unit1商务英语报告
Unit 1(商务英语阅读教程1)
Homework
1.Summarize the main idea of the the Supplementary Reading on P9 with no more than 50 words. 2.Finish P10 Part V Test Yourself
Note on the Text
1. Enrolling in college is one step toward fulfilling our vision of the future．进入大学是完成将来梦想的第一步。 enroll in：登记入学，入伍，入会等。 如： It's too late to enroll in that class．现在报名进那个班太晚了。 2. Goal-setting involves developing a list of things you would like to achieve in your personal or professional lives-your goals． 设立目标包括列出一些你在个人生活和职业生活中想要完成的事情—— 即你的目标。 3. Understanding what success means to you and the level of success you are willing to accept in life is one of the first stages of new venture planning． 理解成功对你的意义和生活中你想获得的成功水平是计划新事业的第一 步。
Homework
1. If each country’s business had a national style or personality, what would the Chinese business personality be? Discuss how business in China typically operates. 2. Discuss the last time you had to strike a balance in order to reach an agreement about something? 3. Report on the similarities and differences in management of the multinationals (IKEA, TESCO, Walmart, P&G, etc.) in China. 4. Read Text B
商务英语函电Unit 1 Business Letter-writing
【Letter One】
2. The functions of a business letter: 1) To ask for or to convey information;
2) To deal with matters concerning negotiation of business;
3) To confirm cables, telexes, telephones or face-to-face talks, especially important ones.
Construct effective sentences.
Organize your ideas into a logical order.
Look at the following sentences. Are they good sentences?
I hope you will be in a position to make a decision within a short time.
Look at the following sentences and think about whether or not they are good sentences:
It is regretted that the goods cannot be sent today. We are pleased to inform you that the goods will be sent tomorrow.
商务英语写作Unit 1 An Overview of Business Letter Writing[精]
![商务英语写作Unit 1 An Overview of Business Letter Writing[精]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/46a35798c8d376eeaeaa31fe.png)
related values in areas such as integrity, service, and safety to ensure that
there is
Concreteness
• Your writing should be vivid, specific and
definite rather than vague, general and abstract, especially when you are requiring a response, solving problems, making an offer or acceptance, etc.
• They have a
decided advantage in regard to freight charges
• Messrs. Smith and
Richardson have been informed that they would receive an answer in a few days.
shipment.
to 10 tea-sets in
shipment was found.
We/I attitude
You attitude
1. A large sale of our
products will make our company more profitable.
2. We are in need of fund
• This letter is to inform • Since you are our
unit1体验商务英语
Ten ways to improve your careerAjilon Finance, a leading staffing and recruiting services firm, offers the following tips for getting ahead in your career.Make a list of your priorities and outline your tasks for the day. Write down your short- and long-term goals, evaluate your progress fre- quently and stay focused.Are you really present? You may physically be at work, but are you there mentally?Learn how to work through others. Delegating tasks is an important skill to master at any level. Always look for opportuni-ties to broaden your skills.For example, you can attend professional development seminars.Socialise with colleagues.This will help you learn about what’s happening in other departments. Create your own goals.Determine where you want to be professional and what skills you need to reach that goal.Be comfortable with being uncomfortable. Accept chal- lenges that force you to try something new.Be clear about what you want. If you believe you deserve a promotion, ask for one.Take time off and relax. Attending to your personal life and doing things that make you happy will help your performance at work.Seek satisfaction. If you’re disappointed by your current career, look for ways to transform your job into more of what you want. If this does not solve the problem, maybe it’s time to look for a new position.‘If you follow this advice, you will significantly increase your opportunities to earn more money, get promoted sooner and move ahead faster,’ says Mr Lebovits,President and Chief Operating Officer of Ajilon Finance. Ten ways to improve your careerFrom Business Wire。
商务英语1单元 (1)report
discussion
• It is the analysis on the facts collected, which summarizes activities and the problems.
Example
We attribute the decrease of the sales volume to the following three factors: • 1. rivals, great price-cutting to gain more market share • 2.our reduced commission rate to sales representatives • 3.bonus programs promoted by our major rivals
Appendix
• Charts • Graphs • ssi, safety director From: Tom, safety training coordinator date: May 3, 2009 Subject: safety training program for April, 2009
• Conclusion • In conclusion, the training courses are vital and significant for company and staff. The manual will be ready for distribution by May 10.
