河北大学法语语言技能综合2010年考研专业课初试真题
河北大学(已有10试题)
河北大学电子信息工程学院电路分析根底2021电路分析技术2007电路分析2021-2021模拟电子技术根底2021——2021-2021电子技术根底2007——2021-2021数字信号处理2021——2021-2021半导体物理学2005高等数学2006——2021控制理论与数学电子根底2006通信原理2005，2007——2021-2021通信原理、信号与系统2006微电子学根底2007微电子技术根底2006，2021自动控制理论2007——2021-2021自动控制原理2005传感器技术2007——2021-2021电磁学2007——2021-2021管理学院财政学、社会保障2007——2021电子商务2007专业综合〔行政管理专业〕2021——2021-2021 公共管理学2007——2021-2021公共管理学〔单独考试〕2007管理学2021——2021-2021行政管理综合2007西方经济学2005——2021-2021管理信息系统2007财政学2006财政学、劳动经济学2005微观经济学、管理学2005——2006会计学综合2005——2021-2021企业管理综合2007——2021-2021劳动和社会保障2006社会保障学2005信息检索2021——2021-2021情报学根底2021-2021图书馆学根底2005——2006，2021-2021信息资源建设2005——2006信息资源管理2007——2021档案学根底2021-2021公共财政与社会保障2021-2021化学与环境科学学院高等数学2007——2021高分子化学与物理2005——2006高分子化学2021-2021化学综合2006——2021〔注：2006年的试卷共7页，缺P7〕环境化学2005——2006，2021——2021-2021环境监测2021——2021-2021环境监测与环境工程2006无机化学2005——2021-2021物理化学2005——2021-2021物理化学〔结构化学〕2005——2006有机化学2005——2007，2021-2021分析化学2005，2007——2021-2021机械与建筑工程学院材料力学2021——2021-2021工程力学2006理论力学2005教育学院教育学专业根底综合〔全国统考试卷〕2007——2021-2021〔2007——2021-2021有答案〕心理学专业根底综合〔全国统考试卷〕2007——2021-2021〔2007——2021-2021有答案〕教与学的根本理论2007——2021-2021比拟教育学2005开展与教育心理学专业综合考试2005教育管理学2005教育技术学2005——2021-2021教育学〔比拟教育学专业〕2005教育学〔教育史专业〕2005教育学〔教育原理专业〕2005教育学综合2006教育原理2005心理学概论2005——2006，2021——2021-2021心理学研究方法2006，2021——2021-2021信息技术教育应用2005中外教育史2005——2006经济学院人口学2021人口学理论2005——2007，2021-2021统计学2005人口统计学2005〔注：本试卷共2页，缺P2〕西方经济学2005——2021-2021政治经济学与西方经济学2007——2021-2021西方经济学与政治经济学2005——2006政经与西经2005货币银行学2005人口、资源与环境经济学2005社会学理论2007人文学院语言学根底2007——2021文学根底2007——2021-2021汉语言根底2021-2021古代汉语2006古代汉语〔汉语言文字学专业〕2005，2021-2021〔注：2005共2页，缺P1〕古代汉语〔中国古典文献学专业〕2005古代汉语、现代汉语2006古代汉语与文献2006，2021-2021古代文学与外国文学2005文学批评2005文艺理论2005——2006文学理论2021-2021现代汉语与古代汉语2005〔注：本卷共2页，缺P1〕现代汉语与语言理论2005——2006语言学理论2005中国古代文学2006，2021-2021中国现当代文学2005——2006，2021-2021中国文学史〔中国古代文学专业〕2005中国文学史〔中国古典文献学专业〕2005综合〔中国古代文学专业〕2005〔注：本卷共2页，缺P1〕综合课〔中国语言文学所有专业〕2006历史学专业根底〔全国统考试卷〕2007——2021历史学根底2021-2021史学概论2005历史综合〔中国近现代史专业〕2006历史综合〔专门史专业〕2006古代汉语〔历史学、中国古代史专业〕2005中国古代史2005——2006中国近代史2005中国近现代史2006中国通史2005——2006中国现代史2005东北亚国际关系史2003年复试试卷宋辽夏金史方向2003年复试试卷中国古代经济史方向2003年复试试卷中国古代政法史方向2003年复试试卷中国古代史专业同等学力考生加试题2003年复试试卷中国古代史专业2003年复试试卷中国古代史专业同等学力考生加试?中国通史?试卷中国古代史专业同等学力考生加试?史学导论?试卷中国近现代史专业2003年复试试卷生命科学学院生态学2006——2021-2021生物化学2005——2021-2021生物学综合2006——2021-2021微生物学2005，2007——2021〔注：2005年试卷共2页，缺P2〕细胞生物学2005植物生物学2005动物生态学2005普通动物学2005普通昆虫学2005有机化学2005——2021数学与计算机学院高等代数与解析几何2005——2021-2021数学分析2005——2021-2021数据结构与操作系统2005——2021外国语学院二外法语2005——2021-2021二外日语2005——2021-2021英语语言技能综合2007——2021-2021英语语言知识综合2021——2021-2021英语知识综合2007语言学根底2021——2021-2021语言学根底理论2007根底英语2005——2006翻译与写作2005——2006二外英语2005，2007——2021-2021日语综合2021——2021-2021〔2021-2021缺第三页〕日本语知识综合2007日语技能综合2021日语语言技能综合2007根底日语2005综合日语2005——2006物理科学与技术学院电动力学2006——2021-2021高等数学2005——2021-2021光学2005——2021-2021量子力学2005——2021-2021电磁学2007——2021-2021普通物理2021-2021新闻传播学院文史综合2005——2021〔2021为回忆版〕传播理论