2011理工类职称英语教材完型填空新增文章下载
2011年理工类职称英语教材新增短文
2011年理工类职称英语教材新增文章阅读理解新增文章（共6篇）目录：第二篇(C级)：World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第六篇(C级)：Weaving with Light第三十四篇(B级)：Batteries Built by Viruses第三十八篇(B级)：Longer Lives for Wild Elephants第四十五篇(A级)：Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others第四十六篇(A级)：Marvelous Metamaterials第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some PredictIn a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil，scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions. Their study is in ACS’Energy&Fuels1.Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil". "Peak oil" is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point，and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2.It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3.A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peak Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production will peak，afterwards to start on irreversible decline.The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide.However，recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries. Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes，politics，and other factors，the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast. Using the new model，the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries，which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6.They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014，years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world’s oil reserves7are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate，they suggest.词汇：conserve v.保护，保存 irreversible adj.不可逆的，不可改变的crude oil原油spark v.闪耀;激发;鼓舞 insufficient 不充分的，不足的curve n.曲线注释：1.ACS’Energy&Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。
2011职称英语考试必备电子版资料_教材_教程_MP3_下载地址
外语是专业技术人员学习国处先进知识和技术，进行交流和重要工具，也是专业技术人员能力建设的重要方面。
为了帮助广大专业技术人员学习英语，熟悉全国职称英语等级考试的方法，我们根据人事部专业技术人员管理司审定的《全国专业技术人员职称英语等级考试大纲》，组织编写了2011年版《职称英语等级考试用书》。
该书主要内容包括职称英语等级考试介绍，解题方法，按大纲题型编写的学习材料及2010年度全国专业技术人员职称等级考试试题的分析。
本书中未加符号标注的文章难度相当于C级；
本书中标有“*”的为B级；
本书中标有“+”的为A级。
目录:
职称英语等级考试介绍及解题方法第一部分词汇选项
第二部分阅读判断
第三部分概括大意和完成句子
第四部分阅读理解
第五部分补全短文
第六部分完形填空
2010年职称英语卫生类真题及解析。
2011年职称英语教材-理工类15篇完型填空课文及题干(含译文)无答案版
大家论坛职称英语版块/forum-109-1.html2011理工完型填空课文及题干（含译文）无答案版1.库克船长弓箭的传说这本是个绝妙的传说，但DNA测试最终结束了这个长达两个世纪之久的古老故事。
传说是关于一支据说是用1779年在桑伟奇群岛死去的英国探险家船长詹姆士库克的遗骨刻成的夏威夷弓箭。
在不久前DNA 证据宣布该弓箭并非来自于库克船长的遗骨时，奥大利亚博物馆收藏经理尤大书·菲利普说：“澳大利亚博物馆里并没有库克的遗骨。
”但这并不能停止博物馆在展览会上展出弓箭。
“考古发现：澳大利亚博物馆的宝藏”展览中的确还展示了一个在1778年夏威夷国王卡兰尼欧普送给库克的一个羽毛斗篷。
库克是英国最伟大探险家之一，他在1770年发现了“南大陆”，也就是现在的澳大利亚。
此后在桑伟奇群岛被棒击致死。
库克弓箭传说始于1824年，当时夏威夷国王卡莫哈莫哈在弥留之际将弓箭赐给了库克妻子的亲戚，一名伦敦外科医生威廉正当斯，并告诉他弓箭是在那次致命殴打后用库克的遗骨做成的。
在19世纪90年代，弓箭被交给澳大理亚博物馆。
这个传说直到与科学直接接触才停止。
据菲利普说，澳大利亚和新西兰的试验室的DNA测试证实弓箭并非取材于库克的遗骨，而更可能来自动物的骨头。
但是，库克迷们却不肯放弃希望。
他们期待库克传说之一将会被证明是正确，并且他人部分遗骨还会被发现。
正如他们所说，有证据表明库克的遗骨并不是在1779年全都葬身大海了。
库克船长协会的会长克利夫托马森在一个来自英国的声明中说：“在这个问题上，科技取得了胜利。
我坚信某一天库克传说之一将会被证明是真的。
”Captain Cook Arrow LegendIt was a great legend while it lasted, but DNA testing has 1 ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook 2 died in the Sandwich Islands in 1779.“There is 3 Cook i n the Australian Museum,” museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook's bone. But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its 4 , “Uncovered: Treasures of the Australian Museum,” which 5 include a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani‟opu‟u in 1778.Cook was one of Britain‟s great explorers and is credited with 6 the “Great South Land,” 7Australia, in 1770. He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands, now Hawaii.The legend of Cook‟s arrow began in 1824 8 Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to William Adams, a London surgeon and relative of Cook‟s wife, saying it was made of Cook‟s bone after the fatal 9 with islanders.In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued 10 it came face-to-face with science.DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cook‟s bone but was more 11 made of animal bone, said Philp.However, Cook‟s fans 12 to give up hope that one Cook legend will prove true and that part of hisremains will still be uncovered, as they say there is evidence not all of Cook‟s body was 13at sea in 1779. “On this occasion technology has won,” said Cliff Thornton, president of the Captain Cook Society, in a 14 from Britain. “But I am 15 that one of these days...one of the Cook legends will prove to be true and it will happen one day.”1.A. finally B. firstly C. lately D. usually2.A. whose B. who C. which D. what3.A. some B. none C. neither D. no4.A. cinema B. exhibition C. shop D. market5.A. must B. did C. has to D. does6.A. discovering B. visiting C. traveling D. using7.A. then B. now C. past D. previously8.A. how B. where C. when D. that9.A. conversation B. fight C. meal D. dance10.A. however B. until C. after D. whenever11.A. helpfully B. usefully C. likely D. readily12.A. refuse B. return C. regain D. reply13.A. collected B. washed C. stored D. buried14.A. statement B. suggestion C. proposal D. guess15.A. safe B. weak C. sure D. lucky2.雪崩和安全问题雪崩是雪掺杂着空气和水沿着山体突然迅猛地滑动造成的。
2011年职称英语理工类B级完型填空新增文章
2011年职称英语理工类B级完型填空新增文章教材第十二篇文章Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in TeensWhile some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to "self-medicate" against the blues，scientists at the University of Toronto1 and the University of Montreal2 have found that smoking may actually —1— depressive symptoms in some teens.“This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived —2—benefits of smoking among teens,” says lead researcher Michael Chaiton，a research associate3 at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto．“—3— cigarettes may appear to haveself-medicating —4— or to improve mood，in the long term4 we found that teens who started to smoke reported5 higher depressive symptoms.”As part of the study，some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires —5— their use of cigarettes to affect mood．Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants，urban and rural schools，and schools —6— in high, moderate and low socioeconomic neighbourhoods6．