Section 1C - Conn Exec CIO Straight 8s Questionnaire v1.1.doc

合集下载

C语言内嵌汇编语法简介

C语言内嵌汇编语法简介

●简要介绍⏹关键字◆__asm__:必须的;__volatile__:非必须的⏹格式◆__asm__ __volatile__ (“instruction list” : output: input : clobber/modify);◆上述除了四个部分都可以缺省,当后面三个部分没有的时候退化成基本内联汇编,否则为GCC内联汇编⏹各个操作数含义◆Instruction list:所有的内联操作定义◆Output:所有的输出变量◆Input:所有的输入变量◆Clobber/modify:对于可能被修改部分的声明⏹每个操作数的集合◆Instruction list:各种intel和A T&T汇编操作命令◆Output:输出操作数的变量名和所使用模式和寄存器/内存◆Input:输入操作数的变量名和所使用模式和寄存器/内存◆Clobber/modify:对寄存器或者内存可能改变的提醒声明●语法⏹寄存器引用◆Eg. %eax, %ebx⏹操作数的顺序◆从做到右,eg. “movl %eax(源操作数), %ebx(目的操作数)”⏹立即数◆前面加上$,eg. “movl $0x04, %ebx” 或者para=0x04 movl $para, %ebx,将立即数04h装入寄存器ebx⏹符号常数(直接引用)◆Eg. value: .long0x12a3f2de movl value, %ebx (将常数0x12a3f2dez装入寄存器ebx)◆Eg. “movl $value, %ebx”(将value的地址装入寄存器ebx)⏹操作数的长度◆指令最后一个符号的含义:b,w,l,分别代表:byte,word,long,如果没有指定操作数长度,则按照目标操作数的长度来设置⏹符号扩展和零扩展指令(A T&T与Intel汇编指令中的不同部分)◆需要指定源操作数和目的操作数的长度◆A T&T中的格式:movs(符号扩展)和movz(零扩展)◆Intel中的格式:movsx(符号扩展)和movzx(零扩展)◆Eg. movsbl意味着movs (from)byte (to)long; movsbl %al, %edx (Intel类似)◆Eg. movsbw意味着movs (from)byte (to)word movsbw %al, %dx (Intel类似)◆其他的还有:cbw, cwde, cwd, cdq等(intel的),cbtw, cwtl, cwtd, cltd等(A T&T)⏹调用和跳转指令◆段内调用和跳转:call, ret, jmp◆段间调用和跳转:lcall, lret, ljmp◆段间调用和跳转指令格式:”lcall/ljmp $section, $offset”◆段间返回指令为:”lret $stack-adjust”⏹前缀◆字符串重复操作(rep, repne)◆指定被操作的段(cs,ds,ss,es,fs,gs)◆进行总线枷锁(lock)◆指定地址和操作的大小(data16,addr16)◆在A T&T汇编语法中,前缀通常被单独放在一行,后面不跟任何操作数,例如,对于重复scas指令,其写法为:repnescas◆操作码的意义和用法:●在A T&T语法中,只需要按照section:memory-operand的格式就指定了相应的段前缀Eg.lcall %cs:realmode_switch●“lock”是为了保证指令执行期间禁止一切中断,其作用于指令:ADD,ADC等⏹内存引用◆Intel语法的间接内存引用格式为:section:[base+index*scale+displacement]◆A T&T语法中对应形式为:section:displacement(base, index, scale)◆Base和index是任意的32-bit base和index寄存器◆Scale取值为:1,2,4,8,默认值为1◆Section可以指定任意的寄存器作为段前缀,默认的段寄存器在不同的情况下不一样(如果在指令中指定了默认的段前缀,编译器在目标代码中不会产生此段前缀代码)◆Eg.-4(%ebp): base=%ebp, displacement=-4, section没有指定,由于base=%ebp,所以默认的section=%ss,index,scale没有指定,则index为0◆其他指令参看《c和汇编混编语法》●GCC内联汇编⏹基本内联汇编(只有instruction list,没有input/output/clobber)◆Eg.__asm__ (“movl %esp, %eax”);◆Eg.__asm__ (“movl $1, %eax xor %ebx, %ebx int $0x80”);◆Eg. __asm__(“movl $1, %eax\r\t” “xor %ebx, %ebx\r\t” “int $0x80”);◆基本格式:__asm__ __volatile__(“instruction list”);●__asm__:是GCC关键字asm的宏定义,每一个内联汇编表达式的开头都是它,必不可少●Instruction list:是汇编指令序列,可以是空的●可以将所有的指令放在一个引号中⏹可以将每一条执行放在一行⏹多条指令放在一行,需要用分号或换行符隔开(多数情况加一个\t)●也可以分开放在几个引号中⏹除了最后一对引号之外,前面所有引号里的最后一条指令之后都要有一个分号或\n或\t●原则总结:任意两个指令间要么被分号隔开,要么被放在两行(可以真的放,也可以加上\n)●__volatile__:GCC内联关键字volatile的宏定义,可以不用,用了说明要保留每一条指令(不会在优化的时候被省略)⏹带有C/C++表达式的内联汇编◆基本格式:__asm__ __volatile__ (“instruction list” : output : input : clobber);●基本规则:⏹如果clobber为空,前面的冒号必须省略⏹如果instruction list为空,则input,output,clobber可以为空也可以不为空⏹如果output,input,clobber都为空,output,input之前的冒号既可以省略也可以不省略(全部省略退化成基本内联汇编)⏹C内联汇编中instruction list中的寄存器前面需要用两个百分号⏹Input,clobber为空,output不为空,input前的冒号可以省略/不省略⏹后面不空,前面为空,则前面的冒号都必须保留⏹Instruction list后面是否有冒号->是否为C内联汇编◆Output●Eg. __asm__(“movl %%cr0, %0” : “=a”(cr0));⏹输出部分为:”=a”(rc0),是一个操作表达式,指定了一个输出操作◆(cr0):C/C++表达式,用来保存内联汇编的一个输出值,其操作就等于C/C++的相等赋值rc0 = output_value,也就是说它只能是一个可以合法地放在C/C++赋值操作=左边的表达式◆“=a”,称为“操作约束”,包含了两个约束:等号= 和字母a,其中等号=说明括号中左值表达式cr0是一个write-only,只能被当前内联汇编的输入,而不能作为输出,字母a是寄存器eax,ax,al的简写,说明cr0的值要从eax寄存器汇总获取,也就是cro=eax的意思,汇编指令为:movl %eax, address_of_cr0◆关于”=”,等号(=)说明当前表达式为write-Only,如果是加号(+)说明当前表达式为read-write的,如果是缺省()说明当前表达式为read-only⏹多个output之间用逗号隔开◆input●eg. __asm__(“movl %0, %%db7”: :”a”(cpu->db7));⏹“a”(cpu->db7):成为“输入表达式”,两个部分”a”和(cpu->db7)是必不可少的⏹Cpu->db7是一个C/C++表达式,不必是一个左值,还可以是一个右边表达式⏹引号中的是约束部分,和输出表达式不同,不允许指定加好和等号约束,默认就是read-only,需要指定一个寄存器约束,a表示输入变量通过寄存器eax输入到内联汇编中◆操作约束●寄存器约束⏹r :表示一个通用寄存器,由GCC在%eax%ax%al,%ebx%bx%bl,%ecx%cx%cl,%edx%dx%dl中选取一个GCC认为合适的⏹q:表示一个通用寄存器,和r的意义相同⏹a:表示使用%eax%ax%al⏹b:表示使用%ebx%bx%bl⏹c:表示使用%ecx%cx%cl⏹d:表示使用%edx%dx%dl⏹s:表示使用%esi%si⏹f:表示使用浮点寄存器⏹t:表示使用第一个浮点寄存器⏹u:表示使用第二个浮点寄存器●内存约束⏹Eg.__asm__(“lidt %0”:”=m”(__idt_addr));⏹内存方式进行输入输出的时候,由于不借助寄存器,所以GCC不会按照声明对其作出任何的输入输出处理,只是直接拿来用⏹m:表示用系统所支持的任何一种内存方式,不需要借助寄存器●立即数约束⏹Eg.__asm__ __volatile__(“movl %0, %%eax”::”i”(100));⏹i/I:表示输入表达式是一个立即数(整数),不需要借助任何寄存器⏹f/F:表示输入表达式是一个立即数(浮点数),不需要借助任何寄存器●通用约束⏹g:表示可以用通用寄存器,内存,立即数等任何一种处理方式⏹0,1,2,3…:表示和第n个操作数使用相同的寄存器/内存⏹一个带有C/C++表达式的内联汇编,其操作表达式被按照列出的顺序编号,最多允许有10个操作表达式⏹如果某个input操作表达式使用0-9中的数字作为它的约束,则等于想GCC声明“我要使用和编号为1的output操作表达式形同的寄存器或者内存地址”●修饰符⏹等号(=)和加号(+)用于对output操作表达式的修饰⏹符号(&)只能用于output操作表达式的修饰,声明“不得为任何input操作表达式分配与此output操作表达式相同的寄存器”,意味着,output操作表达式在所有的input操作表达式输入前输出,排除了output使用已经被input提前使用过的东西⏹百分号(%):只能在input操作表达式中,声明“当前input操作表达式中的C/C++表达式可以和下一个input操作表达式中的C/C++表达式互换”,一般用于符号交换律运算⏹修饰符的意义◆=/+/&:output write-only/read-write/独占◆%:input 可互换⏹占位符◆%0,%1等,每个占位符在编译时候,会替换为对应的input/output操作表达式所指定的寄存器/内存地址/立即数◆必须使用占位符的情况:●Input做指定的为内存地址(“m”),则无法事先确定地址,只能使用占位符●Output中使用了通用寄存器(“=r”),那么不知道用了哪一个,只能用占位符◆Clobber(通知GCC当前语句可能会对某些寄存器或者内存进行修改,希望能够在编译的时候将这一点考虑进去,那么就可以再clobber中声明这些)●一般发生情况:寄存器出现在“instruction list”,却不是由input/output所指定,也不是input/output使用”r”/”g”时由GCC为其选择,同时此寄存器被”instruction list”中的指令修改,而该寄存器只是当前内联汇编时使用●如果在一个内联汇编语句的clobber域向GCC声明某个寄存器内容发生了改变,GCC编译时,如果发现这个被声明的寄存器内容在此内联汇编语句之后还要继续使用那么会先将此寄存器的内容保存起来,然后再内联汇编语句之后,将其内容恢复。

