上外 语言学 问答题整理
语言学问答题精选
•Qs:• 1. How do you understand the definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.•Linguistics investigates not any particular language, but languages in general. •Linguistic study is scientific because it is based on the systematic investigation of authentic(可靠的，真实的) language data. No serious linguistic conclusion is reacheduntil after the linguist has done the following three things: observing the way language is actually used, formulating some hypotheses, and testing these hypotheses against linguistic facts to prove their validity.•• 2. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?•1) Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive. •2) Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.•3) Thirdly, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.• 3. Why is speech considered as the primary medium of human language? • 1.First, speech precedes writing. The writing system is always a later invention used to record the speech. There are still some languages that only have the spoken form.• 2.Then, a larger amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing. • 3.Third, speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.•• 4. What’s the difference between langue and parole?•Langue: the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.•Parole: the realization of langue in actual use.•但索氏语言（Langue）乃一抽象语言系统，他的言语（Parole）指日常语言，两者均为结构语言学研究对象。
2011年上海外国语大学考研-语言学及应用语言学回忆版真题分享
2011年上海外国语大学考研-语言学及应用语言学回忆版真题分享【语言学概论】一、名词解释。
（10×2’）1 语言2 语流音变3区别性特征4类推作用5组合的递归性6语音对应关系7表意文字8克里奥尔语9共时语言学10历史比较语言学二、判断题。
（10×2’）1语言是独特的，所以语言之间没有共性。
（）2哪种语言占据统治地位是由说该语言的民族的政治地位所决定的。
（）三、填空题。
（20×0.5’）1对语言结构的研究分为四部分：______、______、______、______。
2______ 是最小的语法单位，______ 是最大的语法单位。
3布龙菲尔德的代表作是 ______，奠定了描写语言学派的理论基础。
4句子中的修饰成分一般有 ______ 和 ______ 充当。
5瑞士语言学家柴门霍夫发明的语言叫做 ______。
6有区别词的语音形式作用的音高、音长、音重叫做 ______。
7词的有历史可查的最初的意义叫 ______，由本义衍生出来的意义叫______。
8语言符号的形式是 ______，意义是 ______。
9词义演变的类型有旧义的 ______、______、______。
10修饰语包括 ______。
四、选择题。
1奠定了现代语言学基础的是（）。
2小学不包括（）。
A.文字B.修辞C.音韵D.训诂3 下列现象属于构词的有（）。
4 下面既可以作为自由语素，又可以作为粘着语素的是（）。
5 方言是语言在不同（）的变体。
五、分析题。
1用国际音标给写出下列字注音： 1）上海外国语大学研究生2区分下面词语的语义特征：1）公鸡和小鸡2）椅子和凳子3）衬衫和背心4）自行车和摩托车5）粥和饭3 指出下列词的本义和派生义，并指出派生的方式：1）老2）绿色3）卫星4）铁窗5）China4 分析构词：1）睡觉2）玻璃3）人类4）改正5）车辆6）鼠窜5用变换分析法和层次分析法分析以下歧义句：1）撞了李阿姨的车2）妇女和老人的朋友3）反对的是厂党委书记。
语言学考试题库及答案
语言学考试题库及答案一、选择题1. 语言学研究的核心对象是什么？A. 语言的起源B. 语言的结构C. 语言的演变D. 语言的使用答案：B2. 下列哪一项不是语言的组成部分？A. 语音B. 语法C. 语义D. 逻辑答案：D3. 索绪尔将语言符号分为哪两个部分？A. 符号和意义B. 能指和所指C. 语音和语义D. 形式和内容答案：B二、填空题1. 语言是______的，它由______和______构成。
答案：符号系统；形式；内容2. 语言的______功能是指人们通过语言进行交流的能力。
答案：交流3. 语言的______功能是指语言能够表达思想和情感的能力。
答案：表达三、简答题1. 简述语言和言语的区别。
答案：语言是指一种抽象的符号系统，它包括语音、语法、语义等规则和结构；言语则是指个人使用语言进行交流的具体行为。
2. 描述索绪尔的“能指”和“所指”概念。
答案：索绪尔认为语言符号由“能指”和“所指”两部分组成。
“能指”指的是语言符号的声音形式，而“所指”指的是符号所代表的概念或意义。
四、论述题1. 论述语言的任意性原则及其对语言学习和教学的影响。
答案：语言的任意性原则指的是语言符号的声音形式和它所代表的概念之间没有必然的联系。
这一原则对语言学习和教学有着深远的影响，因为它意味着学习者需要记忆每个符号的声音和意义之间的联系，而不能依赖于逻辑或直观的关联。
这对语言教学提出了挑战，要求教师设计有效的教学方法来帮助学生记忆和理解这些任意的联系。
2. 分析语言的交际功能及其在现代社会中的重要性。
答案：语言的交际功能是指语言作为交流工具，使人们能够传递信息、表达情感和进行社会互动。
在现代社会，随着全球化和信息技术的发展，语言的交际功能变得尤为重要。
有效的沟通能够促进国际合作、文化交流和商业交易，同时也有助于解决社会冲突和增进理解。
因此，掌握一门或多门语言对于个人和社会的发展至关重要。
上外 语言学 问答题整理.
