曼哈顿语法笔记

Chapter 3:主谓一致
注意主语和谓语之间构成的逻辑意义相符合
Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.
Right: Once developed, a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.
主语谓语之间必须做到单复数相符合
Eliminate the middlemen and Skip and warmup (准确做到正常的跳读)
没有必要的句子成分尽量少读
介词短语，从句，其他修饰成分
善于利用句子的机构去判断单复数
The tidal forces to which an object falling into a black hole is subjected are sufficient to tear the object apart.
And 和 additive phases
（注意 mathematics，aerobics，diabetes,citus 都是单数的形式）
Media 是 medium 的复数形式。

Either or（就近原则确定谓语单复数）
集体名词
People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team
Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture.
用单数
Our army of a hundred thousand soldiers is attacking the enemy.
不定代词
SANAM：some, any, none, all, more/most
这几个词语要依据不同情形确定单复数
Any of these women is a suitable candidate for marriage to my son.
Not one of my friends is here this weekend.
Every and each
Every dog has paws.
Every dog and cat has paws.
Each of these shirts is pretty.
The number of和a number of 的用法要注意
注意 there be 句型的单复数
There are a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.
注意：
Pong is a classic game from which have descended many current computer pastimes.（这里用了倒装）
相当于那个预言的题目，多多注意
Chapter 4：平行准则
Wrong: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and I pay low taxes.
Right: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and where I pay low taxes.
使用 where 能够减少歧义。

注意在最后一个列举项目的前面要加上 and
Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving late every night.
注意从句子真正的逻辑意义来找到实际上意义并列的结构，不要单单依靠词组的形式。

注意另一种更为 subtle 的平行结构：系动词
The bouquet of flowers was a giving of love. (F)
The bouquet of flowers was a gift of love. ®
注意意思还必须对应
Upon being nominated this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.(F)
The nomination of this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country. R
Chapter 5：Pronouns
看到代词的时候，要注意找到他的前置词，然后检查其意义和单复数是否 make sense。

注意：The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires,which would be devastating to it.
Park在句子中做的是形容词，因此不能够用来做 it的前置词。

正确：The rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to the park.
注意：作形容词的名词一定不能够用来做代词的前置词
永远保证 pronouns make sense
错误：Although the term “supercomputer”may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it is simply an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.
正确：Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply refers to an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.
注意单复数一致。

The deadly five：it its they them their
That, this, these, and those
正确用法：New ‘nano-paper’
注意这四个指示代词不能单独充当主语或者宾语成分
注意用 it 来指代前者的时候必须做到 it 就完全是前面的事物
The money spent by her parents is more than it was expected to be.
The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her.
Wrong: her company is outperforming those of her competitors.
Right: her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors.
注意：在同一个句子中，所有的相同代词都必须指代同一个事物。

Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, but by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, they provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.
(原因在于 supernovas和 they 属于两个主从句的主语，虽然 they 可能存在其他前置词，但是为保持平行性，they是合理的代词用法啊)
Chapter 6：Modifier
注意一些形容词以及其衍生的副词在句子中的意义：
Corresponding,frequent,independent,rare,resent,seeming,separate,significant,supposed and usual.
名词性修饰成分
修饰成分的位置需要紧紧依靠在一起，不能相隔一个明显的句子成分
要注意名词性修饰成分在主句中存在
动词性修饰成分不需要紧紧依靠在一起
两个很长的就是成分不能紧紧相连，应该分别放在被修饰成分的两侧
Wrong:George Carlin,both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation,who also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and inspired a generation of comedians. Right:both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation,George Carlin,who also struggled publicly with drug abuse，influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.
注意所有格的陷阱
Wrong: Unskilled in complex math, Bill’s score on the exam was poor.
Right: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam.
关键是要看修饰成分在逻辑上修饰哪个词语，不要轻易做出结构上的判断。

