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跨文化交际课后翻译原文1--8单元

跨文化交际课后翻译原文1--8单元

Translation1The growth of intercultural communication as a field of study is based on a view of history that clearly demonstrates people and cultures have been troubled by a persistent inability to understand and get along with groups and societies removed by space, ideology, appearance, and behavior from their own. What is intriguing about many of human civilization’s failure is that they appear to be personal as well as global. The story of humankind is punctuated with instances of face-to-face conflicts as well as international misunderstanding--major and minor quarrels that range from simple name-calling to isolationism tr even armed conflict. It is obvious that increases contact with other cultures and subcultures make it imperative for us to make a concerted effort to understand and get along with people whose beliefs and backgrounds may be vastly different from our own. The ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to peacefully coexist with people who do not necessarily share our lifestyles or values could benefit us not only in our own neighborhoods but could be the decisive factor in maintaining would peace. Translation 2Culture is something referred to as our mental programming, our “software of the mind.”But we can take that computer analogy further and say that culture is the operating environment that enables software programs to run. Culture is like DOS or Unix or Windows:it is what enables us to process information in various specific applications. The metaphor of windows seems to be very appealing to describe culture:culture is a mental set of windows through which all of life is viewed. It varies from individual to individual within a society, but it shares important characteristics with members of a society. Culture is like the water fish swim in--a reality that is taken for granted and rarely examined. It is in the air we breathe and is as necessary to our understanding of who we are as air is to our physical life. Culture is the property of a community people, not simply a characteristic of individuals. Societies are programmed by culture, and that programming comes from similar life experiences and similar interpretations of what those experiences mean. If culture is mental programming, it is also a mental map of reality. It tells us from early childhood what matters, what o prefer, what to avoid, and what to do. Culture also tells us what ought to be . It gives us assumptions about the ideal beyond what individuals may experience. It helps us in setting priorities. It establishes codes for behavior and provides justification and legitimization for that behavior.Translation 3Although each of us has a unique set of values, there also are values that tend to permeate a culture. These are called cultural values. Cultural values generally are normative in that they inform a member of a culture what is good and bad, right and false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values define what is worthwhile to die for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people and their social systems, what are considered proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of events lead individuals to group solidarity. Cultural values also specify what behaviors are of importance and which should be avoided within a culture. Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving conflicts. The values held by participants in intercultural communication are important because values develop standards and guidelines that establish appropriate and inappropriate behaviors in a society. Values, in other words, help determine how people ought to behave with the result that people will exhibit and expect behaviors according to their value systems. To the extent that cultural value systems differ, we may expect that intercultural communication participants will tend to exhibit and to expect different under similar circumstance.Translation 4When we say that language is always ambiguous, what we mean is that we can never fully control the meaning of the things we say and write. The meanings we exchange by speaking and by writing are not given in the words and sentences alone but are also constructed partly out of what our listeners and our readers interpret them to mean. To put this quite another way, meaning in language is jointly constructed by the participants in communication. Language is inherently ambiguous. It means that in order to communicate we must always jump to conclusions about what other mean. There is no way around this. When someone says something, w must jump to some conclusion about what he or she means. We draw inferences based on two main sources. 1, the language they have used, and 2, our knowledge about the world. The knowledge includes expectations about what people would normally say in such circumstances. Language is ambiguous. This means that we can never be certain what the other person means--whether in speaking or writing. To put it another way, language can never fully express our meanings. But what does this mean for intercultural communication? In the first place it should be clear that communication works better the more the participants share assumptions and knowledge about the world. Where two people have very similar histories, backgrounds, and experiences, their communication works fairly easily because the inferences each makes about what the other means will be based on common experience and knowledge. Two people from the same village and the same family are likely to make fewer mistakes in drawing inferences about what the other means than two people from different cities on different sides of the earth.Translation 5Where any two people differ in group membership because they are of different genders, different ages, different ethnic or culture groups, different educations, different parts of the same country or even city, different income or occupational groups, or with very different personal histories, each will find it more difficult to draw inferences about what the other person means.In the contemporary world of international and intercultural communication, the differences between people are considerable. People are in daily contact with members of cultures and other groups from all around the world. Successful communication is based on sharing as much as possible the assumptions we make about what others mean. When we are communicating with people who are very different from us, it is very difficult to know how ti draw inferences about what they mean, and so it is impossible to depend on shared knowledge and background for confidence in our interpretation.It has been found that men and women from the same culture, even from the sane families, often misunderstand each other because of different assumptions they make about the purposes or goals of their communication. A man may wish to make a woman happy by giving her a gift of something she really wants. He asks her what she would like to have for her birthday--- she can ask for anything. Unfortunately, what she wants more than anything else is for him to know intuitively what she would like to have. Men and women, at least in North American society, tend to differ in their concern for explicitness or for indirection. A woman is likely to think it is important for someone to show how well he knows her by not having to ask explicitly what she wants. A man in that situation, however, feels beast about the situation if he is told quiet directly and explicitly how he can make her happy.Translation 6Non-verbal communication might be thought of as any form of communication which is not directly dependent on the use of language. Generally speaking, however, it is very difficult to know where to separate verbal and non-verbal forms of communication. Such non-verbal aspects of communication as nodding the head most often accompany speech and are part and parcel of the verbal system of language use. On the other hand such forms of communication as dance and music often have no verbal component at all. What we want to here is simply to call attention to the fact that many aspects of human interaction depend upon forms of communication which can not be easily transcribed into words and yet are crucial to our understanding to each other.Of course we have to emphasize the importance of communication in speaking and writing, and yet we should also realize that much much communication also takes place without the use of words. The way a person dresses for a meeting may suggestion to other participants how he or she is prepared to participate in it. In fact, we can use virtually any aspect of our behavior or our presentation which others can perceive as means of communication.Translation 7Many people today want to do many things within so little time. The sense o time might be called time urgency, it is a syndrome of behavior in which the persons continually tries to accomplish more than can be humanly accomplished. Until very recently, time urgency was thought to be a characteristics of Americans, particularly American males in the generation born in the period from the Great Depression through to the end of the World War .It should be obvious that that this sense of time urgency is no longer a cultural characteristic of just this one generation of American males. It is a characteristic of the Asian “salary man”, and is spreading throughout the world rapidly as one aspect of the internationalization of business.One of the most important effects of this sense of time is that in communication it will almost produce a negative evaluation to the slower participants by the faster participants. Those who share in this concept of time urgency will come to see anyone who moves more slowly than they do as conservative, as uncooperative, as resistant to change, and as opposing progress. Behind the concept of time urgency is the idea that what lies ahead in the future is always better than what lies behind in the past; it based solidly on the belief in progress.Translation 8If we accept the belief that our past influences our view of reality and the corresponding tenet that each of us may have similar but not identical personal histories, then it should follow that another person’s picture of the universe will not be exactly like ours. Yet most of us act as if our way of perceiving things is the correct and only way. We often overwork perceptual differences and conclude that if the other person doesn’t see that Pablo Picasso is the greatest artist that ever lived, he simply does not art. Actually, it may well be that he has a different past history and what is great art for him may not match our perception of art.In our daily activities these differences in perception appear between different groups. Various generations, minorities, occupation and cultures have conflicting values and goals that will influence their orientation and interpretation of reality.Our culture is a major of factor in perceptual discrepancies. Culture helps supply us with our perceptive of reality. It therefore plays a dominant role in intercultural communication. Our cultures tell us, in a variety of ways, how to judge others and what to use as criteria for those judgments. The danger of such evaluations is that they are often false, misleading, and arbitrary. It is truly a naive view of the world to believe and behave as if we an our culture have discovered the true and only set of norms.。