Participants were divided into three —7—: never smokers；smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate，improve mood or physical —8—；smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate．Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how felt too fired to do things：had —9— going to sleep or staying —10—；felt unhappy，sad，or depressed；felt hopeless about the future；felt vexed，antsy or tense；and worried too much about things．"Smokers who used cigarettes as mood —11— had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked," says co-researcher Jennifer 0’Loughlin，a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine7．"0ur study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of —12— depressive symptoms."The —13— between depression and smoking exists —14—一among teens that usecigarettes to feel better．"It’s —15— to emphasize that depressive symptom scores8 were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke," says Dr．Chaiton．词汇：Puff v．遇到 self-medicate v．自我治疗 vexed adj．烦虑的antsy adj．坐立不安的，烦躁的 blues n．抑郁注释：1．the University of Toront0：(加拿大)多伦多大学2．the University of Montreal：(加拿大)蒙特利尔大学3．research associate：助理研究员4．in the long term：从长远看5．reported：用的是主动态，是自我“报告”的意思。
2011职称英语综合类新增文章
2011职称英语综合类新增文章2011年职称英语等级考试大纲没有变化，2010年考试大纲仍可沿用，2011年职称英语等级考试教材在2010年基础上进行了调整与修订，与2010年教材相比，2011年职称英语综合类教材在词汇选项、阅读判断、概括大意与完成句子、补全短文四大题型上都没有变换，只有阅读理解与完型填空两个题型上有部分变化，以下是具体变化：综合类教材变化内容：阅读理解：第八篇(C级)：The State of Marriage Today第三十八篇(B级)：Excessive Demands on Young People第四十七篇(A级)：Spoilt for Choice完型填空：第五篇(c级)：Why People Use Pseudonyms第十二篇(B级)：Sport or Spectacle?第十五篇(A级)：Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years综合类阅读“The Best W ay to Reduce Your Weight”被更新成了“Spoilt for Choice”In answer to the second question，the outlook may not be as pessimistic as it seems．While the rate of divorce has risen，the rate of couples marrying has never actually fallen very much，so marriage is still quite popular．In addition to this．many couples now cohabit and don’t bother to marry．These couples are effectively married，but they do not appear in either the marriage or divorce statistics．In fact．more than 50％Of first marriages survive．The statistics are deceptive because there is a higher number of divorces in second and third marriages than in first marriages．So is marriage really an outdated institution? The fact that most people still get married indicates that it isn’t．And it is also true that married couples have a healthier life than single people：they suffer less from stress and its consequences，such as heart problems，and married men generally consider themselves more contented than their single counterparts．Perhaps the key is to find out what makes a successful marriage and apply it to all of our relationships!词汇：Divorce n．离婚Evidence n．证据，迹象Futurist n．未来主义者Explode v．激增，迅速扩大Predict v．预言，预料，预报Extramarital adj．婚外的Gloomy adj．阴暗的；令人沮丧的Institution n．制度，习俗Outlook n．展望，前景Pessimistic adj．悲观的Cohabit v．同居Effectively ad．实际上Statistics n．统计，统计资料Deceptive adj．迷惑的，骗人的Outdated adj．旧式的，过时的Indicate v．表明，暗示Consequence n．结果，后果Contented adj．满足的，满意的Counterpart n．对应的人(或物)注释：National Family Association：美国国家家庭联合会练习：1．Which is true about the problem of marriage in the United States today?A) Divorce leads to the breakup of the family．B) Half of the married couples get divorced：C) American people marry more than four times．D) More and more people are getting divorced．2．What does “this is no longer the case” in paragraph two mean?A) It is not necessary to get married any more．B) Women do not need a husband any longer．C) Women are not economically dependant any more．D) Many wives do well-paying jobs outside home now．3．Why may the outlook of marriage not be as gloomy as it appears?A) Many people still like to get married．B) The rate of divorce has actually decreased．C) Over 50％of the marriages continue to exist．D) The statistics of divorce is not quite true。
大家论坛2011年职称英语综合类完型填空新增文章篇目
2011年职称英语综合类新增文章篇目综合类完形填空新增文章篇目第五篇Why People Use Pseudonyms*第十二篇 Sport or Spectacle?+第十五篇Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Y ears第五篇Why People Use PseudonymsY ou can't choose the name you are given at birth，but in many countries you can change it legally when you reach adulthood. Of course, most people never change their names --1-- they feel unhappy about them. However, some people do --2-- this course of action—particularly artists! What makes an artist want to change their name? Sometimes it's for purely --3--reasons, such as the Nobel Prize winning poet from Chile, Neflali Reyes. He didn't want his father to --4-- he was writing poetry, so he changed his name to Pablo Neruda when he was a young man．--5-- other times the reason may appear eccentric; take the case of the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa, --6-- wrote under 75 different names. The reason ?‖ When I use a different name, I always write in a different way," he explained. In most cases，--7-- ,the reason is for social, historical, political, or cultural reasons. Here are some of most --8--:The person's real name is jus --9-- long and difficult to remember. Let's be honest, Madonna Louise Ciccone is not as –10-- to remember as just plain "Madonna". And short names are much easier to remember：William Bradley became Brad Pitt and Edson Arantes do Nascimento became Pele．Sometimes names are changed for marketing –11--．For example，if a name sounds too "foreign", it may be changed to something that is more recognizable in a –12--. So in the film world, Ramon Estsvez adopted the name Martin Sheen. Or maybe the artist's doesn't sound very attractive -- Chad Everett does –13—a lot better than Raymond Cramto.Artists sometimes --l 4-- the name of someone they admire. Robert Zimmerman changed his name to Boo Dylan because of his admiration for the Welsh poet, Dylan Thomas.Another reason may be practicality: in the past, women found it very difficult to get published．To –15-- this situation they's situation they sometimes gave themselves men's names, so the English author Mary Ann Evans became George Eliot, and she did get her books published!词汇：pseudonym n．假名，笔名legally ad．法律上，合法地eccentric adj．古怪的，反常的Portuguese adj．葡萄牙的，葡萄牙人的，葡萄牙语的'plain adj．清楚的，明白的marketing n．推销，营销recognizable adj．可辨认的，可识别的attractive adj．有吸引力的，引人注目的adopt v．采取，采纳admire V．赞赏，钦佩注释：Nobel Prize：诺贝尔奖练习：1．A)as if B)as C)even if D)even2．A)take B)make C)do D)have3．A)private B)individual C)own D)personal4．A)understand B)know C)recognize D)observe5．A)At B)On C)In D)During6．A)whom B)which C)who D)that7．A)but B)although C)though D)however8．A)popular B)common C)ordinary D)average9．A)so B)too C)very D)much10．A)easy B)short C)simple D)brief11．A)aims B)ends C)goals D)purposes12．A、)market B)film C)country D)business1 3．A、)look B)sound C)appearD)seem14．A)choose B)give C)change D)get15．A)admit B)assure C)avoid D)affect答案与题解：1．C 本句前半句提到"大多数人不会改名字"，因此可以判断是选有让步转折意义的"even if''，其他的选项都没有这个意思，尤其要注意even是副词，不可以这样用于句首引出从句。
