GMAT语法笔记
托福 TOEFL IBT GRE GMAT 必备语法高效总结
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形容词+补足语:(构成形容词短语)形容词+介词短语:A jacket similar to yoursDarwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.形容词+不定式短语:Parents eager to support their children’s efforts形容词+动名词短语:A waiter busy serving the guests形容词+that:If a diamond is heated without oxygen , it will turn to graphite , a form of carbon so soft that it is used as a lubricant.多形容词并列修饰:(后置)We can easily point to inequalities, social and economic, but there is still a deep-seated belief that, no matter what his wealth or his job, each man is fundamentally equal with every other.多形容词与“形容词+补足语”并列:John was a ranchman, big, quiet, unlettered, and strong as horse.The+最高级+of+所属范围:Certain zoologists regard crows the most intelligent of birds. Of all metals, gold is the least useful.of属格的逻辑语义关系:主谓关系:从右往左翻译(不及物动词)The arrival of my mother动宾关系:从左往右翻译(及物动词)America’s invasion of Iraq同位关系:(二者互相说明)The city of RomeThe news of the team’s victory基本句型:(一)主语+系动词+表语系动词:链接主语和后面成分的词表语:又称主语补足语,在动词后面补充说明主语性质的成分(名词、形容词)Learning English is very important.He became a teacher.The leaf will turn yellow in autumn.简单句叠加为复杂难句:(定语复杂化)✓Vitamins are organic compounds.✓Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth of life. (添加形容词短语)✓Vitamins are organic compounds necessary for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. (形容词短语复杂化)✓Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man. (介词短语插入)(二)主语+谓语(不及物动词)+【状语】状语:用来修饰说明动作发生的原因、方式、地点、时间的成分(副词、介词短语)They shouted loudly(方式状语)He died at home (地点状语)He died in 2007(时间状语)简单句叠加为复杂难句:(定语从句复杂化)✓This trend began during the Second World War.✓This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion. (定语从句)✓This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to this conclusion that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail. (添加同位语从句)✓This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands thata government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannotgenerally be foreseen in detail. (添加定语从句) (make demands of 对…提出要求)(三)主语+谓语+宾语These children are playing football.简单句叠加为复杂难句:✓The emphasis helped to obscure the great importance.✓The emphasis given by both scholars and statesman helped to obscure the great importance. (分词短语作定语)✓The emphasis given by both scholars and statesman to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance. (介词短语作定语)✓The emphasis given by both scholars and statesman to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions an consequences of international trade. (介词短语作定语)✓The emphasis given by both scholars and statesman to the presumed disappearance of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions an consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century. (添加定语从句)(四)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语(双宾语)间接宾语:人,动作的接受者。
gmat SC语法 笔记总结终极版
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句子结构理论1.简单句缺谓语:主语+修饰成分+…(缺谓语)S+V+O(S为主语/信息出发点;V+O 为中心/焦点/新消息)•谓语动词V(不可为非谓语)前必须带主语S,不一定带宾语O(O包括双宾语,宾语补足语,或主系表即主语补足语);•主语+V-ed:表示被动。
