课后习题参考答案Chap1-7
课后习题参考答案
第一章一 1.（D）2.（B,C）3.（A,B,D）4.(A,C,D ) 5.( B ) 6.(D ) 7.( B ) 8.( C) 9.( A )第二章一 1.（A）2.（B）3.（A,B）4.(B,D ) 5.( A,B ) 6.(B ) 7.( A,B,D) 8.(A,B,C,E) 9.( B ) 二．Shutdown –h O 22：00第三章一 1.（C）2.（D）3.（B）4.(C ) 5.( A ) 6.(A,BC ) 7.( A ,B,C,D) 8.( A) 9.( D ) 10(D)11.( A ) 12.( C) 13.（C）14.（A）15（A）二．1( Y ) 2( N ) 3( Y ) 4( N )第四章一 1.（A,B,C）2.（B,C） 3.（C） 4.(C ) 5.( C ) 6.(B ) 7.(B ) 8.(D )二．1(:20,59w /tmp/1 )2(:w >> /tmp/2 )3(1,5 co 10 )4(vi /tmp/passwd /tmp/shadow ctrl+^ ctrl+ ^ )5(1,15 d )6(:1,3 m 5 )第五章一、 1.（D）2.（C） 3.（B） 4.(B ) 5.( B ) 6.(AB ) 7.( C) 8.(B) 9.(B) 10.( AD)11.(B) 12.(AC) 13.( ABCD) 14.(G) 15( C)二1、useradd user; passwd abc123; gpasswd –a user group2、useradd –u 900 pyh; groupadd –g 800 usergroup; gpasswd –a pyh usergroup; usermod –l newuser pyh ;groupmod –g 1000 –n usergroup-new usergroup;3、chmod 750 newdir4、su root; mkdir /newdir; gpasswd –a newuser root; chmod 754 /newdir第六章一 1.（D）2.（B）3.（C）4.(A ) 5.(B ) 6.(C ) 7(A). 8(B)二．1、tar –czvf wang.tar.gz /home/stud1/wang/*; cp wang.tar.gz /home2、gzip3、mount /dev/sdb1 /abc4、mkdir /myfile;mount -o iocharset=cp936 /etc/sdb1 /myfile5、gzip -c file> /test1/file.gz6、tar -cvf myfiles.tar /myfile7·tar –czfv files.tar.gz /aaa ；#tar -zxvf file.tar.gz -C /test8、#rpm –qa|grep samba第七章一 1.（AC）2.（B）3.（A）4.(A ) 5.( B ) 6.(D ) 7.( D) 8.( ABC) 9.( ABC ) 10(ABCD) 二．问答题1、1) 00 16 * * * rm –rf /abc2) 00 8-16 * * * tail -5 /xyz/x1 > > /backup/bak01.txt3) 00 17 * * 1 tar cvfz backup.tar.gz /data/*4) 55 17 * * * umount /dev/hdc2、at 11 todaymkdir /abccd /abctouch filetar -cvf file.tar /abc/filectrl+Z第八章一 1.（D）2.（D） 3.（A,B）4.(C ) 5.(B ) 6.(A ) 7.( A) 8.( D) 9.( A ) 10(D)第九章一 1.（D）2.（A） 3.（B）4.(D ) 5.(C ) 6.(C D ) 7.( C) 8.( A) 9.( A B D ) 10(C)11.（D）12.（A）13.（B）14.(D ) 15.(B )第十章一 1.（D）2.（B）3.（C）4.(A ) 5.(B ) 6.(C D ) 7.( B) 8.( C) 9.(C ) 10(C)二Vi /etc/samba/smb.conf[global]workgroup =mygroupnetbios name = mysambasecurity=user[home]comment =homedectory //指定对共享的描述path =/home/marry //指定共享服务的路径browseable =yesavailable = yes //指定共享资源是否可用writable=yes //指定主目录可写[myshare]comment = sharedectory //指定对共享的描述path =/var/share/myshare //指定共享服务的路径public=nobrowseable =noavailable = yes //指定共享资源是否可用read only = yes //指定共享的路径是否为只读read list =@ Marry,@Kate //设置只读访问用户列表valid users = Marry,Kate,@Marry,@Kate //指定允许使用服务的用户列表在windows客户端上访问Samba服务器上共享资源通过网上邻居访问在Linux系统下利用Samba客户端访问Windows服务器上的共享资源Smbclient -L //XpServer –U administrator //查看共享资源Smbclient //XpServer/myshare –U administrator //访问共享资源第十一章一 1.（B）2.（A）3.（D）4.(B) 5.(B ) 6.(C ) 7.( D) 8.( C) 9.(ABC D) 10(ABCD) 二修改ftp配置文件vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.confanonymous_enable=YESlocal_enable= YESAnon_upload_enable= yesAnon_mkdir_write_enable=yeswrite_enable= YESlocal_mask=022dirmessage_enable= YESxferlog_enable= YESuserlist_enable= YESuserlist_deny= nolisten= YES // 设置工作模式是否使用独占启动方式tcp_wrappers= YES2）建立用户[root@localhost root]Useradd myname[root@localhost root]Passwdmyname3）添加能访问的用户[root@localhost root]#vi /etc/vsftpd/user_listmyname4) 重新启动ftp服务器[root@localhost root]# Service vsftpd restart5）以myname用户登录，登录成功后下载在文件ftp 192.168.0.10出现ftp后输入用户名myname和密码即可登录成功，成功后使用put file.txt 上传文件或下载命令get filetxt下载文件第十二章一 1.（A）2.（B）3.（ABD） 4.(CD) 5.(ABCD) 6.(C ) 7.( C) 8.(AB) 9.(A)10.（C）11（C）12（C）第十三章一 1.（B） 2.（A）3.（D）4.(B) 5.(B ) 6（B）7（B）。
chap001金融机构习题解答
Chapter OneWhy Are Financial Intermediaries SpecialChapter OutlineIntroductionFinancial Intermediaries’ SpecialnessInformation CostsLiquidity and Price RiskOther Special ServicesOther Aspects of SpecialnessThe Transmission of Monetary PolicyCredit AllocationIntergenerational Wealth Transfers or Time Intermediation Payment ServicesDenomination IntermediationSpecialness and RegulationSafety and Soundness RegulationMonetary Policy RegulationCredit Allocation RegulationConsumer Protection RegulationInvestor Protection RegulationEntry RegulationThe Changing Dynamics of SpecialnessTrends in the United StatesFuture TrendsGlobal IssuesSummarySolutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter One1. Identify and briefly explain the five risks common to financialinstitutions.Default or credit risk of assets, interest rate risk caused by maturity mismatches between assets and liabilities, liability withdrawal or liquidity risk, underwriting risk, and operating cost risks.2. Explain how economic transactions between household savers of funds and corporate users of funds would occur in a world without financial intermediaries (FIs).In a world without FIs the users of corporate funds in the economy would have to approach directly the household savers of funds in order to satisfy their borrowing needs. This process would be extremely costly because of the up-front information costs faced by potential lenders. Cost inefficiencies would arise with the identification of potential borrowers, the pooling of small savings into loans of sufficient size to finance corporate activities, and the assessment of risk and investment opportunities. Moreover, lenders would have to monitor the activities of borrowers over each loan's life span. The net result would be an imperfect allocation of resources in an economy.3. Identify and explain three economic disincentives that probably woulddampen the flow of funds between household savers of funds and corporate users of funds in an economic world without financial intermediaries.Investors generally are averse to purchasing securities directly because of (a) monitoring costs, (b) liquidity costs, and (c) price risk. Monitoring the activities of borrowers requires extensive time, expense, and expertise. As a result, households would prefer to leave this activity to others, and by definition, the resulting lack of monitoring would increase the riskiness of investing in corporate debt and equity markets. The long-term nature of corporate equity and debt would likely eliminate at least a portion of those households willing to lend money, as the preference of many for near-cash liquidity would dominate the extra returns which may be available. Third, the price risk of transactions on the secondary markets would increase without the information flows and services generated by high volume.4. Identify and explain the two functions in which FIs may specialize thatenable the smooth flow of funds from household savers to corporate users.FIs serve as conduits between users and savers of funds by providing a brokerage function and by engaging in the asset transformation function. The brokerage function can benefit both savers and users of funds and can vary according to the firm. FIs may provide only transaction services, such as discount brokerages, or they also may offer advisory services which helpreduce information costs, such as full-line firms like Merrill Lynch. The asset transformation function is accomplished by issuing their own securities, such as deposits and insurance policies that are more attractive to household savers, and using the proceeds to purchase the primary securities of corporations. Thus, FIs take on the costs associated with the purchase of securities.5. In what sense are the financial claims of FIs considered secondarysecurities, while the financial claims of commercial corporations areconsidered primary securities How does the transformation process, orintermediation, reduce the risk, or economic disincentives, to the saversThe funds raised by the financial claims issued by commercial corporations are used to invest in real assets. These financial claims, which are considered primary securities, are purchased by FIs whose financial claims therefore are considered secondary securities. Savers who invest in the financial claims of FIs are indirectly investing in the primary securities of commercial corporations. However, the information gathering and evaluation expenses, monitoring expenses, liquidity costs, and price risk of placing theinvestments directly with the commercial corporation are reduced because ofthe efficiencies of the FI.6. Explain how financial institutions act as delegated monitors. Whatsecondary benefits often accrue to the entire financial system because of this monitoring processBy putting excess funds into financial institutions, individual investors give to the FIs the responsibility of deciding who should receive the money and of ensuring that the money is utilized properly by the borrower. In this sense the depositors have delegated the FI to act as a monitor on their behalf. The FI can collect information more efficiently than individual investors. Further, the FI can utilize this information to create new products, such as commercial loans, that continually update the information pool. This more frequent monitoring process sends important informational signals to other participants in the market, a process that reduces information imperfection and asymmetry between the ultimate sources and users of funds in the economy.7. What are five general areas of FI specialness that are caused byproviding various services to sectors of the economyFirst, FIs collect and process information more efficiently than individual savers. Second, FIs provide secondary claims to household savers which often have better liquidity characteristics than primary securities such as equities and bonds. Third, by diversifying the asset base FIs provide secondary securities with lower price-risk conditions than primary securities. Fourth, FIs provide economies of scale in transaction costs because assets are purchased in larger amounts. Finally, FIs provide maturity intermediation to the economy which allows the introduction of additional types of investment contracts, such as mortgage loans, that are financed with short-term deposits.8. How do FIs solve the information and related agency costs when householdsavers invest directly in securities issued by corporations What areagency costsAgency costs occur when owners or managers take actions that are not in the best interests of the equity investor or lender. These costs typically result from the failure to adequately monitor the activities of the borrower. If no other lender performs these tasks, the lender is subject to agency costs as the firm may not satisfy the covenants in the lending agreement. Because the FI invests the funds of many small savers, the FI has a greater incentive to collect information and monitor the activities of the borrower.9. What often is the benefit to the lenders, borrowers, and financialmarkets in general of the solution to the information problem provided by the large financial institutionsOne benefit to the solution process is the development of new secondary securities that allow even further improvements in the monitoring process. An example is the bank loan that is renewed more quickly than long-term debt. The renewal process updates the financial and operating information of thefirm more frequently, thereby reducing the need for restrictive bond covenants that may be difficult and costly to implement.10. How do FIs alleviate the problem of liquidity risk faced by investors whowish to invest in the securities of corporationsLiquidity risk occurs when savers are not able to sell their securities on demand. Commercial banks, for example, offer deposits that can be withdrawn at any time. Yet the banks make long-term loans or invest in illiquid assets because they are able to diversify their portfolios and better monitor theperformance of firms that have borrowed or issued securities. Thus individual investors are able to realize the benefits of investing in primary assets without accepting the liquidity risk of direct investment.11. How do financial institutions help individual savers diversify theirportfolio risks Which type of financial institution is best able toachieve this goalMoney placed in any financial institution will result in a claim on a more diversified portfolio. Banks lend money to many different types of corporate, consumer, and government customers, and insurance companies have investmentsin many different types of assets. Investment in a mutual fund may generate the greatest diversification benefit because of the fund’s investment in a wide array of stocks and fixed income securities.12. How can financial institutions invest in high-risk assets with fundingprovided by low-risk liabilities from saversDiversification of risk occurs with investments in assets that are not perfectly positively correlated. One result of extensive diversification is that the average risk of the asset base of an FI will be less than the average risk of the individual assets in which it has invested. Thus individual investors realize some of the returns of high-risk assets without accepting the corresponding risk characteristics.13. How can individual savers use financial institutions to reduce thetransaction costs of investing in financial assetsBy pooling the assets of many small investors, FIs can gain economies of scale in transaction costs. This benefit occurs whether the FI is lending to a corporate or retail customer, or purchasing assets in the money and capital markets. In either case, operating activities that are designed to deal in large volumes typically are more efficient than those activities designed for small volumes.14. What is maturity intermediation What are some of the ways in which therisks of maturity intermediation are managed by financial intermediariesIf net borrowers and net lenders have different optimal time horizons, FIscan service both sectors by matching their asset and liability maturities through on- and off-balance sheet hedging activities and flexible access to the financial markets. For example, the FI can offer the relatively short-term liabilities desired by households and also satisfy the demand for long-term loans such as home mortgages. By investing in a portfolio of long-and short-term assets that have variable- and fixed-rate components, the FI can reduce maturity risk exposure by utilizing liabilities that have similar variable- and fixed-rate characteristics, or by using futures, options, swaps, and other derivative products.15. What are five areas of institution-specific FI specialness, and whichtypes of institutions are most likely to be the service providersFirst, commercial banks and other