keil常见错误

keil常见错误

Keil中常见错误的说明摘自网络,向原作者致敬C51编译器识别错类型有三种1、致命错误:伪指令控制行有错,访问不存在的原文件或头文件等。

2、语法及语义错误:语法和语义错误都发生在原文件中。

有这类错误时,给出提示但不产生目标文件,错误超过一定数量才终止编译。

3、警告:警告出现并不影响目标文件的产生,但执行时有可能发生问题。

程序员应斟酌处理。

D.1 致命错误C_51 FATAL_ERRORACTION: <当前行为>LINE: <错误所在行>ERROR: <错误信息> terminated或C_51 FATAL ERRORACTION: <当前行为>FILE: <错误所在文件>ERROR: <错误信息> terminatedC_51 TERMINATED C_51(1) ACTION 的有关信息*PARSING INVOKE-/#PRAGMA_LINE在对#pragma 指明的控制行作此法分析时出错。

*ALLOCATING MEMORY系统分配存储空间时出错。

编译较大程序需要512k空间。

*OPENING INPUT_FILE打开文件时,未找到或打不开源文件/头文件。

*CREATE LIST_FILE/OBJECT_FILE/WORK_FILE不能创建上述文件。

可能磁盘满或文件已存在而且写保护。

*PARSING SOURCE_FILE/ANALYZING DECLARATIONS分析源程序时发现外部引用名太多。

*GENERATING INTERMEDIATE CODE源代码被翻译成内部伪代码,错误可能来源于函数太大而超过内部极限。

*WRITING TO FILE在向文件(work,list,prelist或object file)写时发生错误。

(2)ERROR的有关信息*MEMORY SPACE EXHAUSTED所有可用系统空间耗尽。

C语言报错整理大全

C语言报错整理大全

C语言错误代码及错误信息错误释义error 1: Out of memory 内存溢出error 2: Identifier expected 缺标识符error 3: Unknown identifier 未定义的标识符error 4: Duplicate identifier 重复定义的标识符error 5: Syntax error 语法错误error 6: Error in real constant 实型常量错误error 7: Error in integer constant 整型常量错误error 8: String constant exceeds line 字符串常量超过一行error 10: Unexpected end of file 文件非正常结束error 11: Line too long 行太长error 12: Type identifier expected 未定义的类型标识符error 13: Too many open files 打开文件太多error 14: Invalid file name 无效的文件名error 15: File not found 文件未找到error 16: Disk full 磁盘满error 17: Invalid compiler directive 无效的编译命令error 18: Too many files 文件太多error 19: Undefined type in pointer def 指针定义中未定义类型error 20: Variable identifier expected 缺变量标识符error 21: Error in type 类型错误error 22: Structure too large 结构类型太长error 23: Set base type out of range 集合基类型越界error 24: File components may not be files or objectsfile分量不能是文件或对象error 25: Invalid string length 无效的字符串长度error 26: Type mismatch 类型不匹配error 27:error 27:Invalid subrange base type 无效的子界基类型error 28:Lower bound greater than upper bound 下界超过上界error 29:Ordinal type expected 缺有序类型error 30:Integer constant expected 缺整型常量error 31:Constant expected 缺常量error 32:Integer or real constant expected 缺整型或实型常量error 33:Pointer Type identifier expected 缺指针类型标识符error 34:Invalid function result type 无效的函数结果类型error 35:Label identifier expected 缺标号标识符error 36:BEGIN expected 缺BEGINerror 37:END expected 缺ENDerror 38:Integer expression expected 缺整型表达式error 39:Ordinal expression expected 缺有序类型表达式error 40:Boolean expression expected 缺布尔表达式error 41:Operand types do not match 操作数类型不匹配error 42:Error in expression 表达式错误error 43:Illegal assignment 非法赋值error 44:Field identifier expected 缺域标识符error 45:Object file too large 目标文件太大error 46:Undefined external 未定义的外部过程与函数error 47:Invalid object file record 无效的OBJ文件格式error 48:Code segment too large 代码段太长error 49:Data segment too large 数据段太长error 50:DO expected 缺DOerror 51:Invalid PUBLIC definition 无效的PUBLIC定义error 52:Invalid EXTRN definition 无效的EXTRN定义error 53: Too many EXTRN definitions 太多的EXTRN定义error 54:OF expected 缺OFerror 55:INTERFACE expected 缺INTERFACEerror 56:Invalid relocatable reference 无效的可重定位引用error 57:THEN expected 缺THENerror 58:TO or DOWNTO expected 缺TO或DOWNTO error 59:Undefined forward 提前引用未经定义的说明error 61:Invalid typecast 无效的类型转换error 62:Division by zero 被零除error 63:Invalid file type 无效的文件类型error 64:Cannot read or write variables of this type 不能读写此类型变量error 65:Pointer variable expected 缺指针类型变量error 66:String variable expected 缺字符串变量error 67:String expression expected 缺字符串表达式error 68:Circular unit reference 单元UNIT部件循环引用error 69:Unit name mismatch 单元名不匹配error 70:Unit version mismatch 单元版本不匹配error 71:Internal stack overflow 内部堆栈溢出error 72:Unit file format error 单元文件格式错误error 73:IMPLEMENTATION expected 缺IMPLEMENTATIONerror 74:Constant and case types do not match 常量和CASE类型不匹配error 75:Record or object variable expected 缺记录或对象变量error 76:Constant out of range 常量越界error 77:File variable expected 缺文件变量error 78:Pointer expression expected 缺指针表达式error 79:Integer or real expression expected 缺整型或实型表达式error 80:Label not within current block 标号不在当前块内error 81:Label already defined 标号已定义error 82:Undefined label in preceding statement part 在前面未定义标号error 83:Invalid @ argument 无效的@参数error 84:UNIT expected 缺UNITerror 85: ";" expected 缺“;”error 86:":" expected 缺“:”error 87:"," expected 缺“,”error 88:"(" expected 缺“(”error 89:")" expected 缺“)”error 90:"=" expected 缺“=”error 91:":=" expected 缺“:=”error 92:"[" or "(." Expected 缺“[”或“(.”error 93: "]" or ".)" expected 缺“]”或“.)”error 94:"." expected 缺“.”error 95: ".." expected 缺“..”error 96:Too many variables 变量太多error 97:Invalid FOR control variable 无效的FOR循环控制变量error 98:Integer variable expected 缺整型变量error 99:Files and procedure types are not allowed here 该处不允许文件和过程类型error 100:String length mismatch 字符串长度不匹配error 101:Invalid ordering of fields 无效域顺序error 102:String constant expected 缺字符串常量error 103:Integer or real variable expected 缺整型或实型变量error 104:Ordinal variable expected 缺有序类型变量error 105:INLINE error INLINE错误error 106:Character expression expected 缺字符表达式error 107:Too many relocation items 重定位项太多error 108:Overflow in arithmetic operation 算术运算溢出error 112:CASE constant out of range CASE常量越界error 113:Error in statement 表达式错误error 114:Cannot call an interrupt procedure 不能调用中断过程error 116:Must be in 8087 mode to compile this 必须在8087模式编译error 117:Target address not found 找不到目标地址error 118:Include files are not allowed here 该处不允许INCLUDE文件error 119:No inherited methods are accessible here 该处继承方法不可访问error 121:Invalid qualifier 无效的限定符error 122:Invalid variable reference 无效的变量引用error 123:Too many symbols 符号太多error 124:Statement part too large 语句体太长error 126:Files must be var parameters 文件必须是变量形参error 127:Too many conditional symbols 条件符号太多error 128:Misplaced conditional directive 条件指令错位error 129:ENDIF directive missing 缺ENDIF指令error 130:Error in initial conditional defines 初始条件定义错误error 131:Header does not match previous definition 和前面定义的过程或函数不匹配error 133:Cannot evaluate this expression 不能计算该表达式error 134:Expression incorrectly terminated 表达式错误结束error 135:Invalid format specifier 无效格式说明符error 136:Invalid indirect reference 无效的间接引用error 137:Structured variables are not allowed here 该处不允许结构变量error 138:Cannot evaluate without System unit 没有System单元不能计算error 139:Cannot access this symbol 不能存取符号error 140:Invalid floating point operation 无效的符号运算error 141:Cannot compile overlays to memory 不能编译覆盖模块至内存error 142:Pointer or procedural variable expected 缺指针或过程变量error 143:Invalid procedure or function reference 无效的过程或函数调用error 144:Cannot overlay this unit 不能覆盖该单元error 146:File access denied 不允许文件访问error 147:Object type expected 缺对象类型error 148:Local object types are not allowed 不允许局部对象类型error 149:VIRTUAL expected 缺VIRTUALerror 150: Method identifier expected 缺方法标识符error 151:Virtual constructors are not allowed 不允许虚构造函数error 152:Constructor identifier expected 缺构造函数标识符error 153:Destructor identifier expected 缺析构函数标识符error 154:Fail only allowed within constructors 只能在构造函数内使用Fail标准过程error 155:Invalid combination of opcode and operands 操作数与操作符无效组合error 156:Memory reference expected 缺内存引用指针error 157:Cannot add or subtract relocatable symbols 不能加减可重定位符号error 158:Invalid register combination 无效寄存器组合error 159:286/287 instructions are not enabled 未激活286/287指令error 160:Invalid symbol reference 无效符号指针error 161:Code generation error 代码生成错误error 162:ASM expected 缺ASMerror 166:Procedure or function identifier expected 缺过程或函数标识符error 167:Cannot export this symbol 不能输出该符号error 168:Duplicate export name 外部文件名重复error 169:Executable file header toerror 170:Too many segments 段太多fatal error C1004: unexpected end of file found 未找到文件末尾(可能是括号匹配问题)fatal error C1021: invalid preprocessor command '1nclude' 无效的编译预处理命令'1nclude' fatal error C1083: Cannot open include file: 'stdi.h': No such file or directory 不能打开头文件'stdi.h',文件或文件夹不存在 error C2101: '&' on constant 不能计算常量的地址error C2059: syntax error : 'while' 在'while'附近,存在语法错误error C2061: syntax error : identifier 'x' 标识符x的附近,存在语法错误 error C2065: 'i' : undeclared identifier 变量i未定义error C2078: too many initializers 数组/结构等变量初始化时的数据太多error C2087: '<Unknown>' : missing subscript 丢失数组下标error C2106: '=' : left operand must be l-value '='的左侧应当是左值,即不能是常量 error C2115: '=' : incompatible types '='两侧的类型不兼容error C2133: 'a' : unknown size a(可能是数组名)的大小不确定。