Components
• • • • Title Introduction Main body (discussion) Conclusion (terminal section) signature and date • appendix
综合商务英语(3)Unit 1
aboriginal tourism原住民观光a branch of tourism based the unique features of the aboriginal people, in which tourists can visit their houses, share their lifestyle and appreciate cultureagritourism 农业旅游、农家乐旅游a branch of tourism in which customers stay in accommodation on working farms and may have the opportunity to help with farm workecotourism生态旅游a form of tourism which places a heavy emphasis on appreciation and protection of the natural environment, with ecotourists traveling to regions of ecological interest around the world. This form of tourism is also sometimes called ecological tourism, nature travel, or responsible tourism.heritage tourism遗产旅游heritage tourism is defined as "traveling to experience the places, artifacts and activities that authentically represent the stories and people of the past," and "heritage tourism can include cultural, historic and natural resources."excursion:a short journey made for pleasure, especially one that has been organized for a group of people （尤指集体）远足、短途旅行exodus : ( formal or humorous ) a situation in which many people leave a place at the same time（大批人同时）离开、外出the mass exodus from Paris to the country in the summer 夏日大批人从巴黎外出到农村The play was so awful that there was a general exodus from the theatre at the interval.getaway : (informal) a short holiday/vacation; a place that is suitable for a holiday/vacation短假、假日休闲地a romantic weekend getaway in New York 在纽约度过的浪漫周末the popular island getaway 深受欢迎的度假岛jaunt: ( old-fashioned or humorous ) a short journey that you make for pleasure （短途）游览、旅行SYN excursionaswarm (adj. be ~ with sb./sth.)full of people or things 充满的，拥挤的e.g. The garden is aswarm with bees.swarm: n./v.1. a swarm of bees / fliesn. a large group of insects, especially bees,moving together in the same direction 一大群蜜蜂等昆虫2. Tourists were swarming all over the island.v. (often disapproving) (of people, animals, etc.)to move around in a large group) 成群地来回移动3. Gulangyu Island is swarming with tourists.v. ~ with sb./sth.: be full of people or thing到处是人或物、挤满pourto come or go somewhere continuously in large numbers 不断涌向(或涌现)SYN floode.g. Letters of complaint continue to pour in.投诉信纷至沓来。
商务英语总结第一单元
（对于…）关键 双赢 致力于… 可持续发展 快速发展的经济 在…的行进过程中
be crucial to win-win be committed to sustainable development burgeoning economy on course
expand
• vi. extend in one or more directions; become larger in size or volume or quantity; • His business expanded rapidly
•To: Mr. Richardson •Message: •Please send a letter to Naves Limon in C.R. •Find out: • Are they satisfied with the order? • Can you provide any after-sales advice? •Encourage repeat order.
merchandise n. / vt.
• Merchandise can now circulate freely among the EU countries. • 商品现在可以在欧盟各国自由流通。 • The merchandise is reasonably priced and offers exceptionally good value. • 这些商品定价合理，很是划算。 • merchanr. Reter Schulz called from Vienna, wanted you to call him today before 4 p.m. or any time tomorrow on 014569924.
商务英语1-BUSINESSENGLISH_第一单元
中文翻译 ↑
早安。很高兴能在这儿跟各位介绍自己：我是Jennifer Wong，来此应征海外业务代表。
我的背景和工作经验使我足以胜任这份业务代表的工作；我在台湾念大学，是主修行销，一九八五年，再从美国德州大学的商学院得到企管硕士的学位。过去五年来，我以这些专业知识及技巧担任神奇厨具用品公司的外销部副主任。 Action电器公司是个高瞻远瞩的公司，我知道你们正在开拓新市场，尤其要在美国闯下一片天地；正因为如此，你们需要一位积极、肯负责的业务代表。在神奇厨具用品公司，我们将产品在美国的市场占有率提高了百分之二十五，这正足以证明我有能力在当地推销产品。
My background and work experience are tailor-made for this position. I studied marketing as an undergrad here in Taiwan, and in 1985, I received my MBA from the University of Texas School of Business. For five years now, I have utilized my skills and knowledge as the Assistant Director of Exports for Magic Kitchen Supplies. Action Appliances is a forward-looking company. I am aware that you are expanding into new markets, particularly in the U.S. Thus you are going to need aggressive, take-charge sales representatives. At Magic Kitchen, during my five years there, we expanded our U.S. market share by 25%. This is just one example of my ability to go out there and sell products.