与实务2005新闻传播学〔传播学〕2006新闻传播综合2006——2021〔2021为回忆版〕新闻学综合2005药学学院分析化学2005，2007——2021-2021药物分析2005，2007——2021-2021药物化学2007，2021-2021有机化学2006——2021-2021〔2021-2021共4页缺2页〕综合化学2005生物化学〔药〕2021-2021艺术学院中外美术史2007——2021-2021美学2005——2021-2021设计学概论2005，2021——2021-2021艺术概论2007——2021-2021艺术设计概论2007艺术设计理论2005——2006，2021——2021-2021艺术设计史2006——2007艺术学2005——2021-2021音乐技术理论2006——2021音乐理论2005音乐学理论2006——2021影视艺术教育2007——2021-2021视听语言2007——2021-2021政法学院政治学原理2007——2021-2021专业综合〔政治学专业〕2021法律根底2005法学根底2005伦理学2005马克思主义开展史2007马克思主义根本原理2007——2021-2021马克思主义原理2005——2006马克思主义哲学2006——2007，2021-2021马克思主义哲学〔哲学学科、马克思主义哲学专业〕2005 马克思主义哲学〔中国哲学专业〕2005马克思主义哲学原理2021毛泽东思想与邓小平理论概论2005——2006，2021-2021 邓小平理论与毛泽东思想概论2021邓小平理论与毛泽东思想2007当代中国政治与政府,政治社会学2007民商法2005诉讼法2005宪法与行政法2005行政法与行政诉讼法学2006法学综合二〔含刑法、刑事诉讼法、经济法〕2021——2021-2021法学综合一〔含法理、宪法学、民法〕2021——2021-2021理论法学〔法理学、宪法学〕2006——2007应用法学〔民法、刑法〕〔法学理论、宪法学与行政法学、民商法学、刑法学、经济法学、诉讼法学专业〕2007〔本卷共3页，缺P3〕应用法学〔法学、民商法专业〕2006应用法学〔诉讼法专业〕2006逻辑学2021——2021-2021哲学史〔马克思主义哲学、中国哲学、伦理学专业〕2007哲学史〔伦理学专业〕2005哲学史〔哲学学科、马克思主义哲学专业〕2005中西哲学史2021中国哲学史2005哲学综合2021-2021综合考试〔西方哲学局部〕2006社会学理论2007——2021-2021社会学研究方法2007——2021-2021公共管理学2007——2021-2021公共管理学〔单独考试〕2007专业根底课〔法律硕士〕2007综合课〔法律硕士〕2007当代中国政治与政府政治社会学2021-2021质检学院传感器技术2007——2021-2021电子技术根底2007——2021-2021。
825写作与翻译A
广西民族大学2010年硕士研究生入学考试初试自命题科目试题（试卷代号：A）科目代码：825科目名称：写作与翻译适用学科专业：外国语言学及应用语言学研究方向：翻译理论与实践、英语教育、应用语言学考生须知1．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效。
2．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔作答，用其它笔答题不给分。
3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。
否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。
Part One Writing1. Read the following essay and write a summary of it in about 100-150 words.（20 points）I Becam e H er T ar g etRoger WilkinsMy favorite teacher's name was "Deadeye" Bean. Her real name w as Dorothy. She taught American history to eighth-graders in the junior high section of Creston, the high school that served the north end of Grand Rapids, Michigan. It was the fall of 1944. Franklin D. Roosevelt was president; American troops were battling their way across France; Joe DiMaggio was still in the service; the Montgomery bus boycott was more than a decade away, and I was a twelve-year-old black newcomer in a school that was otherwise all white.My mother, who had been a widow in New Y ork, had married my stepfather, a Grand Rapids physician, the year before, and he had bought the best house he could afford for his new family. The problem for our new neighbors was that their neighborhood had previously been pristine' (in their terms) and that they were ignorant about black people. The prevailing wisdom in the neighborhood was that we were spoiling it and that we ought to go back where we belonged (or alternatively, ought not to intrude where we were not wanted). There was a lot of angry talk among the adults, but nothing much came of it.But some of the