section在部件中的用法

section在部件中的用法

第一节:什么是section?1.1 介绍在计算机编程中,"section"是一个用来定义一个区块的关键词。

它可以用来将代码分割成不同的部分,使得代码更具可读性和易维护性。

1.2 在不同编程语言中的用法在不同的编程语言中,"section"的用法可能有所不同。

比如在C语言中,可以使用#pragma section来定义一个section,在Python中可以使用#section来实现类似的功能。

而在HTML中,可以使用<section>标签来定义一个区块。

1.3 标准化在一些特定的编程标准中,也会对"section"的使用做出规范。

比如在嵌入式系统开发中,通常会有特定的内存布局要求,这就需要程序员按照规范来定义相应的section。

1.4 可读性和维护性使用"section"能够将代码分割成几个逻辑上相关的部分,这对于代码的可读性和维护性都是非常有利的。

如果一个函数非常庞大复杂,使用"section"将其分割成几个部分,可以让代码更加清晰。

第二节:section在部件中的用法2.1 介绍在部件中,"section"同样是一个非常重要的概念。

部件的良好结构设计能够提高UI的易用性和用户体验。

2.2 页面布局在网页设计中,"section"被广泛使用来划分页面的不同部分。

比如一个网页可以分成头部、导航、内容区、侧边栏和尾部等section,这有助于用户更好地理解网页的结构。

2.3 网页语义化通过使用<section>标签来划分页面,可以使得页面更符合语义化。

搜索引擎也会更容易地理解页面的结构,这对于SEO也是非常有利的。

2.4 清晰的UI设计合理使用"section"能够使得页面的UI更加清晰明了。

用户可以更容易地找到自己需要的信息,从而提高了用户体验。

C语言报错整理大全

C语言报错整理大全

C语言错误代码及错误信息错误释义error 1: Out of memory 内存溢出error 2: Identifier expected 缺标识符error 3: Unknown identifier 未定义的标识符error 4: Duplicate identifier 重复定义的标识符error 5:Syntax error 语法错误error 6:Error in real constant 实型常量错误error 7:Error in integer constant 整型常量错误error 8: String constant exceeds line 字符串常量超过一行error 10:Unexpected end of file 文件非正常结束error 11: Line too long 行太长error 12:Type identifier expected 未定义的类型标识符error 13: Too many open files 打开文件太多error 14:Invalid file name 无效的文件名error 15:File not found 文件未找到error 16: Disk full 磁盘满error 17: Invalid compiler directive 无效的编译命令error 18: Too many files 文件太多error 19: Undefined type in pointer def 指针定义中未定义类型error 20:Variable identifier expected 缺变量标识符error 21: Error in type 类型错误error 22: Structure too large 结构类型太长error 23:Set base type out of range 集合基类型越界error 24: File components may not be files or objectsfile分量不能是文件或对象error 25:Invalid string length 无效的字符串长度error 26:Type mismatch 类型不匹配error 27:error 27:Invalid subrange base type 无效的子界基类型error 28:Lower bound greater than upper bound 下界超过上界error 29:Ordinal type expected 缺有序类型error 30:Integer constant expected 缺整型常量error 31:Constant expected 缺常量error 32:Integer or real constant expected 缺整型或实型常量error 33:Pointer Type identifier expected 缺指针类型标识符error 34:Invalid function result type 无效的函数结果类型error 35:Label identifier expected 缺标号标识符error 36:BEGIN expected 缺BEGINerror 37:END expected 缺ENDerror 38:Integer expression expected 缺整型表达式error 39:Ordinal expression expected 缺有序类型表达式error 40:Boolean expression expected 缺布尔表达式error 41:Operand types do not match 操作数类型不匹配error 42:Error in expression 表达式错误error 43:Illegal assignment 非法赋值error 44:Field identifier expected 缺域标识符error 45:Object file too large 目标文件太大error 46:Undefined external 未定义的外部过程与函数error 47:Invalid object file record 无效的OBJ文件格式error 48:Code segment too large 代码段太长error 49:Data segment too large 数据段太长error 50:DO expected 缺DOerror 51:Invalid PUBLIC definition 无效的PUBLIC定义error 52:Invalid EXTRN definition 无效的EXTRN定义error 53: Too many EXTRN definitions 太多的EXTRN定义error 54:OF expected 缺OFerror 55:INTERFACE expected 缺INTERFACEerror 56:Invalid relocatable reference 无效的可重定位引用error 57:THEN expected 缺THENerror 58:TO or DOWNTO expected 缺TO或DOWNTO error 59:Undefined forward 提前引用未经定义的说明error 61:Invalid typecast 无效的类型转换error 62:Division by zero 被零除error 63:Invalid file type 无效的文件类型error 64:Cannot read or write variables of this type 不能读写此类型变量error 65:Pointer variable expected 缺指针类型变量error 66:String variable expected 缺字符串变量error 67:String expression expected 缺字符串表达式error 68:Circular unit reference 单元UNIT部件循环引用error 69:Unit name mismatch 单元名不匹配error 70:Unit version mismatch 单元版本不匹配error 71:Internal stack overflow 内部堆栈溢出error 72:Unit file format error 单元文件格式错误error 73:IMPLEMENTATION expected 缺IMPLEMENTATIONerror 74:Constant and case types do not match 常量和CASE类型不匹配error 75:Record or object variable expected 缺记录或对象变量error 76:Constant out of range 常量越界error 77:File variable expected 缺文件变量error 78:Pointer expression expected 缺指针表达式error 79:Integer or real expression expected 缺整型或实型表达式error 80:Label not within current block 标号不在当前块内error 81:Label already defined 标号已定义error 82:Undefined label in preceding statement part 在前面未定义标号error 83:Invalid @ argument 无效的@参数error 84:UNIT expected 缺UNITerror 85: ”;” expected 缺“;”error 86: ":" expected 缺“:”error 87:",” expected 缺“,”error 88:”(" expected 缺“(”error 89:")” expected 缺“)”error 90: ”=” expected 缺“=”error 91:":=" expected 缺“:="error 92:"[" or ”(。

C语言CRITICAL_SECTION用法案例详解

C语言CRITICAL_SECTION用法案例详解

C语⾔CRITICAL_SECTION⽤法案例详解很多⼈对CRITICAL_SECTION的理解是错误的,认为CRITICAL_SECTION是锁定了资源,其实,CRITICAL_SECTION是不能够“锁定”资源的,它能够完成的功能,是同步不同线程的代码段。

简单说,当⼀个线程执⾏了EnterCritialSection之后,cs⾥⾯的信息便被修改,以指明哪⼀个线程占⽤了它。

⽽此时,并没有任何资源被“锁定”。

不管什么资源,其它线程都还是可以访问的(当然,执⾏的结果可能是错误的)。

只不过,在这个线程尚未执⾏LeaveCriticalSection之前,其它线程碰到EnterCritialSection语句的话,就会处于等待状态,相当于线程被挂起了。

这种情况下,就起到了保护共享资源的作⽤。

也正由于CRITICAL_SECTION是这样发挥作⽤的,所以,必须把每⼀个线程中访问共享资源的语句都放在EnterCritialSection和LeaveCriticalSection之间。