跨文化交际中英文化对比课文参考译文U1

跨文化交际中英文化对比课文参考译文U1

第一单元语言:汉语与英语Section A 汉语Passage 1 中文的方方面面1汉语是汉藏语系的一个分支,由数百种地方语言组成,其中许多语言互不相通。

据估计,10多亿人的第一语言是某种形式的汉语作。

历史2古汉语是经证明最古老的汉语,是所有现代汉语变体的始祖。

从先秦到晋代都使用过古文。

中国最早的文字记载出现在3000多年前,最早的例子是商代末年甲骨上的占卜铭文。

在随后的周朝,青铜器铭文变得丰富起来。

周朝后半期文学繁荣发展,包括《论语》、《孟子》、《春秋》等经典著作。

这些作品都是文言文的典范。

3中古汉语是南北朝和隋唐宋时期使用的语言,可以分为以韵书《切韵》为标志的早期中古汉语,和以切韵系统的指南“韵表”为标志的晚期中古汉语。

中古汉语是恢复早期汉语发音的口传的起点。

4北宋灭亡后,在晋朝和元朝时期,中国北方出现了一种通用语(现在称为旧官话)。

明清时期的官员们使用基于普通话变体的“官话”来管理国家。

在明清时期的多半时间里,这种语言是以南京地区的方言为基础的,但与任何一种方言都不完全相同。

到1909年,即将灭亡的清朝将北京话定为“国语”5中华人民共和国继续推行共同的国语,于1956年正式确定了中国的标准语言。

普通话是现代汉语的标准形式,以北京语音系统为发音规范,以北方方言为方言基础,以白话文学语言为语法规范。

在中国,普通话现在被用于教育、媒体和正式场合。

汉语是联合国六种官方语言之一。

发音7 汉字不能可靠地指明其发音。

因此,对于那些不识汉字的人来说,将汉语音译成拉丁字母是很有用的。

拼音系统是在20世纪50年代由许多语言学家在早期汉语罗马化形式的基础上发展起来的。

1958年由中国政府出版,并多次修订。

国际标准化组织(ISO)于1982年将拼音作为一项国际标准,随后于1986年被联合国采用。

8声母和韵母构成拼音的基本要素。

普通话的每个音节都可以用一个声母后跟一个韵母拼写,或者在某些情况下只有一个韵母,但特殊音节er或后缀-r被视为音节的一部分时除外。

张桂萍跨文化交际第六单元课文翻译

张桂萍跨文化交际第六单元课文翻译

张桂萍跨文化交际第六单元课文翻译Unit 6 Page 215
非言语交际被认为是不直接依靠语言使用的任何交际方式。

然而,一般来说,很难知道言语交际方式与非言语交际方式的区分到底在哪儿。

有些非言语交际方式,例如点头,总是伴随着言语,而且是语言使用时言语系统的一部分。

另一方面,像舞蹈和音乐等交际形式常常是没有任何言语成分的。

我们在这里想做的只是要引起大家对一个事实的注意,即人类交往的许多方面都依赖于那些不能轻易转换为言语、但却对我们相互理解至关重要的交际形式。

当然,我们不能不强调口语和书面语交际的重要性,然而我们也必须意识到许多交际的发生并不使用语言。

一个人出席会议时的穿着会可能是暗示其他与会者,他或她打算如何参与会议。

事实上,我们能运用我们行为或表现的任何方面来和他人进行交际。

跨文化交际英语阅读教程课文翻译

跨文化交际英语阅读教程课文翻译

跨文化交际英语-阅读教程课文翻译————————————————————————————————作者: ————————————————————————————————日期:第一单元现代社会依赖于技术创新,而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。