kids, those first few weeks, were quite nasty. They threw stones at me, chased me home when I was on foot and spat on my bike seat when I was in class. For a time, I was a pretty lonely, friendless and sometimes frightened kid. I was just transplanted from Harlem, and here in Grand Rapids, the dominant culture was speaking to me insistently. I can see now that those youngsters were bullying and culturally disadvantaged. I knew then that they were bigoted, but the culture spoke to me more powerfully than my mind and I felt ashamed for being different—a nonstandard person.I now know that Dorothy Bean understood most of that and deplored it. So things began to change when I walked into her classroom. She was a pleasant-looking single woman, who looked old and wrinkled to me at the time, but who was probably about forty. Whereas my other teachers approached the problem of easing in their new black pupil by ignoring him for the first few weeks, Miss Bean went right at me. On the morning after having read our first assignment, she asked me the first question. I later came to know that in Grand Rapids, she was viewed as a very liberal person who believed, among other things, that Negroes were equal.I gulped and answered her question and the follow-up. They weren't brilliant answers, but they did establish the facts that I had read the assignment and that I could speak English. Later in the hour, when one of my classmates had bungled an answer, Miss Bean came back to me with a question that required me to clean up the girl's mess and established me as a smart person. Thus, the teacher began to give me human dimensions, though not perfect ones for aneighth-grader. It was somewhat better to be an incipient teacher's pet than merely a dark presence in the back of the room onto whose silent form my classmates could fit all the stereotypes they carried in their heads.A few days later, Miss Bean became the first teacher ever to require me to think. She asked my opinion about something Jefferson had done. In those days, all my opinions were derivative. I was for Roosevelt because my parents were, and I was for the Y ankees because my older buddy from Harlem was a Y ankee fan. Besides, we didn't have opinions about historical figures like Jefferson. Like our high school building or old Mayor Welch, he just was.After I had stared at her for a few seconds, she said: "Well, should he have bought Louisiana or not?""I guess so," I replied tentatively."Why?" she asked.Why! What kind of question was that, I groused silently. But I ventured an answer. Day after day, she kept doing that to me, and my answers became stronger and more confident. She was the first teacher to give me the sense that thinking was part of education and that I could form opinions that had some value.Her final service to me came on a day when my mind was wandering and I was idly