这是初学者很容易忽略的地⽅。

当然,上⾯说的都是对于同⼀个CRITICAL_SECTION⽽⾔的。

如果⽤到两个CRITICAL_SECTION,⽐如说:第⼀个线程已经执⾏了EnterCriticalSection(&cs)并且还没有执⾏LeaveCriticalSection(&cs),这时另⼀个线程想要执⾏EnterCriticalSection(&cs2),这种情况是可以的(除⾮cs2已经被第三个线程抢先占⽤了)。

这也就是多个CRITICAL_SECTION实现同步的思想。

⽐如说我们定义了⼀个共享资源dwTime[100],两个线程ThreadFuncA和ThreadFuncB都对它进⾏读写操作。

当我们想要保证 dwTime[100]的操作完整性,即不希望写到⼀半的数据被另⼀个线程读取,那么⽤CRITICAL_SECTION来进⾏线程同步如下:第⼀个线程函数:DWORD WINAPI ThreadFuncA(LPVOID lp){EnterCriticalSection(&cs);...// 操作dwTime...LeaveCriticalSection(&cs);return 0;}写出这个函数之后,很多初学者都会错误地以为,此时cs对dwTime进⾏了锁定操作,dwTime处于cs的保护之中。

深入理解CRITICAL_SECTION

深入理解CRITICAL_SECTION

深入理解CRITICAL_SECTION摘要临界区是一种防止多个线程同时执行一个特定代码节的机制,这一主题并没有引起太多关注,因而人们未能对其深刻理解。

在需要跟踪代码中的多线程处理的性能时,对 Windows 中临界区的深刻理解非常有用。

本文深入研究临界区的原理,以揭示在查找死锁和确认性能问题过程中的有用信息。

它还包含一个便利的实用工具程序,可以显示所有临界区及其当前状态。

在我们许多年的编程实践中,对于 Win32 临界区没有受到非常多的“under the hood”关注而感到非常奇怪。

当然,您可能了解有关临界区初始化与使用的基础知识,但您是否曾经花费时间来深入研究 WINNT.H 中所定义的 CRITICAL_SECTION 结构呢?在这一结构中有一些非常有意义的好东西被长期忽略。

我们将对此进行补充,并向您介绍一些很有意义的技巧,这些技巧对于跟踪那些难以察觉的多线程处理错误非常有用。

更重要的是,使用我们的 MyCriticalSections 实用工具,可以明白如何对 CRITICAL_SECTION 进行微小地扩展,以提供非常有用的特性,这些特性可用于调试和性能调整(要下载完整代码,参见本文顶部的链接)。

老实说,作者们经常忽略 CRITICAL_SECTION 结构的部分原因在于它在以下两个主要Win32 代码库中的实现有很大不同:Microsoft Windows 95 和 Windows NTH嗣侵勒饬街执肟舛家丫⒄钩龃罅亢笮姹荆ㄆ渥钚掳姹痉直鹞 Windows Me 和 Windows XP),但没有必要在此处将其一一列出。

关键在于 Windows XP 现在已经发展得非常完善,开发商可能很快就会停止对 Windows 95 系列操作系统的支持。

我们在本文中就是这么做的。

诚然,当今最受关注的是 Microsoft .NET Framework,但是良好的旧式 Win32 编程不会很快消失。

Keil中的常见错误和警告

Keil中的常见错误和警告

Keil中的常见错误和警告C51编译器识别错类型有三种1、致命错误:伪指令控制行有错、命令行指定的无效选项、访问不存在的原文件或头文件等。

致命错误立即终止程序编译。

2、语法及语义错误:语法和语义错误都发生在源文件中。

有这类错误时,给出提示但不产生目标文件,错误超过一定数量才终止编译。

3、警告:警告出现并不影响目标文件的产生,但执行时有可能发生问题,程序员应斟酌处理。

错误信息及可能发生的原因列表*ERROR 100:unprintable character 0x??skipped源文件中发现非法字符(注意,注解内的字符不做检查)。

*ERROR 101:unclosed string字符串未用引号结尾。

*ERROR 102:string too long字符串不得超过511 个字符。

为了定义更长的串,用户必须使用续行符‘\’逻辑的继续该字符串,在词汇分析时遇到以该符号结尾的行会与下行连接起来.*ERROR 103: invalid character constant试图再声明一个已定义的宏,已存在的宏可以用#undef指令删除。

预定义的宏不能删除。

*ERROR 104: identifier expected预处理器指令期望产生一个标示符,如ifdef。

*ERROR 105: unclosed comment当注解无结束界定符(*/)时产生此错误。

*EROOR 106: unbalanced#if-endif controlsendif的数量与if或ifdef的数量不匹配。

*ERROR 107:include file nesting exceeds 9include指令后的文件名无效或丢失*ERROR 108:expected string,如#error “string”预处理器指令期望一个串变量。

*ERROR 109:由#error 伪指令引入的错误信息以错误信号形式显示。

*ERROR 110:missing directive预处理行#后缺少伪指令。

c语言经典错误

c语言经典错误

C语言命语法错误大全C语言命语法错误大全fatalerrorC1004: unexpectedendoffilefound未找到文件末尾(可能是括号匹配问题)fatalerrorC1021: invalidpreprocessorcommand'1nclude'无效的编译预处理命令'1nclude'fatalerrorC1083: Cannotopenincludefile: 'stdi.h': Nosuchfileordirectory 不能打开头文件'stdi.h',文件或文件夹不存在errorC2101: '&' onconstantC语言命语法错误大全fatalerrorC1004: unexpectedendoffilefound未找到文件末尾(可能是括号匹配问题)fatalerrorC1021: invalidpreprocessorcommand'1nclude'无效的编译预处理命令'1nclude'fatalerrorC1083: Cannotopenincludefile: 'stdi.h': Nosuchfileordirectory 不能打开头文件'stdi.h',文件或文件夹不存在errorC2101: '&' onconstant不能计算常量的地址errorC2059: syntaxerror: 'while'在'while'附近,存在语法错误errorC2061: syntaxerror: identifier'x'标识符x的附近,存在语法错误errorC2065: 'i' : undeclaredidentifier变量i未定义errorC2078: toomanyinitializers数组/结构等变量初始化时的数据太多errorC2087: '<Unknown>' : missingsubscript 丢失数组下标errorC2106: '=' : leftoperandmustbel-value '='的左侧应当是左值,即不能是常量errorC2115: '=' : incompatibletypes'='两侧的类型不兼容errorC2133: 'a' : unknownsizea(可能是数组名)的大小不确定。

KEIL中常用库函数头文件的说明

KEIL中常用库函数头文件的说明

INTRINS.H详细说明:c51中的intrins.h库函数 _crol_ 字符循环左移 _cror_ 字符循环右移 _irol_ 整数循环左移 _iror_ 整数循环右移_lrol_ 长整数循环左移 _lror_ 长整数循环右移_nop_ 空操作8051 NOP 指令_testbit_ 测试并清零位8051 JB C 指令-C51 in the library function intrins.h cycle _crol_ characters characters left _cror_ cycle shifted to right _irol_ the left circle _iror_ integer integer integer cycle shifted to right _lrol_ long cycle of the left circle _lror_ long integer _nop_ air operation shifted to right 8051 NOP instructions _testbit_ tested and cleared 8051 JBC-bit instruction/*--------------------------------------------------------------------------INTRINS.H 本征库函数Intrinsic functions for C51.Copyright (c) 1988-2001 Keil Elektronik GmbH and Keil Software, Inc.All rights reserved.--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/extern void _nop_ (void); //空操作,相当于8051的NOP指令extern bit _testbit_ (bit); //测试并清零位,相当于8051的JBC指令extern unsigned char _cror_ (unsigned char, unsigned char); //字符循环右移extern unsigned int _iror_ (unsigned int, unsigned char); //整数循环右移extern unsigned long _lror_ (unsigned long, unsigned char); //长整数循环右移extern unsigned char _crol_ (unsigned char, unsigned char); //字符循环左移extern unsigned int _irol_ (unsigned int, unsigned char); //整数循环左移extern unsigned long _lrol_ (unsigned long, unsigned char); //长整数循环左移extern unsigned char _chkfloat_(float); //测试并返回源点数状态/***************************************************************************详解函数: _crol_,_irol_,_lrol_原型: unsigned char _crol_(unsigned char val,unsigned char n);unsigned int _irol_(unsigned int val,unsigned char n);unsigned int _lrol_(unsigned int val,unsigned char n);功能: _crol_,_irol_,_lrol_以位形式将变量val循环左移n位。

c语言中的根据名称查找设备的函数

c语言中的根据名称查找设备的函数

近年来,随着科技的进步和发展,嵌入式系统的需求量也越来越大。

在嵌入式系统中,设备的名称和设备号之间存在着一一对应的关系,而在C语言中,我们通常使用ioctl函数来进行设备操作,但是ioctl 需要提前知道设备号才能进行操作,这在设备管理方面带来了很多不便。

如何根据设备名称来查找设备号成为了一个非常重要的问题。

在C语言中,根据名称查找设备的函数可以帮助我们方便地进行设备操作。

在Linux系统中,我们通常使用udev工具来进行设备管理,而在C语言中,可以使用libudev库来实现根据设备名称查找设备号的功能。

下面,我将介绍一下在C语言中如何根据名称查找设备的函数。

一、引入相关头文件在C语言中,我们首先需要引入相关的头文件来使用libudev库中的函数。

在Linux系统中,我们需要引入libudev.h头文件,具体的代码如下所示:```c#include <libudev.h>```二、初始化udev在使用libudev库之前,我们需要先进行udev的初始化操作。