depository institutions are key players for the transmission of monetary policy from the central bank to the rest of the economy. Second, specific FIs often are identified as the major source of finance for certain sectors of the economy. For example, S&Ls and savings banks traditionally serve the credit needs of the residential real estate market. Third, life insurance and pension funds commonly are encouraged to provide mechanisms to transfer wealth across generations. Fourth, depository institutions efficiently provide payment services to benefit the economy. Finally, mutual funds provide denomination intermediation by allowing small investors to purchase pieces of assets with large minimum sizes such as negotiable CDs and commercial paper issues.16. How do depository institutions such as commercial banks assist in theimplementation and transmission of monetary policyThe Federal Reserve Board can involve directly the commercial banks in the implementation of monetary policy through changes in the reserve requirements and the discount rate. The open market sale and purchase of Treasurysecurities by the Fed involves the banks in the implementation of monetary policy in a less direct manner.17. What is meant by credit allocation regulation What social benefit isthis type of regulation intended to provideCredit allocation regulation refers to the requirement faced by FIs to lend to certain sectors of the economy, which are considered to be socially important. These may include housing and farming. Presumably the provision of credit to make houses more affordable or farms more viable leads to a more stable and productive society.18. Which intermediaries best fulfill the intergenerational wealth transferfunction What is this wealth transfer processLife insurance and pension funds often receive special taxation relief and other subsidies to assist in the transfer of wealth from one generation to another. In effect, the wealth transfer process allows the accumulation of wealth by one generation to be transferred directly to one or more younger generations by establishing life insurance policies and trust provisions in pension plans. Often this wealth transfer process avoids the full marginal tax treatment that a direct payment would incur.19. What are two of the most important payment services provided by financialinstitutions To what extent do these services efficiently providebenefits to the economyThe two most important payment services are check clearing and wire transfer services. Any breakdown in these systems would produce gridlock in the payment system with resulting harmful effects to the economy at both the domestic and potentially the international level.20. What is denomination intermediation How do FIs assist in this processDenomination intermediation is the process whereby small investors are able to purchase pieces of assets that normally are sold only in large denominations. Individual savers often invest small amounts in mutual funds. The mutual funds pool these small amounts and purchase negotiable CDs which can only be sold in minimum increments of $100,000, but which often are sold in million dollar packages. Similarly, commercial paper often is sold only in minimum amounts of $250,000. Therefore small investors can benefit in the returns and low risk which these assets typically offer.21. What is negative externality In what ways do the existence of negativeexternalities justify the extra regulatory attention received byfinancial institutionsA negative externality refers to the action by one party that has an adverse affect on some third party who is not part of the original transaction. For example, in an industrial setting, smoke from a factory that lowers surrounding property values may be viewed as a negative externality. For financial institutions, one concern is the contagion effect that can arise when the failure of one FI can cast doubt on the solvency of otherinstitutions in that industry.22. If financial markets operated perfectly and costlessly, would there be aneed for financial intermediariesTo a certain extent, financial intermediation exists because of financial market imperfections. If information is available costlessly to all participants, savers would not need intermediaries to act as either their brokers or their delegated monitors. However, if there are social benefits to intermediation, such as the transmission of monetary policy or credit allocation, then FIs would exist even in the absence of financial market imperfections.23. What is mortgage redliningMortgage redlining occurs when a lender specifically defines a geographic area in which it refuses to make any loans. The term arose because of the area often was outlined on a map with a red pencil.24. Why are FIs among the most regulated sectors in the world When is netregulatory burden positiveFIs are required to enhance the efficient operation of the economy. Successful financial intermediaries provide sources of financing that fund economic growth opportunity that ultimately raises the overall level of economic activity. Moreover, successful financial intermediaries provide transaction services to the economy that facilitate trade and wealth accumulation.Conversely, distressed FIs create negative externalities for the entire economy. That is, the adverse impact of an FI failure is greater than just the loss to shareholders and other private claimants on the FI's assets. For example, the local market suffers if an FI fails and other FIs also may be thrown into financial distress by a contagion effect. Therefore, since some of the costs of the failure of an FI are generally borne by society at large, the government intervenes in the management of these institutions to protect society's interests. This intervention takes the form of regulation.However, the need for regulation to minimize social costs may impose private costs to the firms that would not exist without regulation. This additional private cost is defined as a net regulatory burden. Examples include the cost of holding excess capital and/or excess reserves and the extra costs of providing information. Although they may be socially beneficial, these costs add to private operating costs. To the extent that these additional costshelp to avoid negative externalities and to ensure the smooth and efficient operation of the economy, the net regulatory burden is positive.25. What forms of protection and regulation do regulators of FIs impose toensure their safety and soundnessRegulators have issued several guidelines to insure the safety and soundness of FIs:a. FIs are required to diversify their assets. For example, banks cannotlend more than 10 percent of their equity to a single borrower.b. FIs are required to maintain minimum amounts of capital to cushion anyunexpected losses. In the case of banks, the Basle standards require aminimum core and supplementary capital of 8 percent of their risk-adjusted assets.c. Regulators have set up guaranty funds such as BIF for commercial banks,SIPC for securities firms, and state guaranty funds for insurance firms to protect individual investors.d. Regulators also engage in periodic monitoring and surveillance, such ason-site examinations, and request periodic information from the FIs.26. In the transmission of monetary policy, what is the difference betweeninside money and outside money How does the Federal Reserve Board try to control the amount of inside money How can this regulatory positioncreate a cost for the depository financial institutionsOutside money is that part of the money supply directly produced andcontrolled by the Fed, for example, coins and currency. Inside money refers to bank deposits not directly controlled by the Fed. The Fed can influence this amount of money by reserve requirement and discount rate policies. In cases where the level of required reserves exceeds the level considered optimal by the FI, the inability to use the excess reserves to generate revenue may be considered a tax or cost of providing intermediation.27. What are some examples of credit allocation regulation How can thisattempt to create social benefits create costs to the private institutionThe qualified thrift lender test (QTL) requires thrifts to hold 65 percent of their assets in residential mortgage-related assets to retain the thrift charter. Some states have enacted usury laws that place maximum restrictions on the interest rates that can be charged on mortgages and/or consumer loans. These types of restrictions often create additional operating costs to the FIand almost certainly reduce the amount of profit that could be realizedwithout such regulation.28. What is the purpose of the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act What are thesocial benefits desired from the legislation How does the implementation of this legislation create a net regulatory burden on financialinstitutionsThe HMDA was passed by Congress to prevent discrimination in mortgage lending. The social benefit is to ensure that everyone who qualifies financially is provided the opportunity to purchase a house should they so desire. The regulatory burden has been to require a written statement indicating the reasons why credit was or was not granted. Since 1990, the federal regulators have examined millions of mortgage transactions from more than 7,700institutions each calendar quarter.29. What legislation has been passed specifically to protect investors whouse investment banks directly or indirectly to purchase securities Give some examples of the types of abuses for which protection is provided.The Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934 and the Investment Company Act of 1940 were passed by Congress to protect investors against possible abuses such as insider trading, lack of disclosure, outright malfeasance, and breach of fiduciary responsibilities.30. How do regulations regarding barriers to entry and the scope of permittedactivities affect the charter value of financial institutionsThe profitability of existing firms will be increased as the direct andindirect costs of establishing competition increase. Direct costs include the actual physical and financial costs of establishing a business. In the case of FIs, the financial costs include raising the necessary minimum capital to receive a charter. Indirect costs include permission from regulatory authorities to receive a charter. Again in the case of FIs this cost involves acceptable leadership to the regulators. As these barriers to entry are stronger, the charter value for existing firms will be higher.31. What reasons have been given for the growth of investment companies atthe expense of “traditional” banks and insurance companiesThe recent growth of investment companies can be attributed to two major factors:a. Investors have demanded increased access to direct securities markets.Investment companies and pension funds allow investors to take positions in direct securities markets while still obtaining the riskdiversification, monitoring, and transactional efficiency benefits offinancial intermediation. Some experts would argue that this growth isthe result of increased sophistication on the part of investors; otherswould argue that the ability to use these markets has caused theincreased investor awareness. The growth in these assets is inarguable.b. Recent episodes of financial distress in both the banking and insuranceindustries have led to an increase in regulation and governmentaloversight, thereby increasing the net regulatory burden of“traditional” companies. As such, the costs of intermediation haveincreased, which increases the cost of providing services to customers.32. What are some of the methods which banking organizations have employed toreduce the net regulatory burden What has been the effect onprofitabilityThrough regulatory changes, FIs have begun changing the mix of businessproducts offered to individual users and providers of funds. For example, banks have acquired mutual funds, have expanded their asset and pension fund management businesses, and have increased the security underwriting activities. In addition, legislation that allows banks to establish branches anywhere inthe United States has caused a wave of mergers. As the size of banks has grown, an expansion of possible product offerings has created the potentialfor lower service costs. Finally, the emphasis in recent years has been on products that generate increases in fee income, and the entire bankingindustry has benefited from increased profitability in recent years.33. What characteristics of financial products are necessary for financialmarkets to become efficient alternatives to financial intermediaries Can you give some examples of the commoditization of products which werepreviously the sole property of financial institutionsFinancial markets can replace FIs in the delivery of products that (1) have standardized terms, (2) serve a large number of customers, and (3) are sufficiently understood for investors to be comfortable in assessing their prices. When these three characteristics are met, the products often can be treated as commodities. One example of this process is the migration of over-the-counter options to the publicly traded option markets as trading volume grows and trading terms become standardized.34. In what way has Regulation 144A of the Securities and Exchange Commissionprovided an incentive to the process of financial disintermediationChanging technology and a reduction in information costs are rapidly changing the nature of financial transactions, enabling savers to access issuers of securities directly. Section 144A of the SEC is a recent regulatory change that will facilitate the process of disintermediation. The private placement of bonds and equities directly by the issuing firm is an example of a product that historically has been the domain of investment bankers. Although historically private placement assets had restrictions against trading, regulators have given permission for these assets to trade among large investors who have assets of more than $100 million. As the market grows, this minimum asset size restriction may be reduced.。