digging my pencil into the writing surface on the arm of my chair. Miss Bean impulsively threw a hunk of gum eraser at me. By amazing chance, it hit my hand and sent the pencil flying. She gasped, and I crept mortified after my pencil as the class roared. That was the icebreaker. Afterward, kids came up to me to laugh about "Old Deadeye Bean." The incident became a legend, and I, a part of that story, became a person to talk to. So that's how I became just another kid in school and Dorothy Bean became "Old Deadeye."2. W rite an essay of about 400 w ords on the f ollow ing topic.(50 points)To prevent drunk driving, one local place in China introduced such slogans: "The hospital has saved a bed for you, drunk driver" and "Drunk driving is a choice of death and the tomb." What do you think of the slogans?In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.第3 页共5 页Part Two Translation1. Translate the following into Chinese. (40 points)I read the other day some verses written by an eminent painter which were original and not conventional. The soul always hears an admonition in such lines, let the subject be what it may. The sentiment they instil is of more value than any thought they may contain. To believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for all men----that is genius. Speak your latent conviction, and it shall be the universal sense; for the inmost in due time becomes the outmost, — and our first thought is rendered back to us by the trumpets of the Last Judgment. Familiar as the voice of the mind is to each, the highest merit we ascribe to Moses, Plato, and Milton is, that they set at naught books and traditions, and spoke not what men but what they thought. A man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within, more than the lustre of the firmament of bards and sages. Yet he dismisses without notice his thought, because it is his. In every work of genius we recognize our own rejected thoughts: they come back to us with a certain alienated majesty. Great works of art have no more affecting lesson for us than this. They teach us to abide by our spontaneous impression with good-humored inflexibility then most when the whole cry of voices is on the other side. Else, to-morrow a stranger will say with masterly good sense precisely what we have thought and felt all the time, and we shall be forced to take with shame our own opinion from another.2. Translate the following into English. (40 points)Passage 1中国人饮茶，注重一个"品"字。
河北大学2010-2012高考各专业录取分数
554
520
534
专科提前批 艺术（理）
主持与播音
473
391
417
编导
443
342
373
影视表演
199
199
199
本一特殊批 预科班
预科班（文）
541
523
529
预科班（理）
556
535
541
2、河北大学－省外部分
省份
河北大学
河北大学工商学院
文史
理工
专科理工
文史
理工
最高
最低
平均
最高
最低
516
河南
546
536
537
563
555
559
472
383
425
488
482
484
503
481
489
湖北
537
520
528
555
538
548
497
402
447
475
440
459
496
470
482
湖南
579
573
576
565
558
561
广西
521
467
498
文理
456