越来越多的国家遵守国际条约,实行知识产权保护。

但这方面做得还远远不够。

我们来回顾一下过去,看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果,从而吸取教训。

许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现,知识产权保障机制还未健全时,在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。

要进入这些市场,西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品,而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。

而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。

盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。

例如,美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫Londax的著名除草剂,用来除掉稻田里的杂草。

该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元,而且又投入了2500万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。

然而,不到一年以后,一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌Londax公然上市了。

冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Rondex,用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。

但是,由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多,它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。

同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。

生产Londax的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。

其他非法使用该配方的公司是犯了偷盗行为,就像盗取了杜邦公司的机器或者该公司的其他财产一样。

不光是产品,在亚洲市场上保护一个品牌也曾经是几乎不可能的事。

就连Kellogg’s玉米片的生产商Kellogg’s公司也发现自己的产品被山寨:Kongal 牌玉米条,连包装也几乎一模一样。

不幸的是,和杜邦公司的事件一样,Kellogg’s公司成功惩罚侵权者的几率几乎为零,因为当地的法律不承认知识产权保护的概念。

幸好,在经过许多轮世贸组织的谈判后,情况大为改观。

跨文化中文翻译

跨文化中文翻译

The Nature of Organizational CultureThe Subsequent chapters so far have been concerned with the external culture.Regardless of whether this environment or cultural context impacts on the MNC,when individuals join an MNC,not only do they bring their national culture ,which greatly affects their learned beliefs,attitudes ,values,and behaviors ,with them,but at the same time they enter into an organizational culture. Employees of MNCs are expected to "fit in ".For example ,at PepsiCo,personal are expected to show self-confidence,assertiveness,and machismo.Regardless of the external environment or their national culture,managers and employees must understand and follow their organizational's culture to be successful.In this section,after first defining organizational culture,we analyze the interaction of national and organizational cultures.An understanding of this interaction has become recognized as vital to effective international management.组织文化的本质在下面的章节我们将关注外来文化。

跨文化商务交际Unit 2 课文1参考译文(彭炳铭)

跨文化商务交际Unit 2 课文1参考译文(彭炳铭)

Unit 2Text 1 课文译文翻译官:彭炳铭2019-10-5Becoming an Effective Communicator 要成为一个有效的沟通者Para. 1 文化和商务有何关系呢?很多潜心研究金融预测、市场调研和管理模型等问题的商务专业人士和从业者都避开文化和文化如何影响商务这些问题。

文化是柔性的、变化不定的,不像有些问题可以通过测量获得确实的数据。

人们不可能用双手真正地捕捉到它,甚至不一定了解自身所接触到的文化。

Para. 2 越来越多的组织发现自己卷入了跨文化交际中,因为他们正在国外经商或者正从别国采购资源,或者在寻求他国资金支持,或者拥有日益增多的跨文化工厂车间。

Para. 3由于这些迁移,来自多样背景的、语言不同的人们在很多国家并肩工作。

上班时的跨文化沟通不再是遥远未来的目标,而是眼下此时此刻必需的事情。

Para. 4 跨文化沟通能力被广泛地认为是一个人在既定环境里其行为是否恰当和有效的一种印象。

通常工作能力被认为是一种熟练的行为能力。

Para. 5 恰当(appropriateness)就意味着不能违反那些关系中重要的规则、行为规范和期望。

效能(effectiveness)是指相对于成本和替代物而言的重要目标的实现或报酬的获得。

有了这两个标准,在跨文化环境中的沟通才是令人满意的。

只有那些既恰当又有效的国际商人才能达到跨文化最佳商务沟通者的标准要求。

下面例子将说明恰当与效能的区别。

布赖恩.霍尔兹(Brian Holtz)是一个美国商人,被公司派到泰国做公司的办公室主任。

塔里先生(Thani)是公司泰国曼谷分部的重要的副经理,最近上班总是迟到。

霍尔兹不得不决定如何处理这一问题。

经过深思熟虑,他有四种策略:(1)私下找塔里问缘由并告诉他上班要准时;(2)忽略这个问题不管;(3)下次再迟到就公开训斥他;(4)私下讨论时,建议说自己在帮他找一个助理来处理其部下上班迟到的问题,并征求他的意见:如何处理。

跨文化交际英语阅读教程4课文翻译 (2)

跨文化交际英语阅读教程4课文翻译 (2)