1.What are the main features of human language?A. arbitrariness: It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and soundsB. productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users.C. duality: Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures. At the lower level there is astructure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But they can be grouped andregrouped into a larger number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level ofthe system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinitenumber of sentences.D. displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations ofthe speaker.E. cultural transmission: While human capacity fro language has a genetic basis, the details of anylanguage system have to be taught and learned.2.How are the English consonants classified? What are the phonemes in each category?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.a. Manner of articulation: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides.b. Place of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottalc. Voicing:3.How are the English vowels classified? What are the phonemes in each category?A. According to the position of the tongue in the mouth: front, central, backB. According to openness of the mouth: close, semiclose, semiopen, openC. According to the shape of the lips: rounded, unrounded4.Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.1. Sequential rule refers to the rule that governs the combination of sounds in a particular language.For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or a [ r ], then the next sound must be vowel.2. Assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.For example, the [ i: ] sound in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i: ] sound is followed by a nasal [ n ] or [ m ].3. Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.For example, in the pronunciation of the word sign, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g. while in its corresponding form signature, the [ g ] is pronounced. Because the deletion rule is at work: Delete a [ g ] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.5.Explain with examples the main rules of word formation.1. Derivation (派生): new words are formed from existing words or bases by affixation.“singer”from”sing”“writer”from”write”2. Compounding: stringing words together →“headstrong”, “without”3. Coinage: a new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose→”walkman”,” Kodak”4. Clipping: the abbreviation of longer words or phrases→expo—expositionQuake--earthquake5. Blending: combining parts of other words. →smog-smoke+fog; motel—motor+hotel6. Acronym: derive from the initials of several words. →IT—information technologyISBN—international standard book number7. Back-formation: new words can be coined already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought tobe part of the old word. →to beg (derived from beggar);to baby-sit (derived from baby-sitter)8. Functional shift: words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.→N.-V. to bug; V.-N. a hold9. Borrowing: when different cultures come into contact, words are often borrowed from one languageto another.→exit, beer6.Draw the labeled tree diagrams of the two interpretations of the sentence The boy saw the man with a telescope.1) The boy saw the man with a telescope.Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.2) The boy saw the man with a telescope.The boy saw the man. The man had a telescope.7.Explain with examples the major sense relations from a lexical perspective.1. Synonymy (同义) refers to the sameness of close similarity of meaning.Eg. Dialectal synonyms: autumn—fallStylistic synonyms: dad—daddy2. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning: accomlic? &collaboratorCollocational synonyms: accuse…of—charge withSemantically different synonyms: amaze—astound3. Polysemy(一词多义): The same one word may have more than one meaningTable: 1. a piece of furniture2. the food that is put on a table3. a level area, a plateau4. Homonymy(不同词，意义或拼写一样): words have different meanings have the same form.Different words are identical in sound or spelling.Homophones: red/read Homographs: lead/i:/ /e/ Complete homonyms5. Hyponymy: the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specificword.Superordinate: flower. Hyponyms: rose Co-hyponymsAntonymy: word are opposite in meaningGradable antonyms: old—youngComplementary antonyms: alive—deadRelational opposites: teacher—pupil8.What are the four maxims of the CP in pragmatics? Explain with examples how flouting thesemaxims give rise to conversational implicature?1. The maxim of quantity1.make your contribution as informative as required.2.do not make your contribution more informative than is requiredeg. A: When is Susan’s farewell party?B: Sometime next month.The implicature that results is “I don’t wish to tell you when the party is going to be held”.2. The maxim of quality1.don’t say what you believe to be false2.don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidenceeg. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?B: I’m afraid I have got a class on Sunday.B’s implied message is “I don’t want to join you”.3. The maxim of relation: Be relevanteg. A: How did the math exam go today?B: We had a basketball match with the other class and we beat them.The implicature is “I don’t wish to talk about the math exam”.4. The maxim of manner1.avoid obscurity of expression2.avoid ambiguity3.be brief4.be orderlyeg. A: Shall we get something for the kids?B: Yes, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.The implicature is “I don’t want the kids to know we’re talking about setting them some icecream.”。
（完整版）“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案（1）
（完整版）“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案（1）各位好！请大家注意以下几点：1. 英语语言学期末考试及其补考的复习范围和题型一致；2. 收到此邮件，请在同学之间传阅；3. 本邮件内容有三：考试题型、参考问答题、课堂练习及其答案。
祝大家学习快乐！考试顺利！Examination Items考试题型上海外国语大学继续教育学院2014年第1学期英语本科五年级和专升本科三年级“语言学”期末试卷考试时间：60分钟班级____________ 学号____________ 姓名____________I. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms. (30%)II. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (30%)III. Choose any two of the following questions to answer. (40%)Questions for Reference参考问答题1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? (P6)2. Please differentiate the following pairs of terms.voicing and voiceless (P16)vowels and consonants (P18) aspirated and unaspirated (P18)phones and phonemes (P23)3. Give a brief account of the kinds of morphemes in English language with examples. (P33-36)4. Why is English rich in synonyms? And how can we classify them? (P66-68)Exercises and Key 课堂练习及其答案Practice 1 Introduction1.Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.2.__________ linguistics studies language change over various periods of time andat various historical stages while __________ linguistics studies language at one particular point of time.3.The __________ study of language studies the historical development of languageover a period of time, and it is a historical study.4.__________ and __________ are the two major media of linguisticcommunication.5.The distinction between __________ and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure in the early 20th century while the distinction between competence and _________ was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.6.Chomsky uses the term __________ to refer to the actual realization of a languageuser’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.7.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several different ways.Firstly, linguistics is __________ while traditional grammar is __________;Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as __________, not the written; Thirdly, modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages intoa _________-based framework.8.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actuallyuse, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguisticbehavior, it is said to be __________.9.The defining properties of human language are: creativity, __________,__________, __________, __________.10.