382
411
文理
海南
704
696
699
586
560
568
护理学
576
556
561
预防医学
575
556
560
中医学
578
560
566
中药学
2010年外语考研真题及答案解析
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of English丁晓钟：2010年考研英语一真题参考答案Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floorlignting__1__workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2___giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that thevery___3____to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the __4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to __5____of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6____what was done in the experiment; ___7_someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alter workers’ behavior ____10____itself.After several decades, the same data were _11__ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 __the descriptions on record, no systematic _13__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting. It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__ 14__ interpretation of what happed.__ 15___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ 17 __to rise for the next couple of days.__ 18__ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before __20 __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up[C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter[C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness[B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable[B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for[C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued18. [A]Therefore [B]Furthermore [C]However [D]Meanwhile19. [A]Attempted [B]tended [C]chose [D]intenced20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. Not only have many newspapers done away with their book-review sections, but several major papers, including the Chicago Sun-Times and the Minneapolis Star-Tribune, no longer employ full-time classical-music critics. Even those papers that continue to reviewfine-arts events are devoting less space to them, while the “think pieces” on cultural subjects that once graced the pages of big-city Sunday papers are becoming a thing of the past.It is, I suspect, difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century, including Virgil Thomson’s The Musical Scene (1945), Edwin Denby’s Looking at the Dance (1949), Kenneth Tynan’s Curtains (1961), and Hilton Kramer’s The Age of the Avant-Garde (1973) consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their erudite contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the discursive newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.1 Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men (for they were all men) believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Why, then, are virtually all of these critics forgotten? Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classica l-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. How is it possible that so celebrated a critic should have slipped into near-total obscurity?21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 thatA arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War 2 were characterized byA free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would shaw and Newman most probably agree on?A It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.C His style caters largely to modern specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old DaysB The Lost Horizon in NewspapersC Mournful Decline of JournalismD Prominent ritics in MemoryC Text 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis’D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivalsthat might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should” reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court”,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, orwell-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t expl ain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certainlooks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t se em to be required of all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to thetwo-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability t o influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”- the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to s ocial epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.what the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted[B]The impulse to influence others[C]The readiness to be influenced[D]The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to r eport enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The det ails may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term ass ets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent andeven combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet ”in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change willultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined-France, Germany, Italy, and Spain-are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to ＄268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,(47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds .(48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, thenon-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. Without the uneconomic pats.Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “postgraduate association” instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Section I Use of English1.A解析：A项 affect 意思是"影响，感动"； B项 achieve意思是"达成，完成"； C项extract意思是"提取，榨出"；D项restore是"恢复，重建". 这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A。
2010年河北师范大学汉语国际教育真题及答案
词 books 中的语素“s”_____________。
二．单项选择题 (本题共 20 分，每小题 2 分，多选少选错选不得分) 1.下列韵母为前箱复韵母的是() A.ua, ia B.ia, ao C.ei, ui D.ou,ao