Chap007金融机构管理课后题答案说课材料
C h a p007金融机构管理课后题答案Chapter SevenRisks of Financial IntermediationChapter Outline IntroductionInterest Rate RiskMarket RiskCredit RiskOff-Balance-Sheet RiskTechnology and Operational RiskForeign Exchange RiskCountry or Sovereign RiskLiquidity RiskInsolvency RiskOther Risks and the Interaction of RisksSummarySolutions for End-of-Chapter Questions and Problems: Chapter Seven1.What is the process of asset transformation performed by a financial institution? Whydoes this process often lead to the creation of interest rate risk? What is interest rate risk?Asset transformation by an FI involves purchasing primary assets and issuing secondary assets as a source of funds. The primary securities purchased by the FI often have maturity and liquidity characteristics that are different from the secondary securities issued by the FI. For example, a bank buys medium- to long-term bonds and makes medium-term loans with funds raised by issuing short-term deposits.Interest rate risk occurs because the prices and reinvestment income characteristics of long-term assets react differently to changes in market interest rates than the prices and interest expense characteristics of short-term deposits. Interest rate risk is the effect on prices (value) and interim cash flows (interest coupon payment) caused by changes in the level of interest rates during the life of the financial asset.2.What is refinancing risk? How is refinancing risk part of interest rate risk? If an FI fundslong-term fixed-rate assets with short-term liabilities, what will be the impact on earnings of an increase in the rate of interest? A decrease in the rate of interest?Refinancing risk is the uncertainty of the cost of a new source of funds that are being used to finance a long-term fixed-rate asset. This risk occurs when an FI is holding assets with maturities greater than the maturities of its liabilities. For example, if a bank has a ten-year fixed-rate loan funded by a 2-year time deposit, the bank faces a risk of borrowing new deposits, or refinancing, at a higher rate in two years. Thus, interest rate increases would reduce net interest income. The bank would benefit if the rates fall as the cost of renewing the deposits would decrease, while the earning rate on the assets would not change. In this case, net interest income would increase.3.What is reinvestment risk? How is reinvestment risk part of interest rate risk? If an FIfunds short-term assets with long-term liabilities, what will be the impact on earnings of a decrease in the rate of interest? An increase in the rate of interest?Reinvestment risk is the uncertainty of the earning rate on the redeployment of assets that have matured. This risk occurs when an FI holds assets with maturities that are less than the maturities of its liabilities. For example, if a bank has a two-year loan funded by a ten-year fixed-rate time deposit, the bank faces the risk that it might be forced to lend or reinvest the money at lower rates after two years, perhaps even below the deposit rates. Also, if the bank receives periodic cash flows, such as coupon payments from a bond or monthly payments on a loan, these periodic cash flows will also be reinvested at the new lower (or higher) interest rates. Besides the effect on the income statement, this reinvestment risk may cause the realized yields on the assets to differ from the a priori expected yields.4. The sales literature of a mutual fund claims that the fund has no risk exposure since itinvests exclusively in federal government securities that are free of default risk. Is thisclaim true? Explain why or why not.Although the fund's asset portfolio is comprised of securities with no default risk, the securities remain exposed to interest rate risk. For example, if interest rates increase, the market value of the fund's Treasury security portfolio will decrease. Further, if interest rates decrease, the realized yield on these securities will be less than the expected rate of return because of reinvestment risk. In either case, investors who liquidate their positions in the fund may sell at a Net Asset Value (NAV) that is lower than the purchase price.5. What is economic or market value risk? In what manner is this risk adversely realized inthe economic performance of an FI?Economic value risk is the exposure to a change in the underlying value of an asset. As interest rates increase (or decrease), the value of fixed-rate assets decreases (or increases) because of the discounted present value of the cash flows. To the extent that the change in market value of the assets differs from the change in market value of the liabilities, the difference is realized in the market value of the equity of the FI. For example, for most depository FIs, an increase in interest rates will cause asset values to decrease more than liability values. The difference will cause the market value, or share price, of equity to decrease.6. A financial institution has the following balance sheet structure:Assets Liabilities and EquityCash $1,000 Certificate of Deposit $10,000 Bond $10,000 Equity $1,000 Total Assets $11,000 Total Liabilities and Equity $11,000 The bond has a 10-year maturity and a fixed-rate coupon of 10 percent. The certificate of deposit has a 1-year maturity and a 6 percent fixed rate of interest. The FI expects noadditional asset growth.a. What will be the net interest income (NII) at the end of the first year? Note: Netinterest income equals interest income minus interest expense.Interest income $1,000 $10,000 x 0.10Interest expense 600 $10,000 x 0.06Net interest income (NII) $400b. If at the end of year 1 market interest rates have increased 100 basis points (1 percent),what will be the net interest income for the second year? Is the change in NII causedby reinvestment risk or refinancing risk?Interest income $1,000 $10,000 x 0.10Interest expense 700 $10,000 x 0.07Net interest income (NII) $300The decrease in net interest income is caused by the increase in financing cost without a corresponding increase in the earnings rate. Thus, the change in NII is caused byrefinancing risk. The increase in market interest rates does not affect the interest income because the bond has a fixed-rate coupon for ten years. Note: this answer makes noassumption about reinvesting the first year’s interest income at the new higher rate.c. Assuming that market interest rates increase 1 percent, the bond will have a value of$9,446 at the end of year 1. What will be the market value of the equity for the FI?Assume that all of the NII in part (a) is used to cover operating expenses or isdistributed as dividends.Cash $1,000 Certificate of deposit $10,000Bond $9,446 Equity $ 446Total assets $10,446 $10,446d. If market interest rates had decreased 100 basis points by the end of year 1, would themarket value of equity be higher or lower than $1,000? Why?The market value of the equity would be higher ($1,600) because the value of the bond would be higher ($10,600) and the value of the CD would remain unchanged.e. What factors have caused the change in operating performance and market value forthis firm?The operating performance has been affected by the changes in the market interest rates that have caused the corresponding changes in interest income, interest expense, and net interest income. These specific changes have occurred because of the unique maturities of the fixed-rate assets and fixed-rate liabilities. Similarly, the economic market value of the firm has changed because of the effect of the changing rates on the market value of the bond.7. How does the policy of matching the maturities of assets and liabilities work (a) tominimize interest rate risk and (b) against the asset-transformation function for FIs?A policy of maturity matching will allow changes in market interest rates to have approximately the same effect on both interest income and interest expense. An increase in rates will tend to increase both income and expense, and a decrease in rates will tend to decrease both income and expense. The changes in income and expense may not be equal because of different cash flow characteristics of the assets and liabilities. The asset-transformation function of an FI involves investing short-term liabilities into long-term assets. Maturity matching clearly works against successful implementation of this process.8. Corporate bonds usually pay interest semiannually. If a company decided to change fromsemiannual to annual interest payments, how would this affect the bond’s interest rate risk?The interest rate risk would increase as the bonds are being paid back more slowly and therefore the cash flows would be exposed to interest rate changes for a longer period of time. Thus any change in interest rates would cause a larger inverse change in the value of the bonds.9. Two 10-year bonds are being considered for an investment that may have to be liquidatedbefore the maturity of the bonds. The first bond is a 10-year premium bond with a coupon rate higher than its required rate of return, and the second bond is a zero-coupon bond that pays only a lump-sum payment after 10 years with no interest over its life. Which bond would have more intere st rate risk? That is, which bond’s price would change by a larger amount for a given change in interest rates? Explain your answer.The zero-coupon bond would have more interest rate risk. Because the entire cash flow is not received until the bond matures, the entire cash flow is exposed to interest rate changes over the entire life of the bond. The cash flows of the coupon-paying bond are returned with periodic regularity, thus allowing less exposure to interest rate changes. In effect, some of the cash flows may be received before interest rates change. The effects of interest rate changes on these two types of assets will be explained in greater detail in the next section of the text.10. Consider again the two bonds in problem (9). If the investment goal is to leave the assetsuntouched until maturity, such as for a child’s education or for one’s retirement, which of the two bonds has more interest rate risk? What is the source of this risk?In this case the coupon-paying bond has more interest rate risk. The zero-coupon bond will generate exactly the expected return at the time of purchase because no interim cash flows will be realized. Thus the zero has no reinvestment risk. The coupon-paying bond faces reinvestment risk each time a coupon payment is received. The results of reinvestment will be beneficial if interest rates rise, but decreases in interest rate will cause the realized return to be less than the expected return.11. A money market mutual fund bought $1,000,000 of two-year Treasury notes six monthsago. During this time, the value of the securities has increased, but for tax reasons themutual fund wants to postpone any sale for two more months. What type of risk does the mutual fund face for the next two months?The mutual fund faces the risk of interest rates rising and the value of the securities falling.12. A bank invested $50 million in a two-year asset paying 10 percent interest per annum andsimultaneously issued a $50 million, one-year liability paying 8 percent interest per annum.What will be the bank’s net interest income each year if at the end of the first year allinterest rates have increased by 1 percent (100 basis points)?Net interest income is not affected in the first year, but NII will decrease in the second year.Year 1 Year 2Interest income $5,000,000 $5,000,000Interest expense $4,000,000 $4,500,000Net interest income $1,000,000 $500,00013. What is market risk? How do the results of this risk surface in the operating performanceof financial institutions? What actions can be taken by FI management to minimize theeffects of this risk?Market risk is the risk of price changes that affects any firm that trades assets and liabilities. The risk can surface because of changes in interest rates, exchange rates, or any other prices of financial assets that are traded rather than held on the balance sheet. Market risk can be minimized by using appropriate hedging techniques such as futures, options, and swaps, and by implementing controls that limit the amount of exposure taken by market makers.14. What is credit risk? Which types of FIs are more susceptible to this type of risk? Why?Credit risk is the possibility that promised cash flows may not occur or may only partially occur. FIs that lend money for long periods of time, whether as loans or by buying bonds, are more susceptible to this risk than those FIs that have short investment horizons. For example, life insurance companies and depository institutions generally must wait a longer time for returns to be realized than money market mutual funds and property-casualty insurance companies.15. What is the difference between firm-specific credit risk and systematic credit risk? Howcan an FI alleviate firm-specific credit risk?Firm-specific credit risk refers to the likelihood that specific individual assets may deteriorate in quality, while systematic credit risk involves macroeconomic factors that may increase the default risk of all firms in the economy. Thus, if S&P lowers its rating on IBM stock and if an investor is holding only this particular stock, she may face significant losses as a result of this downgrading. However, portfolio theory in finance has shown that firm-specific credit risk can be diversified away if a portfolio of well-diversified stocks is held. Similarly, if an FI holds well-diversified assets, the FI will face only systematic credit risk that will be affected by the general condition of the economy. The risks specific to any one customer will not be a significant portion of the FIs overall credit risk.16. Many banks and S&Ls that failed in the 1980s had made loans to oil companies inLouisiana, Texas, and Oklahoma. When oil prices fell, these companies, the regionaleconomy, and the banks and S&Ls all experienced financial problems. What types of risk were inherent in the loans that were made by these banks and S&Ls?The loans in question involved credit risk. Although the geographic risk area covered a large