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is __________.11.Generally speaking, three main functions are often recognized of language: thedescriptive functions, the expressive function, and the __________ function. 12.According to the British linguist Halliday’s simpler system of language functions,the ideational function is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world, and the __________ function is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationship between people while the __________ function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.Practice 2 Introduction1.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.2.Speech and writing are the two major media of language. All languages in theworld today can be both spoken and written.3.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.4.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimesdescriptive.5.With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence andperformance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.6.The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person.7.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists intheir study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage./doc/e412750833.htmlnguage can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The twoapproaches are equally favored by modern linguists./doc/e412750833.htmlnguage is entirely arbitrary.10.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with theability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.1.Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It has three branches:__________, __________ and auditory phonetics.2.The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is ofgreat interest to those working in __________ phonetics.3.The articulatory apparatus of a human being contains three important areas(cavities): __________, __________ and nasal cavity.4.Of all the speech organs, the __________ is the most flexible.5.V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of __________ .6. A sound is __________ when its production is accompanied by a puff of breath.This is characteristic of the English voiceless stops in initial position, e.g. [pi:l]. 7.__________ transcription is the one required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.8.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] sharethe feature __________.9.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded lips except__________.10.__________ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another throughintervening positions.11.The orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally notused in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.12.V oicing is a feature of all consonants and some vowels.13.In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with noobstruction whatsoever while in the production of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another.14.The English stops include [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v].15.All the English nasal consonants are voiced.16.With no exception all the front vowels in English are unrounded.17.With no exception all the back vowels in English are rounded.18.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a longvowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.19.Although the [l] sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinationsof [li:f] and [fi:l], it is actually pronounced differently.20.If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in /fi:l/ not as a dark [], but as aclear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.1.[p], and [p] are the __________ of the same phoneme /p/.2.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are calledsuprasegmental features. They include __________, __________ and intonation.3.The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature oftone languages such as __________.4.The negative prefix “in-” in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, isactually pronounced /im/, and spelt as “im-”. This is the result of the __________ rule at work.5.To form the present tense, 3rd person singular, of the verb “teach”, we have to add“-es”, instead of just “-s” to it. This is required by the __________rule of English.6. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focusedon the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.7. A phone is a phonetic segment while a phoneme is a phonological unit.8.Clear [l] and dark [] form the relation of complementary distribution for theyoccur in the same position in sound combinations and also distinguish meaning.9./p/ and /b/ in [ pit ] and [ bit ] are in contrastive distribution.10.Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they canbe applied to all languages.11.In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next must be a vowel.12.The three voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated when preceded by /s/ andfollowed by a vowel./doc/e412750833.htmlually in the two-syllable words, the noun has the stress on the first syllable andthe corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable.14.Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.15.Chinese is often cited as examples of typical tone language because tone plays animportant role in distinguishing meaning.1.is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.2.The morpheme “-vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)________morpheme.3.There are different types of morphemes. “-ed” in the word "lea rned" is known asa(n)__________ morpheme.4.The words that contain only one morpheme can be called ________ morphemes.5.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined withother morphemes to form words are called morphemes.6.In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions make up the largestpart of the vocabulary. They are open classes.7.Such endings as “-ed”and “-ing” are called derivational morphemes because newgrammatical forms are derived by adding them to existing words.8.The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.9. A compound is the combination of only two words.10.The word “carelessness” is a three-morpheme word formed by a free morpheme“care” + affix “-less” + affix “-ness”.11.The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.12.The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicatesthat the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.13.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.14.The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech ofthe second element, without exception.15.A compound can be written as one word with or withouta hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.1.Historically, different views have been suggested concerning the study of meaning.In our textbook, some views on semantics have been exemplified. They are naming things, __________, __________, __________ and mentalism.2.The naming theory was proposed by __________.3.Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning isexplained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as __________.4.__________ is concerned with the inherent meaning if the linguistic form. It is thecollection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. __________ means what a linguisticform refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.5.Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called__________ synonyms.6.C omplete Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong is called __________ synonym.7.Antonyms are divided into several kinds. They are gradable antonyms,__________ antonyms and __________ opposites.8.“Cold” and “hot” are called __________ antonyms.9.__________ refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific, orsubordinate, lexeme and a more general, or superordinate, lexeme. This can be exemplified by such pairs as cow: animal; rose: flower.10.__________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set ofdifferent meanings. For example, “mouth” means “organ of body”, “entrance of cave” etc.11.