According to predication analysis, the predication of the sentence “It is hot.”is a_______.A. no-place predicationB. one-place predicationc. two-place predication D. three-place predication46. What is the relationship between the words “color” and “red”?A. SynonymyB. AntonymyC.PolysemyD. Hyponym47.Searle divided the illocutionary acts into _____ categories.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six48. What is the most important concept to distinguish pragmatics and semantics?A. ContextB. EntailmentC. PresuppositionD. Discourse49. The word “promising” belongs to_____.A. representativesB. directives D. commissives D.expressives50. According to Austin’s speech act theory, a speaker might be performing the followingacts simultaneously when speaking EXCEPT_____.A. locutionary actB. illocutionary actC. perlocutonary actD. relocutionary act51. The following words are the examples for “Blending” except _____.A. memoB. smogC. motelD. brunch52.Which of the following doesn’t belong to dialectal varieties? ______.A. Regional dialectsB. SociolectC. IdiolectD. Diglossia53.The famous line “My love is a red, red rose”, stirs up vividly imagination of abeautiful lady. This is the _____ meaning of “rose”.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. iconicD. dictionary54.Which of the following statements istrue?A. All normal children have equal ability in learning their first language.B. Linguistic environment plays an important role in first language learning.C. A child can begin his first language acquisition at any time.D. It is easy for parents to teach their children grammar.55.The theory of Universal Grammar was proposed by _____.A. Noam ChomskyB. FirthC. F.D.Saussure D. Sapir56. Some Chinese learners of English tend to pronounce “three” as “tree” and “this” as “dis”. This is caused by_____.A. interlingual interferenceB. intralingual interferenceC. cognitive factorsD. semantic change57. The common errors such as “he/she has/have to touch the society” in Chinese English learners belong to _______.A. systematocityB. permeabilityC. fossilizationD. substitution58.Generally four types of motivation have been identified in a second language learning. “Learners learn a second language for external purpose.” Is called ______ motivation.A. instrumentalB.integrativeC. resultativeD. intrinsic59.In the following statements about motivation, which is NOT true?A. It is defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive.B. It has a strong impact on a learner’s efforts in learning a second language.C. It plays an important role in learners’ use of learning strategies.D. It occurs only when learners learn a second language for external purpose.60.________’s Input Hypothesis is one of the most famous theories among differentmodels of language acquisition.A. KrashenB. ChomskyC. AustinD. Halliday。