高级综合商务英语--Unit-1-Globalization
• Mobile phones have surpassed their original use.
------Steve ·Jobs
Unit One
Globalization
高级综合商务英语--Unit-1Globalization
1. Lead-in 2. Text A: The Empire Strikes Back 3. Text B: Disney Theme Park
高级综合商务英语--Unit-1Globalization
Para. 814
The advantages enjoyed by big multinationals over their local rivals and the existing problems on both parts. 高级综合商务英语--Unit-1-
Globalization
Part I Questions about Part I
• There is a greater access to foreign culture in the form of movies, music, food, clothing, and more.
• In short, the world has more choices.
高级综合商务英语--Unit-1Globalization
高级综合商务英语--Unit-1Globalization
Lead-in
• Globalization brings trade conflicts.
商务英语谈判unit 1 Negotiation Preparations
Unit 1 Negotiation Preparations
I. Warm Up
Work in pairs with the following situation
You are a clerk in a research firm, and now you are demonstrating your research report, which has included some of the preliminary findings, to your customer. He is very satisfied with what you have done. Then you discuss a plan for the next step.
Unit 1 NΒιβλιοθήκη gotiation Preparations
IV. Keys to Exercises
1. Translate the following sentences into Chinese
1. One of the purposes of market research is to find out whether there's a market for the product. 市场调研的目的之一就是了解这种产品是否有市场。
2. Sometimes the companies do their own market research, and sometimes they employ specialists to do it. 有时候公司自己搞调研，有时请专家做调研。
Unit 1 Negotiation Preparations
商务英语阅读 unit 1
A. 营销策略 B. 营销组合 C. 营销计划 D. 市场细分 E. 目标市场 F. 顾客忠诚 G. 市场调查 H. 分销渠道 I. 促销编码 J. 公共关系
Comprehensive Reading
Text : A
Marketing Mix What does the word marketing mean? Marketing is the ongoing process of moving people closer to making a decision to purchase, use, follow or conform to someone else’s products, services or values. Marketers can use the variables of marketing mix[1] to devise a marketing plan. There are the standard four marketing mix (4Ps) and the extended three marketing mix (3Ps) in marketing. The 4Ps can be defined as the blend of product, pricing, promotion, and place or distribution channel[2] that satisfies the demands of the chosen market segment[3]. The 3Ps refer to the three elements of people, process and physical evidence[4]. 4Ps The standard four Ps have to fit closely together, and the key to effective marketing is the ability to adjust each of the four factors in response to the demands of the target market[5].
新编商务英语口语第一册Unit1Introduction
Richard and his old classmateThere is a knock at the door. Mrs. White goes to open the door and sees a young man standing there with a colorful box in his lift hand.Hugh: Good afternoon. You must be Mrs. White.您肯定是怀特太太。
Mrs. White: Yes. And you are…Hugh: My name is Hugh Fox.我叫Hugh Fox。
I’m here to visit Richard. Is he in?Mrs. White: Yes, he is. Come in, please. Richard, your friend is here.Richard: Hi, Hugh.Hugh: Hi, Richard.Richard: I don’t thin k you’ve met my dad, Hugh. Hugh，我想你还没有见过我爸爸。
This is my dad. And Dad, this is my friend Hugh.这是我爸爸。
爸爸，这是我的朋友Hugh。
Hugh: How do you do, Mr. White? I’m glad to meet you.您好，怀特先生。
很高兴见到您。
Mr. White: Hello. I’m glad to meet you, too.你好。
也很高兴见到你。
Richard: And I think you’ve met my mom, haven’t you?Hugh: Yes. Nice to meet you, Mrs. White.很高兴见到您，怀特太太。
Mrs. White: Pleased to meet you, Hugh.很高兴见到你，Hugh。
商务英语写作unit 1
Conclusion
To expect an answer
to expect no answer
9.1Opening
9.1.1 Thanks for receiving a letter
delegations(10%)
Correspondence / Communication in writing ☺ 函：Business letters ☺ 电：Telegrams, telexes, faxes & E-mails
3.The nature & goal of the course
☺ Nature - An English course combining international trade with English.