中国考研专业课第一品牌
育明教育——中国考研专业课第一品牌
河北师范大学汉语国际教育最权威的考研辅导机构
2010 河北师范大学汉语国际教育真题
汉语基础
一、填空题 （本题共 15 分，每小题 1 分） 1.___________运动促使北京语言成为全民族共同语的标准音。 2.闽东方言以____________话为代表。 3．根据《第一批异形词整理表》 （2002 年 3 月 31 日起执行），“奢 mí”的“mí”应写作_______. 4.既能充当韵头又能充当韵尾的元音有__________。 5.“国”的声调应标在元音字母________上。 6.儿化指的是_________。 7.“女”有_________画。 8.按笔画法排序，“张，吴，严，何”五个字的排列顺序为_________。 9.“奥林匹克公园”包括__________个语素。 10.“丈人”“原指”年长男子的通称，现指的“妻子的父亲”,这属于词义演变中的________。 11.“战争”和“战役”的差别主要表现在语义的________方面不同。 12.语音相同而意义之间并无联系的一组词叫________。 13.社会的分化是产生地域方言或亲属语言的社会原因，____________是产生地域方言或亲
河北大学2009-2010学年第一学期现代汉语期末考试试题
河北大学2009-2010学年第一学期现代汉语期末考试试题河北大学2009-2010学年第一学期现代汉语期末考试试题河北大学课程考核试卷2009 — 2010学年第一学期 2009 级汉语言文学专业（类）考核科目现代汉语课程类别必修课考核类型考试考核方式闭卷卷别 C（注：考生务必将答案写在答题纸上，写在本试卷上的无效）一、名词解释（每小题2分，共8分）1．音素 2．词根 3．复句 4．对偶二、填空题（每空1分，共15分）1.吴方言以（1）话为代表；重庆话和昆明话属于北方方言的（2）次方言；海南省大部分地区通行的方言属于（3）方言。
2.“p、t、k”都是送气、（4）、（5）音声母，其中舌根音是（6）。
3.文字是记录语言的书写符号系统，是人类最重要的（7）交际工具。
4.秦始皇统一六国后整理推行的标准字体叫（8）。
5.一般认为熟语包括成语、歇后语、（9）。
6.同义词主要有两种类型。
一是（10），二是（11）。
7.语法学分词法和句法两个部分，词法的研究范围包括词类、（12）、词形变化。
句法的研究范围是短语、句子的（13）和类型。
8.从修辞的角度说，表示（14）的意义而在风格色彩、修辞功能、表达效果方面存在（15）的一些句式，称作同义句式。
三、单项选择题（每小题1分，共15分）1.关于现代汉语，表述正确的是（）。
A．现代汉语的书面语在先秦时代就产生了B．普通话以北京语音为标准音，但普通话不等于北京话C．普通话以北方方言为基础方言，是因为北方话好懂D．当前最重要的语言文字工作是促进汉语规范化，实现汉字拼音化1.现代汉语具有的语音特点是（）。
A．有声调，音乐性较强B．有声调也有复辅音C．有复元音和复辅音D．只有辅音韵尾2.下列各字全不是零声母字的一组是（）。
A．熬、咬、疑B．硬、容、雨C．融、来、伸D．安、暖、晕3.古四声与普通话声调的演变关系，表述错误的一项是（）。
A．古平声依声母的清浊演变为阴平和阳平B．古浊声母上声字与古去声演变为今去声C．入声消失，古浊声母入声字今分别读为阳平和去声D．古清声母入声字分别派入阴平、阳平、上声、去声4.有下划线的音节都不读轻声的一组是（）。
2010年硕士研究生招生入学考试初试试卷 语言学及古代汉语(B卷)
2010年硕士研究生招生入学考试初试试卷语言学及古代汉语（B卷）第一部分所有专业共做题（60分）一、填空题（每小题1分，共10分）1、________关系是指构成线性序列的语言成分之间的结构关系。
2、传统语言学，一般是指19世纪________语言学产生以前附属于其他学科的语言学。
3、________实质上就是有某些共同语义特征的词聚合而成的场。
4、同音同形词最主要的来源是________。
5、语言符号具有线条性和________特点。
6、《论语集解》是三国魏________所撰。
7、2003年由商务印书馆出版的目前收集古书注解最全的工具書是________。
8、傳統“三十六字母”是宋人在唐末和尚________ “三十字母”的基礎上增加而成的。
9、《辭源》使用部首排列法，“郊”字在《辭源》中屬於________部。
10、形聲字“修”的聲符是________。
二、名词解释（每小题5分，共20分）1、普通语言学2、社会方言3、十三经4、讀若、讀如三、简答题（每小题5分，共30分）1、为什么说话不等于语言？2、请简述语义场的主要特点，并适当举例说明。
3、什么是句法结构的显性意义和隐性意义？4、古韶魚、鐸、陽三部之間是什麼關係？5、說明什麼叫“偏義副詞”？並舉出三例。
6、漢人注解的特點是什麼?第二部分专业必做题（90分）语言学及应用语言学专业必做题：一、分析操作题（共30分）1、请以“我现在会弹吉他”为例，说明逻辑重音对句子意义的影响。
（10分）2、指出下面各例使用的语法手段：（10分）（1）姑娘漂亮，漂亮姑娘________（2）难过得哭了，难过地哭了________（3）im’ port（动词）,import（名词）________(4)tooth-teeth________(5)book________(6)bad-worse________(7)sings________(8)土里土气________(9)orang（人）—— orang- orang（人们）________(10)他病了？-他病了！________3、请在舌面元音舌位图中标出八个正则元音：（10分）二、论述题(共30分，每题10分)1、语言句法结构类型分类中三种常见的类型。
[考研真题]2010年法律硕士(非法学)研究生入学联考试题民法学真题
![[考研真题]2010年法律硕士(非法学)研究生入学联考试题民法学真题](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/78e9af52caaedd3383c4d3a5.png)
[考研真题]2010年法律硕士（非法学）研究生入学联考试题民法学真题【考试年份】2010年1月【考试科目】民法学（满分75分）2010年法律硕士（非法学）专业基础课——民法学试题七、单项选择题（31__50小题，每小题1分，共20分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中。
只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑）31．下列选项中，具有民事权利能力的是（）。