region of the United States, the risk more closely characterized firm-specific risk than systematic risk. More extensive diversification by the FIs to other types of industries would have decreased the amount of financial hardship these institutions had to endure.17. What is the nature of an off-balance-sheet activity? How does an FI benefit from suchactivities? Identify the various risks that these activities generate for an FI and explain how these risks can create varying degrees of financial stress for the FI at a later time.Off-balance-sheet activities are contingent commitments to undertake future on-balance-sheet investments. The usual benefit of committing to a future activity is the generation of immediate fee income without the normal recognition of the activity on the balance sheet. As such, these contingent investments may be exposed to credit risk (if there is some default risk probability), interest rate risk (if there is some price and/or interest rate sensitivity) and foreign exchange rate risk (if there is a cross currency commitment).18. What is technology risk? What is the difference between economies of scale andeconomies of scope? How can these economies create benefits for an FI? How can these economies prove harmful to an FI?Technology risk occurs when investment in new technologies does not generate the cost savings expected in the expansion in financial services. Economies of scale occur when the average cost of production decreases with an expansion in the amount of financial services provided. Economies of scope occur when an FI is able to lower overall costs by producing new products with inputs similar to those used for other products. In financial service industries, the use of data from existing customer databases to assist in providing new service products is an example of economies of scope.19. What is the difference between technology risk and operational risk? How doesinternationalizing the payments system among banks increase operational risk?Technology risk refers to the uncertainty surrounding the implementation of new technology in the operations of an FI. For example, if an FI spends millions on upgrading its computer systems but is not able to recapture its costs because its productivity has not increased commensurately or because the technology has already become obsolete, it has invested in a negative NPV investment in technology.Operational risk refers to the failure of the back-room support operations necessary to maintain the smooth functioning of the operation of FIs, including settlement, clearing, and other transaction-related activities. For example, computerized payment systems such as Fedwire, CHIPS, and SWIFT allow modern financial intermediaries to transfer funds, securities, and messages across the world in seconds of real time. This creates the opportunity to engage in global financial transactions over a short term in an extremely cost-efficient manner. However, the interdependence of such transactions also creates settlement risk. Typically, any given transaction leads to other transactions as funds and securities cross the globe. If there is either a transmittal failure or high-tech fraud affecting any one of the intermediate transactions, this could cause an unraveling of all subsequent transactions.20. What two factors provide potential benefits to FIs that expand their asset holdings andliability funding sources beyond their domestic economies?FIs can realize operational and financial benefits from direct foreign investment and foreign portfolio investments in two ways. First, the technologies and firms across various economies differ from each other in terms of growth rates, extent of development, etc. Second, exchange rate changes may not be perfectly correlated across various economies.21. What is foreign exchange risk? What does it mean for an FI to be net long in foreign assets?What does it mean for an FI to be net short in foreign assets? In each case, what musthappen to the foreign exchange rate to cause the FI to suffer losses?Foreign exchan ge risk involves the adverse affect on the value of an FI’s assets and liabilities that are located in another country when the exchange rate changes. An FI is net long in foreign assets when the foreign currency-denominated assets exceed the foreign currency denominated liabilities. In this case, an FI will suffer potential losses if the domestic currency strengthens relative to the foreign currency when repayment of the assets will occur in the foreign currency. An FI is net short in foreign assets when the foreign currency-denominated liabilities exceed the foreign currency denominated assets. In this case, an FI will suffer potential losses if the domestic currency weakens relative to the foreign currency when repayment of the liabilities will occur in the domestic currency.22. If the Swiss franc is expected to depreciate in the near future, would a U.S.-based FI inBern City prefer to be net long or net short in its asset positions? Discuss.The U.S. FI would prefer to be net short (liabilities greater than assets) in its asset position. The depreciation of the franc relative to the dollar means that the U.S. FI would pay back the net liability position with fewer dollars. In other words, the decrease in the foreign assets in dollar value after conversion will be less than the decrease in the value of the foreign liabilities in dollar value after conversion.23. If international capital markets are well integrated and operate efficiently, will banks beexposed to foreign exchange risk? What are the sources of foreign exchange risk for FIs?If there are no real or financial barriers to international capital and goods flows, FIs can eliminate all foreign exchange rate risk exposure. Sources of foreign exchange risk exposure include international differentials in real prices, cross-country differences in the real rate of interest (perhaps, as a result of differential rates of time preference), regulatory and government intervention and restrictions on capital movements, trade barriers, and tariffs.24. If an FI has the same amount of foreign assets and foreign liabilities in the same currency,has that FI necessarily reduced to zero the risk involved in these international transactions?Explain.Matching the size of the foreign currency book will not eliminate the risk of the international transactions if the maturities of the assets and liabilities are mismatched. To the extent that the asset and liabilities are mismatched in terms of maturities, or more importantly durations, the FI will be exposed to foreign interest rate risk.25. A U.S. insurance company invests $1,000,000 in a private placement of British bonds.Each bond pays £300 in interest per year for 20 years. If the current exchange rate is£1.7612/$, what is the nature of the insurance company’s exchange rate risk? Specifically, what type of exchange rate movement concerns this insurance company?In this case, the insurance company is worried about the value of the £ falling. If this happens, the insurance company would be able to buy fewer dollars with the £ received. This would happen if the exchange rate rose to say £1.88/$ since now it would take more £ to buy one dollar, but the bond contract is paying a fixed amount of interest and principal.26. Assume that a bank has assets located in London worth £150 million on which it earns anaverage of 8 percent per year. The bank has £100 million in liabilities on which it pays an average of 6 percent per year. The current spot rate is £1.50/$.a. If the exchange rate at the end of the year is £2.00/$, will the dollar have appreciated ordevalued against the mark?The dollar will have appreciated, or conversely, the £ will have depreciated.b. Given the change in the exchange rate, what is the effect in dollars on the net interestincome from the foreign assets and liabilities? Note: The net interest income is interestincome minus interest expense.Measurement in £Interest received = £12 millionInterest paid = £6 millionNet interest income = £6 millionMeasurement in $ before £ devaluationInterest received in dollars = $8 millionInterest paid in dollars = $4 millionNet interest income = $4 millionMeasurement in $ after £ devaluationInterest received in dollars = $6 millionInterest paid in dollars = $3 millionNet interest income = $3 millionc. What is the effect of the exchange rate change on the value of assets and liabilities indollars?The assets were worth $100 million (£150m/1.50) before depreciation, but afterdevaluation they are worth only $75 million. The liabilities were worth $66.67 millionbefore depreciation, but they are worth only $50 million after devaluation. Since assetsdeclined by $25 million and liabilities by $16.67 million, net worth declined by $8.33million using spot rates at the end of the year.27. Six months ago, Qualitybank, LTD., issued a $100 million, one-year maturity CDdenominated in Euros. On the same date, $60 million was invested in a €-denominated loan and $40 million was invested in a U.S. Treasury bill. The exchange rate six months ago was €1.7382/$. Assume no repayment of principal, and an exchange rate today of €1.3905/$.a. What is the current value of the Euro CD principal (in dollars and €)?Today's principal value on the Euro CD is €173.82 and $125m (173.82/1.3905).b. What is the current value of the Euro-denominated loan principal (in dollars and €)?Today's principal value on the loan is DM104.292 and $75 (104.292/1.3905).c. What is the current value of the U.S. Treasury bil l (in dollars and €)?Today's principal value on the U.S. Treasury bill is $40m and €55.62 (40 x 1.3905),although for a U.S. bank this does not change in value.d.What is Qualitybank’s profit/loss from this transaction (in dollars and €)?Qualitybank's loss is $10m or €13.908.Solution matrix for problem 27:At Issue Date:Dollar Transaction Values (in millions) Euro Transaction Values (in millions)Euro Euro Euro EuroLoan $60 CD $100 Loan DM104.292 CD DM173.82 U.S T-bill $40 U.S. T-bill DM69.528$100 $100 DM173.82 DM173.82 Today:Dollar Transaction Values (in millions) €Transaction Values (in millions)Euro Euro Euro EuroLoan $75 CD $125 Loan €104.292CD €173.82 U.S. T-bill $40 U.S. T-bill €55.620$115 $125 €159.912 €173.82 28. Suppose you purchase a 10-year, AAA-rated Swiss bond for par that is paying an annualcoupon of 8 percent. The bond has a face value of 1,000 Swiss francs (SF). The spot rate at the time of purchase is SF1.50/$. At the end of the year, the bond is downgraded to AA and the yield increases to 10 percent. In addition, the SF appreciates to SF1.35/$.a. What is the loss or gain to a Swiss investor who holds this bond for a year? What portion of this loss or gain is due to foreign exchange risk? What portion is due to interest rate risk?Beginning of the Year000,1*000,1*6010,610,6SF PV SF PVA SF Bond of Price n i n i =+=====End of the Year06.875*000,1*609,89,8SF PV SF PVA SF Bond of Price n i n i =+=====The loss to the Swiss investor (SF875.06 + SF60 - SF1,000)/$1,000 = -6.49 percent. The entire amount of the loss is due to interest rate risk.b. What is the loss or gain to a U.S. investor who holds this bond for a year? What portion of this loss or gain is due to foreign exchange risk? What portion is due to interest rate risk?Price at beginning of year = SF1,000/SF1.50 = $666.67Price at end of year = SF875.06/SF1.35 = $648.19Interest received at end of year = SF60/SF1.35 = $44.44Gain to U.S. investor = ($648.19 + $44.44 - $666.67)/$666.67 = +3.89%.The U.S. investor had an equivalent loss of 6.49 percent from interest rate risk, but he had again of 10.38 percent (3.89 - (-6.49)) from foreign exchange risk. If the Swiss franc haddepreciated, the loss to the U.S. investor would have been larger than 6.49 percent.29. What is country or sovereign risk ? What remedy does an FI realistically have in the eventof a collapsing country or currency?Country risk involves the interference of a foreign government in the transmission of funds transfer to repay a debt by a foreign borrower. A lender FI has very little recourse in this situation unless the FI is able to restructure the debt or demonstrate influence over the future supply of funds to the country in question. This influence likely would involve significant working relationships with the IMF and the World Bank.30. Characterize the risk exposure(s) of the following FI transactions by choosing one or moreof the risk types listed below:a. Interest rate risk d. Technology riskb. Credit risk e. Foreign exchange rate riskc. Off-balance-sheet risk f. Country or sovereign risk(1) A bank finances a $10 million, six-year fixed-rate commercial loan by selling one-year certificates of deposit. a, b(2) An insurance company invests its policy premiums in a long-term municipal bondportfolio. a, b。
网络安全课后答案
Chapter 6 Internet安全体系结构之一1.列出物理网风险的4种类型。
答：窃听；回答（重放）；插入；拒绝服务（DoS）。
2.什么是身份鉴别栈？答：身份鉴别栈是一个OSI栈，它位于网络用户的OSI栈前面，管理网络的身份鉴别。
3.列出对有线物理网攻击的5种类型。
答：连接破坏；干扰；侦察；插入攻击；回答。
4.有哪几种动态LAN链接的身份鉴别方法？答：Modem身份鉴别凭证；呼叫者ID；自动回叫；生成安全动态链接。
5.列出无线网的各种风险。
答：分组嗅测；服务集标识（SSID）信息；假冒；寄生者；直接安全漏洞。
6.WEP是一种高强度安全方法吗？为什么？答：是。
WEP能主动阻止连接，可以确定意图，如果攻击者解密和访问一个有WEP的网络，就很清楚地暴躁其攻击的意图。
WEP是通用的，几乎所有无线网络路由器都支持WEP，并且相互兼容。
7.什么是数据链路的随意模式？答：正常模式下，网络寻址机制（也就是MAC）能阻止上面的堆栈层接收非指向该结点的数据。
然后很多网络接口支持无地址过滤，运行在随意模式的结点能接收所有报文帧，而不只是指向该结点的帧。
随意模式允许攻击者接收所有来自网络的数据。
8.列出各种缓解数据层风险的方法。
答：硬编码硬件地址；数据身份鉴别；高层身份鉴别；分析器和工具。
9.试述CHAP的功能、特点和局限性。
答：CHAP使用共享密钥对初始网络连接进行身份鉴别，提供了一种方法对两个结点进行身份鉴别，但是在连接建立后不执行任何验证或加密。
CHAP使用一个更复杂的系统，它是基于密钥交换和共享密钥，身份鉴别相当安全，可用于易受窃听攻击的网络。
CHAP具有局限性。
首先，只是在启动连接时进行身份鉴别，之后PPP不提供安全，某些攻击者具有在身份鉴别后拦截连接进行窃听的能力；再次，假如窃听者捕获到两个不长的随机数的协商，那么，对蛮力攻击，哈希函数可能易受攻击。
10.ARP为什么会受损？ARP受损后有何影响？如何能缓解ARP受损？答：ARP表包含一个临时的缓存，以存储最近看到的MAC地址，只有一个新的IP地址（或MAC）要查找时，才需要ARP分组，当一个无效的或不经意的差错进入ARP表，这个缓冲就会使系统的ARP受损。
chap1(1-7)
r
§1.2 速度、加速度的分量表达式
二、极坐标系（polar coordinate system) (一)、平面极坐标系的定义 径向
横向
3. 正交单位矢量：
O
P
r
极轴
径向单位矢量 i ：指向r增加的方向；
i j构成正交系，是随质点的运动而变化的单位矢量，
是时间的函数
横向单位矢量j ：指向 极角 增加的方向，且与径 向垂直；
第一章 质点力学
质点动力学是研究质点运动与其受力间的关系
道路转弯中的力学问题
§1.1 运动的描述
一、参照系和坐标系
•参考系(reference frame): 为研究运动作为标准的物体 坐标系(coordinate system): 用以标定物体的空间位置 而设置的坐标系统。 要解决任何具体力学问题,首先应选取一个适当的参 考系,并建立适当的坐标系,否则就无从讨论物体的运动。 常见的坐标系： 直角坐标系，极坐标系，柱坐标系、 球 坐标系，自然坐标…...