跨文化交际英语阅读教程4课文翻译第一课:文化差异与交际文化差异的定义文化差异是指不同国家或地区之间的历史、地理、宗教、经济等方面的差异。

这些差异会影响到人们的价值观、信仰、行为习惯、社会组织形式等。

在跨文化交际中,了解和尊重文化差异非常重要。

文化差异对交际的影响文化差异对交际有着深远的影响。

不同文化背景的人在沟通交流中可能会遇到以下问题: 1. 语言障碍:不同国家和地区使用不同的语言,理解和表达存在障碍。

2. 非语言符号的差异:不同国家和地区的非语言符号(如手势、表情、礼仪等)可能有不同的含义,容易引发误解。

3. 礼貌和礼仪的差异:不同文化对礼貌和礼仪的要求有所不同,可能会造成交际上的尴尬和冲突。

4. 价值观的冲突:不同文化对价值观的理解和认同也存在差异,可能会引发理念上的冲突。

跨文化交际的技巧为了更好地进行跨文化交流,以下是一些技巧: 1. 学习对方的语言:学习对方的语言可以加深理解,减少语言障碍。

2. 了解对方的文化:了解对方的文化背景、价值观念和行为习惯,增进理解和尊重。

3. 尊重对方的非语言符号:避免使用可能被对方误解的非语言符号,尊重对方的习俗和文化。

4. 灵活调整自己的礼貌和礼仪:在不同文化背景下,灵活调整自己的礼貌和礼仪,以尊重对方的文化。

5. 接纳不同的价值观:不同文化的人们对于相同事物的看法可能存在差异,要学会接纳并理解对方的价值观。

第二课:文化沟通中的误解和解决高、低沟通语境的差异高沟通语境的文化中,人们通过非语言符号、隐含的信息和环境背景来传递信息;低沟通语境的文化中,人们更加注重直接明确的信息。

了解和适应不同的沟通语境是避免误解的关键。

文化差异引发的误解1.时间观念:在一些高度重视时间效率的文化中,迟到被视为不尊重;而在某些文化中,迟到是普遍存在的现象。

2.礼貌和直接表达:一些文化注重礼节和婉转的表达方式,而另一些文化更加注重直接坦率的交流。

3.非语言符号:不同文化的手势、表情、身体接触等非语言符号可能有不同的含义,可能会引发误解。

跨文化交际课文翻译

跨文化交际课文翻译

Speak‎i ng Engli‎s h with a Japan‎e se mind 日本人在达‎到上学年龄‎后就要学英‎语,这些人在学‎会英语之后‎就可能用英‎语进行对外‎交流,但是他们所‎使用的英语‎要受到他们‎本民族的语‎言和文化的‎影响。

因此这就会‎造成困扰和‎误解在与其‎他用英语的‎人交流时。

AM,当他作为索‎尼公司的首‎席执行官时‎,在一次给美‎国的商学会‎做报告时他‎指出了这两‎种语言的明‎显差异。

他举了一个‎例子,一个美国商‎人向他的一‎个日本生意‎上的伙伴提‎议了一项计‎划。

可是当美国‎人完成时,日本人才开‎始谈论这个‎项目听起来‎多么有趣并‎且他们公司‎也有同样的‎想法。

美国人认为‎这个项目肯‎定会被接受‎。

但是随着辩‎论的拖延,美国人的关‎注也开始减‎弱,然后日本人‎说,不管怎样。

AM告诫说‎,接下来就是‎你要仔细听‎的时候了。

因为真正的‎回答是在那‎个词语的后‎面。

他经常告诫‎他的部下官‎员要用一种‎大多数的使‎用英语的人‎都习惯的方‎式说话,如果他想被‎别人理解。

他还告诫说‎,在日本你可‎能是大多数‎,但是到了国‎外你就是一‎小部分。

要想用一种‎大多数人都‎能最大限度‎的理解你的‎方式说话需‎要更多的语‎法知识和大‎量的词汇。

你必须对你‎所谈话的那‎个人的交流‎方式,社交礼仪,价值观等等‎很熟悉。

日本人的说‎话顺序正好‎和说英语的‎人相反。

甚至就是一‎个非常简单‎的句子,比如英国人‎会说,你得带伞因‎为要下雨。

而日本人会‎说,因为会下雨‎所以你要带‎伞。

不管这种正‎常的表达方‎式的顺序是‎否会控制想‎法顺序还是‎什么,日本人这种‎用不同顺序‎的表达信息‎的方式会让‎那些说英语‎的国家的人‎且对日本语‎言不了解的‎人感到困惑‎。

另一个例子‎就是,一些说英语‎的日本人和‎美国的一些‎领导举行卫‎星电视会议‎来讨论两国‎间的经济和‎贸易关系。

日本的参会‎者说着流利‎的英语,同时会被翻‎译成日语以‎供那些不懂‎得英语的人‎理解。

跨文化交际英语阅读教程所学课文翻译

跨文化交际英语阅读教程所学课文翻译

Unit1二十一世纪的盗版现象课文一现代社会依赖于技术创新,而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。

越来越多的国家遵守国际条约,实行知识产权保护。

但这方面做得还远远不够。

我们来回顾一下过去,看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果,从而吸取教训。

许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现,知识产权保障机制还未健全时,在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。

要进入这些市场,西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品,而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。

而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。

盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。

例如,美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫Londax的著名除草剂,用来除掉稻田里的杂草。

该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元,而且又投入了2500万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。

然而,不到一年以后,一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌Londax公然上市了。

冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Rondex,用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。

但是,由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多,它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。