2011职称英语理工类(A、B)阅读理解和完型填空新增文章(原文、练习、译文及答案)
2011职称英语理工类（A、B）阅读理解和完型填空新增文章（原文、练习、译文及答案）阅读第三十四篇：病毒电池Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common? They're all disease caused by viruses, tiny microorganisms that can pass from person to person. It's no wonder1 that when most people think about viruses, finding ways to steer clear of2 viruses is what's on people's minds。
Not everyone runs from the tiny disease carriers, though3. In Cambridge, Massachusetts4, scientists have discovered that some viruses can be helpful in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries。
Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with5 the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaborators bring together different areas of science in new ways. In the case of the virus-built batteries, the scientists combine what they know about biology', technology and production techniques。
2011职称英语新增完型填空、阅读理解、全部译文
2011年综合类职称英语教材新增文章下载特别推荐：2011职称英语考试教材变化情况2011年职称英语教材四大变化解析2011年1—2月份职称英语阶段性复习重点2011年职称英语考试正版教材购习入口>>阅读理解新增文章（共3篇）第八篇The State of Marriage TodayIs there something seriously wrong with marriage today? During the past 50 years，the rate of divorce in the United States has exploded：almost 50%of marriages end in divorce now，and the evidence suggests it is going to get worse. If this trend continues，it will lead to the breakup of the family，according to a spokesperson for the National Family Association. Some futurists predict that in 100 years，the average American will marry at least four times，and extramarital affairs will be even more common than they are now.But what are the reasons for this，and is the picture really so gloomy? The answer to the first question is really quite simple：marriage is no longer the necessity it once was. The institution of marriage has been based for years partly on economic need. Women used to be economically dependent on their husbands as they usually didn’t have jobs outside the home.But with the rising number of women in well-paying jobs，this is no longer the case, so they don’t feel that they need to stay in a failing marriage.In answer to the second question，the outlook may not be as pessimistic as it seems. While the rate of divorce has risen，the rate of couples marrying has never actually fallen very much，so marriage is still quite popular. In addition to this，many couples no w cohabit and don’t bother to marry. These couples are effectively married，but they do not appear in either the marriage or divorce statistics. In fact，more than 50%of first marriages survive. The statistics are deceptive because there is a higher number of divorces in second and third marriages than in first marriages.So is marriage really an outdated institution? The fact that most people still get married indicates that it isn't. And it is also true that married couples have a healthier life than single people：they suffer less from stress and its consequences，such as heart problems，and married men generally consider themselves more contented than their single counterparts. Perhaps the key is to find out what makes a successful marriage and apply it to all of our relationships!词汇：divorce n.离婚 cohabit v.同居evidence n.证据，迹象 effectively ad.实际上futurist n.未来主义者 statistics n.统计，统计资料explode v.激增，迅速扩大deceptive adj.迷惑的，骗人的predict v.预言，预料，预报 outdated adj.旧式的，过时的extramarital adj.婚外的 indicate v.表明，暗示gloomy adj.阴暗的;令人沮丧的 consequence n.结果，后果institution n.制度，习俗 contented adj.满足的，满意的outlook n.展望，前景 counterpart n.对应的人(或物)pessimistic adj.悲观的注释：National Family Association：美国国家家庭联合会练习：1.Which is true about the problem of marriage in the United States today?A)Divorce leads to the breakup of the family.B)Half of the married couples get divorced.C)American people marry more than four times.D)More and more people are getting divorced.2.What does “this is no longer the case” in paragraph two mean?A ) It is not necessary to get married any more.B) Women do not need a husband any longer.C) Women are not economically dependant any more.D) Many wives do well-paying jobs outside home now.3.Why may the outlook of marriage not be as gloomy as it appears?A) Many people still like to get married.B)The rate of divorce has actually decreased.C)Over 50%of the marriages continue to exist.D)The statistics of divorce is not quite true.4.How do people usually feel in their marriage life?A)They are much healthier.B)They feel no longer single.C)They are more satisfied.D)They suffer a lot less.5.Which of the following about marriage is NOT mentioned in the passage?A)There will be more relationships outside marriage.B)Many people try to get married again after divorce.C)Marriage has long been partly an economical need.D)It is a fact that most people choose to get married.答案与题解：1. D 从第一段里可以了解到选项A与C都是预计将来会发生的，而不是如今的情况。
2011年职称英语理工类完型填空新增文章篇目