☺ Goal - To cultivate the ability of negotiating international trade in English, especially in English correspondence.
1) Sender’s name: China National Light Industrial Products Import & Export Corporation, Shanghai Branch
2) Sender’s address: 198 Hunan Road, Shanghai, China 3) Sender’s E mail: shanghai @hotmail 4) Sender’s telephone number: 86 21 66231198 5) Sender’s fax number: 86 21 24317579 6) Sender’s website: slihgc 7) Date: June 23, 2004 8) Receiver’s name: Messrs Jameson & Sons Ltd. 9) Receiver’s address: 34 Madison Square, Melbourne, Australia 10)Salutation: Dear Sirs
高级商务英语文本UNIT1
⾼级商务英语⽂本UNIT1Unit 1Managing in the PresentPresent TensesFocus: time management and current problems facing a service company1. Management themesRead the following text and then discuss the questions below.Time management has become one of the key issues of the second half of the twentieth century. Managers, grappling with work pressures and deadlines, have come to recognise that time is a precious commodity to be ‘saved’, ‘gained’, and not‘wasted’ or ‘lost’. But if time is a commodity, how then can we best describe, measure and manage it?To describe and manage it, imagine a line that goes back to the beginnings of creation and continues into the mists of the future. And on that line are a number of significant marks-these separate the past from the present from the future. And within each time zone-past, present and future-we can differentiate periods of time from points of time. For example, the 1980s gave us a period of rapid economic growth; black Monday was a point of sudden financial catastrophe.How can this brief analysis help the international manager? Firstly, there is the link between past, present and future. In other words, historical performance should be a guide to the future, and the present ought to represent last year’s forecast. So change-that which normally differentiates any two periods on our continuum-can be seen as a gradual evolution rather than a dramatic revolution.Secondly, the use of a time-planning system, on which key points and periods are plotted, enables managers to organise their activities so that bottlenecks can be avoided and deadlines can be met. So stress, where the jobs to be done exceed the available time, can be reduced to an acceptable and productive level.1.1 DiscussionDoes your organisation live in the present? Does it change with the times?Do you work in a stressful environment? Do you think that time management can reduce stress?2. ListeningYou are going to hear an extract from a meeting between Anna. Brian and Pete, the three partners of Softsys, a small company supplying business software. The company was established two years ago and after a period of rapid growth is trying to consolidate its market position.As you listen, make notes of the tasks that are agreed and note the partner who is going to do the task.请见附图1-1Listening task(A=Anna; P=Pete; B=Brian)P: I think we all feel that things are getting a little out of control. We’re pushing ourselves almost to breaking point and I’m worried that something’s going to snap unless we take control of the situation.B: Exactly. We have to start managing the business-rather than letting it manage us. So what can we do about it?A: Well, the first thing we can do is to start planning. I mean up to now we have done everything by intuition, but I’d like to know where we plan to be five years from now.B: That’s good-a long-term plan. OK, Pete, are you prepared to start working on it?P: I can make some notes and circulate them. Then we can discuss them.P: Fine.A: Now what about roles? I mean I know that we each have got our own specialist functions within the organisation and that we also function pretty well as a team, but perhaps we need a leader.P: Y ou mean like a managing director?B: Y es, but I thought our philosophy was to keep a flat management structure.A: Yes, I accept that we don’t want to create a hierarchy, but I still think that it can help us if we choose a managing partner who has overall control.P: Yes, I really don’t think that will harm the relationship between us and I agree that it can help us to run the company more efficiently.B: Well, I am not totally convinced, but I’m willing to be persuaded. As you two are keen on the idea, why don’t you prepare a paper about what the management structure would be and the functions of the managing partner?A: Well, I’d like to have a go at that. I’ll prepare some notes and circulate them. Then we can discuss them at our next meeting. If that’s OK with you, Brian?P: Yeah, fine by me.B: Well, we’ve talked about planning and managing. Now, what about improving the organisation? I think we need to look at how we can organise ourselves better.A: Well, having a managing partner should help.B: Of course, but we need to look at our own roles, too.P: To identify areas of responsibility?B: Y es, first the areas where each of us has the main responsibility and then the areas where