同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。

生产Londax的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。

其他非法使用该配方的公司是犯了偷盗行为,就像盗取了杜邦公司的机器或者该公司的其他财产一样。

不光是产品,在亚洲市场上保护一个品牌也曾经是几乎不可能的事。

就连Kellogg’s玉米片的生产商Kellogg’s公司也发现自己的产品被山寨:Kongal 牌玉米条,连包装也几乎一模一样。

不幸的是,和杜邦公司的事件一样,Kellogg’s 公司成功惩罚侵权者的几率几乎为零,因为当地的法律不承认知识产权保护的概念。

幸好,在经过许多轮世贸组织的谈判后,情况大为改观。

然而,跨国公司必须保持警惕,以防被侵权。

总有人试图从别人的研发、投资、商誉中牟利。

如果成果得不到法律保护,创新就是空话。

跨文化交际中英文化对比课文参考译文U2

跨文化交际中英文化对比课文参考译文U2

第二单元服饰和着装规范Section A 中国服饰Passage 1 中国传统服装1中国传统服饰是中国文化的重要组成部分,因为其历史反映了中国古代经济、政治、文化在不同历史阶段的变化。

2中国传统服装主要有两种款式:上衣下裳制和衣裳连属制。

上衣下裳制作为最早的服装式样可以追溯到黄帝时期。

这种服装是由上装“衣”和男女通用的下装“裳”组成的。

上衣下裳式服装流行于夏、商、周时期,其特点是左包右。

西周统治者以家族为基础,建立了以血缘和伦理规范为纽带的严格的等级制度。

正如这一时期出现的深衣和冕服所示,为了突出自己的特权,他们以服饰作为身份的象征。

3在春秋和战国时期,服装发生了很大的变化。

由于配有大腰带的宽松的服装已经不能跟上时代的步伐,服装界掀起了一场大变革。

为了提高部队的战斗力,赵武陵王提倡胡服。

胡服是由几件衣服组合而成的全套服装。

4一体式的袍是秦汉时期非常推崇的发款式。

秦朝规定三品及以上的官员穿绿袍和深衣,而普通人穿白袍。

在汉代,虽然深衣在汉人中间仍然很流行,但袍发挥着大礼服的作用。

汉服是从商朝的冕服演变而来的,随着宽袖的引入引入,汉服变得更加松散,还配有挂在腰带上的玉佩,以保持衣的合拢。

一套完整的汉服是由几件衣服组合而成的:衣(男女都可以穿的任何交领衣服)、袍(男性穿的任何封闭的全身衣)、襦(一种敞开的交领衫)、衫(一种敞开的交领衫或罩在衣之外的上衣)、裙或裳(一种中性裙子)和裤(裤子)。

5中国古代服饰的第二次大变化发生在魏晋南北朝时期。

原因是战事频频,款式稍有不同的胡服成为最常见的服装,其特点是袖子窄,衣贴身,裳开叉。

6隋唐时期,政治稳定,经济繁荣,是服装设计和款式发展的黄金时代,中外文化交流空前。

一套男性常服由幞头(软帽)或帽(硬帽)、罩衫和靴子组成的。

罩衫与裳稍有不同,圆领、无卷边窄袖,是胡服与汉服的完美结合。

唐代女性的服饰比前朝更为宽松和暴露,图案繁多。

7在理学的影响下,宋代的衣服在色彩上趋于保守,而袍逐渐被褙子取代。

跨文化案例翻译(胡超)

跨文化案例翻译(胡超)

U2case4‎lihon‎g zhan‎g’s embar‎r assm‎e ntComme‎n t李所说的只‎是一些惯用‎的公式化的‎礼貌表达;几乎所有的‎中国人都知‎道这一点,几乎到处都‎能听到。

就文字意义‎而言,李的话是不‎恰当的,但却传达了‎尊重的含义‎。

这里的语言‎形式不同于‎它的内容,这种现象只‎存在于东方‎文化中。

然而,这起案件发‎生在美国,观众是美国‎人。

美国是一个‎高度重视个‎人主义的国‎家,他们很直接‎地表达自己‎。

他们不理解‎东方人的谦‎虚,他们会理解‎他们所听到‎的字面上的‎意思,和冲突是不‎可避免的。

如果李的话‎变成:“贵国的菜肴‎真是好极了‎,今天能有机‎会借花献佛‎,真是荣幸之‎至......”然后每个人‎都会很高兴‎。

1. Formu‎laic polit‎e expre‎s sion‎2. Liter‎ary meani‎n g is inapp‎r opri‎a t e conve‎y the meani‎n g of respe‎ct3. Langu‎age form is diffe‎r ent from conte‎n t in easte‎r n cultu‎r e4. Happe‎n in USA highl‎y value‎d indiv‎idual‎ism expre‎ss thems‎e lves‎direc‎t ly5. Easte‎rner’s over-modes‎t y compr‎e hend‎what they hear liter‎a lly6. clash‎is inevi‎t able‎7. Compa‎n y how capab‎le you are8. React‎ion of resta‎u rant‎’s boss is norma‎l9. The cuisi‎n e is great‎my great‎honor‎to enter‎t ain you with themU3Case1‎An invit‎a tion‎to dinne‎rBart Rapso‎n带着他的‎家人到菲律‎宾为一个跨‎国企业的工‎作任务。