2011年职称英语理工类新增文章篇目理工类完形填空新增文章第三篇What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?*第十二篇Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens+第十五篇Young Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores第三篇What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃ which —l— in Antarctica in 1983．We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in—2一. Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃to -120℃．The temperature depends upon —3—you are in direct sunlight or shade．Obviously, -l20℃is colder than our body can safely endure．Thank NASA science for well-designed space —4— that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes．The space temperatures just discussed affect only Our area l of the solar —5—．Obviously，it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the Sun．Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -210℃．How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again，it depends upon your —6—．We are taught it is supposedly —7—to have a temperature below absolute zero，which is-273℃，at which atoms do not move．Two scientists，whose names are Cornell and Wieman，have successfully cooled down a gas temperature barely —8— absolute zero．They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work—not a discovery，in this case2．Why is the two scientists' work so important to science?In the l920s，Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting —9— about particles we now call photons．Bose had trouble —l0— other scientists to believe —11— he contacted Albert Einstein．Einstein's calculations helped him theorize—12— behave as Bose thought——but only at very cold temperatures．Scientists have also discovered that —13—atoms can help them make the world's atomic clocks even more accurate．These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose3 0ne second —14—six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time4 (d=v×t)．With5the long distances involved in space —15— to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance．词汇：Antarctica n．南极洲Orbit n．轨道NASA 美国国家航空和航天管理局Astronomer n．天文学家Pluto n．冥王星Photon n．光子Theorize v．推理，使理论化Velocity n．速度注释：1．our area：我们的这个区域。
2011年理工类职称英语教材新增文章下载
2011年理工类职称英语教材新增文章下载阅读理解新增文章（共6篇）目录：第二篇(C级)：World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict第六篇(C级)：Weaving with Light第三十四篇(B级)：Batteries Built by Viruses第三十八篇(B级)：Longer Lives for Wild Elephants第四十五篇(A级)：Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others第四十六篇(A级)：Marvelous Metamaterials第二篇World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some PredictIn a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil，scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014.This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions. Their study is in ACS’Energy&Fuels1.Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil". "Peak oil" is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point，and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2.It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3.A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peak Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production will peak，afterwards to start on irreversible decline.The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970.The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide.However，recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries. Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes，politics，and other factors，the scientists say.The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast. Using the new model，the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries，which supply most of the world’s conventional crude oil6.They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014，years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world’s oil reserves7 are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate，they suggest.词汇：conserve v.保护，保存 irreversible adj.不可逆的，不可改变的crude oil原油spark v.闪耀;激发;鼓舞 insufficient 不充分的，不足的curve n.曲线注释：1.ACS’Energy&Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。
2011 职称英语理工类 完型填空新增文章讲义
2011全国职称英语考试目录2011年职称英语—理工类—完型填空新增文章讲义 (2)第一部分完型填空文章 (2)理工类---C级2What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe? (2)宇宙中哪种气体温度最低？ (3)理工类---B级3Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in teens (3)吸烟会加重青少年的抑郁情绪 (5)理工类---A级5Y oung Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores (5)运动的年轻人智商更高 (6)第二部分参考答案 (7)2011全国职称英语考试2011年职称英语—理工类—完型填空新增文章讲义第一部分完型填空文章阅读下面的短文。
短文中有十五个空白，在文章的后面，每一个空白都列了四个备选答案。
请根据文章的内容选择合适的词或短语填在空白处。
理工类---C级What Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe?What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃, which _1_ in Antarctica in 1983.We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in _2__. Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃to -120℃. The temperature depends upon _3__ you are in direct sunlight or shade. Obviously, -120 is colder than our body can safely endure. Thank NASA science for well-designed space __4_ that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes.The space temperatures just discussed affect only our area of the solar _5__. Obviously, it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the Sun. Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -120℃. How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again, it depends upon your _6__. We are taught it is supposedly _7__ to have a temperature below absolute zero, which is -273℃, at which atoms do not move. Two scientists, whose names are Cornell and Wieman, have successfully cooled down a gas to a temperature barely _8__ absolute zero. They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their wor k—not a discovery, in this case.Why is the two scientists’ work so important to science?In the 1920s, Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting _9__ about special light particles we now call photons. Bose had trouble _10__ other scientists to believe his theory. _11__ he contacted Albert Einstein. Einstein’s calculations helped him theorize that atoms _12__ behave as Bose thought—but only at very cold temperatures.Scientists have also discovered that _13__ atoms can help them make the world’s atomic clocks even more accurate. These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second _14__ six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time（d=v× t）. With the long distances involved in space _15__, we need to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance.1. A opened B occurred C opposed D operated2. A Earth B space C planet D star3. A whether B where C what D when4. A foods B beds C tools D suits5. A wind B energy C system D rays6. A education B status C knowledge D location7. A reasonable B wonderful C impossible D necessary8. A above B below C within D beyond9. A invention B theory C paper D experiment10. A convincing B begging C ordering D forcing11. A and B though C but D so12. A will B would C must D can13. A ultra-small B ultra-fast C ultra-hot D ultra-cold14. A any B each C every D some15. A travel B research C walk D station宇宙中哪种气体温度最低？地球上记录到的最低温度是多少？出现在哪里？地球上最低的温度是-91℃。