A．7个月的胎儿B．满月的婴儿C．会画画的猩猩D．被诽谤的死者32．公民因飞机失事失踪的，利害关系人申请宣告其死亡的时间要件是（）A．飞机失事发生之日起满2年B．政府公布失踪人员名单之日起满2年C．飞机失事发生之日起满4年D．政府公布失踪人员名单之日起满4年33．甲与乙约定：“甲的儿子如果去外地工作，甲、乙之间的房屋租赁合同即行生效。
”这一民事法律行为所附条件为（）A．消极的解除条件B．积极的解除条件C．消极的延缓条件D．积极的延缓条件34．甲欲按乙公司寄送的价目表上的报价购买某型号电脑一台。
某日，甲委托朋友丙转告乙公司其购买意向。
在民法上，丙是甲的（）。
A．代理人B．代表人C．传达人D．居间人35．出租人甲将房屋交给承租人乙占有使用，乙对该房屋的占有属于（）。
A．直接占有B．间接占有C．善意占有D．恶意占有36．下列选项中，属于所有权继受取得方式的是（）。
A．先占B．遗赠C．添附D．生产37．人民法院在处理相邻用水纠纷时，对有过错一方影响他方正常生产和生活的，应当责令其（）。
A．赔礼道歉B．消除危险C．排除妨害D．恢复原状38．甲将一件名贵瓷器交乙保管。
在保管期间，乙提出购买此瓷器，甲、乙双方达成买卖合意。
在买卖合同中，瓷器的交付方式属于（）。
A．简易交付B．现实交付C．指示交付D．占有改定39．下列合同中，当事人可以行使留置权的是（）。
A．行纪合同B．买卖合同C．租赁合同D．委托合同40．债务人将其债务转移给第三人的生效条件之一是（）。
2010年河北大学807社会学研究方法考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2010年河北大学807社会学研究方法考研真题河北大学2010年硕士研究生入学考试试卷适用专业：社会学考试科目：社会学研究方法一、名词解释（共30分，每小题5分）1．命题2．研究主题3．分析单位4．趋势研究5．参数值6．结构观察二、简答题（共60分，每小题15分）1．分层抽样和配额抽样的主要差别是什么？2．探索性研究、描述性研究、解释性研究三者的特点及其关系是什么？3．自填问卷法的主要优点是什么？4．安排问卷中问题的顺序时，应遵循什么样的原则？三、论述题（共60分，每题20分）1．举例说明为什么么要采取“双盲试验”的方法。
2．如何提高邮寄问卷调查的回收率和资料的质量？3．文献回顾在社会研究中的意义有哪些？2010年河北大学807社会学研究方法考研真题及详解河北大学2010年硕士研究生入学考试试卷适用专业：社会学考试科目：社会学研究方法一、名词解释（共30分，每小题5分）1．命题答：命题指的是关于一个概念的特征或多个概念间关系的陈述。
2．研究主题答：研究主题指的是社会研究所涉及的某一类现象领域或问题领域。
3．分析单位答：分析单位是指一项社会研究中的研究对象，也就是研究中被分析和描述的对象（人或事物）。
4．趋势研究答：趋势研究（trend studies）指的是对一般总体随时间推移而发生的变化的研究。
趋势研究的目的是通过对一般总体在不同时期的态度、行为或状况进行比较，以揭示和发现社会现象的变化趋势和规律。
5．参数值答：参数值也称为总体值，它是关于总体中某一变量的综合描述，或者说是总体中所有元素的某种特征的综合数量表现。
6．结构观察答：结构观察指的是按照一定的程序、采用明确的观察提纲或观察记录表格对现象进行的观察。
它与结构访谈的形式有点相似。
通常，结构观察多采取局外观察的方式进行。
其观察的内容是固定的，观察记录表也类似于结构式问卷，观察者根据统一的要求，对每一个观察对象进行统一的观察和记录。
因而其结果可以用来进行定量分析。
河北大学参考书目
陈光中
805
法学综合（二）
《刑法》（总论部分）（第四版）
北大出版社、高教出版社
高铭暄、马克昌
805
法学综合（二）
《经济法》（总论、市场监管法）（第四版）
北大出版社、高教出版社
杨紫煊
806
当代中国政治与政府,政治社会学
《当代中国政治制度》
复旦大学出版社
浦兴祖
806
当代中国政治与政府,政治社会学
无参考书目
822
视听语言
《视听语言》
方圆电子音像出版社
郄建业、耿小博、陈晓红
336
艺术基础
艺术学概论
北京大学出版社
彭吉象
336
艺术基础
美术鉴赏
高等教育出版社
张道一
数计学院
科目代码
考试科目
参考书
出版社
作者
619
数学分析
《数学分析》（上、下册）
高等教育出版社
陈传璋
823
高等代数与解析几何
《高等代数》
高等教育出版社
808
人口学理论
《人口学》
浙江人民出版社（2004.4)
田雪原
431
金融学综合
《货币银行学》
高等教育出版社（2007.8）
康书生，鲍静海
432
统计学
《经济应用统计学教程》
经济日报出版社，2005.8
李林杰、董正信主编
434
国际商务专业基础
《国际商务》
中国人民大学出版社，2010.4
王亚星、王文谭编著
中华书局
王力
870
古代汉语与文献
《古代汉语》（1、2册）
河北大学2010年研究生入学复试考试科目及参考书目
伦理学 辩证唯物主义 历史唯物主义 政治学原理 当代中国政治制度 西方政治制度 中国哲学史 西方哲学史 中国现代哲学 社会学综合
伦理学 马克思主义哲学（上） 马克思主义哲学（下） 政治学原理 当代中国政治制度 西方政治制度 中国哲学史 西方哲学史 中国现代哲学 《后现代西方社会学理论》 近三年社会学杂志 《外国社会学史》 《社会统计学》 《政治经济学》 《发展经济学》 《国际经济学》 《国际金融》任何版本；《国际贸易》任 何版本；《世界经济》杂志近三年的学术 《国际金融》任何版本； 《国际贸易》任何版本 《人口、资源与环境经济学》 人口学杂志、《中国人口、资源与环境》 杂志近三年 《人口生态学》 经济应用统计学教程 《企业经济分析概论》 《计量经济学》（新版） 《经济应用统计教程》 《企业经济分析概论》 《计量经济学》（新版） 《货币银行学》 《商业银行业务经营与管理》 《国际金融》 1.《人口理论新编》 2.《人口统计学》 3.2008年《人口研究》杂志
广播电视艺术学
艺术硕士 宋史中心
环境艺术设计 环境艺术教育 《宋史》 《中国法律史》 《中国经济发展史》第1、2、3册 《中国思想史》第一、第二卷 《中国古代史》 《古代汉语》（1—2册） 《中国历史文献学》
中国古代史
宋辽金史 中国古代政法史 按报考方向 中国古代经济史 考试 中国古代思想文化史 中国古代史 同等学力 古代汉语 历史文献学
民商法学
诉讼法学 宪法与行政法学
同等学力 同等学力 同等学力 同等学力 同等学力 同等学力
法学理论
刑法学
同等学力 同等学力 同等学力 同等学力
经济法学
法律硕士
同等学力 同等学力 同等学力 同等学力
逻辑学 马克思主义发展 史