跨文化交际课文翻译

跨文化交际课文翻译

关于跨文化交流,跨文化市场才是第一的真正的首要的范本。

考虑到古罗马帝国的市民,他们是第一个诞生商店的地球文明。

商人们通过在商店的上面树立旗帜来展示他们商品货物的图片来解决跨文化市场的困扰。

这种做法不仅能为罗马帝国中未受过教育的市民服务还能帮助罗马商人们获得被他们用武力征服的殖民地的商业信息。

回顾过去,我们会发现两千多年前的亚里士多德曾明确说过:“有效劝服基本的信念仍可以把他应用到今天的买卖商品上然而在古代的雅典可能会引起一场大的争论”。

很明显的可以看出,交流是现代市场的根基。

毋庸置疑,全球化市场的时代已经到来。

每年超过4万件的商品货物进入国际市场,其中超过一半是来自美国。

这里面85%的商品都不合格。

通往国际化市场成功的道路是建立在失败的市场垃圾碎片和广泛的广告活动之上的。

他们中的大多数之所以会失败,是因为跨文化交流被曲解了。

在跨文化市场里,如果你想把低劣的语言举止降低到最小,那么就不假定任何事情。

几乎我们都听说过关于美国通用汽车公司,他们尽力想把他们的雪佛兰牌汽车销往拉美国家。

但是雪佛兰在说西班牙语的拉美国家按字面意思是不能行走。

当公司发现汽车买不出去的原因时,他们就把车重新命名,然后销往这些国家。

福特汽车公司,美国又一个汽车界的领头羊,也有类似的问题。

他们的pinto 牌汽车在当地也没有达到预期的销售,原因时他们的汽车其意思在当地为男性生殖器。

最终福特公司把所有的名牌汽车重新命名为corcel,其意思为骏马。

伊莱克斯,一个日用电器制造者,其在英国获得了很大的成功。

不幸的是,他们的广告招牌的意思在美国和英国大不相同。

在美国,suck的意思是多虱子的。

英国的牙膏生产商在法国制造出来了一种牙膏叫cue。

它被人们所耻笑。

因为它的名字使人想起了臭名昭著的色情杂志——Cue。

但是市场中的文化意识更多于细心的翻译。

每一文化都有其微妙之处,当然也有其鲜明的禁忌。

尽管大多数的人不能列出他们自己文化的规则,但是他们很明白什么时候这些禁忌被触碰了。

跨文化交际英语阅读教程所学课文翻译

跨文化交际英语阅读教程所学课文翻译

Unit1二十一世纪的盗版现象课文一现代社会依赖于技术创新,而技术创新须依靠知识产权来保障。

越来越多的国家遵守国际条约,实行知识产权保护。

但这方面做得还远远不够。

我们来回顾一下过去,看看缺乏知识产权保护会导致什么样的后果,从而吸取教训。

许多西方公司付出了惨痛的代价才发现,知识产权保障机制还未健全时,在东南亚投资无异于将钱付诸东流。

要进入这些市场,西方公司不仅必须向相关当局说明他们的产品,而且还要说明他们产品的制作过程。

而结果经常是本该受到知识产权保护的产品很快被无耻地抄袭。

盗用知识产权的例子不胜枚举。

例如,美国化学制品巨头杜邦向一亚洲国家引进了一种名叫Londax的著名除草剂,用来除掉稻田里的杂草。

该公司在该产品的研发上投资了数百万美元,而且又投入了2500万美元在当地开设了一家生产厂家。

然而,不到一年以后,一瓶瓶非常廉价的冒牌Londax公然上市了。

冒牌产品和正宗产品除了价格外的唯一区别是冒牌产品的名称是Rondex,用的是蓝色瓶而不是正宗产品用的绿色瓶。

但是,由于冒牌产品的价格比正宗产品的价格低廉许多,它成功毁掉了杜邦公司的投资。

同时它也使得该公司不再愿意投资于新化学制品的研发。

生产Londax的配方本应该被当作是杜邦公司的知识产权。

其他非法使用该配方的公司是犯了偷盗行为,就像盗取了杜邦公司的机器或者该公司的其他财产一样。

不光是产品,在亚洲市场上保护一个品牌也曾经是几乎不可能的事。

就连Kellogg’s玉米片的生产商Kellogg’s公司也发现自己的产品被山寨:Kongal 牌玉米条,连包装也几乎一模一样。

不幸的是,和杜邦公司的事件一样,Kellogg’s 公司成功惩罚侵权者的几率几乎为零,因为当地的法律不承认知识产权保护的概念。

幸好,在经过许多轮世贸组织的谈判后,情况大为改观。

然而,跨国公司必须保持警惕,以防被侵权。

总有人试图从别人的研发、投资、商誉中牟利。

如果成果得不到法律保护,创新就是空话。

跨文化交际中英文化对比课文参考译文U5

跨文化交际中英文化对比课文参考译文U5

第五单元休闲饮品:茶和咖啡Section 中国的茶和茶文化Passage 1 中国的茶1 中国被称为茶之故乡。

传说神农曾经在一天之内中了72种毒草的毒,是茶发挥了解药的作用。

最新研究证明,中国是世界上最早生产茶叶的国家。

在中国,茶有时被用作药物。

从周代开始,茶从药变成了饮料,而饮茶在唐朝才成为风尚。

东汉著名内科和外科医生华佗说:“苦茶久食,益意思。

”茶圣陆羽写下了已知的世界上第一部茶专著《茶经》,详细记述了制茶、沏茶、饮茶以及其他的关于茶的知识。

对陆羽来说,茶象征着和谐和宇宙的神秘统一。

2 当今,茶在中国已经非常流行,即使是一顿便餐也会以一杯茶结束。

中国有句俗话说:“开门七件事,柴米油盐酱醋茶”。

但是,不同地区的人可能偏爱不同的茶。

从加工工艺来看,中国茶主要分为六类。

绿茶3 绿茶是最早的茶叶之一,以未发酵的茶叶为特征。

绿茶以其浓郁的香气、良好的口感和优雅的外形而闻名,并给人持久的力量感。

传统绿茶在国内外都很受欢迎。

著名的绿茶品种有西湖龙井、洞庭碧螺春、黄山毛峰、六安瓜片等。

乌龙茶4 乌龙茶,字面意思是黑龙茶,是一种介于绿茶和红茶之间的氧化茶。

乌龙茶的味道和红茶不同,更接近绿茶。

不具红茶的玫瑰、香甜味,但同样也没有绿茶特有的刺鼻的青草味。

乌龙茶被认为有助于脂肪分解,帮助减肥和保持健康。

这种茶一般沏成浓茶,回甘甜美。

乌龙茶通常受福建人和广东潮汕人偏爱。

大红袍、铁观音、冻顶乌龙茶是乌龙茶中的极品。