2011年职称英语完形填空新增文章----理工类
2011年职称英语完形填空新增文章----理工类(2011-02-17 22:07:48)标签：职称英语职称考试杂谈Y oung Adults Who Exercise Get Higher IQ Scores 理AY oung adults who are fit have a higher IQ and are more _1__ to go on to university, reveals a major new study carried out at the Sahlgrenska Academy and Sahlgrenska University Hospital. The results were recently published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The study involved 1.2 million Swedish men doing military service who were born between 1950 and 1976. The research group analyses the _2__ of both physical and IQ tests the youngsters took right after they started serving the army.The study shows a clear link _3__ good physical fitness and better results for the IQ test. The strongest links are for _4__ thinking and verbal comprehension. But it is only fitness that plays a _5__ in the results for the IQ tes t, and not strength. “Being fit means that you also have good heart and lung _6__ and that your brain gets plenty of _7__,” says Michael Nilsson, professor at the Sahlgrenska Academy and chief physician at the Sahlgrenska University Hospital. “This may be one of the reasons _8__ we can see a clear link with fitness, but not with muscular _9__. We are also seeing that there are growth factors that are important.”By analyzing data for twins, the researchers have been _10__ to determine that it is primarily environmental factors and not genes that explain the link between fitness and a _11__ IQ.“We have also shown that those youngsters who _12__ their physical fitness between the ages of 15 and 18 increase their cognitive performance,” says Maria Aberg, r esearcher at the Sahlgrenska Academy and physician at Aby health centre. “This being the case, physical _13__ is a subject that has an important place in schools, and is an absolute must if we want to do well in maths and other theoretical subjects.”The researchers have also compared the results from fitness tests _14__ national service with the socio-economic status of the men later in _15__. Those who were fit at 18 were more likely to go into higher education, and many secured more qualified jobs.1. A carefully B secretly C likely D happily2. A answers B works C scores D results3. A behind B between C among D without4. A logical B critical C typical D positive5. A place B game C role D trick6. A capacity B disease C shape D treatment7. A change B hydrogen C oxygen D memory8. A what B why C how D where9. A exercise B training C strength D movement10. A able B clever C lucky D clear11. A moderate B average C lower D higher12. A ignore B improve C like D determine13. A examination B labour C movement D education14. A before B after C without D during15. A marriage B life C residence D serviceSmoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in teens 理BWhile some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to “self-medicate” against the blues, scientists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually __1_ depressive symptoms in some teens.“This observational st udy is one of the few to examine the perceived _2__ benefits of smoking among teens,” says lead researcher Michael Chaiton, a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto. “_3__ cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating _4__ or to improve mood, in the long term we found that teens who started to smoke reported higher depressive symptoms.”As part of the study, some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires _5__ their use of cigarettes to affect mood. Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants, urban and rural schools, and schools _6__ in high, moderate and low socioeconomic neighborhoods.Participants were divided into three _7__: never smokers; smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate, improve mood or physical _8__; smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate. Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how often participants felt too tired to do things; had _9__ going to sleep or staying _10__; felt unhappy, sad, or depressed; felt hopeless about the future; felt vexed, antsy or tense; and worried too much about things. “Smokers who used cigarettes as mood _11__ had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had n ever smoked,” says co-researcher Jennifer O’Loughlin, a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine. “Our study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of _12__ depressive symptoms.”The _13__ between depression and smoking exists _14__ among teens that use cigarettes to feel better. “It’s _15__ to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after the y began to smoke,” says Dr. Chaiton.1. A examine B in crease C decrease D diagnose2. A social B financial C e motional D political3. A Whatever B Although C Whenever D S\What4. A effects B methods C steps D directions5. A beside B beyond C in D about6. A exposed B expanded C l ocated D detected7. A groups B sets C species D versions8. A world B activity C state D beauty9. A time B courage C energy D trouble10. A asleep B awake C still D silent11. A reducers B improvers C creators D removers12. A changing B identifying C developing D overcoming13. A difference B associati on C cooperation D agreement14. A occasionally B scarcely C probably D principally15. A illogical B unscientific C meaningless D importa ntWhat Is the Coolest Gas in the Universe? 理CWhat is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was -91℃, which _1_ in Antarctica in 1983. We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in _2__. Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about +120℃to -120℃. The temperature depends upon _3__ you are in direct sunlight or shade. Obviously, -120 is colder than our body can safely endure. Thank NASA science for well-designed space __4_ that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes.The space temperatures just discussed affect only our area of the solar _5__. Obviously, it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the Sun. Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about -120℃. How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again, it depends upon your _6__. We are taught it is supposedly _7__ to have a temperature below absolute zero, which is -273℃, at which atoms do not move. Two scientists, whose names are Cornell and Wieman, have successfully cooled down a gas to a temperature barely _8__ absolute zero. They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work—not a discovery, in this case.Why is the two scientists’ work so important to science?In the 1920s, Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting _9__ about special light particles we now call photons. Bose had trouble _10__ other scientists to believe his theory. _11__ he contacted Albert Einstein. Einstein’s calculations helped him theorize that atoms _12__ behave as Bose thought — but only at very cold temperatures.Scientists have also discovered that _13__ atoms can help them make the world’s atomic clocks even more accurate. These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second _14__ six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time（d=v ×t）. With the long distances involved in space _15__, we need to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance.1. A opened B occurred C opposed D operated2. A Earth B space C planet D star3. A whether B where C what D when4. A foods B beds C tools D suits5. A wind B energy C system D rays6. A education B status C knowledge D location7. A reasonable B wonderful C impossible D necessary8. A above B below C within D beyond9. A invention B theory C paper D experiment10. A convincing B begging C ordering D forcing11. A and B though C but D so12. A will B would C must D can13. A ultra-small B ultra-fast C ultra-hot D ultra-cold14. A any B each C every D some15. A travel B research C walk D station。
大家论坛2011年职称英语综合类完型填空新增文章篇目
2011年职称英语综合类新增文章篇目大家论坛职称英语版块：-109-1.html综合类完形填空新增文章篇目第五篇Why People Use Pseudonyms*第十二篇 Sport or Spectacle?+第十五篇Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years第五篇Why People Use PseudonymsYou can't choose the name you are given at birth，but in many countries you can change it legally when you reach adulthood. Of course, most people never change their names --1-- they feel unhappy about them. However, some people do --2-- this course of action—particularly artists! What makes an artist want to change their name? Sometimes it's for purely --3--reasons, such as the Nobel Prize winning poet from Chile, Neflali Reyes. He didn't want his father to --4-- he was writing poetry, so he changed his name to Pablo Neruda when he was a young man．--5-- other times the reason may appear eccentric; take the case of the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa, --6-- wrote under 75 different names. The reason ?” When I use a different name, I always write in a different way," he explained. In most cases，--7-- ,the reason is for social, historical, political, or cultural reasons. Here are some of most --8--:The person's real name is jus --9-- long and difficult to remember. Let's be honest, Madonna Louise Ciccone is not as –10-- to remember as just plain "Madonna". And short names are much easier to remember：William Bradley became Brad Pitt and Edson Arantes do Nascimento became Pele．Sometimes names are changed for marketing –11--．For example，if a name sounds too "foreign", it may be changed to something that is more recognizable in a –12--. So in the film world, Ramon Estsvez adopted the name Martin Sheen. Or maybe the artist's doesn't sound very attractive -- Chad Everett does –13—a lot better than Raymond Cramto.Artists sometimes --l 4-- the name of someone they admire. Robert Zimmerman changed his name to Boo Dylan because of his admiration for the Welsh poet, Dylan Thomas.Another reason may be practicality: in the past, women found it very difficult to get published．To –15-- this situation they's situation they sometimes gave themselves men's names, so the English author Mary Ann Evans became George Eliot, and she did get her books published!词汇：pseudonym n．假名，笔名legally ad．法律上，合法地eccentric adj．古怪的，反常的Portuguese adj．葡萄牙的，葡萄牙人的，葡萄牙语的'plain adj．清楚的，明白的marketing n．推销，营销recognizable adj．可辨认的，可识别的attractive adj．有吸引力的，引人注目的adopt v．采取，采纳admire V．赞赏，钦佩注释：Nobel Prize：诺贝尔奖练习：1．A)as if B)as C)even if D)even2．A)take B)make C)do D)have3．A)private B)individual C)own D)personal4．A)understand B)know C)recognize D)observe5．A)At B)On C)In D)During6．A)whom B)which C)who D)that7．A)but B)although C)though D)however8．A)popular B)common C)ordinary D)average9．A)so B)too C)very D)much10．A)easy B)short C)simple D)brief11．A)aims B)ends C)goals D)purposes12．A、)market B)film C)country D)business1 3．A、)look B)sound C)appear D)seem14．A)choose B)give C)change D)get15．A)admit B)assure C)avoid D)affect答案与题解：1．C 本句前半句提到"大多数人不会改名字"，因此可以判断是选有让步转折意义的"even if''，其他的选项都没有这个意思，尤其要注意even是副词，不可以这样用于句首引出从句。
2011年职称英语阅读理解新增文章题干及选项——理工类
2011年职称英语阅读理解新增文章题干及选项——理工类2011年职称英语阅读理解新增文章题干及选项——理工类(2011-01-31 22:12:21)标签：职称英语职称考试杂谈第二篇 World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade EarlierThan Some Predict练习：1. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word "sparked" appearing in paragraph 2?A. flashedB. stimulatedC. changedD. ended2. The term "a bell shaped curve" appearing in paragraph 2 indicates that global oil production willA. take the shape of a flat curve.B. keep growing.C. keep declining.D. start to decline after global oil production peaks.3. Which of the following is NOT true of the Hubbert model?A. It successfully predicted that oil production peaked in the U. S. in 1970.B. It has been used to predict oil production in many countries.C It is insufficient to explain oil production cycles in some countries.D. It provides a very realistic and accurate oil production.4. What is the major achievement of the new study mentioned in the last paragraph?A. It predicts global oil production will peak in 2014..B. It predicts oil production will decline in 47 countries.C. It confirms further the effectiveness of the Hubbert model.D. It discovers a new trend of worldwide oil production.5. Who develop the new version of the Hubbert mode!?A. American scientists.B. Kuwaiti scientists.C. British scientists.D. Scientists of 47 major oil-producing countries.