带有关系代词的名词性修饰成分
That 不能用来修饰人
Whose 能够用来修饰人和物
Who 和 whom 要严格区分
The security guard whom we met was nice.
修饰一个概念上的地方不能够用 where，只能够用 in which
例如 arrangement，phenomenon 等
限定性和非限定性定语从句
主要区别一个是 that，一个是，which 的结构
一个重要的区别是
This+名词的形式一般都是非限定性结构，因此不能够用 that
（一般不会只考这个区别）
动词修饰成分
注意这些动词的修饰成分要有一个合理的主语
例如：the weight was lifted by concentrating. (cuo)
Which vs doing
Which 不能够指代前面整个句子
Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, which has led to a rise in property values.
Right: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.
Chapter 7, Verb Tense, Mood, and voice
进行时态：不能用进行时表示将来或者一般的规律
关于时态最重要的是通过时态反应作者的真实意思
注意在专有名词之后是一般不接限定性定语从句的。

完成时
动作或者动作的效果从过去持续到现在
一般重要有一些重要的时间提示词：since，in the past five minutes, in the last ten years
The child has drawn a square in the sand.(画的动作没有了，但是画依然还在)
She will pay you when you have taken out the garbage.
过去完成时（过去的过去）
The film had started by the time we arrived at the theater.
不是意味着所有过去的过去的情况都需要用过去完成时
有时候不一定需要两个连续的动作才能够使用过去完成时。

主要是为了表示动作的持续性效果对现在的影响。

The band U2was just one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980’s,but less than ten years later,U2had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.
虚拟语气主要有两种：假设不可能发生的情况和请求
前一种情况的标志词：If, as if, as though
例如：To overcome my fear of germs, I will think about disease as though it were harmless.
记住五种 if，then 结构的句子
1. If Sophie eats pizza, then she becomes ill.(确定的语气)
2. If Sophie eats pizza, then she may become ill. (包含一部分不确定)
3. If Sophie eats pizza tomorrow, then she will become ill. (确定的语气，将来)
4. If Sophie ate pizza tomorrow, then she would become ill.（不可能的情形，将来）
5. If Sophie had eaten pizza yesterday, then she would have become ill. (没有发生的情形) Would和should 永远不会进入到 if 的从句结构里面。

千万要注意！！！！！！
请求式的虚拟语气
只能够用从句表示：
Demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest 只能用不定式
两种形式都可以：
Ask，beg，intend, order, prefer, urge, require
语态
在被动语态中，注意用 through 或者 because of 表示行为的方式，而不要用 by。