“Lead” (metal) and “lead” (dog’s lead) are spelt in the same way, but pronounceddifferently. This is called __________.12.“Can I borrow your bike?”__________ “You have a bike.”13.__________ is an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing themeaning of words.14.Predication analysis is a way to analyze __________ meaning.15.In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it going to snow this afternoon?”is a __________ -place predication.1.Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.2.The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between asymbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.4.“Site” and “sight”, “meat”and “meet”, “sow” and “sew” are in relationship ofhomography.5.English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e.synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.6.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such asBritish English and American English, but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.7.There are different kinds of antonyms because words opposite in meaning do notcontrast each other only on a single dimension.8.The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymologyof the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.9.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is thatpresupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.10.A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.Key to ExercisesPractice 1 Introduction1. language or languages in general2. Diachronic, synchronic3. diachronic4. Speech, writing5. langue, performance6. performance7. descriptive, prescriptive; primary; Latin8. descriptive9. arbitrariness, duality; displacement, cultural transmission10. arbitrary11. social12. interpersonal, textualPractice 2 Introduction1. F;2. F;3. T;4. F;5. T6. T;7. T;8. F;9. F; 10. FPractice 3 Phonetics1. articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics2. articulatory3. pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity4. tongue5. vocal cords6. aspirated7. Narrow8. alveolar9. []10. Diphthongs11. T; 12. F; 13. T; 14. F; 15. T16.T; 17. F; 18. T; 19. T; 20. FPractice 4 Phonology1. allophones2. stress, tone3. Chinese4. assimilation5. sequential6. T;7. T;8. F;9. T; 10. F11. T; 12. F; 13.T; 14. F. 15. TPractice 5 Morphology1. Morphology2. free3. inflectional4. free or root5. derivational;6. F;7. F;8. T;9. F; 10. T11. T; 12. F; 13. F; 14. F; 15. TPractice 6 Semantics1. conceptualism, contextualism, behaviorism2. Plato3. behaviorism4. Sense, Reference5. complete6. dialectal7. complementary, relational8. gradable9. Hyponymy10. Polysemy11. homonymy or homography12. presupposes13. Componential analysis14. sentence15. noPractice 7 Semantics1. T;2. F;3. F;4. F;5. T6. F;7. T;8. T;9. T; 10. F。
上海外国语大学640外国语言学及应用语言学理论2015考研专业课试题
上海外国语大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试
外国语言学及应用语言学专业
外国语言学及应用语言学理论试题
（考试时间180分钟，满分150分，共2页）
一、汉语部分（共105分）
Ⅰ. 术语解释（5×3，共15分）
本部分为5个语言学术语，请解释其定义及含义，必要时可举例说明。
1.语言任意性
2.韵律特征
3.社会方言
4.言语事件
5.语言潜势
Ⅱ. 问答题（6×15，共90分）
本部分为6道问答题，请就所给的问题做简短回答，有必要时请具体举例说明。
1.索绪尔对现代语言学的主要贡献是什么？
2.请说明什么是宏观语言学及其分类，必要时可以列举其代表。
3.请简要介绍美国社会语言学家海姆斯“交际语言能力”理论的主要内容。
4.什么是转换生成语法？请简要介绍。
5.什么是语言同化？试举例说明语言同化的分类。
6.什么是应用语言学，请简要说明它与语言学的关系。
第 1 页共2 页。
上海外国语大学考研语言学概论真题回忆+答案2016
上海外国语大学考研2016年语言学概论真题回忆版一、名词解释（20*2’）1、语言符号的线条性2、聚合关系3、语法意义4、语言类型分类5、文字类型分类6、语义7、结构语言学8、转换生成语法9、语流音变10、义素分析法11、语体12、异根13、派生词14、直接成分分析法15、语言和言语16、语义场17、历史比较法18、音位19、熟语20、语言的规范化二、多项选择（10*2’）1.汉语一个音节可以有个音素。
a.1b.2c.3d.4e.52.就语言的共同来源而言,__同属一个语族。
a.汉语和日语b.法语和意大利语c.西班牙语和希腊语d.英语和德语3.属于言语修养的标准。
a.逻辑性b.含蓄性c.健康性d.浅显性4.Books和Rooms；write和right涉及到下列拼写法原则。
a.语音原则b.形态音位原则c.历史传统原则d.辨义原则5.历史比较语言学的代表人物是。
a.葆朴b拉斯克c哈利迪d沃斯托克夫6.汉语体范畴包括。
a.进行体b.完成体c.短暂体d.未然体7.下列语言属于分析语的是。
a汉语b意大利语c英语d法语8.下列属于符号的是。
a信号灯b旗语c上课铃d盲文9.科技术语的特点是。
a单义性b描述性c体系性d理据性10.下列语言有声调的有。
a古梵语b景颇语c泰语d韩语三、填空(20分)1.思维规律是全人类的，而语言规律具有特点。
2.仿词的涌现，是规律起作用的结果。
试举一例。
3.是语言分化的主要原因。
4.汉语语音体系中和是音节的必要组成成分。
5.根据语言功能特征的分类，普通话属于标准语，解放前上海使用的洋泾浜语是。
6.符号学术语semantics、pragmatics、syntactic分别相当于语言学中的__、__、__。
其中,__专门研究语言单位同交际主体之间的关系。
7.我国第一部语义词典是；杨雄的《方言》提出了的概念；是中国古代第一部系统分析字形和考证字源的字书。
8.stood中的“t”是发生了音变。
语言学问答题及答案
1.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.2．What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How dothey differ?One of the oldest was the naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, who believed that the words used in a language are taken to be la-bels of the objects they stand for. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a lin-guistic form and what it refers to. The form and the meaning are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized; the situational context and the linguistic context.For example, the meaning of the word "seal" in the sentence "The seal could not be found" can only be determined ac-cording to the context in which the sentence occurs:The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.(seal meaning an aquatic mammal)The seal could not be found. The king became worried.(seal meaning the king's stamp)Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of linguistic forms. Behaviorists attempted to de-fine the meaning of a language form as " the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer".3.Discuss with examples some of the linguistic differences between Standard English and Black English.One of the most prominent phonological characteristics of Black English is the frequent simplification of consonant clusters at the end of words when one of the two consonants is an alveolar /t/, /d/, /s/, or /z/. The application of this simplification rule may delete the past - tense morpheme, so "past "and "passed "are both pronounced like "pass."Another salient characteristic of Black English phonological system con-cerns the deletion of some word-final stop consonants in words like "side" and "borrowed." Speakers of Black English frequently delete these word-fi-nal stops, pronouncing “side” like “sigh” and “borrowed” like “borrow.”One prominent syntactic feature is the frequent absence of various forms of the copula "be" in Black English, which are required of Standard Eng-lish. Compare the following expressions in Black English and Standard Eng-lish:(1) Black English Standard EnglishThey mine. They' re mine.You crazy. You re crazy.Another distinctive syntactic feature of Black English is the systematic use of die expression "it is" where Standard English uses "there is " in the sense of “there exists” :Is it a Mr. Johnson in this office?Another aspect of Black English is the use of double negation constructions. Whenever the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns "something", "some-body", and "some" become the negative indefinites "nothing", "nobody", and "none", for example:He don't know nothing. (He doesn't know anything.)4.How does a sentence meaning differ from an utterance meaning?A sentence meaning is of-ten considered as the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and independent of context. The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. For example, “There is a dog at the door”. The speaker could utter it as a matter- of- fact state-ment, telling the hearer that the dog is at the door. The speaker could use it as a warning, asking the hearer not to approach the door. There are otherpossibilities, too. So, the understanding of the utterance meaning of “There is a dog at the door” de-pends on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it.。
语言学全部习题
语言学全部习题1. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学，包括语音学、词法学、句法学、语义学、语用学等不同的分支。
它关注语言的结构、用法、演变以及和思维、社会和文化之间的关系。
2) 语言的基本要素包括哪些？语言的基本要素包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用。
语音研究发音和音系，词汇研究词的形态和词义，句法研究语言的句子结构，语义研究词和句的含义，语用研究语言的使用和交际。
3) 语音学和音系学有何区别？语音学研究语言中的语音现象，包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。
音系学研究语言中的音素系统，即语言中所有可能出现的音位和它们的组合规则。
2. 选择题（每题10分，共40分）1) 下列哪个不属于语言的基本要素？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 句法D. 语文答案：D2) 以下哪个学科不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 数学D. 词法学答案：C3) 语音学主要研究哪方面的内容？A. 词义B. 词形C. 词语的使用D. 语音的产生和感知答案：D4) 以下哪个不是语言学的研究对象？A. 词汇表B. 句子结构C. 语言和思维的关系D. 社会语言规范答案：A3. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言的演变？语言的演变是指语言在使用过程中，由于多种因素的影响，其语音、词汇、句法等方面发生变化和发展。