④ 加速度
已知：
OC AC BC l , MC a, t
求：x=x(t)， y=y(t)。 解：取坐标系xoy 运动方程
x OC cos CM cos (OC CM ) cos (l a) cos t
y AM sin (l a)sin t
已知： 加速度
x (l a) cos t
vx x l a sin t v y y (l a) cos t
x l a 2 cos t ax v x y l a 2 sin t ay v y
只限于以牛顿运动规律为根据的经典力学，其前提是牛顿 的绝对时空观，所以它只适用于限度远比分子距离大、速度远 比光速小的宏观低速物体的运动。对于运动速度与光速（c＝ 2.997925×108m/s）可以比拟的物体的运动问题。经典力学则 让位于相对论力学；对于坐标x和其对应动量Px不能同时测定 （测不准关系）的微观粒子（如原子、分子等）的运动问题， 则让位于量子力学。
核物理与粒子物理导论chap_1_4-7 (7)
129习 题6-1．利用核素质量，计算的β 谱的最大能量。
He H 3231→m E 6-2．既可产生衰变，也可产生K 俘获，已知的最大能量为1.89 MeV ，试求K 俘获过程放出的中微子的能量。
V 4723β+β+E v 6-3．样品中含RaE 4.00 mg ，实验测得半衰期为5.01d ，放出β 粒子的平均能量为0.337 MeV ，试求样品的能量辐射率W 。
6-4．设在标准状态下的2.57 cm 3的氚气样品中，发现每小时放出0.80 J 的热，已知氚的半衰期为12.33 a ，试求：衰变率D ；()β 粒子的平均能量()a b E β；()c E β与β 谱的最大能量之比m E E β/。
m E 6-5．的衰变能＝0.87 MeV ，试求的反冲能。
Li Be 73K74→d E Li73R E 6-6．32P 的β 粒子最大能量＝1.71 MeV ，计算放出β 粒子时原子核的最大反冲能和发射中微子时核的最大反冲能。
m E E Re v E R 6-7．放射源有：(两组电子，其最大能量和分支比为0.69 MeV ，16%和1.36 MeV ，16％，后者为相应至基态之衰变；(两组电子，其最大能量和分支比为0.92 MeV ，25％和1.53 MeV ，2.8％，后者为相应至基态之衰变；(两组单能中微子：1.93 MeV ，38％和2.54 MeV ，2.2％。
试作出的衰变纲图，并求该放射源所放出的γ 射线的能量。
（已知Ge 的K 电子结合能为≈0.01 MeV 。
）As 7433)a β−Se 7434)b β+Ge 7432)c As 7433 6-8．计算24Na 的衰变的β 粒子最大能量，为什么在实验中没有观察到达这组能量的β 粒子？β−m E6-10．对于，查表得，并已知子核的能级特性为0CaSc 4220s68.04221+→β3.3m 10),(=E Z f +。
试求log 值，并以此判断母核的能级特性。
互换性与技术测量课后习题
5．三个量块的实际尺寸和检定时的极限误差分别为20±0.0003, 1.005±0.0003, 1.48±0.0003，试计算这三个量块组合后的尺寸和极限误差。
3．用某测量方法在等精度的情况下对某一试件测量了15次，各次的测得值如下（单位为mm）:30.742,30.743,30.740,30.741,30.739,30.740,30.739,30.741,30.742,30.743,30.739,30.740,30.743,30.742,30.741,求单次测量的标准偏差和极限误差。
0.021
轴：ø40
-0.050
-0.112
轴：ø60
60.041
0.030
轴：ø85
84.978
0.022
2．已知下列三对孔、轴相配合。要求：
（1）分别计算三对配合的最大与最小间隙（Xmax,Xmin）或过盈（Ymax,Ymin）及配合公差。
（2）分别绘出公差带图，并说明它们的类别。
a)孔： 轴：
Chap10键和花键的公差及检测
1． 减速器中有一传动轴与一零件孔采用平键联结，要求键在键槽和轮彀槽中均固定，并且承受的载荷不大，轴与孔的直径为 ，现选定键的公称尺寸为 ，试按GB1095-79确定孔及轴槽宽与键宽的配合，并将各项公差值标注在零件图（图10-1）上。
2．在装配图上，花键联接的标注为：
Chap9螺纹公差及检测
1．查表9-2、9-3，写出 螺栓中径、大径和螺母中径、小径的极限偏差。
2．有一螺栓 ，其公称螺距 ，公称中径 ，加工后测得 ，螺距累积误差 ，左、右牙型半角误差 ，问此螺栓中径是否合格？
曼昆微观经济学课后练习英文答案(第七章)
rketsWHAT’S NEW IN THE SIXTH EDITION:There are no major changes to this chapter.LEARNING OBJECTIVES:By the end of this chapter, students should understand:the link between buyers’ willingness to pay for a good and the demand curve.how to define and measure consumer surplus.the link between sellers’ costs of producing a good and the supply curve.how to define and measure producer surplus.that the equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes total surplus in a market.CONTEXT AND PURPOSE:Chapter 7 is the first chapter in a three-chapter sequence on welfare economics and market efficiency. Chapter 7 employs the supply and demand model to develop consumer surplus and producer surplus as a measure of welfare and market efficiency. These concepts are then7CONSUMERS, PRODUCERS, AND THEEFFICIENCY OF MARKETSutilized in Chapters 8 and 9 to determine the winners and losers from taxation and restrictions on international trade.The purpose of Chapter 7 is to develop welfare economics—the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapters 4 through 6 employed supply and demand in a positive framework, which focused on the question, “What is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market” This chapter now addresses the normative question, “Is the equilibrium price and quantity in a market the best possible solution to the resource allocation problem, or is it simply the price and quantity that balance supply and demand” Students will discover that under most circumstances the equilibrium price and quantity is also the one that maximizes welfare.KEY POINTS:Consumer surplus equals buyers’ willingness to pay for a good minus the amount theyactually pay for it, and it measures the benefit buyers get from participating in a market.Consumer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the demand curve and above the price.Producer surplus equals the amount sellers receive for their goods minus their costs of production, and it measures the benefit sellers get from participating in a market.Producer surplus can be computed by finding the area below the price and above the supply curve.An allocation of resources that maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus is said to be efficient. Policymakers are often concerned with the efficiency, as well as the equality, of economic outcomes.The equilibrium of supply and demand maximizes the sum of consumer and producer surplus.That is, the invisible hand of the marketplace leads buyers and sellers to allocateresources efficiently.Markets do not allocate resources efficiently in the presence of market failures such as market power or externalities.CHAPTER OUTLINE:I. Definition of welfare economics: the study of how the allocation of resources affectseconomic well-being.Students often are confused by the use of the word “welfare.” Remind themthat we are talking about social well-being and not public assistance.II. Consumer SurplusA. Willingness to Pay1. Definition of willingness to pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for agood.2. Example: You are auctioning a mint-condition recording of Elvis Presley’s firstalbum. Four buyers show up. Their willingness to pay is as follows:If the bidding goes to slightly higher than $80, all buyers drop outexcept for John. Because John is willing to pay more than he has to forthe album, he derives some benefit from participating in the market.3. Definition of consumer surplus: the amount a buyer is willing to pay for a goodminus the amount the buyer actually pays for it.4. Note that if you had more than one copy of the album, the price in the auctionJohn and Paul would gain consumer surplus.B. Using the Demand Curve to Measure Consumer Surplus1. We can use the information on willingness to pay to derive a demand curve for therare Elvis Presley album.2. At any given quantity, the price given by the demand curve reflects thewillingness to pay of the marginal buyer. Because the demand curve shows thebuyers’ willingness to pay, we can use the demand curve to measure consumersurplus.Figure 23. Consumer surplus can be measured as the area below the demand curve and above theprice.C. How a Lower Price Raises Consumer SurplusFigure 31. As price falls, consumer surplus increases for two reasons.a. Those already buying the product will receive additional consumer surplusbecause they are paying less for the product than before (area A on the graph).b. Because the price is now lower, some new buyers will enter the market andreceive consumer surplus on these additional units of output purchased (area Bon the graph).D. What Does Consumer Surplus MeasureIt is important to stress that consumer surplus is measured in monetaryterms. Consumer surplus gives us a way to place a monetary cost on1. Remember that consumer surplus is the difference between the amount that buyersare willing to pay for a good and the price that they actually pay.2. Thus, it measures the benefit that consumers receive from the good as the buyersthemselves perceive it.ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Review the material on price ceilings from Chapter 6. Redraw the market for two-bedroom apartments in your town. Draw in a price ceiling below the equilibriumprice.III. Producer SurplusA. Cost and the Willingness to Sell1. Definition of cost: the value of everything a seller must give up to produce agood.You will need to take some time to explain the relationship between theproducers’ willingness to sell and the cost of producing the good. Therelationship between cost and the supply curve is not as apparent as the2. Example: You want to hire someone to paint your house. You accept bids for thework from four sellers. Each painter is willing to work if the price you will pay exceeds her opportunity cost. (Note that this opportunity cost thus represents willingness to sell.) The costs are:3. Bidding will stop when the price gets to be slightly below $600. All sellers willdrop out except for Grandma. Because Grandma receives more than she would require to paint the house, she derives some benefit from producing in the market.4. Definition of producer surplus: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus theseller’s cost of providing it.5. Note that if you had more than one house to paint, the price in the auction wouldend up being higher (a little under $800 in the case of two houses) and bothGrandma and Georgia would gain producer surplus.B. Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus1. We can use the information on cost (willingness to sell) to derive a supply curvefor house painting services.Price Sellers Quantity Supplied$900 or more Mary, Frida, Georgia, Grandma4$800 to $900Frida, Georgia, Grandma3$600 to $800Georgia, Grandma2$500 to $600Grandma1less than $500None02. At any given quantity, the price given by the supply curve represents the cost ofthe marginal seller. Because the supply curve shows the sellers’ cost(willingness to sell), we can use the supply curve to measure producer surplus.3. Producer surplus can be measured as the area above the supply curve and below theprice.Figure 4Figure 5C. How a Higher Price Raises Producer Surplus1. As price rises, producer surplus increases for two reasons.a. Those already selling the product will receive additional producer surplusbecause they are receiving more for the product than before (area C on thegraph).b. Because the price is now higher, some new sellers will enter the market andreceive producer surplus on these additional units of output sold (area D onthe graph).D. Producer surplus is used to measure the economic well-being of producers, much likeFigure 6ALTERNATIVE CLASSROOM EXAMPLE:Review the material on price floors from Chapter 6. Redraw the market for anagricultural product such as corn. Draw in a price support above the equilibriumprice.Then go through:IV. Market EfficiencyA. The Benevolent Social Planner1. The economic well-being of everyone in society can be measured by total surplus,which is the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus:Total Surplus = Consumer Surplus + Producer SurplusTotal Surplus = (Value to Buyers – Amount Paid by Buyers) + (Amount Received by Sellers – Cost to Sellers)Because the Amount Paid by Buyers = Amount Received by Sellers:2. Definition of efficiency: the property of a resource allocation of maximizing thetotal surplus received by all members of society .3. Definition of equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformlythe members of society .B. Evaluating the Market EquilibriumTotal Surplus = Value to Buyers Cost to SellersFigure 7Now might be a good time to point out that many government policies involvea trade-off between efficiency and equity. When you evaluate government Pretty Woman, Chapter 6. Vivien (Julia Roberts) and Edward (Richard Gere)negotiate a price. Afterward, Vivien reveals she would have accepted a lower price, while Edward admits he would have paid more. If you have done a good job of introducing consumer and producer surplus, you will see the1. At the market equilibrium price:a. Buyers who value the product more than the equilibrium price will purchase theproduct; those who do not, will not purchase the product. In other words, thefree market allocates the supply of a good to the buyers who value it mosthighly, as measured by their willingness to pay.b. Sellers whose costs are lower than the equilibrium price will produce theproduct; those whose costs are higher, will not produce the product. In otherwords, the free market allocates the demand for goods to the sellers who canproduce it at the lowest cost.2. Total surplus is maximized at the market equilibrium.Figure 8a. At any quantity of output smaller than the equilibrium quantity, the value ofthe product to the marginal buyer is greater than the cost to the marginalseller so total surplus would rise if output increases.b. At any quantity of output greater than the equilibrium quantity, the value ofthe product to the marginal buyer is less than the cost to the marginal sellerso total surplus would rise if output decreases.3. Note that this is one of the reasons that economists believe Principle #6: Marketsare usually a good way to organize economic activity.It would be a good idea to remind students that there are circumstanceswhen the market process does not lead to the most efficient outcome.Examples include situations such as when a firm (or buyer) has market powerC. In the News: Ticket Scalping1. Ticket scalping is an example of how markets work to achieve an efficient outcome.2. This article from The Boston Globe describes economist Chip Case’s experiencewith ticket scalping.D. Case Study: Should There Be a Market in Organs1. As a matter of public policy, people are not allowed to sell their organs.a. In essence, this means that there is a price ceiling on organs of $0.b. This has led to a shortage of organs.2. The creation of a market for organs would lead to a more efficient allocation ofresources, but critics worry about the equity of a market system for organs.V. Market Efficiency and Market FailureA. To conclude that markets are efficient, we made several assumptions about how marketsworked.1. Perfectly competitive markets.2. No externalities.B. When these assumptions do not hold, the market equilibrium may not be efficient.C. When markets fail, public policy can potentially remedy the situation.SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:Quick Quizzes1. Figure 1 shows the demand curve for turkey. The price of turkey is P1 and theconsumer surplus that results from that price is denoted CS. Consumer surplus isthe amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus the amount the buyeractually pays for it. It measures the benefit to buyers of participating in amarket.Figure 1 Figure 22. Figure 2 shows the supply curve for turkey. The price of turkey is P1 and theproducer surplus that results from that price is denoted PS. Producer surplus isthe amount sellers are paid for a good minus the sellers’ cost of providing it(measured by the supply curve). It measures the benefit to sellers ofparticipating in a market.Figure 33. Figure 3 shows the supply and demand for turkey. The price of turkey is P1,consumer surplus is CS, and producer surplus is PS. Producing more turkeys thanthe equilibrium quantity would lower total surplus because the value to themarginal buyer would be lower than the cost to the marginal seller on thoseadditional units.Questions for Review1. The price a buyer is willing to pay, consumer surplus, and the demand curve areall closely related. The height of the demand curve represents the willingness topay of the buyers. Consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and abovethe price, which equals the price that each buyer is willing to pay minus theprice actually paid.2. Sellers' costs, producer surplus, and the supply curve are all closely related.The height of the supply curve represents the costs of the sellers. Producersurplus is the area below the price and above the supply curve, which equals theprice received minus each seller's costs of producing the good.Figure 43. Figure 4 shows producer and consumer surplus in a supply-and-demand diagram.4. An allocation of resources is efficient if it maximizes total surplus, the sum ofconsumer surplus and producer surplus. But efficiency may not be the only goal of economic policymakers; they may also be concerned about equity the fairness of the distribution of well-being.5. The invisible hand of the marketplace guides the self-interest of buyers andsellers into promoting general economic well-being. Despite decentralized decision making and self-interested decision makers, free markets often lead to anefficient outcome.6. Two types of market failure are market power and externalities. Market power maycause market outcomes to be inefficient because firms may cause price and quantity to differ from the levels they would be under perfect competition, which keeps total surplus from being maximized. Externalities are side effects that are not taken into account by buyers and sellers. As a result, the free market does not maximize total surplus.Problems and Applications1. a. Consumer surplus is equal to willingness to pay minus the price paid.Therefore, Melissa’s willingness to pay must be $200 ($120 + $80).b. Her consumer surplus at a price of $90 would be $200 − $90 = $110.c. If the price of an iPod was $250, Melissa would not have purchased one becausethe price is greater than her willingness to pay. Therefore, she would receiveno consumer surplus.2. If an early freeze in California sours the lemon crop, the supply curve for lemonsshifts to the left, as shown in Figure 5. The result is a rise in the price oflemons and a decline in consumer surplus from A + B + C to just A. So consumersurplus declines by the amount B + C.Figure 5 Figure 6In the market for lemonade, the higher cost of lemons reduces the supply oflemonade, as shown in Figure 6. The result is a rise in the price of lemonade anda decline in consumer surplus from D + E + F to just D, a loss of E + F. Note thatan event that affects consumer surplus in one market often has effects on consumersurplus in other markets.3. A rise in the demand for French bread leads to an increase in producer surplus inthe market for French bread, as shown in Figure 7. The shift of the demand curve leads to an increased price, which increases producer surplus from area A to areaA +B + C.Figure 7The increased quantity of French bread being sold increases the demand for flour, as shown in Figure 8. As a result, the price of flour rises, increasing producer surplus from area D to D + E + F. Note that an event that affects producer surplus in one market leads to effects on producer surplus in related markets.Figure 84. a. Bert’s demand schedule is:Price Quantity DemandedMore than $70$5 to $71$3 to $52$1 to $33$1 or less4Bert’s demand curve is shown in Figure 9.Figure 9b. When the price of a bottle of water is $4, Bert buys two bottles of water. Hisconsumer surplus is shown as area A in the figure. He values his first bottle of water at $7, but pays only $4 for it, so has consumer surplus of $3. Hevalues his second bottle of water at $5, but pays only $4 for it, so hasconsumer surplus of $1. Thus Bert’s total consumer surplus is $3 + $1 = $4, which is the area of A in the figure.c. When the price of a bottle of water falls from $4 to $2, Bert buys threebottles of water, an increase of one. His consumer surplus consists of both areas A and B in the figure, an increase in the amount of area B. He getsconsumer surplus of $5 from the first bottle ($7 value minus $2 price), $3 from the second bottle ($5 value minus $2 price), and $1 from the third bottle ($3 value minus $2 price), for a total consumer surplus of $9. Thus consumersurplus rises by $5 (which is the size of area B) when the price of a bottle of water falls from $4 to $2.5. a. Ernie’s supply schedule for water is:Price Quantity SuppliedMore than $74$5 to $73$3 to $52$1 to $31Less than $10Ernie’s su pply curve is shown in Figure 10.Figure 10b. When the price of a bottle of water is $4, Ernie sells two bottles of water.His producer surplus is shown as area A in the figure. He receives $4 for his first bottle of water, but it costs only $1 to produce, so Ernie has producer surplus of $3. He also receives $4 for his second bottle of water, which costs $3 to produce, so he has producer surplus of $1. Thus Ernie’s total producer surplus is $3 + $1 = $4, which is the area of A in the figure.c. When the price of a bottle of water rises from $4 to $6, Ernie sells threebottles of water, an increase of one. His producer surplus consists of bothareas A and B in the figure, an increase by the amount of area B. He getsproducer surplus of $5 from the first bottle ($6 price minus $1 cost), $3 from the second bottle ($6 price minus $3 cost), and $1 from the third bottle ($6price minus $5 price), for a total producer surplus of $9. Thus producersurplus rises by $5 (which is the size of area B) when the price of a bottle of water rises from $4 to $6.6. a. From Ernie’s supply schedule and Bert’s demand schedule, the quantitydemanded and supplied are:Only a price of $4 brings supply and demand into equilibrium, with anequilibrium quantity of two.b. At a price of $4, consumer surplus is $4 and producer surplus is $4, as shownin Problems 3 and 4 above. Total surplus is $4 + $4 = $8.c. If Ernie produced one less bottle, his producer surplus would decline to $3, asshown in Problem 4 above. If Bert consumed one less bottle, his consumersurplus would decline to $3, as shown in Problem 3 above. So total surpluswould decline to $3 + $3 = $6.d. If Ernie produced one additional bottle of water, his cost would be $5, but theprice is only $4, so his producer surplus would decline by $1. If Bert consumed one additional bottle of water, his value would be $3, but the price is $4, so his consumer surplus would decline by $1. So total surplus declines by $1 + $1 = $2.7. a. The effect of falling production costs in the market for stereos results in ashift to the right in the supply curve, as shown in Figure 11. As a result, the equilibrium price of stereos declines and the equilibrium quantity increases.Figure 11b. The decline in the price of stereos increases consumer surplus from area A to A+ B + C + D, an increase in the amount B + C + D. Prior to the shift in supply, producer surplus was areas B + E (the area above the supply curve and below the price). After the shift in supply, producer surplus is areas E + F + G. Soproducer surplus changes by the amount F + G – B, which may be positive ornegative. The increase in quantity increases producer surplus, while thedecline in the price reduces producer surplus. Because consumer surplus risesby B + C + D and producer surplus rises by F + G – B, total surplus rises by C + D + F + G.c. If the supply of stereos is very elastic, then the shift of the supply curvebenefits consumers most. To take the most dramatic case, suppose the supplycurve were horizontal, as shown in Figure 12. Then there is no producer surplus at all. Consumers capture all the benefits of falling production costs, withconsumer surplus rising from area A to area A + B.Figure 128. Figure 13 shows supply and demand curves for haircuts. Supply equals demand at aquantity of three haircuts and a price between $4 and $5. Firms A, C, and D should cut the hair of Ellen, Jerry, and Phil. Oprah’s willingness to pay is too low and firm B’s costs are too high, so they do not participate. The maximum totalsurplus is the area between the demand and supply curves, which totals $11 ($8 value minus $2 cost for the first haircut, plus $7 value minus $3 cost for the second, plus $5 value minus $4 cost for the third).Figure 139. a. The effect of falling production costs in the market for computers results in ashift to the right in the supply curve, as shown in Figure 14. As a result, the equilibrium price of computers declines and the equilibrium quantity increases.The decline in the price of computers increases consumer surplus from area A toA +B +C + D, an increase in the amount B + C + D.Figure 14 Figure 15Prior to the shift in supply, producer surplus was areas B + E (the area above the supply curve and below the price). After the shift in supply, producersurplus is areas E + F + G. So producer surplus changes by the amount F + G –B, which may be positive or negative. The increase in quantity increasesproducer surplus, while the decline in the price reduces producer surplus.Because consumer surplus rises by B + C + D and producer surplus rises by F + G – B, total surplus rises by C + D + F + G.b. Because typewriters are substitutes for computers, the decline in the price ofcomputers means that people substitute computers for typewriters, shifting the demand for typewriters to the left, as shown in Figure 15. The result is adecline in both the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity of typewriters.Consumer surplus in the typewriter market changes from area A + B to A + C, a net change of C – B. Producer surplus changes from area C + D + E to area E, a net loss of C + D. Typewriter producers are sad about technological advances in computers because their producer surplus declines.c. Because software and computers are complements, the decline in the price andincrease in the quantity of computers means that the demand for softwareincreases, shifting the demand for software to the right, as shown in Figure 16.The result is an increase in both the price and quantity of software. Consumersurplus in the software market changes from B + C to A + B, a net change of A– C. Producer surplus changes from E to C + D + E, an increase of C + D, sosoftware producers should be happy about the technological progress incomputers.Figure 16d. Yes, this analysis helps explain why Bill Gates is one the world’s richestpeople, because his company produces a lot of software that is a complementwith computers and there has been tremendous technological advance in computers.10. a. With Provider A, the cost of an extra minute is $0. With Provider B, the costof an extra minute is $1.b. With Provider A, my friend will purchase 150 minutes [= 150 – (50)(0)]. WithProvider B, my friend would purchase 100 minutes [= 150 – (50)(1)].c. With Provider A, he would pay $120. The cost would be $100 with Provider B.Figure 17d. Figure 17 shows the friend’s demand. With Provider A, he buys 150 minutes andhis consumer surplus is equal to (1/2)(3)(150) – 120 = 105. With Provider B, his consumer surplus is equal to (1/2)(2)(100) = 100.e. I would recommend Provider A because he receives greater consumer surplus.11. a. Figure 18 illustrates the demand for medical care. If each procedure has aprice of $100, quantity demanded will be Q1 procedures.Figure 18b. If consumers pay only $20 per procedure, the quantity demanded will be Q2procedures. Because the cost to society is $100, the number of proceduresperformed is too large to maximize total surplus. The quantity that maximizes total surplus is Q1 procedures, which is less than Q2.c. The use of medical care is excessive in the sense that consumers get procedureswhose value is less than the cost of producing them. As a result, theeconomy’s total surplus is reduced.d. To prevent this excessive use, the consumer must bear the marginal cost of theprocedure. But this would require eliminating insurance. Another possibility would be that the insurance company, which pays most of the marginal cost of the procedure ($80, in this case) could decide whether the procedure should be performed. But the insurance company does not get the benefits of the procedure, so its decisions may not reflect the value to the consumer.。
数值分析课后答案chap1
∴ ε r (( x*) ) ≈ 0.02 n
3．下列各数都是经过四舍五入得到的近似 数，即误差限不超过最后一位的半个单位， 试 指 出 它 们 是 几 位 有 效 数 字 ：
∫
N +1
N
9．正方形的边长大约为了 100cm，应怎样 测量才能使其面积误差不超过 1cm 2 ？
解：正方形的面积函数为 A( x ) = x 2
∴ y1 = 10 y0 − 1 ∴ ε ( y1*) = 10ε ( y0 *)
又∵ y2 = 10 y1 − 1
∴ ε ( A*) = 2 A *iε ( x*) .
* * * (1)ε ( x1 + x2 + x4 ) * * * = ε ( x1 ) + ε ( x2 ) + ε ( x4 )
又∵ f '( x) = nx n−1 , ∴ C p =| 又∵ ε r (( x*) n) ≈ C p ⋅ ε r ( x*) 且 er ( x*) 为 2
1 1 1 = ×10−4 + ×10−3 + ×10−3 2 2 2 −3 = 1.05 × 10
x = 56.430 , x = 7 ×1.0.