初始化udev的主要目的是为了获取一个udev的上下文,具体的代码如下所示:```cstruct udev *udev;udev = udev_new();```三、创建设备类过滤器在获取到udev上下文之后,我们需要创建一个设备类过滤器,以便后续的设备查找操作。

在这里,我们可以使用udev_device_new_from_subsystem_sysname函数来创建设备类过滤器,具体的代码如下所示:```cstruct udev_device *dev;dev = udev_device_new_from_subsystem_sysname(udev, "tty", "ttyUSB0");```在上面的代码中,我们使用了"tty"作为设备类过滤器的子系统,"ttyUSB0"作为设备名称。

section内建函数的用法说明

section内建函数的用法说明
4、可以嵌套但必须保证嵌套的 name 唯一.
5、变量 loop (通常是数组,smarty自动检测数组得到元素个数作为loop的值)决定循环执行的次数.
6、当需要在 section 循环内输出变量时,必须在变量后加上中括号包含着的 name 变量.
7、sectionelse当 loop 没有定义或者为空时被执行.
1模板的section可以循环遍历连续数字索引的数组区别于可以循环任意数பைடு நூலகம்包括关联数组
section内建函数的用法说明
1、模板的 section可以循环遍历连续数字索引的数组, 区别于{foreach}可以循环任意数组(包括关联数组).
2、section标签必须成对出现.
3、必须设置name和loop属性. 名称可以是包含字母、数字和下划线的任意组合.

c中调用bash -回复

c中调用bash -回复

c中调用bash -回复如何在C语言中调用Bash命令在C语言编程中,有时候我们需要调用一些Bash命令来执行一些特定的任务,比如执行外部的Shell脚本文件或者执行一些系统命令。

下面我将一步一步的介绍如何在C语言中调用Bash命令。

步骤一:包含头文件在C语言程序中,我们需要包含一个特定的头文件来调用外部的命令。

这个头文件就是`<stdlib.h>`,该头文件中包含了一些系统相关的函数和数据类型的定义。

c#include <stdlib.h>步骤二:使用system()函数调用Bash命令`system()`函数是C语言中提供的一个函数,可以用来调用Bash命令。

该函数的原型如下:cint system(const char *command);该函数接受一个参数`*command`,这个参数是一个指向要执行的Bash 命令的字符指针。

当调用`system()`函数时,它会创建一个新的进程来执行这个Bash命令,并等待命令执行完毕后返回。

下面是一个简单的示例代码,演示了如何使用`system()`函数调用一个Bash命令:c#include <stdlib.h>int main() {char command[] = "ls -l";system(command);}上面的代码中,我们定义了一个字符串变量`command`,里面存储了要执行的Bash命令`ls -l`。

然后我们调用`system()`函数并传入这个字符串变量即可执行该命令。

步骤三:处理Bash命令的返回值在调用`system()`函数后,它会返回一个整数值。

这个返回值可以用来判断Bash命令是否执行成功,以及获取命令的退出状态。

具体的返回值解释如下:- 如果调用成功并且执行的是一个有效的命令,则返回命令的退出状态。

可以使用`WEXITSTATUS`宏来获取实际的退出状态。

如果命令成功执行,退出状态通常为0,否则为非零值。

c++ shellexecuteex函数

c++ shellexecuteex函数

c++ shellexecuteex函数全文共四篇示例,供读者参考第一篇示例:ShellExecuteEx函数是一种由微软提供的用于在C++程序中调用外部应用程序或打开文件的函数。

这个函数不仅可以打开可执行文件,还可以打开文档、网页、控制面板、文件夹等,是一个非常强大和灵活的函数。

在C++中使用ShellExecuteEx函数,首先要包含Windows.h头文件,并链接shell32.lib库。

需要注意的是,该函数只能在Windows 操作系统下有效。

ShellExecuteEx函数的原型如下:```cppBOOL ShellExecuteEx(SHELLEXECUTEINFO *pExecInfo);```SHELLEXECUTEINFO结构体的定义如下:```cpptypedef struct {DWORD cbSize; ULONG fMask; HWND hwnd; LPCTSTR lpVerb; LPCTSTR lpFile; LPCTSTR lpParameters; LPCTSTR lpDirectory; int nShow; HINSTANCE hInstApp; LPVOID lpIDList; LPCTSTR lpClass; HKEY hkeyClass; DWORD dwHotKey; HANDLE hIcon; HANDLE hProcess;} SHELLEXECUTEINFO;```下面是一个简单的例子,演示如何使用ShellExecuteEx函数来打开一个网页:```cpp#include <Windows.h>ShellExecuteEx(&sei);return 0;}```在这个例子中,我们首先定义了一个SHELLEXECUTEINFO结构体sei,并初始化了一些成员变量。

lpFile指定要打开的网页地址,nShow指定窗口显示方式。

最后调用ShellExecuteEx函数打开网页。

linuxc语言创建软连接函数

linuxc语言创建软连接函数

linuxc语言创建软连接函数在Linux系统中,可以使用C语言创建软连接(Symbolic link),软连接也被称为符号链接。

软连接是一个特殊的文件类型,它指向另一个文件或目录。

与硬链接不同,软连接可以跨越不同的文件系统,且可以链接到目录。

在C语言中,可以使用系统调用函数`symlink(`来创建软连接。

`symlink(`函数定义在`unistd.h`头文件中,其原型如下:```int symlink(const char *target, const char *linkpath);```- `target`是软链接所指向的目标文件或目录的路径。

- `linkpath`是软链接文件的路径。

`symlink(`函数调用成功返回0,失败返回-1,并将错误代码存储在全局变量`errno`中。

下面是一个示例代码,展示了如何创建一个软连接:```c#include <unistd.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <errno.h>int maiconst char *target = "/path/to/target/file";const char *linkpath = "/path/to/link/file";if (symlink(target, linkpath) == 0)printf("Symbolic link created successfully.\n");} elseperror("Error creating symbolic link");return errno;}return 0;```在上述示例中,需要将`target`和`linkpath`分别替换为实际的目标文件或目录路径以及软链接路径。

如果创建软链接成功,则输出成功消息;否则,输出错误消息并返回错误代码。

KeilC函数库

KeilC函数库
Keil C 函数库
一、绝对地址宏指令: 绝对地址宏指令:使用#include <absacc.h> 1、CBYTE [ address ] 说明:在程序内存里,读取一个字节的内容。 自变量:程序内存的地址。 定义:#define CBYTE (( unsigned char volatile code *) 0) 例 1: # include <absacc .h> void main ( void ) {
*index = value ; index ++ ; } } 5、PBYTE [ address ] 说明:在外部数据存储器 ( 0~ 0xff )里,读取一个字节的内容。
自变量:外部数据存储器的地址 ( 0~ 0xff ) 。 定义:#define PBYTE (( unsigned char volatile pdata *) 0) 例 5: # include <adsacc .h> void PRamSet ( unsigned char value ) ; void main ( void ) {
char va1=0 ; // read program memory at address 0x0002
va1= CBYTE [ 0x0002 ] ; } 2、CWORD [ address ] 说明:在程序内存里,读取一个字节的内容。 自变量:程序内存的地址。 定义:#define CWORD (( unsigned int volatile code *) 0) 例 2: # include <adsacc .h> void main ( void ) {
float x ; float y ; float x ; for ( y=-10.0 ; y<=10.0 ; y+=0.1 ) z = atan2 ( y,x ) ; } 6、char cabs ( char va1 ) 说明:计算自变量 val 的绝对值。 返回值:返回 val 的绝对值。 例 6: #include <math.h> void main ( void ) { unsigned char x ; unsigned char y ; x =-23 ; y = cabs ( x ) ; } 7、flaot ceil ( float va1 ) 说明:计算出大于或等于自变量 val 的最小整数。 返回值:返回大于或等于 val 的最小整数。 例 7: #include <math.h> void main ( void ) { float x ; flaot y ; x =-45.92 ; y = ceil ( x ) ; } 8、float acos ( float x )