语言的演变是一个长期的、渐进的过程，涉及到语言交流者的语言习惯、语音产生的方式、语法规则的改变等方面的变化。
2) 语言和思维之间有何关系？语言和思维之间有密切的关系。
一方面，语言是人类思维的表达工具，通过语言的运用，人们能够将思维中的概念、情感和意图等传递给他人。
另一方面，语言也影响思维的方式和内容。
语言结构和词汇的差异会影响人们的思维方式，不同语言对概念的划分和认知方式可能会有所不同。
3) 什么是语言交际？语言交际指的是人们通过语言进行沟通和交流的过程。
语言交际包括语言的使用、理解和解释，以及交流中的非语言行为和语境等因素。
语言学题型试题及答案
语言学题型试题及答案1. 语言学的主要研究对象是什么？答案：语言学的主要研究对象是人类语言。
2. 请列举三种不同的语言类型。
答案：孤立语、黏着语、屈折语。
3. 什么是语音学？答案：语音学是研究人类语音产生、传播和感知的科学。
4. 请解释“语素”的概念。
答案：语素是最小的有音义结合的语言单位。
5. 什么是形态学？答案：形态学是研究词的内部结构和词与词之间关系的语言学分支。
6. 请描述句法学的主要研究内容。
答案：句法学主要研究句子的结构和句子成分之间的关系。
7. 语言的演变过程通常包括哪些阶段？答案：语言的演变过程通常包括语音变化、词汇变化、语法变化和语义变化。
8. 什么是社会语言学？答案：社会语言学是研究语言与社会因素之间关系的语言学分支。
9. 请解释“方言”的概念。
答案：方言是指在一定地理区域或社会群体中使用的具有共同特征的语言变体。
10. 什么是第二语言习得？答案：第二语言习得是指在母语习得之后，通过学习获得另一种语言的过程。
11. 请列举两种不同的语言教学法。
答案：沉浸式教学法、交际教学法。
12. 什么是语言接触？答案：语言接触是指不同语言或方言之间的相互影响和交流。
13. 请解释“语用学”的概念。
答案：语用学是研究语言在社会语境中使用和理解的语言学分支。
14. 什么是语言规划？答案：语言规划是指政府或组织为了特定目的而对语言的使用和发展进行规划和指导。
15. 请描述“语言死亡”的现象。
答案：语言死亡是指一种语言不再有使用者，逐渐消失的现象。
语言学问答题及答案
1.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.2．What are the major views concerning the study of meaning? How dothey differ?One of the oldest was the naming theory, proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato, who believed that the words used in a language are taken to be la-bels of the objects they stand for. The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a lin-guistic form and what it refers to. The form and the meaning are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized; the situational context and the linguistic context.For example, the meaning of the word "seal" in the sentence "The seal could not be found" can only be determined ac-cording to the context in which the sentence occurs:The seal could not be found. The zoo keeper became worried.(seal meaning an aquatic mammal)The seal could not be found. The king became worried.(seal meaning the king's stamp)Behaviorism drew on behaviorist psychology when he tried to define the meaning of linguistic forms. Behaviorists attempted to de-fine the meaning of a language form as " the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer".3.Discuss with examples some of the linguistic differences between Standard English and Black English.One of the most prominent phonological characteristics of Black English is the frequent simplification of consonant clusters at the end of words when one of the two consonants is an alveolar /t/, /d/, /s/, or /z/. The application of this simplification rule may delete the past - tense morpheme, so "past "and "passed "are both pronounced like "pass."Another salient characteristic of Black English phonological system con-cerns the deletion of some word-final stop consonants in words like "side" and "borrowed." Speakers of Black English frequently delete these word-fi-nal stops, pronouncing “side” like “sigh” and “borrowed” like “borrow.”One prominent syntactic feature is the frequent absence of various forms of the copula "be" in Black English, which are required of Standard Eng-lish. Compare the following expressions in Black English and Standard Eng-lish:(1) Black English Standard EnglishThey mine. They' re mine.You crazy. You re crazy.Another distinctive syntactic feature of Black English is the systematic use of die expression "it is" where Standard English uses "there is " in the sense of “there exists” :Is it a Mr. Johnson in this office?Another aspect of Black English is the use of double negation constructions. Whenever the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns "something", "some-body", and "some" become the negative indefinites "nothing", "nobody", and "none", for example:He don't know nothing. (He doesn't know anything.)4.How does a sentence meaning differ from an utterance meaning?A sentence meaning is of-ten considered as the intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. It is abstract and independent of context. The meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. For example, “There is a dog at the door”. The speaker could utter it as a matter- of- fact state-ment, telling the hearer that the dog is at the door. The speaker could use it as a warning, asking the hearer not to approach the door. There are otherpossibilities, too. So, the understanding of the utterance meaning of “There is a dog at the door” de-pends on the context in which it is uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it.。
上外 语言学 问答题整理.
1.What are the main features of human language?A. arbitrariness: It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and soundsB. productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users.C. duality: Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures. At the lower level there is astructure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But they can be grouped andregrouped into a larger number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level ofthe system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinitenumber of sentences.D. displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations ofthe speaker.E. cultural transmission: While human capacity fro language has a genetic basis, the details of anylanguage system have to be taught and learned.2.How are the English consonants classified? What are the phonemes in each category?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.a. Manner of articulation: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides.b. Place of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottalc. Voicing:3.How are the English vowels classified? What are the phonemes in each category?A. According to the position of the tongue in the mouth: front, central, backB. According to openness of the mouth: close, semiclose, semiopen, openC. According to the shape of the lips: rounded, unrounded4.Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.1. Sequential rule refers to the rule that governs the combination of sounds in a particular language.For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or a [ r ], then the next sound must be vowel.2. Assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.For example, the [ i: ] sound in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i: ] sound is followed by a nasal [ n ] or [ m ].3. Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.For example, in the pronunciation of the word sign, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g. while in its corresponding form signature, the [ g ] is pronounced. Because the deletion rule is at work: Delete a [ g ] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.5.Explain with examples the main rules of word formation.1. Derivation (派生): new words are formed from existing words or bases by affixation.“singer”from”sing”“writer”from”write”2. Compounding: stringing words together →“headstrong”, “without”3. Coinage: a new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose→”walkman”,” Kodak”4. Clipping: the abbreviation of longer words or phrases→expo—expositionQuake--earthquake5. Blending: combining parts of other words. →smog-smoke+fog; motel—motor+hotel6. Acronym: derive from the initials of several words. →IT—information technologyISBN—international standard book number7. Back-formation: new words can be coined already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought tobe part of the old word. →to beg (derived from beggar);to baby-sit (derived from baby-sitter)8. Functional shift: words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.→N.-V. to bug; V.-N. a hold9. Borrowing: when different cultures come into contact, words are often borrowed from one languageto another.→exit, beer6.Draw the labeled tree diagrams of the two interpretations of the sentence The boy saw the man with a telescope.1) The boy saw the man with a telescope.Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.2) The boy saw the man with a telescope.The boy saw the man. The man had a telescope.7.Explain with examples the major sense relations from a lexical perspective.1. Synonymy (同义) refers to the sameness of close similarity of meaning.Eg. Dialectal synonyms: autumn—fallStylistic synonyms: dad—daddy2. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning: accomlic? &collaboratorCollocational synonyms: accuse…of—charge withSemantically different synonyms: amaze—astound3. Polysemy(一词多义): The same one word may have more than one meaningTable: 1. a piece of furniture2. the food that is put on a table3. a level area, a plateau4. Homonymy(不同词，意义或拼写一样): words have different meanings have the same form.Different words are identical in sound or spelling.Homophones: red/read Homographs: lead/i:/ /e/ Complete homonyms5. Hyponymy: the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specificword.Superordinate: flower. Hyponyms: rose Co-hyponymsAntonymy: word are opposite in meaningGradable antonyms: old—youngComplementary antonyms: alive—deadRelational opposites: teacher—pupil8.What are the four maxims of the CP in pragmatics? Explain with examples how flouting thesemaxims give rise to conversational implicature?1. The maxim of quantity1.make your contribution as informative as required.2.do not make your contribution more informative than is requiredeg. A: When is Susan’s farewell party?B: Sometime next month.The implicature that results is “I don’t wish to tell you when the party is going to be held”.2. The maxim of quality1.don’t say what you believe to be false2.don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidenceeg. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?B: I’m afraid I have got a class on Sunday.B’s implied message is “I don’t want to join you”.3. The maxim of relation: Be relevanteg. A: How did the math exam go today?B: We had a basketball match with the other class and we beat them.The implicature is “I don’t wish to talk about the math exam”.4. The maxim of manner1.avoid obscurity of expression2.avoid ambiguity3.be brief4.be orderlyeg. A: Shall we get something for the kids?B: Yes, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.The implicature is “I don’t want the kids to know we’re talking about setting them some icecream.”。
(完整word版)语言学问答题
Chapter 14. Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?Answer：No matter you say "Yes" or "No", you cannot deny that onomatopoeia needs arbitrariness. Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic we should first know which sound the word imitates. Just as what is said in Chapter One, in order to imitate the noise of flying mosquitoes, there are many choices like "murmurous" and "murderous". They both bear more or less resemblance to the genuine natural sound, but "murmurous" is fortunately chosen to mean the noise while "murderous" is chosen to mean something quite different. They are arbitrary as signifiers.6. Does the traffic light system have duality? Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?Answer：Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ calls. Red→stop Green→go Yellow→get ready to go or stop10. What do you think of Bertrand Russell’s observation of the dog language: “No matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannot te ll you that his parents were poor but honest”? Are you familiar with any type of ways animals communicate among themselves and with human beings?Answer：When gazelles sense potential danger, for example, they flee and thereby signal to other gazelles in the vicinity that danger is lurking. A dog signals its wish to be let inside the house by barking and signals the possibility that it might bite momentarily by displaying its fangs.13. Comment on the following prescriptive rules. Do you think they are acceptable?(A) It is I.(B) It is me.You should say A instead of B because “be” should be followed by the nominative case, not the accusative according to the rules in Latin.Answer：(1) the Latin rule is not universal. In English, me is informal and I is felt to be very formal.(2) Whom is used in formal speech and in writing; who is more acceptable in informal speech.(3) Language does not have to follow logic reasoning. Here two negative only make a more emphatic negative. This sentence is not acceptable in Standard English not because it is illogical, but because language changes and rejects this usage now.17. The following are some well-known ambiguous sentences in syntactic studies of language. Can you disambiguate them?The chicken is too hot to eat.Flying planes can be dangerous.Answer：The chicken is too hot to eat.The chicken meat is too hot, so it cannot be eaten at the moment.The chicken feels so hot (maybe after some intense aerobic exercises) that it cannot start eating and needs to calm down first.Flying planes can be dangerous.The ambiguity comes from "flying planes". It can be deciphered as "the planes that is flying" or "to fly planes". 21. Give examples of situations in which a usage generally considered non-standard (e.g. ain’t) would be acceptable, even appropriate.Answer：In the talks between intimate friends, one may say “gimme that!” instead of “give me that!” and “wachya doin’?” instead of “what are you doing?” and this list may go on.Chapter 22、Give the description of the following sound segments in English.Answer：ʃ——voiceless postalveolar fricativeð——voiced dental fricativeŋ——velar nasald——voiced alveolar stop/plosivep——voiceless bilabial stop/plosivek——voiceless velar stop/plosivel——laterali——high front unrounded lax vowelu: p—— high back rounded tense vowelɔ——low back rounded lax vowel3、Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.Answer：Voiceless labiodental fricative——fVoiced postalveolar fricative——ʒPalatal approximant ——jVoiceless glottal fricative——hVoiceless alveolar stop——tHigh-mid front unrounded vowel——eHigh central rounded vowel——uLow front rounded vowel——ðLow-mid back rounded vowel——ɔHigh back rounded tense vowel——u:5、Discuss the following questions.To what extent is phonology related too phonetics and how do they differ? Answer：Both phonetics and phonology study human sounds but they differ in the levels of analysis.Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,transmitted,and perceived.Chapter 310、Classfy the following words as loanwords(LW),loanblends(LB),loanshifts(LS)or loan translation(LT). Answer：LW:monk,loan-word,tea LB:booby trap,coconut,ChinatownLS:yankee,artificial,satellite LT:firewater,free verse,warpaint11、If there are two affixes-ly,one producing adjectives and the other attaching to adjectives to produce adverbs,can we find words with both of these affixes?Answer：No.Words with both of these affixes-ly are not allocated in English.See below:Friendlily(friend-friendly-friendlily) Oilily(oil-oily-oilily)Chillily(chill-chilly-chillily)12、Make a list of nouns from the following words that-s can attch to.Epiphany foot hat house Kitchen ox phenomenon region sheep tomatoAnswer: hat house kitchen regionChapter 42、Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.Answer：——The instructor told the students to study. [NP(det.+n)+V+NP(det.+n)+inf.]——The customer requested for a cold beer.[ NP(det.+n)+V+PP(prep.+det.+adj.+n.)]——The pilot landed the jet.[ NP(det.+n)+V+NP(det.+n)]——These dead trees must be removed.[ NP(det.+adj+n)+mv+be+past participle) ]——That glass suddenly broke.[ NP(det.+n)+adv.+V]3、Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence.Answer：——((The)( boy))(( was)) crying)).——(Shiu)(( the)( door)).——((Open)(( the)( door)))( quickly).——((The)((( happy)( teacher))(( in)(( that)( class)))))(( was)(( beaming)( away))).——(He)((( bought)(( an)(( old)( car))))(( with)(( his)(( first)(( pay)( cheque)))))).4、For each of the underlinged constructions or word groups,do the following.Answer：——Duceks quack..(non-headed;independent clause)——The ladder in the shed is long enough.( non-head;prepositional phrase)——I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.(headed;headword—damaged;adjectival group)——Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries.(headed;headword—singing;gerundial phrase)——His handsome face appeared in the magazine.( headed; headword—face;nominal group)A lady of great beauty came out.