e.g. T’s score compared with L’s score.特例:主动表被动:prove(表证明),come,go,taste,smell(表感官),become, tend, to be(表变化)e.g. The methods are proved to be the best.•主语后另有名词且无修饰关系或非同谓语,错:双主语。
•S,VO 不可 ; S, …, VO 可 ; S - VO 不可 ;S- …- VO 可•S+V1 and V2 即S V1 and S V2 :对2.并列句缺谓语:主语+谓语+and+修饰成分;主语+修饰成分+and+谓语(看逻辑解题)•连词的使用:-并列句的连词:and(前后无逻辑关系,所以在并列句中表逻辑关系可(在and后)加上thus, then等表逻辑的词;as well as的并列不并重(后一个的内容为顺便提的),且后一般不直接加名词,and并重);but,yet(表转折);so,for(表因果);or,nor(表选择)-从属连词(从句):although,because,while,when,if,so that,as-副词(不能连接两个句子或引导句子,仅表示一种逻辑关系):how,thus,therefore,thereby,nevertheless,even,hence等。
•分号(破折号类似)表示:句意相近,后句中要依托前句,表意才完整,即无明显逻辑关系。
用法:连接两个可以独立存在的句子;作承接/转折(transition expression);作分割句中含有逗号的items,可以和and连用3.从句缺主语:从句;从句+and+从句•必须有连接词,特例:宾从中that可省可不省;所有从句中先行词充当宾语时,that可省略。
GMAT语法总结
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一些语法总结(终于写完了,算对大家有个交待)承蒙朋友们错爱,我在把笔记本上的语法总结录成文本。
但是在很难写,因为我是记录在每一天的复习日志里的,汇总起来好像不太容易。
我早上起来试着写了一些。
大家看看行不行。
我的总结参考了黄金规则,珠江老师的笔记,og解释,大全注释等,我复习时只是摘抄和总结,所以我没什么贡献的。
(再次感谢珠江老师!!)我的一些语法总结:As 和when 的区别 as 是指一段时间,而when则是指一个具体的时间点,“as when”的意思可以理解为“正如当…的时候我在语法大全里找到了一句:1.With diamonds, as with all gems, one should ask for a written description of one’s purchase; the description may prove useful later if you have reason to believe the jeweler misled you.(A) one should ask for a written description of one’s purchase(B) you should ask for a written description of your purchase(C) a written discretion of your purchase is what one should ask for(D) a written descri ption of one’s purchase is what should be asked for(B)(E) a written description of your purchase is what should be asked for我用GOOGLE搜的也几乎是as with + n.(n.词组)的用法。
GMAT语法点整理
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1.在选择用Increased还是increasing修饰名词时,几乎都用increased2.It may be that…………是可能的3.Specialize in sth.4.Think of sth. as sth. 不用think of sth. to be/being5.Keep sth. under control/take control of6.Win A for B 因B获得A7.Go towards sth. 用于做……8. A contribute to B A导致B发生9.Accommodation to sth. 包容,容纳某物10.Enrollment “入学或注册人数“可数;“参加”不可数11.Make it adj. to do sth. 不用make it adj. in doing sth.ck可做及物动词或不可数名词(+of)13.Look to sth. to do sth. 指望……做……14.Sb. Is familiar with sth. = sth. is familiar to sb.15.Vast amounts of money, a large staff16.Resemblance betwwen A and B / resemblance to sth.17.The ability(inability) of sb. to do sth.18.___+adj.+n. 空格亦可填形容词直接形容名词(不一定是副词形容形容词)19.The extent to which为习惯用法,表明“某个动作到了某种程度”20.看到suggest that不能肯定是虚拟从句用法,还有可能作“表明”意21.表达某物具有某种属性,用with+介词短语,不用含have的定语从句或含having的短语22.……be grounds for doing sth. ……作为做某事的理由23.Has come to v. 比起has v.ed更强调一个逐渐的过程24.Must出于其主观情感上的必须cf. have to 客观上的要求必须25.Must无过去式,在需使用过去式时常用had to代替,但在宾语从句中must可用原形,无需替代26.没有allow that+虚拟从句的用法,allow that意为“承认”27.“to……from……”必错,如decrease to 10 from 1528.修饰动词的方式状语不应该离该动词太远29.Reduction of interest rates on loans to financial institution30.It is likely(unlikely) that+从句(用将来时),be likely to do sth.31.Result from=stem from32.并列结构中最后一个并列成分之前必定有一个并列连词or,and或as well as,否则必错33.One course of action over another one一种优于另一种34.Opposition to sth.35.There is no consensus on sth. 对某事没有一个公认的说法36.If any 插入语,如果说有的话37.Ability to do sth. = capability of doing sth.38.Find sb. +adj.39.Aid(v.)