* 解： x1 = 1.1021 是五位有效数字； * x2 = 0.031 是二位有效数字； * x3 = 385.6 是四位有效数字； * x4 = 56.430 是五位有效数字；
≈
1 1 0.031× × 10−3 + 56.430 × ×10 −3 2 2 = 56.430 × 56.430 −5 = 10
克鲁格曼国际经济学第八版上册课后答案-7
Chapter 7International Factor Movements⏹Chapter OrganizationInternational Labor MobilityA One-Good Model without Factor MobilityInternational Labor MovementExtending the AnalysisCase Study: Wage Convergence in the Age of Mass MigrationCase Study: Immigration and the U.S. EconomyInternational Borrowing and LendingIntertemporal Production Possibilities and TradeThe Real Interest RateIntertemporal Comparative AdvantageBox: Does Capital Movement to Developing Countries Hurt Workers in High-Wage Countries? Direct Foreign Investment and Multinational FirmsThe Theory of Multinational EnterpriseMultinational Firms in PracticeCase Study: Foreign Direct Investment in the United StatesBox: Taken for a RideSummaryAppendix I: Finding Total Output from the Marginal Product CurveAppendix II: More on Intertemporal Trade⏹Chapter OverviewThis chapter introduces an additional aspect of economic integration, international factor movements. Most notably, this refers to labor and financial capital mobility across countries. An important point emphasized in Chapter 7 is that many of the same forces which trigger international trade in goods between countries will, if permitted, trigger international flows of labor and finances. Students may find this analysis especially interesting in that it sheds light on issues which may involve them personally, such as motives for the 19th and early 20th century waves of emigration to land-abundant but labor-scarce America from land-scarce and labor-abundant Europe and China. Other, more current examples of international factor mobility include the international capital flows associated with the debt crisis of the 1980s, and intertemporal substitution motives behind United States borrowing and foreign direct investment inflows and outflows in the 1980s and 1990s.The chapter proceeds in three main sections. First, a simple model of international labor mobility is presented. Next, intertemporal production and consumption decisions are analyzed in the context of international borrowing and lending. Finally, the role of multinational corporations is discussed. To demonstrate the forces behind international labor mobility, the chapter begins with a model which is quite similar to that presented in Chapter 3. In each country of the world, the real return to labor equals its marginal product in perfectly competitive markets in each of two countries which produce one good using two factors of production. Labor relocates until the marginal products are equal across countries. While the redistribution of labor increases world output and provides overall gains, it also has important income distribution effects. Workers in the originally high wage country are made worse off since wages fall with the inflow of additional workers, and workers in the originally low wage country are made better off. One case study in the text helps illustrate the effects on both source and destination countries and another focuses on the American experience with immigration. It would be interesting for an instructor to discuss the resistance of groups within the United States to migrant farm workers from Mexico and immigration from other low wage countries such as Haiti. The case study notes that while immigration into the U.S. is a highly contentious political issue, on purely economic grounds, the aggregate impact on the U.S. economy is probably relatively small.An analysis of international capital movements involves the consideration of intertemporal trade. The important point here is that the real rate of interest differs across countries, and international factor movements provide gains to both borrowers and lenders. The analysis presented here is analogous to that in Chapter 5; instead of choosing between consumption of goods at any point in time, the analysis focuses on a one good world where the choice at a point in time is between future and present consumption. An intertemporal production possibilities frontier replaces the PPF and the intertemporal price line replaces the relative price line. Analysis of the gains from intertemporal trade, the size of borrowing and lending, and the effects of taxes on capital transfers follow. The appendix presents this model in greater detail. The final issue addressed in this chapter concerns direct foreign investment and multinational firms. Direct foreign investment differs from other capital transfers in that it involves the acquisition of control of a company. The theory of multinational firms is not well developed. Important points of existing theory are that decisions concerning multinationals are based upon concerns involving location and internalization. Location decisions are based upon barriers to trade and transportation costs. Internalization decisions focus on vertical integration and technology transfers. Multinationals facilitate shifts such that factor prices move in the direction which free trade would cause. The income distribution effects of direct foreign investment are politically charged and in other chapters are discussed in further detail.The political dimension of international factor movements differs from that of international trade. Class discussion on these distinctions could focus on who wins and who loses from each and, more specifically, issues such as the role of multinationals or the responsibility of host countries to guest workers. For example, one interesting topic for discussion is the effect of labor mobility as a component of integration within the European Union. (This topic is developed further in Chapter 20.)Answers to Textbook Problems1. The marginal product of labor in Home is 10 and in Foreign is 18. Wages are higher in Foreign, soworkers migrate there to the point where the marginal product in both Home and Foreign is equated.This occurs when there are 7 workers in each country, and the marginal product of labor in each country is 14.2. If immigration is limited, migration will still be from Home to Foreign, but now, instead of fourworkers moving, only two will be allowed to do so. Workers originally in Foreign do worse after the immigration since wages fall as the marginal product of labor falls due to the increase in the number of workers (though wages do not fall as much as they would have with unfettered immigration).Foreign landowners are better off as they have more workers at lower wages with the inflow ofimmigrants, though they are not as well off as they would have been with unfettered immigration.Home landowners see the opposite effect, fewer and more expensive workers; again, this effect is stronger with the movement of four workers rather than just two. Finally, workers who stayhome see their marginal product go up from 10 to 12, and hence their wages rise. Workers who move see their marginal product move from 10 to 16, suggesting an even larger increase in wages than the workers who stay (the two workers that move also do better than if four workers hadmoved as in Question 1). Part b suggests that workers who move are big winners in Mexico—U.S.immigration. That is consistent with the answer here. The workers moving from Home to Foreign see the largest impact on their wages since immigration is limited. If immigration were opened,following the logic of this question, wages in the U.S. would fall more. Thus, there would be a bigger (negative) impact on U.S. workers and a less positive impact on workers that move, but a morepositive impact on workers that stay behind in Mexico as the larger immigration flow from Mexico will cause the marginal product of labor of those left behind to rise more than when immigration is restricted.3. Direct foreign investment should reduce labor flows from Mexico into the United States becausedirect foreign investment causes a relative increase in the marginal productivity of labor in Mexico, which in turn causes an increase in Mexican wages and reduces the incentive for emigration to the United States.4. There is no incentive to migrate when there is factor price equalization. This occurs when bothcountries produce both goods and when there are no barriers to trade (the problem assumestechnology is the same in the two countries). A tariff by Country A increases the relative price of the protected good in that country and lowers its relative price in the Country B. If the protected good uses labor relatively intensively, the demand for labor in Country A rises, as does the return to labor, and the return to labor in the Country B falls. These results follow from the Stolper-Samuelsontheory, which states that an increase in the price of a good raises the return to the factor usedintensively in the production of that good by more than the price increase. These international wage differentials induce migration from Country B to Country A.5.a. From the diagram we see that the number of workers in Guatarica declines and the number ofworkers in Costamala increases.b. Wages in Guatarica and Costamala both increase.c. GDP increases in Costamala but decreases in Guatarica.d. Capital rents decline in Guatarica, but the change is ambiguous in Costamala.6. The analysis of intertemporal trade follows directly the analysis of trade of two goods. Substitute“future consumption” and “present consumption” for “cloth” and “food.” The relevant relativeprice is the cost of future consumption compared to present consumption, which is the inverse of the real interest rate. Countries in which present consumption is relatively cheap (which havelow real interest rates) will “export” present consumption (i.e., lend) to countries in which prese nt consumption is relatively dear (which have high real interest rates). The equilibrium real interest rate after borrowing and lending occur lies between that found in each country before borrowing and lending take place. Gains from borrowing and lending are analogous to gains from trade—there is greater efficiency in the production of goods intertemporally.7. Foregoing current consumption allows one to obtain future consumption. There will be a biastowards future consumption if the amount of future consumption which can be obtained by foregoing current consumption is high. In terms of the analysis presented in this chapter, there is a bias towards future consumption if the real interest rate in the economy is higher in the absence of international borrowing or lending than the world real interest rate.a. The large inflow of immigrants means that the marginal product of capital will rise as moreworkers enter the country. The real interest rate will be high, and there will be a bias towardsfuture consumption.b. The marginal product of capital is low, and thus, there is a bias towards current consumption.c. The direction of the bias depends upon the comparison of the increase in the price of oil andthe world real interest rate. Leaving the oil in the ground provides a return of the increase in the price of oil whereas the world real interest rate may be higher or lower than this increase.d. Foregoing current consumption allows exploitation of resources, and higher future consumption.Thus, there is a bias towards future consumption.e. The return to capital is higher than in the rest of the world (since the country’s rate of growthexceeds that of the rest of the world), and there is a bias toward future consumption.8. a. $10 million is not a controlling interest in IBM, so this does not qualify as direct foreigninvestment. It is international portfolio diversification.b. This is direct foreign investment if one considers the apartment building a business which paysreturns in terms of rents.c. Unless particular U.S. shareholders will not have control over the new French company, this willnot be direct foreign investment.d. This is not direct foreign investment since the Italian company is an “employee,” but not theones who ultimately control, the company.9. A company might prefer to set up its own plant as opposed to license it for a number of reasons,many of which relate to the discussion of location and internalization discussed in the chapter. In many cases it might be less expensive to carry out transactions within a firm than between twoindependent firms. Often, if proprietary technology is involved or if the quality reputation of a firm is particularly crucial, a firm may prefer to keep control over production rather than outsource.10. In terms of location, the Karma company has avoided Brazilian import restrictions. In terms ofinternalization, the firm has retained its control over the technology by not divulging its patents.。
有机化学习题集
第一章 绪 论Chaper1 intrduction1．将下列凯库勒式改写成路易斯式。
(1)(2)(3)(4)HH H H HH H HHHH HC C CC C C N OOO O ClO OO C HHHHH(5)(6)C 2H 5OH浓 H 2SO 4CH 2=CH 2 + H 2O 的反应热试计算23． 某化合物仅含碳、氢、氧元素，燃烧纯的该化合物 2.642mg ，得到CO 2 7.638mg,H 2O2.518mg ，试求其经验式。
4． 某化合物含碳45.44％、氢9.11％、氮21.20％、分子量132，求其分子式。
5． 试举例说明有机化合物在日常生活中的应用。
第二章 烷烃 Chapter 2 alkanes1、 写出下列化合物的构造式：1、 正戊烷 异戊烷 新戊烷2、 2,2,3-三甲基戊烷3、四甲基丁烷4、3-甲基-4-乙基己烷5、3-甲基-3-乙基-6-异丙基壬烷6、 2,5-二甲基-3,4-二氯己烷 2、 写出下列烷基的名称：CH 3CHCH 231.CH 3CH 2CH32.CH 3CHCH 2CH 2CH 233.(CH 3)3C CH 24.(CH 3)3C5.CH 33CH 36.3、 将下列化合物用系统命名法命名：(CH 3CH 2)22CH 22CH 3CH 3CH(CH 3)21. 2.CH 3CH 22CH 2CH 3CH(CH 3)23.(CH 3)2CCHCH 2CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 3CH 2CH 2CH 3(CH 3)2CHCHCHCCH 2CH 3CH 3CH 32CH 2CH 34.5.CH 3CH 2CHC 2CH 3CH 3CH 32CH 2CH 3CH 36.(CH 3CH 2CCH 2CH 2CH 3)3CHCH 3CH 37.CH 3CH 2CH 2CHCH 2CH 2CH 33)3(CH 3)3CCH 2CH(CH 2CH 3)28.4、 将下列烷烃的沸点按从高到低的顺序排列，然后与手册核对。
最新编译原理(课后习题答案ppt课件
10
(b) 试对于句子 not ( true or false) 构造一棵分析树.
bexpr bterm bfactor not bfactor
a S b S
(d) 此文法产生的语言是什么?
由相同个数的a和b组成的字符串.
9
1.3 考虑文法 bexpr bexpr or bterm | bterm bterm bterm and bfactor | bfactor bfactor not bfactor | ( bfactor ) | true | false
(a) 0 ( 0 | 1)* 0 由0和1组成且以0开始和结束的符号串全体.
(b) ( ( | 0 ) 1* ) * 由0和1组成的符号串全体.
(c) ( 0 | 1 )* 0 ( 0 | 1) ( 0 | 1) 由0和1组成且以000,001,010或011结束的符号串全体. 长度大于等于3且倒数第3个字符为0的01符号串全体.
16
3.4 对于下列语言分别写出它们的正规表达式:
(a) 英文字母组成的所有符号串, 要求符号串中顺序包含 五个元音字母. 令letter={非元音的英文字母} letter* (a|A) letter* (e|E) letter* (i|I) letter* (o|O) letter* (u|U) letter*
18
(e) 带有偶数个0和奇数个1的由0和1组成的符号串全体. E为带有偶数个0和1的由0和1组成的符号串全体. 即 ( 00 | 11)* ( ( 01 | 10 ) ( 00 | 11)* ( 01 | 10 ) ( 00 | 11)* )* E1E|E0E1E0E
核物理与粒子物理导论chap_1_4-7 (10)
53
习题
3-1．如果已知质子在某种介质中的射程和能量关系曲线，试求出某一能量的氘、氚在同种介质中的射程值。
3-2．利用NaI（Tl）γ谱仪测24Na（Eγ＝2.76MeV）γ谱，预测所测γ谱的大概形状。
3-3．计算4000Bq的210Po源（Eα＝5.30MeV），当发射的α粒子完全被阻止在一充Ar电离室的灵敏区内时，计算其产生的平均电流。
3-4．试估算耗尽层厚度为5mm Si探测器中，完全收集电离电荷的最短时间？
3-5．用一个Si（Au）探测器（基质材料电阻率ρ＝2000Ω⋅cm）测5.3MeV α粒子的能谱。
外加偏压为0时，有无脉冲信号输出？逐渐升高偏压，输出脉冲幅度有何变化？探测器的能量分辨率会有什么变化？实际上应选择什么样的偏压值?
3-6．假定在Si和Ge探测器中除产生电子⎯空穴对数目的涨落不同外，其余因素对全能峰FWHM的贡献皆为5keV。
若带电粒子在Si和Ge探测器中获得全能峰总的FWHM＝（50）1/2keV，试求相应的带电粒子能量？。
互换性与技术测量课后习题
（4） （5）
5．有下列三组孔与轴相配合，根据给定的数值，试分别确定它们的公差等级，并选用适当的配合。
（1）配合的基本尺寸=25mm,Xmax=+0.086mm,Xmin=+0.020mm.
（2）配合的基本尺寸=40mm,Ymax=-0.076mm,Ymin=-0.035mm.