( (non-headed; prepositional phrase)——He enjoys climbing high mountains.(headed;headword—climbing;gerundial phrase)——The man nodded patiently.(non—headed;independent clause)——A man roused by the insult drew his sword.(headed;headword—roused;adjectveal phrase)8、Mark the underlined parts of the sentences in Ex.4-37 with the terms such as participial phrase,gerundial,and so on.Answer：The best thing would be to leave early.It’s great for a man to be free.Having finished their task,they came to help ue.Xiao Li being away,Xiao Wang had to do the work.Filled with shame,he left the house.All our savings gone,we started looking for jobs.It’s no use crying over spilt milk.Do you mind my opening the window.Chapter 5[ Dear White Fella. You White Fella ]Answer:This poem is about the use of the word“coloured”.The author cleverly makes use of “coloured”in sense of “different colours”to qppose the practive to refer to black people as “coloured”. This shows form another point of view that “coloured” is not a superordinate to “red”, “green”, “yellow”.[ Write out the synonyms of the following words: youth; automobile; remember; purchase; vacation; big.] Answer:(a)youth(adolescent);automobile(car);remember(recall);purchase(buy);vacation(holidays);big(large)(b)dark(lignt: with respect to brightness)boy(girl: with respect to sex)hot(cold: with respect to temperature)go(come:with respect to direction)(c)bright(a,shining;b.intelligent)To glare(a. to shine intensely; b.money in the bank)A deposit(a.minerals in the earth; b.money in the bank)Plane(a. aflying vehicle; b. a flat surface)[ The British linguist F.R Palmer argues in his Semantics that “there”is no absolute distinction between (gradable antonyms and complementary sntonyms).]Answer: I t is not advisable to tell beginners of linguistics thar the distinction between gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms is relative. The expression “more dead than alive” is not a true comparative.[ 姜望琪（1991:79）claims that“to some extent, we can say that a ny two words of the same part of speech may become antonyms.. what do you think of the claim?]Answer: this is a reasonable claim. As the author said in the paper.“man” can be the antonym of “woman”, but it can also be the antonym of“boy” in a situation wh en the age difference is important. When the difference between a man and an animal is important,“man” can also be the antonym of“dog”. And when the difference between something animate and something inanimate is important, then“man” can even be the antonym of “stone”. In the extreme cases, so-called synonyms may also become antonyms, for example,“ You have to peel a raw potato but you can skin a boiled one”,“He’s no statesman, but a mere politician.Chapter 8[ The daughter walks into the kitchen and takes some popcorn. ]Answer：The illocutionary force of“I thought you were practicing your violin”is a criticism of the daughter for her not practicing the violin .That of the daughter’s answer is a defence for herslf-I’m going to do that. And that of the f ather’s retort is a denial of the daughter’s excuse.[ If you ask somebody“Can you open the door？”he answers“Yes”…]Answer：I would be angry with him.“Can you open the door”is normally a request of the hearer to do it rather than a question about his abil ity. The fact that he answers“Yes”but does not actually do it shows that he declines my request.[ On 14 January,1993,US President-elect Bill Clinton spoke to…]Answer：Yes, this is an occasion on which the CP and its maxims are suspended.When he formulated his CP, Grice qualified it with expressions like “normally”，“characteristically”and“ceteris paribus”.InOther words ,the CP and its maxims are not meant to be observed in all situations. Alternatively, we may say that assumptions like“The speaker believes in what he says”are implicatures, which will be cancelled in situations where there are indications to the contrary. Similar occasions include funeral orations, poetry writing, and joking.[ A：Have you seen Peter today？B：Well, if I didn’t deny seeing him I wouldn’t be telling a lie.]Answer：Without a proper context, these conversations can all be regarded as jokes resulting form the exploitation of Grice’s CP and maxims.In(1) Speaker B uses a long and prolix way to express the meaning of“Yes, I have”, thus violating the Manner maxim of “Be brief(avoid prolixity)”.(2B) results from the exploiting of Quality maxims in that the speaker seems to be telling the truth while deliberately misinterpreting Speaker A’s “there”.(3B) is another instance of exploiting the Quality maxims. Though logically speaking it may be true that Speaker B has been helpful to A，we don’t usually respond to others’ thanks in this way.On one hand,(4B) is still another instance of exploiting the Quality maxims in that Mr Smith’s office is really“not here”.On the other hand, Speaker B as violated the Quantity maxim of being as informative as is required since A needs more specific information than“not here”.(5B) is an indirect way of declining the offer. In terms of Grice’s maxims, this is a case of not being relevant.In the last conversation, Speaker B uses a long prolix way for the simple answer“Yes, he has”,and has thus violated the Manner maxim of “Be brief(avoid prolixity)”。
上外英语辅修语言学测试第五章
上外英语辅修语言学测试第五章Class：___________ Name: ____________ Score: _____________ Quiz:I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words to complete the sentences. 30%1. _____________deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world experience.2. “Charge” and “accuse” are said to be ___________ synonyms.3. The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refersto, or stands for, is known as the ______________ theory.4. The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _____________.5. Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents:__________ and _____________.6. _____________ is the technical name for the sameness relation.7. The words “husband” and “wife” are ____________ antonyms.8. There are two aspects of sentence meaning: _______________________and_______________________.II. There are four choices following each statement. Choose the answer that can best complete the statement and put down your answer before each statement: (15%)______1. “John killed Bill but Bill didn’t die” is a(n)______________.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction______2. “He succeeded” is a case of _______________.A. one-place argumentB. one-place predicationC. two-place argumentD. two-place predication______3. The pair of words __________ are gradable antonyms.A. good and badB. male and femaleC. present and absentD. buy and sell______4. Term s like “apple”, “banana” and “pear” are ______________of the term “fruit”.A. hyponymsB. synonymsC. antonymsD. homonyms______5. The sense relation between “John plays the piano” and “John plays a musical instrument” is _____________.A. inconsistencyB. synonymyC. entailmentD. anomalyIII. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) 30%1._________The grammatical form of the sentence affects thesemantic predicationof the sentence.2._________The two words “borrow” and “lend” are antonyms but the twosentences “Jane lent some money to Jack” and “Jack borrowed some money from Jane” are synonymous.3._________Every word has a sense and a reference.4._________“Bird” and “cuckoo” have the sense relation of polysemy.5._________ Conceptualists maintain that there is no direct link between alinguistic form and what it refers to.6.__________ Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently.7.__________ The linguistic context considers the probability of one word’sco-occurrence or collocation with another.8.__________ Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of aword cannot be dissected into meaning components.9.__________ Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.10.