第六篇Weaving with Light练习：1. To make a living, the Huichol create artwork andA. sell it to tourists in their villages.B. sell it in cities far away from their villages.*第三十四篇 Batteries Built by Viruses练习：1. According to the first paragraph, people try toA. kill microorganisms related to chicken pox, the flu, etc.B. keep themselves away from viruses because they are invisible.C. stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.D. cure themselves of virus-related diseases by taking medicines.2. What is Belcher's team doing at present?A. It is finding ways to get rid of viruses.B. It is mass-producing microbatteries.C. It is making batteries with viruses.D. It is analyzing virus genes.3. What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word "shrink" appearing in paragraph 5?A. Broaden.B. Spread.C. Extend.D. Expand.4. Which of the following is true of Belcher's battery mentioned in paragraph 6?A. It is made of metal.B. It is a kind of watch battery.C. It can only be seen with a microscope.D. It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.5. How tiny is one battery part?A. Its width is one tenth of a hair.B. It equals the width of a hair.C. It is as thin as a piece of paper.D. Its width is too tiny to measure.*第三十八篇Longer Lives for WildElephants练习：1. According to the first two paragraphs, unlike other zoo animals, zoo elephantsA. have difficulty eating food.B. live to a ripe old age.C. are not afraid of predators.D. develop health problems.2. Which of the following about the international scientists' research on the life spans of elephants is NOT true? (See paragraph 3)?A. They compared zoo elephants with wild elephants.B. They kept detailed records of all the elephants in their care.C. They analyzed the records of the elephants kept in zoos.D. The zoo-born elephants they studied are kept in European zoos.3. What do the scientist find in their research?A. Female elephants live longer than male elephants.B. Female zoo elephants live longer than their wild counterparts.C. Female zoo elephants die much earlier than their wild counterparts.D. Elephants in zoos and those in the wild enjoy the same long life spans.4. What are the possible causes of stress and obesity Zoo-raised elephants generally suffer from?A. They do not like living in herds.B. They do not get enough exercise.C. They do not live with their families.D. Both B and C.5. Which of the following does the author suggest in the last paragraph?A. It may not be a wise policy to keep elephants in the zoo.B. Elephants are no longer an endangered species.C. Zoo-born elephants should be looked after more carefully.D. Zoos should keep more animals except elephants.+第四十五篇Some People Do Not Taste Salt Like Others练习：1. In paragraph 2, John Hayes points out thatA. it is good to health to eat food without salt.B. many people reject low-salt food completely.C. many people accept low-salt tasteless food reluctantlyD. food with reduced salt tastes better.2. The fourth paragraph describes brieflyA. how to select subjects and what to do in the research.B. how to identify supertasters and nontasters.C. why to limit the number of subjects to 87 persons.D. why to select more male subjects than female ones.3. The article argues that supertastersA. like the taste of saltiness to block sweet tastes in food.B. like snack foods as saltiness is their primary flavor.C. consume less salt because they don't like intensive tastes.D. like to share salty cheese with nontasters.4. Which of the following applies to supertasters in terms of bitter taste?A. They like bitterness in foods as well as saltiness.B. They like high-salt cheese as it has intense bitter taste.C. They prefer high-salt cheese, which tastes less bitter..D. They prefer high-salt cheese as it is good to health.5. What message do the last two paragraphs carry'?A. Taste acuity is genetically determined.B. Taste acuity is developed over time after birth.C. Taste acuity is related to one's eye and hair color.D. Taste acuity is still a mysterious subject in science.+第四十六篇MarvelousMetamaterials练习：1. What is true for metamaterials?A. They will always remain in science fiction.B. They are already a reality.C. They are nonexistent in nature.D. Scientists begin to use them to build invisible cloaks.2. A hyperlens is a more powerful tool than a traditional lensA. as it can allow scientists to see small things.B. as it can help photographers to capture images far away.C. even if it is made of ordinary materials.D. as it can help scientists to see even the wavelengths of visible light.3. Scientists at the Polytechnic University of Valencia try to inventA. an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of light.B. an invisible cloak that can shuffle waves of sound.C. an acoustic cloak that can shuffle waves of sound.D. a cloak that is made of materials found in nature.4. According to Sánchez-Dehesa,A. it is of great possibility to build an acoustic cloak soon.B. it is possible to build an acoustic cloak in theory but far from reality.C. it is totally impossible to build an acoustic cloak.D. it is theoretically impractical to build an acoustic cloak.5. What ways are some scientists looking into to protect the island and oil rig from tsunamis?(Read the last paragraph.)A. Surround them with metamaterials as protective shields..B. Stopping the tsunami with metamaterials hours before it reaches them.C. Building them with larger metamaterials to keep away tsunamis.D. Using the equipment made of metamaterials to forecast arrival of a tsunami.。
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What is the coldest air temperature ever recorded on the Earth? Where was this low temperature recorded? The coldest recorded temperature on Earth was-91℃，which （1） in Antarctica in 1983.