测量平面
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
测量平面
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
测得的单一内径尺寸
dsmax=40
dsmax=40.003
测得的单一内径尺寸
Dsmax=90
Dsmax=89.987
dsmin=39.992
dsmin=39.997
Dsmin=89.996
Dsmin=89.985
2．有一D306滚动轴承（公称内径d=30mm，公称外径D=72mm），轴与轴承内圈配合为js5，壳体孔与外圈的配合为J6，试画出公差带图，并计算出它们的配合间隙与过盈以及平均间隙或过盈。
（3）配合的基本尺寸=60mm,Ymax=-0.032mm,Xmax=+0.046mm.
chap2长度测量基础
1．试从83块一套的量块中，同时组合下列尺寸（单位为mm）：29.875,48.98,40.79,10.56.
2．仪器读数在20mm处的示值误差为+0.002mm，当用它测量工件时，读数正好为20mm，问工件的实际尺寸是多少？
6．3-6所示零件的技术要求是：①法兰盘端面A对 孔的轴线的垂直度公差为0.015mm；② 圆周上均匀分布的 孔，要求以 孔的轴线和法兰盘端面A为基准能互换装配，位置度公差为 。试用形位公差代号标出这些技术要求。
7． 小包容区域、定向最小包容区域与定位最小包容区域三者有何差异？若同一要素需同时规定形状公差、定向公差和定位公差时，三者的关系应如何处理？
课后练习Book1-7 TextA新视野大学英语第三版讲课稿
5. You have to_e_lim__in_a_t_eall the mistakes from the essay before you hand it in.
Words in use
eliminate reveal accurate facilitate exaggerate imply launch frustrate conscious appropriate
-ence
correspond innocence present occur intelligent
correspondence innocent presence occurrence intelligence
-y
worth unite inquiry
worthy unity inquire
Word building
4. She remained calm and cool in appearance, but she gave away her _e_m_o_ti_o_n_ by smoking one cigarette after another. 5. Newspapers should record important __o_c_cu_r_r_e_nc_e_s_of the day, but this significant incident was missed by many newspapers on that day. 6.The court made a huge mistake in sending a(n) ___in_n_o_ce_n_t_____ man to jail; he was put into prison for 10 years for doing nothing wrong.
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程1课后答案解析1_7单元期末复习资料全
前言：本人从网络上搜集整理的答案，但是介词填空只有第一二单元的，其他单元的网上连原文都没有，需要同学们自己看书。
希望大家还是对照书本整理对一遍效果更好。
整理过程很辛苦，还有不足的地方希望那个大家多包涵。
注意：此期末复习资料只针对以下考试范围的同学有用！！！1.大学教材是《新视野大学英语》第三版第一册2.期末考试范围如下的Unite 11.选词填空explore(v.勘探，探测) transmit(v.传送，传递，传播) resource(n.资源) emerge(v.出现，为···所公认) yield(v.产生，出产，屈从，让步) pose(v.摆姿势，导致) assume(v.认为，假定，假设) confidence(n.信任信赖，自信心) inherit(v.沿袭，秉承，继承) comprehensive(a.综合的，多方面的) 1. Given the chance to show his ability, he regained confidence and began to succeed in school.2. It is so difficult to explore the bottom of the ocean because some parts are very deep.3. It was about 30 seconds before Alex emerged from the water; we were quite scared.4. We often assume that when other people do the same things as we do, they do them for the same reasons; but this assumption is not always reasonable.5. There is widespread concern that the rising unemployment may pose a threat to social stability.6. After a(n) comprehensive physical exam, my doctor said I was in good condition except that my blood pressure was a little high.7. It is well known that China is a country with rich natural resources and a very big population.8. Some people believe that the earth can yield enough food to support at least twice its present population.9. Sam inherited the gift of imagination from his family, but he lacked the driving power to take action.10. A bee that has found honey is able to transmit to other bees the information they need in order to collect the honey.2.15选10attain赢得，获得，得到 fascinating迷人的，吸引人fulfill履行，执行pursue追求，致力于 available可获得的可利用的 qualify使合适，合格raise提升，增加 passion强烈的爱好，热爱 virtually实际上classify分类归类 acquire获得，取得，学到 fashionable流行的especially特别的 sample样品，标本 prosperous繁荣的University students come from different parts of the country with various purposes. However, a closer look at their reasons for studying at the university will enable us to (1)classify them roughly into three groups: those who have a(n) (2)passion for learning, those who wish to (3)attaina bright future, and those who learn with no definite purpose. Firstly, there are many students who learn simply because they (4)pursue their goal of learning. Some read a wealth of British and American novels because they are keenly interested in literature. Others sit in front of thecomputer screen, working on a new program, (5)virtually day and night, because they find some computer programs (6)fascinating, and they dream of becoming a "Bill Gates" one day. Secondly, there are students who work hard mainly for a better and more (7)prosperous future. It seems that the majority of students fall into this group. After admission to the university, they read books after books to (8)acquire knowledge from all of the resources which are (9)available to them, and finally, to succeed in the future job market. Thirdly, there are still some students who learn without a clear goal. They take courses, finish homework, enjoy life on campus, but don't want to (10)sample anything new or challenging. They have no idea what they will be doing after college. And they may end up with nothing in their lives.3.选词组open the door to 给···以机会 in advance 预先，提前all at once 同时，一下子 reap the benefits (of) 得享（某事物）的好处make the most of最大限度的利用某物 over time逐渐地，慢慢地get by过活，活的去 stand a chance (of)有（做成某事）的希望remind ... of 使某人想起 take pleasure in乐于做某事1. My family got by on my father's unemployment benefit after he lost his job.2. Many subway riders read books or listen to music in order to make the most of their time on the way to work.3. In order to make sure he would be able to attend the meeting, I called him up two weeks in advance.4. Experts say our company is amazing in that sales have been increasing steadily over time .5. In order to reap the benefits of the physical exercise, you have to exercise regularly, and for at least half an hour each time.6. They all tried to talk all at once, but I couldn't hear anything they said.7. Yellow flowers in the field always remind me of my childhood in the countryside.8. We have been practicing for so long and so hard that our team should stand a chance of winning the game.9. Research on genes will open the door to exciting new medical treatments.10. Every one of you has made a contribution and I take pleasure in acknowledging what each of you has done to make this academic convention such a success.4.汉译英孔子是中国历史上著名的思想家、教育家，是儒家学派（Confucianism）的创始人，被尊称为古代的"圣人"（sage）。
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28、略。
29、首先将 AX 压栈，然后将 BX 压栈，然后弹栈 DX=5467H，将 CX 压栈，然后
弹栈 AX=89ABH，然9H
23H
01H
4000H:3000H
…
30、不同。
数据段 1
数据段 2
…
…
10H 72H
10H 04H
11H 04H
11H 72H
…
…
原因：第一个很好理解，按照顺序逐字节存储；第二个数据类型是字单元，包含
2 个字节，存储时先存低字节 04H，再存高字节 72H。
31、功能：将 SRC_MESS 的内容传送给 NEW_LOC。
32、功能：统计 BUFF 中内容为 0 的单元的个数，执行完成后 BL 的内容为 3。
第四章
《计算机硬件》习题参考答案
（仅供参考，任何问题请发邮件至 yejian@）
第一章
一、1、D（若是无符号数，答案应为 D；若是有符号数，这里未说明用的是哪种 码制，且各选项位数不同） 2、A 3、A（‐128 的补码是 10000000，教材 p11 页有错） 4、A 5、C 6、D 7、C 8、C
三、 21、(AX)=0FFFFH，CF=1。 22、AL=0A8H，CL=03H。 23、AX=2042H，BX=2000H，(2000H)=43H，(2001H)=20H，ZF=0。 24、SP=6000H，CF=1。 25、MOV CX, COUNT; STD; ADD DI, 2
四、 26、教材 p53‐54，根据指令提供的基本信息，寻找操作数或操作数所在地址的 规则即为寻址方式。存储器操作数的寻址方式有 8 类。 27、物理地址=段基址*16+段内偏移地址，有效地址 EA 又称偏移地址，它表示在 一个逻辑段中，某内存单元相对于段首单元的地址偏移量。
息也是 16 位，其最大寻址空间为 216B=64KB，为解决上述矛盾才引入“分段”的 概念。 19、教材 p33，略。 20、物理地址=段基址*16+段内偏移地址，直接计算即可。2015H:012AH 的物理 地址为 20150H+012AH=2027AH，其他两个也是 2027AH，2027AH。 21 、 已 知 (CS)=0D390H ， (IP)=5820H ， 第 一 个 字 的 物 理 地 址 为 0D390H*16+5820H=0D3900H+5820H=0D9120H。
二、9、硬件系统 软件系统 10、每秒钟执行百万条指令数 11、BIOS 芯片 CMOS RAM 芯片 12、芯片组 南桥芯片 北桥芯片 13、高速缓冲存储器（Cache） 14、 与 或 非 15、地址总线 AB 数据总线 DB 控制总线 CB 16、金手指 17、尺 寸和点距 分辨率 刷新频率
三、 18、教材 p2 1.1.1，控制器、运算器、存储器和输入输出设备四个部分。 19、分两种情况讨论，若堆栈的编址方式是向下增长型，压栈后 SP 自动减量， SP=2000H ， 压 入 8 个 字 节 ， SP=2000H‐8H=1FF8H ， 弹 出 4 个 字 节 ， SP=1FF8H+4H=1FFCH；若堆栈的编址方式是向上增长型，SP=2000H，压入 8 个字 节，SP=2000H+8H=2008H，弹出 4 个字节，SP=2008H‐4H=2004H。 20、教材 p7，先进后出 FILO（First In Last Out）的原则。 21、教材 p22，每条指令的执行时间没有缩短，只是让几条指令的不同操作步骤 在时间上重叠，总体上加快了指令流速度，缩短了程序执行的时间。 22、教材 p5，20 位地址总线，主存寻址范围 220=1MB。 23、教材 p6‐7，略。 24、略。
NUM2 25 00H ‘B’
‘A’ 13H 00H 注意：NUM2 EQU 4 不占用存储单元，若 NUM1 第一个单元的偏移地址为 0000H， 则$取 15，15+4=19=13H 14、教材 p105‐106，略。
第五章
一、1、B（8 位 8 条数据线，4K=4*1024=22*210=212，故 12 条地址线） 2、C 3、 B 4、B（BBFFFH‐(94000H)+1=BC000H‐94000H=28000H，160K） 5、C
第七章
一、1、C 2、B 3、D 4、D 5、C（端口 C 读出数据，RD 低电平有效，此时 WR 为高电平）
二、15、数据端口 16、可编程定时器/控制器 4 二 十 17、可编程并行输入/ 输出 3 18、1001000B
二、8、4 层 CPU 内部寄存器组 9、18 10、2 11、线选法 局部译码法
三、 12、12 根地址线，8 根数据线。 13、16*8 位。 14、教材 p154‐156，三种，略。
第六章
一、1、C 2、B 3、D 4、C 5、A 6、C 7、A 8、B 9、D
二、10、IN 11、NMI INTR 12、数据 控制 状态 13、无条件 查询 中断 DMA I/O 处理机 14、8 64
第二章
一、1、D 2、D（各条指令的长度不等） 3、B 4、C 5、C 6、A 7、C 8、 B 9、C（8、9 题不要求）
二、10、232 字节 11、数据 12、虚拟 8086 实地址 13、并行
三、 14、教材 p6，略。 15、教材 p30，4 个阶段。 16、没有，同第一章 21 题。 17、不一定正确，比如流水线技术的引入，程序执行的时间会小于各条指令执行 的时间总和。 18、教材 p32‐33，20 根地址线，可寻址的存储空间为 220B=1MB，但 CPU 的内部 数据总线和寄存器均为 16 位，ALU 只能进行 16 位的运算，程序中使用的地址信
一、1、A 2、D（WORD 类型，如’AB’，先存’B’，再存’A’） 3、A（应为 INT 21H） 4、B 5、D 6、B（教材 p118） 7、B（教材 p111） 8、A
二、9、略（教材 p92） 10、把源程序转换成二进制代码表示的目标程序 11、.EXE 12、AH
三、 13、
NUM1 25 ‐1 ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
第三章
一、1、B（二进制位按位进行异或运算） 2、D 3、A 4、C 5、C 6、C 7、 D 8、C 9、A 10、C
二、 11、（1）X（源操作数、目的操作数长度不同）
（2）X（源操作数、目的操作数同为存储器操作数） （3）X（同为变址寻址） （4）X（立即数不能传送到段寄存器） （5）X（目的操作数不能是 CS） （6）X（操作数不能是立即数） （7）X（目的操作数不能是立即数） （8）X（操作数不能是立即数） 12、√ 13、√ 14、X（16 或 32 位的寄存器） 15、X（不能） 16、X（可以，比如 OUT 80H, AL） 17、X（应为 09H） 18、X（运算速度高） 19、X（必须指向栈顶） 20、X（存入 BX 中）