被动语态和主动语态可以同时出现在同一平行结构之中。

Chapter 8比较
特殊的平行结构
注意比较的双方在结构上和逻辑上相对称
Like 是一个介词，必须紧紧跟着名字，代词以及名词短语
As 既能够做介词又能够做连词
As Her brother did, Ava aced the test.
保证比较双方逻辑上的平行
错误：Frank’s build，Like his brother, is board and muscular.
Right: Frank’s build, like that of his brother, is board and muscular.
注意保持结构上面的一致
Wrong：I like to run through forests more than I enjoy walking through crowds.
I like running through forests more than walking through crowds.
Gmat 允许多余的 helping words出现
Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels.
注意最高级的使用
Chapter 9
Aim
With the aim of doing something
不能够用：with the aim to do something
注意 allow只有 allow to，和 allow for 两种形式
不能够用 allow that
Anxiety about, anxiety that
Appear
He appear as confused.
As as
We have as many apples as need to be cooked.（注意后半部分的比较的主语省略的是apples）
We have 10 apples, about as many as we picked yesterday
错误的表达方法：
We have 10 apples，about equivalent to what we picked yesterday(注意 equel 不能够用在可数名词)
We have three times as many apple
Apply
错误：be subject to the applicability of
As
Just as we did last year, we will win this year. (in the same way)
比较中的一个错误例子
We have 10 apples, about equivalent to what we picked yesterday.
Attribute to
She asked that he go to the store.
(ask 可以用在 that 引导的虚拟语气中)
Aware
Aware of the danger, he fled.
Aware that anger was near, he fled.
Ban
They passed a ban prohibiting us from carrying bottles.
Wrong：they passed a ban that we cannot carry bottles.
Based on
The verdict was based on the evidence.
The jury reached a verdict based on the evidence.
注意 because of 的一个错误用法
Plants grow because of the sun shining.
Plants grow as a result of the sun shining.
Begin with, begin as
Border 的介词搭配
正确：within the borders of a country
Although应该跟着的是一个句子（绝大部分情况）
They claim that they can win.
They claim to be able to win.
Comparably 不能够用 to a comparable extent Compared to和Compared with在 Gmat 中没有区别Conceive of……as…….
Connection between……..and……
Confident的一个错误表达方法
We have confidence in the market to recover.
Consider sth sth
例如：consider her a friend，consider her intelligent Consider sth as sth 的用法绝对错误
Contend 只能够用从句
They contend that they can decipher the code.
Continue to do sth
(continue doing sth很少用)
错误：the danger will continue its growth
The danger will continue growth
The danger will continue its growth(不能够用 continue sth)
In contrast with/to后面必须接名词
In contrast to thezoo charging admission, the park does not.
注意一种错误用法：
Create sth to do (不能够用 for doing sth)
Credit with
Hugo credits sally with good taste.
Sally is credited with good taste.
Credit for, credit as, credit to be 都属于错误用法
In danger of doing sth
注意不能用 have a danger of/to
Dated at …….old
Declare sth sth
例如：I declared the election a fraud.
不能够用 Declare as
Decline
The price of oil declined. The oil declined in price.
My friend’s reputation declined.
但是不能够用 my friend declined in reputation.
Demand只能够用从句。

Be designed to do sth
through, from , because of, as a result of) The idea developed into a project.
be disinclined to do sth
不能够用：has a disinclination to do
Distinguish between…….And……
Distinguish sth from sth 属于 suspect 的情形
Doubt 作动词的时候最好后面要接 whether
反之，do not doubt后面要接 that，而不能够用 whether
Due to
The deficit is due to overspending.
错误选项
Elect
She elected to withdraw her money early.
不能够用 elect doing sth
Ensure
Right: he ensures that deadlines are met.( or will be met) Wrong: he ensures that deadlines should be met.
Equipped to do (不要用 for doing)
Estimate sth to be
Even
I am even richer than a prince
I earn as much money as even the wealthiest king.
Every
For every dollar saved, three dollars are wasted.
Suspect: besides a final skirmish, the war was over.
With the exception of a final skirmish, the war was over.
Excepting a final skirmish, the war was over.
Expend on
We expend on energy on neighborhood development.
Fault
Forbid sb to do sth
The goal is to do sth(不能用the goal is doing sth)
Help in doing sth( help如果做名词的话)
Hold（注意 hold to be略显不好）
Instead
错误：they avoided the arcade and rather went to a movie.
They avoided the arcade, rather going to a movie. With the intent to do / with the intent for doing
Interact with one another
Interact with each other
She invested funds in research to study
Know to
We know her to be brilliant.
She is known to be brilliant.
He is known as “Reggie”( named)
Lie lay lain
Likely
Be likely to do
It is likely that
Loss of ( quality)
Loss in (investment)
Native to
Native of
Not but
Object to
Once
We might once have seen that band.
Wrong: We might at one time have seen that band.
Only要尽量放在所修饰的词语的前面。