1.our area：我们的这个区域。指的是太阳系中环地球的宇宙空间。
2.in this case：在这个案例中。诺贝尔物理奖一般是授予创立某种重大理论或有着重大发现的科学家。在这一案例中，两位科学家不是由于有重大科学发现而得奖，而是由于成功地将气体的温度降到接近绝对零度而得奖。
3.These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second…：这些钟如此精确，……
词汇：
Antarctica n.南极洲 photon n.光子
orbit n.轨道 theorize v.推理，使理论化
NASA 美国国家航空和航天管理局 velocity n.速度
Astronomer n.天文学家
Pluto n.冥王星
注释：
We encounter an interesting situation when we discuss temperatures in （2 ）.
Temperatures in Earth orbit actually range from about+1200℃to-120℃.The temperature depends upon （3 ）you are in direct sunlight or shade.Obviously，-120℃ is colder than our body can safely endure.Thank NASA science for well-designed space （4 ）that protect astronauts from these temperature extremes.
15.A travel B research C walk D station
答案与题解：
1.B本段叙述地球上记录到的最低温度是-91℃，本段最后一句的后半句显然是交代这一最低温度是在南极洲出现的。所以，occurred(发生，出现)是正确的选择。其他三个选项的词义与上下文的意思相去甚远。
Scientists have also discovered that （13 ）atoms can help them make the world’s atomic clocks even more accurate.These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose3 one second （14 ）six million years! Such accuracy will help us travel in space because distance is velocity times time4(d=v×t).With5 the long distances involved in space （15 ），we need to know time as accurately as possible to get accurate distance.
Why is the two scientists’ work so important to science?
In the 1920s，Satyendra Nath Bose was studying an interesting （9） about special light particles we now call photons.Bose had trouble （10 ）other scientists to believe his theory, （11 ）he contacted Albert Einstein.Einstein’s calculations helped him theorize that atoms （12） behave as Bose thought-but only at very cold temperatures.
8.A本段前面的句子说到最低温度不会低于-273℃，所以，below、within、beyond都有悖于上述论述。只有above(高于)才与上文的意思相符。
9.B 本段第二句说，Bose没有办法使其他的科学家“believe his theory”，所以第一句的studying an interesting之后缺失的词应该是“theory”。
7.A reasonable B wonderful C iabove B below C within D beyond
9.A invention B theory C paper D experiment
10.A convincing B begging C ordering D forcing
The space temperatures just discussed affect only our areal of the solar （5 ）.Obviously，it is hotter closer to the Sun and colder as we travel away from the Sun.Astronomers estimate temperatures at Pluto are about-210℃.How cold is the lowest estimated temperature in the entire universe? Again，it depends upon your （6） .We are taught it is supposedly （7 ）to have a temperature below absolute zero，which is-273℃，at which atoms do not move.Two scientists，whose names are Cornell and Wieman，have successfully cooled down a gas to a temperature barely （8） absolute zero.They won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 for their work-not a discovery，in this case2.
2.A Earth B space C planet D star
3.A whether B where C what D when
4.A foods B beds C tools D suits
5.A wind B energy C system D rays
6.A education B status C knowledge D location
12.B 本句的主句中的谓语动词用的是过去时helped，根据“主句为过去时态，宾语从句一般也要用过去时态"这一时态一致的原则，本题要选would。
13.D Cornell and Wieman荣获诺贝尔物理奖，是因为他们成功地将气体的温度降到接近绝对零度。本文最后两段以实际例子说明他们的成就推动了科学的发展。因此，ultra-small，ultra-fast和ultra-hot都与Cornell and Wieman的研究无关联，不会是答案。只有ultra-cold才是合乎逻辑的选择
6.D整个宇宙空间的温度是多少度呢?温度的高低取决于哪个因素呢?从四个选项分析，温度不会取决于你的education(教育)，你的status(地位)或你的knowledge(知识)，因为这不合乎逻辑。只有选location(位置)才符合上下文的意思。
7.C科学常识告诉我们，绝对零度是宇宙中的最低温度。impossible是答案。
4.D上文说-120℃是宇航员无法忍受的温度，下文说美国国家航空和航天管理局生产出某种装置以protect astronauts from these temperature extremes(保护宇航员不受极端温度的侵害)。很明显，这一装置就是“space suits”。
5.C现在讨论的内容是有关太阳系的宇宙空间的温度。本段第二句就说到太阳对温度的影响：靠近太阳的温度高一些，远离太阳的温度就低一些。所以，本题要选system。
11.A and B though C but D so
12.A will B would C must D can
13.A ultra-small B ultra-fast C ultra-hot D ultra-cold
14.A any B each C every D some
才慢1秒钟。they would only lose one second是结果状语，they之前省略了连接词that。
4.velocity times time：速度乘以时间。times是介词，意为“乘以”。
5.With：由于
练习：
1.A opened B occurred C opposed D operated
14.C 从句子“These clocks are so accurate today they would only lose one second six million Years !”推断，原子钟如此精确，每隔600万年才慢1秒。“每隔”的英语用词是every。
15.A 从地球飞向其他星球的宇宙航程很长，计时越精确，测算宇宙飞行器的即时距离就越精确。本段讲的是精确计时对宇宙航行的重要性。所以，选travel是正确的。本题不能选walk，因为space walk是“太空行走”，指的是宇航员离开飞船在宇宙空间中活动，与space travel是两个不同的概念。