__________A pair of complementary antonyms is characterized by the featurethat the denial of one member implies the assertion of the other.IV. Define the following terms and give one or two examples for each: 10%1.homonymy2. hyponymyV. Question: 15%What are major types of synonyms in English? Offer at least one example for each type.Key:I. 1.Reference2. collocational3. naming/ referential4. co-hyponyms5. argument, predicate6. Synonymy7. converse8. grammatical meaning; semantic meaningII. 1-5 DBAACIII. 1-5 FTFFT 6-10 TTFTTIV. 1. homonymyIt refers to the phenomenon that different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both1) two words identical in sound (homophones) sun, son2) two words identical in spelling (homographs) tear, tear3) two words identical in both sound and spelling (complete homonyms)fast adj. moving quicklyv. eat little or no food for a period of time2. hyponymyIt refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. Household appliances include refrigerators, televisions, dishwashers and air conditioners. The relation between household appliance and refrigerator is hyponymy.V. 1) Dialectal synonyms---- synonyms used in differentregional dialectse.g. pavement – sidewalk2) Stylistic synonyms----synonyms differing in stylee.g. give sb. the sack, fire, dismiss3）Emotive synonymssynonyms expressing different emotions of the userslender/ slim; skinny4) Collocational synonymsSynonyms differing in collocation, the words they go together withpretty, handsome5) Semantic synonymsSynonyms differing slightly in what they meanamazing, appalling。
语言学概论问答题
一、为什么说社会性是自然语言的本质属性？为什么说语言是人类社会最重要的交际工具？答：1、自然语言从形成到发展变化，甚至直到消亡，都取决于社会意志和社会需要。
离开了社会，语言就不可能生存和发展。
⑴自然语言系统是由特定的社会群体共同约定俗成的，而不是由个别人或少数人创造的。
①语言符号是由社会群体共同创造的。
语言符号的形式和意义之间的关系是由一定的社会群体共同约定的。
某个人最初或者临时用某种语音代表某种语义，如果得到了社会群体的共同认可，并且加以效仿，才能进入语言系统，称为语言符号。
如果得不到社会的认可，就不能成为语言符号。
②语言符号的组合规则也是由社会群体共同约定的，哪些符号能与哪些符号组合，不能与哪些符号组合，能够以什么方式组合，不能以什么方式组合，都取决于社会团体使用语言的惯例。
如果得不到社会的共同认可，任何人或少数人都无法制定或改变语言的组合规则。
⑵语言的发展变化也离不开社会。
无论是新词语的产生，还是旧词语的消亡，都取决于社会交际的需要，无论是语音的变化，还是语义、语法的变化，都是为了更好的满足社会交际的需要。
而且语言的任何发展变化都取决于社会的集体意志，任何个人意志都不能决定语言的发展变化。
⑶一种语言如果不再为社会交际所需要，不再作为社会交际的工具，就会消亡。
如古拉丁语的消亡，中国满语的趋近消亡，就是典型例子。
由于自然语言从生到长到死的整个生命过程都取决于社会，所以说社会性是自然语言的本质属性。
2、语言是人类最重要的交际工具，这些副语言都只是辅助性的交际工具，因为⑴语言是一种独立的交际工具，是第一性的，而文字等依附性副语言是建立在语言的基础之上的，是第二性的。
⑵与体态语等独立性副语言相比，语言的表达功能最强，体态语、美术语言、音乐语言等表达功能都有很大的局限性，表意也不如语言明确。
⑶语言的使用范围最广，而副语言一般使用范围有限。
电报代码等使用范围非常有限，即使是文字、体态语等使用范围较广的副语言，也不如语言适用范围那么宽广。
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1.What are the main features of human language?A. arbitrariness: It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and soundsB. productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users.C. duality: Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures. At the lower level there is astructure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But they can be grouped andregrouped into a larger number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level ofthe system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinitenumber of sentences.D. displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations ofthe speaker.E. cultural transmission: While human capacity fro language has a genetic basis, the details of anylanguage system have to be taught and learned.2.How are the English consonants classified? What are the phonemes in each category?English consonants can be classified in two ways: one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.a. Manner of articulation: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides.b. Place of articulation: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottalc. Voicing:3.How are the English vowels classified? What are the phonemes in each category?A. According to the position of the tongue in the mouth: front, central, backB. According to openness of the mouth: close, semiclose, semiopen, openC. According to the shape of the lips: rounded, unrounded4.Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.1. Sequential rule refers to the rule that governs the combination of sounds in a particular language.For example, if a word begins with a [ l ] or a [ r ], then the next sound must be vowel.2. Assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme,thus making the two phones similar.For example, the [ i: ] sound in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is because in all these sound combination the [ i: ] sound is followed by a nasal [ n ] or [ m ].3. Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.For example, in the pronunciation of the word sign, there is no [ g ] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letter g. while in its corresponding form signature, the [ g ] is pronounced. Because the deletion rule is at work: Delete a [ g ] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant.5.Explain with examples the main rules of word formation.1. Derivation (派生): new words are formed from existing words or bases by affixation.“singer”from”sing”“writer”from”write”2. Compounding: stringing words together →“headstrong”, “without”3. Coinage: a new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose→”walkman”,” Kodak”4. Clipping: the abbreviation of longer words or phrases→expo—expositionQuake--earthquake5. Blending: combining parts of other words. →smog-smoke+fog; motel—motor+hotel6. Acronym: derive from the initials of several words. →IT—information technologyISBN—international standard book number7. Back-formation: new words can be coined already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought tobe part of the old word. →to beg (derived from beggar);to baby-sit (derived from baby-sitter)8. Functional shift: words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes.→N.-V. to bug; V.-N. a hold9. Borrowing: when different cultures come into contact, words are often borrowed from one languageto another.→exit, beer6.Draw the labeled tree diagrams of the two interpretations of the sentence The boy saw the man with a telescope.1) The boy saw the man with a telescope.Using the telescope, the boy saw the man.2) The boy saw the man with a telescope.The boy saw the man. The man had a telescope.7.Explain with examples the major sense relations from a lexical perspective.1. Synonymy (同义) refers to the sameness of close similarity of meaning.Eg. Dialectal synonyms: autumn—fallStylistic synonyms: dad—daddy2. Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning: accomlic? &collaboratorCollocational synonyms: accuse…of—charge withSemantically different synonyms: amaze—astound3. Polysemy(一词多义): The same one word may have more than one meaningTable: 1. a piece of furniture2. the food that is put on a table3. a level area, a plateau4. Homonymy(不同词，意义或拼写一样): words have different meanings have the same form.Different words are identical in sound or spelling.Homophones: red/read Homographs: lead/i:/ /e/ Complete homonyms5. Hyponymy: the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specificword.Superordinate: flower. Hyponyms: rose Co-hyponymsAntonymy: word are opposite in meaningGradable antonyms: old—youngComplementary antonyms: alive—deadRelational opposites: teacher—pupil8.What are the four maxims of the CP in pragmatics? Explain with examples how flouting thesemaxims give rise to conversational implicature?1. The maxim of quantity1.make your contribution as informative as required.2.do not make your contribution more informative than is requiredeg. A: When is Susan’s farewell party?B: Sometime next month.The implicature that results is “I don’t wish to tell you when the party is going to be held”.2. The maxim of quality1.don’t say what you believe to be false2.don’t say that for which you lack adequate evidenceeg. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?B: I’m afraid I have got a class on Sunday.B’s implied message is “I don’t want to join you”.3. The maxim of relation: Be relevanteg. A: How did the math exam go today?B: We had a basketball match with the other class and we beat them.The implicature is “I don’t wish to talk about the math exam”.4. The maxim of manner1.avoid obscurity of expression2.avoid ambiguity3.be brief4.be orderlyeg. A: Shall we get something for the kids?B: Yes, but I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.The implicature is “I don’t want the kids to know we’re talking about setting them some icecream.”。