C语言常见错误代码释义之欧阳文创编

C语言常见错误代码释义之欧阳文创编

C语言常见错误代码释义错误代码及错误信息错误释义error 1: Out of memory 内存溢出error 2: Identifier expected 缺标识符error 3: Unknown identifier 未定义的标识符error 4: Duplicate identifier 重复定义的标识符error 5: Syntax error 语法错误error 6: Error in real constant 实型常量错误error 7: Error in integer constant 整型常量错误error 8: String constant exceeds line 字符串常量超过一行error 10: Unexpected end of file 文件非正常结束error 11: Line too long 行太长error 12: Type identifier expected 未定义的类型标识符error 13: Too many open files 打开文件太多error 14: Invalid file name 无效的文件名error 15: File not found 文件未找到error 16: Disk full 磁盘满error 17: Invalid compiler directive 无效的编译命令error 18: Too many files 文件太多error 19: Undefined type in pointer def 指针定义中未定义类型error 20: Variable identifier expected 缺变量标识符error 21: Error in type 类型错误error 22: Structure too large 结构类型太长error 23: Set base type out of range 集合基类型越界error 24: File components may not be files orobjectsfile分量不能是文件或对象error 25: Invalid string length 无效的字符串长度error 26: Type mismatch 类型不匹配error 27:error 27:Invalid subrange base type 无效的子界基类型error 28:Lower bound greater than upper bound 下界超过上界error 29:Ordinal type expected 缺有序类型error 30:Integer constant expected 缺整型常量error 31:Constant expected 缺常量error 32:Integer or real constant expected 缺整型或实型常量error 33:Pointer Type identifier expected 缺指针类型标识符error 34:Invalid function result type 无效的函数结果类型error 35:Label identifier expected 缺标号标识符error 36:BEGIN expected 缺BEGINerror 37:END expected 缺ENDerror 38:Integer expression expected 缺整型表达式error 39:Ordinal expression expected 缺有序类型表达式error 40:Boolean expression expected 缺布尔表达式error 41:Operand types do not match 操作数类型不匹配error 42:Error in expression 表达式错误error 43:Illegal assignment 非法赋值error 44:Field identifier expected 缺域标识符error 45:Object file too large 目标文件太大error 46:Undefined external 未定义的外部过程与函数error 47:Invalid object file record 无效的OBJ文件格式error 48:Code segment toolarge 代码段太长error 49:Data segment too large 数据段太长error 50:DO expected 缺DOerror 51:Invalid PUBLIC definition 无效的PUBLIC定义error 52:Invalid EXTRN definition 无效的EXTRN定义error 53: Too many EXTRN definitions 太多的EXTRN定义error 54:OF expected 缺OFerror 55:INTERFACE expected 缺INTERFACEerror 56:Invalid relocatable reference 无效的可重定位引用error 57:THEN expected 缺THENerror 58:TO or DOWNTO expected 缺TO或DOWNTOerror 59:Undefined forward 提前引用未经定义的说明error 61:Invalid typecast 无效的类型转换error 62:Division by zero 被零除error 63:Invalid file type 无效的文件类型error 64:Cannot read or write variables of this type 不能读写此类型变量error 65:Pointer variable expected 缺指针类型变量error 66:String variable expected 缺字符串变量error 67:String expression expected 缺字符串表达式error 68:Circular unit reference 单元UNIT部件循环引用error 69:Unit name mismatch 单元名不匹配error 70:Unit version mismatch 单元版本不匹配error 71:Internal stack overflow 内部堆栈溢出error 72:Unit file format error 单元文件格式错误error 73:IMPLEMENTATION expected 缺IMPLEMENTATIONerror 74:Constant and casetypes do not match 常量和CASE类型不匹配error 75:Record or object variable expected 缺记录或对象变量error 76:Constant out of range 常量越界error 77:File variable expected 缺文件变量error 78:Pointer expression expected 缺指针表达式error 79:Integer or real expression expected 缺整型或实型表达式error 80:Label not within current block 标号不在当前块内error 81:Label already defined 标号已定义error 82:Undefined label in preceding statement part 在前面未定义标号error 83:Invalid @ argument 无效的@参数error 84:UNIT expected 缺UNITerror 85: ";" expected 缺“;”error 86: ":" expected 缺“:”error 87: "," expected 缺“,”error 88: "(" expected 缺“(”error 89: ")" expected 缺“)”error 90: "=" expected 缺“=”error 91: ":=" expected 缺“:=”error 92: "[" or "(." Expected 缺“[”或“(.”error 93: "]" or ".)" expected 缺“]”或“.)”error 94: "." expected 缺“.”error 95: ".." expected 缺“..”error 96:Too many variables 变量太多error 97:Invalid FOR control variable 无效的FOR循环控制变量error 98:Integer variable expected 缺整型变量error 99:Files and procedure types are not allowed here 该处不允许文件和过程类型error 100:String length mismatch 字符串长度不匹配error 101:Invalid ordering of fields 无效域顺序error 102:String constant expected 缺字符串常量error 103:Integer or real variable expected 缺整型或实型变量error 104:Ordinal variable expected 缺有序类型变量error 105:INLINE error INLINE错误error 106:Character expression expected 缺字符表达式error 107:Too many relocation items 重定位项太多error 108:Overflow in arithmetic operation 算术运算溢出error 112:CASE constant out of range CASE常量越界error 113:Error in statement 表达式错误error 114:Cannot call an interrupt procedure 不能调用中断过程error 116:Must be in 8087 mode to compile this 必须在8087模式编译error 117:Target address not found 找不到目标地址error 118:Include files are not allowed here 该处不允许INCLUDE文件error 119:No inherited methods are accessible here 该处继承方法不可访问error 121:Invalid qualifier 无效的限定符error 122:Invalid variable reference 无效的变量引用error 123:Too many symbols 符号太多error 124:Statement part too large 语句体太长error 126:Files must be var parameters 文件必须是变量形参error 127:Too many conditional symbols 条件符号太多error 128:Misplaced conditional directive 条件指令错位error 129:ENDIF directive missing 缺ENDIF指令error 130:Error in initial conditional defines 初始条件定义错误error 131:Header does not match previous definition 和前面定义的过程或函数不匹配error 133:Cannot evaluate this expression 不能计算该表达式error 134:Expression incorrectly terminated 表达式错误结束error 135:Invalid format specifier 无效格式说明符error 136:Invalid indirect reference 无效的间接引用error 137:Structured variables are not allowed here 该处不允许结构变量error 138:Cannot evaluate without System unit 没有System单元不能计算error 139:Cannot access this symbol 不能存取符号error 140:Invalid floating point operation 无效的符号运算error 141:Cannot compile overlays to memory 不能编译覆盖模块至内存error 142:Pointer or procedural variable expected 缺指针或过程变量error 143:Invalid procedure or function reference 无效的过程或函数调用error 144:Cannot overlay this unit 不能覆盖该单元error 146:File access denied 不允许文件访问error 147:Object type expected 缺对象类型error 148:Local object types are not allowed 不允许局部对象类型error 149:VIRTUALexpected 缺VIRTUALerror 150: Method identifier expected 缺方法标识符error 151:Virtual constructors are not allowed 不允许虚构造函数error 152:Constructor identifier expected 缺构造函数标识符error 153:Destructor identifier expected 缺析构函数标识符error 154:Fail only allowed within constructors 只能在构造函数内使用Fail标准过程error 155:Invalid combination of opcode and operands 操作数与操作符无效组合error 156:Memory reference expected 缺内存引用指针error 157:Cannot add or subtract relocatable symbols 不能加减可重定位符号error 158:Invalid register combination 无效寄存器组合error 159:286/287 instructions are not enabled 未激活286/287指令error 160:Invalid symbol reference 无效符号指针error 161:Code generation error 代码生成错误error 162:ASM expected 缺ASMerror 166:Procedure or function identifier expected 缺过程或函数标识符error 167:Cannot export this symbol 不能输出该符号error 168:Duplicate export name 外部文件名重复error 169:Executable file header to error 170:Too many segments 段太多。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