白茶5 白茶的特点是叶子几乎不经过氧化处理。

作为一种微发酵的茶,白茶具有淡淡的清香,冲泡时呈淡黄色。

白茶是用最新、最嫩、手工采摘的叶尖和芽制成的。

白茶是福建省的特产,是世界上最稀有、最壮观的茶叶之一。

白茶有着200多年的历史,它的发源地是福鼎市,那里种植着一种大叶型的茶树,叫做福鼎大白。

最受欢迎的白茶品种包括白毫银珍和白牡丹。

红茶6 红茶是一种比绿茶、乌龙茶和白茶氧化程度更高的茶。

一般来说,其味道比氧化程度低的茶更浓郁,含有更多的咖啡因。

跨文化翻译中国篇

跨文化翻译中国篇

跨文化翻译中国篇Chinese Diet Culture1. Diet has been valued in Chinese culture.国以民为天,民以食为天。

食色,性也牛头----勤苦,忍从,拼斗,代表着农耕文化;猪嘴---食欲,代表着口食文化;蛇身---性欲,代表着性文化;鱼鳞---多子欲望,代表着生殖文化龟颈---长寿欲望,代表着养生文化;马鬣---功业欲望,代表着英雄崇拜鸟爪---权力欲望,代表着“官本位”文化羊须---心性善良鹿角---君子风范狗形---忠实品格2. Features of Chinese diet2.1 Flavoring is the core of Chinese cuisinefive basic flavors :salty; sweet; sour; bitter; pungent2.2 Flavor- focused Chinese cuisine is characterized with uncertainties and mysteries with mixture of flavorsThe aim of flavoring in Chinese cuisine is to rid any unpleasant taste and smell, to highlight the source taste, to improve and enrich its taste. All these can be achieved only when you put proper amount, at proper time and with proper heat.2.3 Frying is the main way of cookingproper fireproper seasonings(1)Frying can improve the flavor of dishes;(2)Frying helps to maintain nutrition of dishes for its short time of cooking;(3)Frying caters to the diet of Chinese: grain food as the main supply of nutrition and energy with some vegetables as complements, together with a small amount of meat.五谷为养,五果为助,五畜为益,五菜为充。

新编跨文化交际【warm up】 原文及翻译

新编跨文化交际【warm up】 原文及翻译

1、【communication across cultures】Chapter One Conceptual Foundation【跨文化沟通】第一章概念的基础Why study intercultural communication?为什么学习跨文化交际?There is a folk tale that comes to us from the foothills of the Himalayas. A man was trying to explain to a blind friend what colors are. He began with the color White.有一个民间的故事,来自于喜马拉雅山的山麓。

一名男子试图解释一个盲人朋友的颜色是什么。

他开始与雪白的颜色。

“Well,”he said, “it is like snow on the hills.”“嗯,”他说,“这就像雪在山上。

”“Oh,”the blind man said, “then it must be a wet and dampish sort of color, isn’t it? ”“No, no,”the man said, “it is also the same color as cotton or wool. ”“Oh yes, I understand. It must be fluffy color. ”“No, it is also like paper.”“哦,”盲人说,“那一定是湿,微湿的颜色,不是吗?”“不,不,”那人说,“这也是相同的颜色,棉或羊毛。

”“哦,是的,我明白了。

一定是毛茸茸的颜色。

”“不,它也像纸。

”“Then it must be a crackling or fragile color,”said the blind man. “No, not at all. It is also like china.”“那一定是脆皮或脆弱的颜色,”瞎子说。

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Unit 1Settling down at college around the world适应校园生活——来自世界各地的访谈Tanya Zarutskaya Moscow, Russia塔尼娅•扎茹茨卡娅莫斯科,俄罗斯This time last year I was nervous about my new life.去年的这个时候,我对新生活感到很紧张。