+宾语或aid(v.) in doing sth.或aid(n.) for 或in aid(n.) of40.Could可以表示微弱的可能,但would不行,一定指虚拟语气?41.All but 几乎,差不多42.指出第一、第二、第三时,直接将first,second,third置于句首,不加-ly43.Not only……but also……要求两个并列成分不能存在省略44.The +adj. 代表一类人,但在GMAT中the 一般可以省略45.Relation among nations = the relation of one nation with another46.Convince sb. that+从句使某人相信……不使用虚拟语气47.Variation in(不用among) sth. 某方面的变异48.A motion(提案) 之后可由动词不定式修饰,也可用that从句作同位语从句修饰49.并列结构中,要省就都省,要不省就全要补出50.并列结构中,要区分A and B是一个并列结构还是一个独立的子项51.在think,believe,find,allege之后的动词不定式经常使用完全体52.Consider sth. sth.53.Too……to……的句型一般只有两种形式:too adj. to do 或too adj. to be done by sth./sb.没有too adj. for sb./sth. to do sth.这种表达54.Aim to do sth. 有aim一般不会出现for(语义重复)e A as B56.介词短语作定语时一定要紧跟其修饰的对象57.define A as B58.registered to sb. 登记在某人名下的某物59.a increase in sth. 不要用a ……increase60.suggest A as B61.介词+名词短语在句首时,不用考虑逻辑主语,如on the basis of growth rate ,Contraryto……in contrast to, unlike, opposite to出现时需考虑62.Substitute A for B63.Allergy to sth. 不用……allergy(如食物过敏不用food allergy)64.Advise sb. to do sth.65.单数名词当存在限定结构时可不加冠词直接做主语,如diet of Pima Indian66.In effect 相当于,可以这么说67.Claim to be able to do sth. > claim one’s ability to do sth.68.Arm作装备解释时一般用被动式armed with69.存在现在分词+and+过去分词的表达,且and可以省略70.Citrus 橘类水果,集体名词,不可数71.Inasmuch as 由于,因为72.Legend has it that+从句传说中是这样说的73.Sb. Was presented to sb. 某人被引见给另一人74.Some people have a preferred status over others75.A range of sth. 一系列的某物76.Be+of+抽象名词表某物具某种属性77.Whereas = while78.A is to B what C is to D A之于B正如C之于D79.What特殊用法:A logarithm is what is known in algebra as an exponent.80.What 特殊用法:表示原来没有名字的东西,如what is now known as A81.Sth. Leads sb. to do sth.82.A phenomenon in which+从句……的现象83.Amount of cf. number of84.Effect作名词,affect作动词85.During sleep and waking hour 固定搭配86.Where once = Because87.Acquiesced to sth. 默许某事88.The imposition of tax on sb.89.When + 其他时间状语(如after)连用一般错误90.At a time when+从句……的时候91.Lesser adj.较少的,较小的勿误以为是比较级92.On condition that以…为条件,除非要求that从句中动词用虚拟动词形式:动词原形93.Insofar as……在某种程度之内94.Supplement A with B 用B补充A95.Sth. is the same to A as to B96.Send sth. + doing 使…进入某种状态Send prices plunging 使价格下跌97.Be injured 受伤须用被动式98.Have admiration for Gandhi the person and the politician / as a person and as a politician99.Only if(不用虚拟语气) cf. if only(须用虚拟语气)100.在比较中在than后补出谓语时常常用倒装,即A do sth. more than do B101.万万别用more形容不可数名词(往往很隐蔽),改为the amount of sth. is larger/greater 102.Even修饰比较级应放在比较级之前,而不应该放在其他位置103.Known as 后面只跟名词,不跟动名词104.Double的宾语太长时可以后置,如double to twelve the number of satellites now known as orbiting105.Be not any happier than = be no happier than(后者常取代前者)106.Distinguish between A and B = Distinguish A from B(后者较好?)107.Be expert in sth.108.Worth 一般直接跟在名词之后109.No less a person/thing than…= that very important person/thing 如:no less an authority than Walter意为像Walter这样的权威人士110.不用summarizing,用summary111.In danger of doing sth. 处于做某事的危险中112.N. of less than结构,如total sales of less than three hundred thousand dollars113.形容CITY时用ancient比用old要好114.Difficult后一般用不定式修饰,而不用for介词短语修饰115.少于某一金额用less不用lower116.Amount to 和sum 同时出现属于同义重复117.同级比较用as…as…不用so…as…(用在否定意义上)118.More/less of + n. 