Innerprise RxVersion 1.1 Connected Executive: CIO Straight Eights QuestionnaireDraftJune 14, 2019Section 1CInterviewer’s Instructions – ConnectivityThe purpose of the Connectivity interview is to benchmark a company relative to its competitors regarding the IT organization’s ability to create exchanges among all members of its Value Web SM to deliver value to the customer. For Information Technology, the Value Web SM would include employees, business units, customers, suppliers, alliance partners, government agencies, outsourcing companies and competitors.It is important to scan the questions prior to the interview to determine their relevance for your particular audience. While every effort has been made to develop an interview guide that is as widely applicable as possible for our client base, there are a limited number of questions that may not be appropriate for all industries. Simply omit the question during your interview and remember to adjust the number of questions answered in the scoring section below (column B). ScoringEach answer in the attached interview guide must be assigned a numeric score using the scale and scores indicated for each question.When you have completed answering the questions for Connectivity, please add up the total numeric value for each of the sections and enter them in the table below. Then, total the results for the entire Connectivity interview and divide by the number of questions answered to create an average summary score.A company with a summary score of 2 on the Connectivity interview questions is labeled Non-integrated and would be characterized as having functions and units within the organization that are not connected. A company with a summary score of 4 is labeled Stand Alone and would have the functions and units within the enterprise connected with one another, but would not be connected with its suppliers, customers, or external agents. A company with a summary score of 6 is labeled Connected and would be characterized by having both internal and external connections. External links, however, are only established and maintained between neighboring nodes in a one dimensional value chain. A company with a summary score of 8 is labeled Networked. It is best characterized by having significant two-way connections between most notes in its two-dimensional Value Web SM.Interview Guide: ConnectivityPlease answer the following questions regarding the Connectivity within your organization, where Connectivity is defined as the ability of your organization to create exchanges among all members delivering value to the customer (e.g. employees, suppliers, alliance partners).Connectivity With Employees1. To what extent are business units and functions connected electronically within your organization?Not at all Somewhat Seamlesslyintegrated0 2 4 6 8 2. How connected are employees with each other across business units?Limited to functional colleagues E-mail with limitedWeb basedinformationIntegrated cross-functional contactenabled by theWeb(e.g. bulletinboards)0 2 4 6 8 3. How do you define business unit connectivity?Sharing little information in one direction using paper and multiplesystemsSharing someinformation in bothdirections but notvia Web and usingmultiple systemsSharing a lot ofinformation in bothdirections via theWeb throughcommunities andexchanges using asingle system0 2 4 6 8 4. Are employees outside IT able to access data about IT policies and procedures?All information is run and distributedby ITSome information isavailable via the Web;all others must be runand distributed by ITInformation(standard and adhoc) can beobtained by therequestor throughthe Web0 2 4 6 8 5. Do you provide a single point of contact (e.g. via phone, service center, IVR) to access the IT organization?Multiple/Non-coordinated points of contact resulting in inconsistentserviceMultiple/Coordinatedpoints of contactSingle point ofcontact0 2 4 6 86. How are most requests for IT services received?In person/paper Telephone Electronic0 2 4 6 8 7. Can all managers and employees access and maintain data on IT services 24x7x365?No Data only Information only Transactions andinformation Interactive IT exchange0 2 4 6 88. Can all geographical locations access non-automated IT services during extended business hours (e.g. 7am to 7pm)?No Single geography Multiplegeographies0 2 4 6 89. To what extent can employees view IT service information on the Web?Not at all Country/Businessunit centricGlobal0 2 4 6 810. As part of IT employees’ day-to-day tasks, is there collaboration on joint design and construction of IT services and products through the Intranet?No Some shareinformation viaWeb/email They participate in interactive workshops online0 2 4 6 8 11. Are internal communications (e.g. training, administration, etc.) Web-enabled?Not at all Somewhat Completely0 2 4 6 8 12. To what extent are employees and managers connected electronically via the Web for standard IT procedures and processes (e.g. help desk, applications development, security)?Not at all Processes andprocedures areelectronic Processes and procedures are Web and workflow-enabled0 2 4 6 8 13. Are employees getting consistent messages when using different methods to access ITservices?Not at all Somewhat To a great extent0 2 4 6 8 Connectivity With Suppliers14. To what extent are there electronic links with direct and indirect suppliers?Not at all Seldom, but one-way Extensive, butone- wayOccasionally, andtwo -wayExtensive, andtwo-way0 2 4 6 8 15. To what extent is information exchanged with suppliers/vendors on the Internet?Not at all Seldom, but one-way Extensive, butone-wayOccasionally, andtwo-wayExtensive, andtwo-way0 2 4 6 8 16. To what extent is business transacted with suppliers/vendors on the Internet?Not at all Seldom, but one-way Extensive, butone-wayOccasionally, andtwo-wayExtensive, andtwo-way0 2 4 6 8 17. To what extent are technology platforms (hardware or software) selected in conjunction withkey suppliers to ensure compatibility?Not at all Somewhat To a great extent0 2 4 6 8 Connectivity With Customers/Channel Partners18. To what extent are there electronic links with indirect customers?Not at all Seldom and one-way Extensive but one-wayOccasional andtwo-wayExtensive andtwo-way0 2 4 6 819. To what extent are there electronic links with direct customers and channel partners?Not at all Seldom and one-way Extensive but one-wayOccasionally andtwo-wayExtensive andtwo-way0 2 4 6 8 13. 20. To what extent are your customers connected (e.g. by e-mail, telephone or meetings) to individuals within your organization?Only the salesforce has customer contact Limited number ofdepartments (e.g.sales, customerservice,marketing)Customers cancontact both frontand back-office(e.g. IT)operations directly0 2 4 6 8 21. To what extent is business transacted and information exchanged with customers on the Internet?No business transacted or information exchangedSome businesstransacted but noinformationexchangedA lot of businessis transacted andinformation isexchanged0 2 4 6 8 22. To what extent are you connected with your customers (e.g. by e-mail, telephone or meetings)?No personal contact takesplaceFrequentlyexchange e-mailand telephonecallsTightly integratedwith customersand interact daily0 2 4 6 8 23. To what extent are technology platforms (hardware or software) selected in conjunction withkey customers to ensure compatibility?Not at all Somewhat To a great extent0 2 4 6 8Connectivity With Alliance Partnerships24. Has the company formed any alliance partner relationships to help build e-Commerce capabilities?No Alliances withshared risk Alliances that extend the organization0 2 4 6 8 25. Does the IT organization have people with the skills and competencies to support the on-going management of strategic outsourcing relationships and alliance partnerships (e.g. outsourcing partner)?Not at all Somewhat To a great extent0 2 4 6 8 Connectivity With Entities Outside the Organization26. Are your IT organization employees encouraged to exchange non-confidential information and cultivate knowledge networks with peers in other companies?Not encouraged InformallyencouragedStrongly encouraged0 2 4 6 8 27. To what extent is IT connected with its competitors (e.g. industry organizations, electronic bulletin boards) to share information?Not connected atall ConnectedinfrequentlyVery connected0 2 4 6 8 28. To what extent does the organization exchange information electronically with shareholders?No information electronically, all paper basedExtensiveinformation aboutcompany orshareholderaccount but one-wayInteractive andextensive,information is sentelectronicallyand two-way0 2 4 6 8Integration of Processes/Systems29. How well are your IT processes connected?IT processes are decentralized with local control IT processes arecentralized withcentral controlIT processes arecentralized andare performed withcross-functionalcooperationIT processes areperformed in across-functional,centralized sharedservicesenvironment (e.g.traditional bricksand mortar)IT processes areperformed in across-functional,decentralizedshared servicesenvironmentconnected virtually(e.g. Virtual Back-Office)0 2 4 6 8 30. To what extent is IT strategic planning centralized and integrated across the enterprise? (e.g., business alignment, application strategy, technology architecture, application portfolio management, research & development, vendor management)Not at all Somewhat Fully integrated0 2 4 6 8 31. To what extent are your company’s front and back office functions (e.g. customer service, finance, human resources, purchasing) connected electronically?Front and back-office systems are stand-alone Limited number ofprocesses areconnectedFront and back-office systems arefully integrated0 2 4 6 8 32. To what extent are employees connected with each other electronically?Connection islimited tofunctional colleagues via common systemsCross-functionalcontact but notenabled by theWeb (e.g. ERP, e-mail)Cross-functionalcontact enabledby the Web0 2 4 6 8 33. How connected are the systems in your IT organization?Stand-alone systems ERP Web-enabled,integrated, cross-functional systems0 2 4 6 834. To what extent are new product development efforts connected electronically?Connection islimited tofunctional colleagues via common systems Cross-functionalcontact but notenabled by theWeb (e.g. ERP,e-mail)Cross-functionalcontact enabledby the Web0 2 4 6 8 35. To what extent is the IT infrastructure consolidated to reduce redundancies? (e.g., Internet,messaging and e-mail, voice, handheld devices, wireless Internet, office automation) Not at all Somewhat Fully integrated0 2 4 6 8 36. To what extent are IT production operations integrated across the enterprise? (e.g., platform operations; applications operations; DBA and information management; network: WAN, LAN; data center management)Not at all Somewhat Fully integrated0 2 4 6 8 37. To what extent is application development and deployment standardized across the organization’s business units? (e.g., software development, application a rchitecture, program & project management, software process improvement, custom system development, systems integration, package enabled reengineering, test & quality assurance, software maintenance, information & data management)Not at all Somewhat Fully integrated0 2 4 6 838. Is the application portfolio integrated across the enterprise?Not at all Somewhat Fully integrated0 2 4 6 839. To what extent are the IT support functions integrated and shared across the enterprise?Not at all Somewhat Fully integrated0 2 4 6 840. To what extent is the IT architecture and technology plan integrated enterprise-wide?Not at all Somewhat Fully integrated0 2 4 6 8e-Business Connectivity41. To what extent does the IT organization execute an overall eBusiness strategy?Not at all More tactical thanstrategic Integrated strategy throughout theenterprise0 2 4 6 842. Does the IT organization anticipate Web-based trends for the organization?Not at all Sometimes Yes0 2 4 6 8 43. To what extent are IT initiatives aligned with enterprise strategies for e-Commerce?Not aligned at all Somewhat alignedto enterprisestrategy but notaligned to otherprograms Highly aligned and integrated with enterprise strategy and otherprograms0 2 4 6 8 44. To what extent does the IT organization support standard eBusiness initiatives throughout theenterprise?Not at all Sometimes Full support0 2 4 6 8 45. To what extent does the IT organization emphasize eBusiness standards (e.g., documentformats, document content, transport, security, web servers and development, email)?Not at all Sometimes Full support0 2 4 6 8 46. To what extent does the IT organization support an accelerated development life cycle forWeb applications?Not at all Sometimes Full support0 2 4 6 847. To what extent does the IT organization support its clients with Web application systemintegration?Not at all Sometimes Full support0 2 4 6 8 48. To what extent are internal communications Web-enabled (e.g., training, administration,human resources, finance)?Not at all To a certain extent Fully Web-enabled0 2 4 6 849. To