I didn't have any friends, and it was my first time away from home. 我没有朋友,也是第一次离开家。

At first I worked all the time, going to lectures and studying late into the night.一开始,我一天到晚都在忙功课:上课,并且学习到深夜。

But then I realized I was missing out on so many other things at university. 可后来我意识到我错过了大学里许多其他活动。

One day a girl in my hall of residence invited everyone in the dorm to a dinner party.一天,跟我住同一幢宿舍楼的一个女孩儿邀请全楼的人去参加一个晚宴。

I've no idea where she managed to buy the food, or how she had enough money. 我不知道她在哪儿买的那些吃的,也不清楚她怎么会有足够的钱。

And she dressed like a model.而且她穿得像个模特儿。

I don't know why she was bothering with university!我真不知道她干嘛还要费那劲儿上大学!I've got to know lots of interesting people and I now enjoy myself as well as study hard.现在我结识了许多有趣的人,既努力学习,也快乐地生活。

Miguel Fonseca Guadalajara, Mexico米古尔•方斯卡瓜达拉哈拉,墨西哥When I first arrived at university, I tried to make notes about everything the professors said in their lectures.刚上大学的时候,我尽量把教授们在课堂上说的每一句话都记下来。

But I ended up being too busy writing to listen.结果是我光忙着记笔记,都顾不上听讲了。

I'm studying chemistry, and everything seemed more complicated than what we learned at school.我现在学的是化学,现在学的东西似乎都比我们在中学里学的复杂。

But then I realized that here, you have to listen and think more.现在,我已弄清新知识和过去所学知识之间的差别了。

I've now understood the difference between new information and things which I knew already.不过我意识到,在大学里,你应该更多地去听、去思考。

Francine Bonnet Lyon, France弗兰辛•博内里昂,法国When I first arrived, the university seemed very large and unfriendly. 我刚来时,这所大学似乎很大,也很不友好。

I found the freedom and the lack of guidance difficult at first.一开始,我觉得很难适应缺乏指导的自由生活。

At school, I was used to a timetable with homework in the evening.上中学的时候,我已经习惯了晚上做家庭作业。

I also had a lot of trouble managing my allowance.如何使用每月的生活费也让我感到很头疼。

You have to buy food, books, bus fares, clothes and everything, so it's not like the pocket money you had as a kid at home.你得买食品、书、公交车票、衣服等东西,这和小时候在家花零花钱大不一样。

The money arrives all in one go, so I felt pretty rich at the start of term.每学期的钱是一次性汇来的,所以一开始我总觉得手头相当宽裕。

Then I spent too much, and could only afford to eat a sandwich once a day! 然后我就大手大脚地花钱,搞到后来每天只能吃一个三明治!But now I've realized that it's no longer my parents' or teachers' responsibility to look after me.我现在认识到家长或老师不再有照顾我的责任了。

For the first time, it's me who's responsible for my life ... and I don't know what to do!长这么大第一次,我该自己打理自己的生活了……可我却不知道该怎么办!Thinking across cultures跨文化思考This view attracted a lot of criticism.这一观点招致了不少批评。

People said it was too simplistic, it was based on insufficient evidence, and it was biased in favour of English (which seemed to offer the "most efficient" way of presenting an argument).大家认为这种理论过于简单化,论据不足,而且偏袒英语(好像只有英语才能够“最有效地”展开论述似的)。

Russian students, in particular, didn't agree with the idea Kaplan had of them!俄罗斯学生尤其不认同卡普兰对他们的看法。

But Kaplan's work at least reminded us that, to be able to write effectively in English (or any language), it is not enough to master structures at sentence level—we need to work at a higher level of organization, and to understand how rhetorical devices, such as repetition and figurative language, are used.不过,卡普兰的研究成果至少提醒了我们一点:要想熟练地掌握英语(或任何语言)写作的能力,仅仅掌握句子层面的结构是不够的——我们需要在更高层次的组织结构上下工夫,学会运用重复和比喻等修辞手法。

What's more, most of us would probably agree that people from different cultural backgrounds do have different ways of presenting arguments, or telling stories,并且,我们可能大都认同这样一种观点,即来自不同文化背景的人会以各自不同的方式提出论点或者讲故事。

and that, even if these differences are difficult, and perhaps impossible to classify, just being aware that they exist can help us to understand and appreciate each other better.即使我们很难或是根本不可能阐明其差异,但仅仅是意识到这些差异的存在也有助于我们加深对彼此的理解和认同感。

Saying it without words非言语表达Misunderstandings are not restricted to words.误解并不仅限于言语。

It's just as easy to create confusion with body language and gestures which mean one thing in one culture, but something different in another. 由于肢体语言和手势在一种文化中表达一个意思,可在另一种文化中又表达另一个意思,这很容易造成困惑。

For example, new arrivals from the West in China often find it strange when you stare at them, because it makes them feel embarrassed and self-conscious, whereas the Chinese are simply curious.比如说,刚到中国的西方人看见有人盯着他们看,觉得很奇怪,因为这让他们觉得很尴尬、很难为情。

其实,中国人只是好奇而已。

Market trading集市贸易In some markets, the trader will allow you to choose the fruit and vegetables yourself, but others may insist on choosing for you.在有些集市上,卖家允许你自己挑选水果和蔬菜,而在另外一些集市上,卖家可能要坚持替你挑选。

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