更大(少)程度上的……如:she’s less of a fool than I thought. pare…to…意味把…比作…,而没有比较的意思(compare with), comparable to比得上的120.Twice一般用于数量上的翻倍,仅可以说twice as much/many as,但绝不可用于对形容词或者副词的翻倍,如twice as fast/rapidly as121.体会如下虚拟语气:To develop more accurate population forecast, demographers would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economic determinants of fertility.122.Expend on(不用for)sth. 在…上花费123.在GMAT中,不用单独的this作指代词124.Ever一般放在助动词之后,如用has ever come,不用ever has come125.Whether引导的名词性从句可做举例用,如The rarer something becomes, whether it is a baseball card or a musical recording or a postage stamp, the more avidly it is sought by collectors.126.Threaten后一般接动词不定式127.During 不与将来时段连用,一般用over(不用during) the next fifty years128.See sth. as sth. 把……看做……129.Require of sth./sb. +to do / +that clause130.It has not been proved that……还未证实……131.One another是指三者以上之间的关系132.Be intent on doing sth. 企图做某事133.On pain of death 违则处死He was told to leave the country on pain of death.134.用never代替not ever135.Always be not + adj. 不如never be adj. 语气强烈136.Too……to……中一般不夹杂for sth./sb.在内137.Advise sb. of one’s right to do sth.138.Whatever its merits may be, 可以省略为whatever its merits,139.In that表因为在GMAT中不用140.A be at fault for B B是A的错141.Exposed to sth., exposure to sth.142.Be resistant to sth. 对……有抵抗力143.A do not……,nor do B……(倒装)144.The book does not read like an apprentice work. 这本书读起来并不像初学者的作品。
GMAT语法全总结
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GMAT 个人语法笔记说明本笔记全面覆盖PREP2008 所有知识点,Manhattan 所有语法点,新东方丽丽所讲的我个人觉得靠谱的语法点,管卫东语法点以及平时真题时遇到的语法点,有很强的覆盖性!编撰此笔记旨在方便各位CDer在需要时查询各个知识点并快速定位到相应解释!时间紧迫的复习者也可直接看此笔记作为复习!需要提醒各位,GMAC最近加大了逻辑和语义的考察力度,在做题中一定要加强逻辑和语义的判断!语法只能作为提速和初步判断的工具!切记!感谢Chasedream和各位大牛的鼎力支持!制作时间:2011年9月18日Like 用法总结一. Like 用法三原则原则一:like比较的是名词和名词。
要找准比较对象。
原则二:Just like 是wordy, like就可以了。
Like**, **also 也是redundant。
原则三:要把like的句子改写成as(连词)引导的从句的话,要补上从句的谓语动词(或助动词),并且该动词和主句的动词应该没有逻辑上的矛盾。
二. Like九条及例题woodorstone总结得挺好。
我自己也总结了9条,改了改发出来,一家之言,仅供参考。
例子太长,没贴,可根据文中题号,到大全987和og里找到。
1. as作连词,like作介词时,才可表示”象...一样”2. like 和 as 的优缺点like优点是,直接接名词,简洁,比as灵活,象得没as那么象。
但有时太灵活以至导致歧义(e.g.,og060.A)。
相比之下as的优点是准确,缺点是过于死板,以致于有时导致逻辑上不通。
(e.g.,og119.C)3. like 常用于比较名词,作独立成分,大部分时候出现在句首。
(e.g.,og091)但like+n.也可作表语 (looks like, reads like (e.g.,大全568)),或普通状语(说普通是区分独立成分)(v.+like+n.,e.g., og119)。
GMAT语法考试中常见考点小结
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17、 so that sb. could … 表示目的, 通常与 in order that / to…/ and so… / in order for sb. to 同时出现, so that sb. could 结构在没有其他语法错误情况下为最优选项
12、 The fact of 多半错,应该用 the fact that
13、 Having been done/ having done 作定语必然错
14、 原句中出现情态动词,那么在最后的正确答案中必须有这个词或者类似语气的词。
15、 V-ed分词作后置定语是最简洁的形式;to do作定语容易产生修饰名词或修饰整句的歧义。
eg
…the beginning of the Universe was an explosive instant… 就不如 the universe began in an explosive instant…; 值得注意的是 一切还是要以句子的逻辑大意为最基本的依据~
6、 常出现enough 和 so…that / such…that / as much as 等混乱搭配使用 绝对秒杀; enough to do 表示主观满足,在标准书面语中很少使用。
21、定语从句应紧跟其所修饰的名词或代词的后面,中间成分太多会造成指代、修饰不清。
eg
Mark was appointed to several tasks within Democratic party during his first term that included assistant majority whip and vice-chair of the Democratic Senatorial Committee.