we are involved, but not primarily responsible. Take purchasing, for example. We need to buy in goods-everything from machines down to plugs. We buy in machines when a customer has placed an order and then we check cashflow and consult the others. But we buy the smaller items without any consultation.A: Oh, come on, we always discuss major purchases and the minor ones are made when we need to. We can’t consult with each other for every bit of cable we buy.B: I know we can’t. But that’s exactly why we need one person with responsibility for authorising purchases. Then we can consistently check where we can get the best value for money by putting one person in charge. And that person can reconcile the purchases made against the invoices that come in. It’s simply a matter of streamlining the system-which must be in everyone’s interest.A: So, what do you suggest?B: Well, I think we should each make a list of the major functions within the organisation. We’ve talked about purchasing. Then there’s sales and after-sales service...P: ... and finance.B: Yes, and installation. Well, I’d like to see one person with primary responsibility for each area, just as we said for purchasing. And the others may have secondary responsibility for that area. So, I propose that I draw up a list of the primary areas or activities that we need to carry out, and then at the next meeting we decide who will have the primary responsibility for each. I’m sure it’ll streamline our business.A: So, where does that leave us?P: With some homework to do and some key issues to discuss at our next meeting. By the way, when are we meeting?A: Well, let’s say that...1.本课主题阅读下⾯这篇由⼀位“商业医⽣”撰写的⽂章并就列出的问题进⾏讨论。
商务英语Unit 1 Studying International Business
They are investments made for the purpose of actively controlling property, assets, or companies located in host country. （国际直接投资的目的是为了控制一个公司的 资产，从而直接控制其经营活动。） （2）Portfolio investment(证券投资,间接投资) They are purchases of foreign financial assets (stocks, bonds, and certificates of deposit) for a purpose other than control and in anticipation of returns. （国际间接投资的目的是购买金融资产，通过 金融资产的价格变化来盈利。）
(2)Trade in services is called invisible trade, which are intangible products such as travel, banking and insurance. （无形贸易又称为服务ent（国际投资） 、 （国际投资）
五、近年来国际商务发展的原因 （Reasons for recent International business growth） ）
1、Rapid increase in and expansion of technology（迅速增加和发展的技术） Knowledge of products and services is available more widely and quickly because of tremendous strides in communications and transportation technology. （特别是通信技术和运输技术的发展使得产品 和技术的贸易越来越迅速、广泛。）
商务英语第二册Unit1总结
商务英语班级：商务英语6班姓名：**学号：BC********Corporate CultureIn this unit, we learned the corporate culture. As we all know that corporate culture is the core of an enterprise, at the same time, it also play an important role in the development of an enterprise.According to this unit, I know that corporate culture is comprised of the assumptions values, norms and tangible signs of organization members and their behaviors. We can know a corporate character according to the corporate cultural. We all know that different people have different personality, so the different corporate also have different cultures. Jeffrey Sonnenfeld identified four types of cultures: Academy Culture, Baseball Team Culture, Club Culture and Fortress Culture.In my opinion, the following are the characters of the corporate cultures.(1)SpecificityCorporate culture has distinct personality and character, has the relative independence. It’s up to the production and operation of corporate management features, corporate tradition, the goal of corporate, the corporate staff quality and internal and external environment to the different.(2)SuccessionCorporate under certain conditions produce, survival and development, corporate culture is the product of history. Corporate culture inherited theessence of national culture.(3)CompatibilityCorporate culture reflects the spirit of the age, it must coalesced with corporate economic environment, political environment and the cultural environment.(4)HumanismCorporate culture is a kind of person-oriented culture, emphasize to understand people, respect people and care about people in corporate management.(5)GlobalityCorporate culture is a unified whole, the person’s development and the development of the corporate are inseparable.(6)InnovativenessThe excellent corporate culture always develops with the corporate environment and the change of the market between home and abroad. Lead all to pursue the excellence, pursue the achievement, pursue the innovation.These are my understanding of corporate culture, it’s abundant and captivating.。
商务英语写作UnitIGeneralIntroduction
商务英语写作实务
Unit I General Introduction
商务英语写作实务
General Introduction
The primary purpose of Business Writing is to achieve our business goal smoother and more effectively. To get the achievement, we must know the functions, key elements and principles of business writing very well when we write.