He owes money to the government for back taxes. Persuade只能够用在persuade sb to do sth Prohibit sb from doing sth
RANK
The problem ranks as one of the worst we have seen.
RATE
The rates for tickets are good for commuters.
The rate of theft has fallen.
Rather than
Right: he wrote with pencils rather than with pens Wrong: he wrote with pencils instead of with pens. GMAT 不喜欢用 instead of
Rebel against
Recognize that；recognize as；recognize to be
注意 in reference to 这种表达不存在
Be reluctant to do sth
Require time to do sth
Require sb to do sth
Reqrire that
Require of sb that
On the surface
Succeed in doing sth(不能够用不定式)
错误例子
Matt drives Ferraris and the like.
She thinks of them as heroes.
She is thought to be secretly wealthy.
We have a tool to make progress. We have a tool for making progress.
Be trained to do
错误例子：Naomi wrote double the letters that sara did.
Use as
He uses the hammer as a weapon(不能够用 to be)
Variation
There are variations in sunspot frequency and strength over time.
Wrong: there are variations of/among sunspot frequency and strength over time. View
The best way to reach the goal is to focus on one’s energy.
We proposed a way of reaching the goal.
My laptop weighs less than a suitcase.
My laptop is lighter than a suitcase.
Wrong: my laptop weighs lighter than a suitcase.
不用as)
All companies have similar issues.
Each company has similar issues(错)
Substitute for
So too
Bellbottoms are coming back in style, and so too are vests.
In comparison with/ to,后面只能够接名字
In contrast to/with
Conceive of…as….
Think of…as…
Regard…as…
View…as…
不能够后面接 as 的词语
Consider
Declare
两种非常常见的错误表达
Due to the fact that
Due to sb doing sth
Enough to
不能够用 enough that
Be synchronized with与什么同步
Chapter 10：Odds and ends
1. Connecting words
Coordinating words: and, but, or, for nor, yet, so
Subordinators: although because before after since when if unless that though while Pollution costs us bullions in increased medical bills.
2. 标点符号
不要用一个逗号隔开有两个具有同一个主语的动词
Wrong：earl walked to school, and later ate his lunch.
Right: Earl walked to the school and late ate his lunch.
Right: Earl walked to the school, and he later ate his lunch.
分号
分号前后连接的必须是一个完整的句子。

冒号：提供更加详细的说明解释
冒号前面必须是一个完整的句子，冒号后面不需要完整的句子
破折号
Quantity
Few和less
在单位名词前面用的是 less
We have less than twenty dollars.
The numbers这种表达方法几乎永远都是错的
Chapter 11
V-A-N（简洁性的考虑，因此不能作为准确的判断标准）
动词优于形容词优于名词（丽丽老师的根本大法）
Verb v.s. Action Noun
Revolt revolotion
Apply applicability
Cost cost
Decide decision
Influence influence
Inspiration inspire
Refer reference
Weigh weight
That 从句优于一系列短语组成的修饰语
常见于“idea”词语
Hypothesis idea suggestion belief discovery evidence report indication
动词优于形容词
Aggravating aggravate
Abe can
Indicative of indicates
Inspirational to inspire
Suggestive of suggest
形容词优于名词
Abundance abundant
Ability to able to
Conviction convinced
Disinclination disinclined
Isolation isolated
副词优于介词短语
A considerable extent considerably
To a significant degree significantly
It is…that果断不要，gmat 不喜欢这样的
形容词优于定语从句
避免过度地简洁
注意逻辑上保持 that of和 those of
对于 report words要保留 that（宾语从句要有 that）（除了 say，announce 之外）
平行原则注意小结
1. 注意具体名词和动作名词不能对应（尤其在与系表结构）
2. 注意 simple 动名词和 complex 动名词之间不能对应
3. Complex动名词能够和动作名词相对应
Wrong: the rebels demanded the withdrawal of the government forces form disputed regions and releasing certain political prisoners.
Wrong: the rebels demanded the withdrawal of the government forces form disputed regions and the releasing of certain political prisoners.
Right:Wrong:the rebels demanded the withdrawal of the government forces form disputed regions and the release of certain political prisoners.
(对于存在名词结构的动词，不能够用动名词来替代其名词)
注意几种特殊的正确的平行结构
Only a few feet wide but spanning a continent, the railroad changed history.
A mastodon carcass, which has been thawed only once and which is still fresh, is on display.
Chapter 12
代词不能够指代前文做所有格的词语
Antarctic oil (不能用 there 指代 A)
注意 there 的用法跟代词也类似
注意形式主语IT的集中用法
1. 代替不定式
2. 代替主语从句
3. 代替较长的宾语
After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat one.
One 表示的是众多当中的一个，注意这样的考点
对于代词的几点规则
1．数量
2．性别
3．同一个句子中的代词指代相同
4．临近原则：（最靠近的合意的名词，非绝对）
5．注意保持相应的平行原则
关于修饰成分的几点例外
不需要十分靠近
中间插了介词短语（in，of 等）
注意这个用法有一点点要求，就是能够明显看出不是修饰 of 后面的词语
He had a way of dodging opponents that impressed the scouts
这种区分有时体现在时态，单复数等方面
十分简短的成分（如果修饰成分过长，通常会有后置出现。