what extent are customer acquisition efforts Web-enabled (e.g., customer portals, eRetail)?Not at all To a certain extent Fully Web-enabled0 2 4 6 8 Knowledge Management50. Is knowledge management a core organizational process?Knowledge is notstored Knowledge isstored but notreusedKnowledge isstored and reused0 2 4 6 851. Does the business rely heavily on the use of knowledge repositories and systems?No Somewhat Yes0 2 4 6 8 52. Does IT use the Internet to provide a flexible environment for development and distribution ofknowledge and communications?No Somewhat Yes0 2 4 6 8 53. The company provides centrally-supported standard applications that provide content & collaboration support for workteams and knowledge-sharing communities.No In development Yes0 2 4 6 854. The company has an effective model for inter-organizational cooperation that support knowledge-sharing across organizational boundaries.No In development Yes0 2 4 6 8 55. The company has established performance management incentives to promote and reward knowledge sharing.No In development Yes0 2 4 6 8 56. The company has established practices for operating knowledge-sharing infrastructure in support of joint ventures and alliances.No In development Yes0 2 4 6 8 57. The company leverages a standard email, messaging, and collaboration platform company-wide.No In development Yes0 2 4 6 8 58. IT strategies and architectures are in place to provide portal-based, personalized access to a wide variety of content, applications, and collaboration tools.No In development Yes0 2 4 6 8Interviewer’s Instructions – ExecutionThe purpose of the Execution interview is to benchmark a company relative to its competitors regarding the IT organization’s ability to deliver products and services regardless of changes in demand.It is important to scan the questions prior to the interview to determine their relevance for your particular audience. While every effort has been made to develop an interview guide that is as widely applicable as possible for our client base, there are a limited number of questions that may not be appropriate for all industries. Simply omit the question during your interview and remember to adjust the number of questions answered in the scoring section below (column B).ScoringEach answer in the attached interview guide must be assigned a numeric score using the scale and scores indicated for each question.When you have completed answering the questions for Execution, please add up the total numeric value for each of the sections and enter them in the table below. Then, total the results for the entire Execution interview and divide by the number of questions answered to create an average summary score.A company with a summary score of 2 on the Execution interview questions is labeled Variable and would be described as having difficulty delivering on promise of current offer. A company with a summary score of 4 is labeled Stable and would be characterized by its ability to handle steady demand from an established customer base, with consistent quality and cycle times. A company with a summary score of 6 is called Expandable and would be characterized by its ability to successfully manage the complexity arising from growth across inflection points on the growth curve by building a one time adjustment. A company with a summary score of 8 is labeled Scaleable and is characterized by having a business model that is capable of handlingthe real time swings in demand level and mix that occur in the connected economy. Furthermore, its business model leverages intangibles in place of physical assets to maximize flexibility.Interview Guide: ExecutionPlease answer the following questions regarding the Execution of your product or service, where E xecution is defined as the IT organization’s ability to deliver products and services regardless of changes in demand.Performance Measurement1. How effectively does your IT organization define and communicate strategy to support business unit initiatives to ensure enterprise-wide understanding?Poor Somewhateffective;confusion stillpersists on IT’smission and goals Highly effective; achieves “one clear voice” outreach to the entire enterprise0 2 4 6 8 2. Do all IT organization employees understand the company’s key measures of success andhow they relate to business strategy?None At some level All0 2 4 6 83. To what extent do you measure IT organization performance relative to your competitors?Not at all Cost metrics only Cost andperformancemetrics0 2 4 6 8 4. Does IT regularly look at other organizations and benchmarks in evaluating the performanceof its organization?No Sometimes Yes0 2 4 6 8 5. How do you measure customer satisfaction?Not at all Informal surveysare conducted Formal surveys are conducted0 2 4 6 86. What customers are included in any satisfaction surveys?None Select customers All customers0 2 4 6 8 7. What does IT do with the feedback it receives from surveys?Collects the dataand communicatesresults toemployeepopulationUse the data toprovideperformancefeedback andcareer planning forIT employeesUse the data toidentify andprovide morevalue-added ITservice offerings0 2 4 6 88. Does IT use Web-enabled tools to collect feedback about its services?Never Sometimes Always0 2 4 6 89. Are your internal customer satisfaction ratings at target or above?Never Sometimes Always0 2 4 6 810. Do your internal customers complain about product or service quality?Never Sometimes Always0 2 4 6 8 10. Are you consistently able to timely and accurately deliver your reports and analysis to internal customers?Never Sometimes Very often0 2 4 6 8 Adapting to Changes in Demand11. How would you characterize the mergers and acquisitions environment at your company?Not at all Some activity High activity0 2 4 6 8 12. How efficiently have acquisitions been integrated into your organization?Never integrated Over an averageperiod of time withmanageablenumber of issuesEffectively and rapidly integrated0 2 4 6 8 13. During merger, divestiture, and acquisitions are you able to maintain service quality in the face of changing demand?No With somedifficultyYes0 2 4 6 8 14. To what extent does the company outsource IT services?Not at all Fordiscreet/tacticalservices For functionalservicesForbroad/strategicservicesAll IT services0 2 4 6 815. Do you re-negotiate orders to manage peak demand?Seldom Somewhat Frequently0 2 4 6 8 16. Does the IT organization have pre-negotiated relationships with third parties to help meetpeaks in demand (e.g., temporary employment agencies)?None Too few Enough0 2 4 6 817. Is your IT organization model able to handle growth and peaks in demand both up and down?Not at all Somewhat To a great extent0 2 4 6 818. Are the IT organization’s expenditures for overtime at target or below?No Sometimes Yes0 2 4 6 819. How quickly can the IT organization redeploy employees to new projects or business units?Slowly With sufficientspeedQuickly0 2 4 6 8 20. Are the IT organization’s employees functionally cross-trained to meet customers’ demands?No Somewhat Yes0 2 4 6 821. Based upon their functional cross traini ng, are resources “pooled” to allow the IT organizationto rapidly deploy employees enterprise-wide based upon ever-changing customer demands?Not at all Somewhat Extensively0 2 4 6 8.22. Does your IT department “insource” work from other entities (e.g. take in work from other companies)?Not at all Somewhat Frequently0 2 4 6 823. Do you have to lay-off employees due to changes in business performance?Often Occasionally Never0 2 4 6 8 24. To what extent do you use a Shared Services model for transaction-based services?Not at all For limitedtransactionservices For all transactionservices0 2 4 6 825. How effective has your IT organization been in recruiting the best talent?Poor Fair Highly Effective0 2 4 6 8 26. How effective is your IT organization in retaining scarce talent?Poor Somewhateffective IT organization is viewed asemployer ofchoice0 2 4 6 8 27. What is the IT organization’s employee turnover rate?Above industry average About industryaverageBelow industryaverage0 2 4 6 8 28. What proportion of the IT organization is contractors versus employees?Almost all employees About half Almost allcontractors0 2 4 6 8 29. Does IT provide on-line education opportunities to allow its managers and employeesflexible access to training?No Somewhat Yes0 2 4 6 830. Is the IT organization a competency-driven one?No Somewhat Yes0 2 4 6 8Efficiency/Effectiveness31. What is your cycle time for generating management and executive reports?High Average Low0 2 4 6 8 32. To what extent do you use standardized IT solutions to avoid the cost of minor program andprocess differences?Not at all Somewhat Standardizedwhere possible0 2 4 6 8 33. How effective and efficient are your Shared Services?Not very effective or efficientSomewhateffective andefficientVery effective andefficient0 2 4 6 8 34. How much delay is there between the time an internal customer places an IT order and thetime the order begins to be filled?Excessive Somedelay/variableMinimal delay0 2 4 6 8 35. How is your IT organization structured?By product or product feature By geography By channel By marketsegmentBy customeraccount0 2 4 6 8 36. Which of the following best defines your IT organization in the company?Proprietary processes or technology Product or service Total offer Markets orchannelsCustomer base0 2 4 6 8Continuous Improvement37. Does the company continuously invest in IT to provide state of the art IT services (e.g. tools, practices, processes and systems)?Not aligned, initiatives are stand alone Somewhat alignedwith limitedlinkagesCompletelyaligned andmanaged as aprogram0 2 4 6 8 38. Does the IT organization maintain a “balanced scorecard” approach to evaluating its employees’ and managers’ performance? (e.g., growth & innovation, customer satisfaction, people commitment, process quality, financial)Not at all In the formativestages oflaunching abalancedscorecardBalanced scorecard linked to customer service level agreements and individual/teamincentive compensation0 2 4 6 839. Do you perform root cause analysis to identify issues and adjust IT service delivery?Not at all Sometimes All the time0 2 4 6 8 40. To what extent do IT organization employees have access to learning programs to improve job performance and build new competencies?Below industry average Average Above industryaverage0 2 4 6 8 41. The company has an articulated strategy for acquiring, sharing, and leveraging the knowledgethat supports its business strategies and objectives.Not at all PartiallydevelopedAll the time0 2 4 6 842. The company actively applies a model of ownership and accountability for all content whether structured or unstructured.Not at all PartiallydevelopedAll the time0 2 4 6 843. The company has formalized and widely communicated policies for knowledge sharing, reuse, and security.Not at all Sometimes Yes0 2 4 6 844. The company has a standard e-learning platform.Not at all In development Yes0 2 4 6 8Interviewer’s Instructions – OfferThe purpose of the Offer interview is to benchmark a company relative to its competitors regarding the IT organization’s ability to blur the distinction between its products and services.It is important to scan the questions prior to the interview to determine their relevance for your particular audience. While every effort has been made to develop an interview guide that is as widely applicable as possible for our client base, there are a limited number of questions that may not be appropriate for all industries. Simply omit the question during your interview and remember to adjust the number of questions answered in the scoring section below (column B).ScoringEach answer in the attached interview guide must be assigned a numeric score using the scale and scores indicated for each question.When you have completed answering the questions for Offer, please add up the total numeric value for each of the sections and enter them in the table below. Then, total the results for the entire Offer interview and divide by the number of questions answered to create an average summary score.A company with a summary score of 2 on the Offer interview questions is labeled Separate and would be described as engaging in singular transactions and selling its products and services separately. A company with a summary score of 4 is labeled Linked and would be characterized by its fulfillment of customer needs through hand-offs to Value Web SM partners. A company with a summary score of 6 is called Bundled and would be characterized by selling its product and service in a way that creates added value for its clients. Additionally, add-on and follow-up sales are the rule, and customer needs are addressed holistically, not defined by discrete products. A company with a summary score of 8 is labeled Blurred because its products and services are inextricable. The entire customer experience is addressed, fulfilled by multiple members of the company’s Value Web SM, and the transaction no longer is a single point in time, but is spread over the entire lifecycle relationship.。

相关文档
最新文档