This message is much clearer, because the reader has the information he needs to take action.
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…….
then, what is globalization?
Globalization (or globalisation) describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade. The term is most closely associated with the term economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows and the spread of technology
MNCs
Microsoft\Cisco\Sun\Oracle
Coca-cola\McDonald‘s\Nestle雀巢 Johnson &Johnson
Exxon 埃克森石油公司
Sony, GE 美国通用电器公司
Other standards for classification:
UN
WTO
IMF AIIB ADB RC
Types of international organizations
Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs), formed by states international Nongovernmental Organizations (INGOs), members
a) on the subject of activity - political, economic, credit and
financial, on trade, health, etc.; b) in the range of participants - the universal (ie, for all of the UN) and regional (Organization of African Unity); c) the order of admission of new members - open or closed; d) in the sphere of activity - with the general (UN) or special competence (UPU 万国邮政联盟);
Background information
Globalization
Questions for your thinking
What will come to your mind, when globalization is mentioned?
From the perspective of word-formation,… Can you give some examples of globalization? Or What has
Poverty cycle 贫穷循环 make credit 放贷 balance of payments 国际收支平衡表 Contraction in aggregate demand 总需求收缩 GDP: 国内生产总值 Macroeconomic policies 宏观经济政策
phrases) 2.words presentation (prefixes ) 3. structure 4. understand the whole text by analyzing the long sentences and answering questions. 5.how to guess words .
IGOs
UN (United Nations) IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IMF International Monetary Fund World Bank World Bank Group ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CE Council of Europe 欧洲理事会 EU European Union NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and
globalization brought to our life?
Is this an impact of globalization on our daily life? sitting and eating in a KFC, a Mcdonald’s or to have a coffee leisurely in a Starbuck? A product of a wide selection of origins? Little Tikes toys made in China? reaching a friend at the other side of the world within seconds by phone or a email…… the quick spread of SARS and other epidemics? the sending of peace corps to war-areas in the other parts of the world? Toyota outsources its auto parts to U.S manufacturers
Read the text quickly, and finish the following questions.
globalization
economic globalization
international organizations
Discuss the following questions with your classmates based on your own knowledge and beliefs.(5mins)
Words and phrases
Globalization 全球化 economic growth 经济增长 Booming or slumping of economic growth 经济增长的快慢 exchange stability 汇率稳定 economic stagnation 经济停滞 economic recession 经济衰退 geographical disparities 地域差异 Sustainable development 可持续性发展
Infrastructure
基础设施
Finance(财政、金融) Financial flows（资金流，金融流量） ～analysis, ~risk, ~crisis Monetary 货币的，财政的 Fund 基金
trade barrier\obstacles
Unit 1
Text A Roles of International organizations in the Global Economy Text B Story of the International Chamber of Commerce
1.background information (business knowledge ,words and
关税壁垒(Tariff Barriers)是指用征收高额进口税和各种进口附加税的办法，以限制和 阻止外国商品进口的一种手段。贸易壁垒的一种。 这可以提高进口商品的成本从而削弱 其竞争能力，起到保护国内生产和国内市场的作用。它还是在贸易谈判中迫使对方妥协让 步的重要手段。世界贸易组织对其极力反对，并通过谈判将其大幅削减。 非关税壁垒（Non-tariff barrier），又称非关税贸易壁垒，指一国政府采取除关税以外 的各种办法，对本国的对外贸易活动进行调节、管理和控制的一切政策与手段的总和，其 目的是试图在一定程度上限制进口，以保护国内市场和国内产业的发展。非关税壁垒大致 可以分为直接的和间接的两大类：前者是由海关直接对进口商品的数量、品种加以限制， 其主要措施有：进口限额制、进口许可证制、“自动”出口限额制、出口许可证制等；后 者是指进口国对进口商品制订严格的条例和标准，间接地限制商品进口，如进口押金制、 苛刻的技术标准和卫生检验规定等。
Tariff & Barrier
Tariff ：an amount that must be paid when particular goods are imported into a country or occasionally when they are exported. Barrier: is something such as a rule, law, or policy that makes it difficult or impossible for something to happen or be achieved
Development OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries WTO World Trade Organization
NGOs
ICC International Chamber of Commerce 国际商会