）
剪短的插入语
并列的修饰成分
所有格的细微差别
Y of X’s的情况不允许出现
当所有格前面有修饰词，例如certain human’s parasites应为 certain parasites in human
子群修饰成分
注意下列三个句子都是正确的：
This model explains all known subatomic particles,SOME OF WHICH WERE only recently discovered;
This model explains all known subatomic particles, some of them only recently discovered
This model explains all known subatomic particles, some only recently discovered.
注意定语从句和后面接现在分词的修饰成分：两者一般可以互换，但是要注意后者注重强调进行时态
独立主格
注意与 which 代表整个句子的情况的差别（此为错误）
Chapter 13
Helping words: do have be
如果时态改变，不能够随意省略
I have never seen an aardvark, but last year my father saw one.
注意：
Our cars were designed to inspire envy, and they do.
注意不用不定式表示将来时
Right：The contractors demolished the building to keep it from falling down accidentally. Wrong: The building was demolished to avoid falling down accidentally. (原因在于 building 不能主动 avoid)
Right：The building was demolished to keep it from falling down accidentally.
动名词前面所接的动作的承担者必须接所有格
例如: Mike’s swimming
想要表示多少倍只能够用 times和as……as……
例如：Right: the man is five times as old as his grandson.
Wrong: the man is five times older than his grandson.
想要表示数量上相差多少，用 more than或者 less than
例如：I am ten years older than you.
I am ten years as old as you. (False)
当使用 more or less的时候注意前面的形容词
例如：wrong：more efficient engines
Right：more engines that are efficient
Engines that are more efficient
注意一种 redundancy 的情形：
Of all the cities in Australia, Sydney is the largest and the most well-known; Melbourne, however, can be equally as enjoyable to visit as its brasher, more frenetic rival.
2008PREP 语法笔记摘录
1. Along with 不能够表示平行结构
2. Continue 不能够用进行时代，不能够用两种以上的时态
3. In last century,应该要用完成时态，注意与 in the last century区分开来
4. 注意 typically 可以直接后面带列举的成分
5. 副词的修饰位置：even 放在比较级之前，ever 放在助动词之后，only，first 放在修饰
成分之前，alone 放在被强调成分之后。

6. 注意 with 的结构很可能会导致修饰成分产生歧义的错误。

7. Be known to do VS be known to have done:如果后面描述的事情发生的时间与 know 相
同或者相近，则直接用 do；如果发生在 know 动作之前则用 have done
Few people are known to have recovered from the disease once the clinical symptoms have appeared.
8. Date to……ago
Date at……old
Date back(起源)
Date from（某一个时间点）
9.One 作为核心词指代，为泛指（注意其作为代词的使用）
10.Conclude to：达成什么而结束
Conclude by/with:以…而结束。

11.Whether 在引导宾语从句的时候不需要加 or not；在引导状语从句的时候需要加上 or
not。

12.The United States minted about 857 million silver-color ‘Susan B. Anthony’ dollars between
1979 and 1981, but the coin proved unpopular because it looked and felt too much like a quarter.(考试做完一道语法题的时候要注意将选项带回原来的句子进行检查)
13.
14.。