雷哥GMAT网络课程之GMAT语法知识点with的用法
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雷哥GMAT网络课程之GMAT语法知识点generally ,with is indeed a versatile modifier(it can modify the preceding noun or clause)既然它是一个modifier,也要符合总的规矩,it is somewhat related to the main clause(you cannot use with in expressing two independent clause)so,you should use the context to determine;context is the king1.adverbial modifier例子:he went home,with a dog.(在这种情况下,with 充当adverbial modifier,当然你也可以理解为verb modifier,how he went home?just with the company of a dog)在这种情况下,comma+with的用法和comma+ving的用法差不多,都是作为adverbial modifier,providing extra information(how/when/where/why。
)当然,comma+with不能表示immediate consequence这个要说明为什么说tricky呢?当with前面有comma的时候,它也可以修饰preceding noun(要知道comma+ving是不能这样修饰的)所以with 这个modifier相当蛋疼(至于是修饰preceding clause 还是preceding noun;老话,use the context;我是见过在official source出现comma+with修饰preceding noun的。
具体哪题忘记了)2. noun modifier这种是没逗号的,和ving没逗号差不多,修饰the closest noun3.有时候with是不需要逻辑主语的(不像例子1,with的逻辑主语是he)prep出现的正确句子:With the cost of wirelessservice plummeting in the last year and mobile phones becoming increasinglycommon, many people are now using theirmobile phones to make calls across a wide region at night and on weekends, whennumerous wireless companies provide unlimited airtime for a relatively smallmonthly fee.4、关于with的一些misconception总见到论坛直接有人很敷衍的回答with不是GMATpreferred的结构,直接排除。
GMAT 高频语法考点总结
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GMAT 高频语法考点总结1. Help的用法:Help sb. (to) do; Help (to) do; Be helpful in (特别注意)2. 列举用such … as A, B, … and C结构,不可以用like代替。
like在GMAT中通常做介词表要求前后严格对称,但不可表示列举。
3. such as的两种形式:A such as B, such A as Bsuch as的用法:such as + 具体名词(n1 and n2或doing n1 and doing n2;)表示举例such as + noun/ doing/ what从句/介词短语5. 在…方面要用in … area(s).1. 固定搭配(1) distinction(s) between…and…(2) difference(s) between…and… / A has difference from B2. 固定搭配so much…as…,要保证平行2. 1. 固定搭配between … and …2. 时态问题:现在完成时与过去时:如果单纯表示过去事件,就用一般过去时;如果是过去发生的事件持续到现在,或者强调过去事件对现在依然产生影响,就用现在完成时。
以下情况用现在完成时:在,或者强调过去事件对现在依然产生影响,就用现在完成时λ within/during/in/over+ the past/recent/last+时间段λ 出现since考虑现在完成时以下情况用一般过去式:λ 出现original/originally, firstλ 过去明确时间λ 过去段时间以下情况用一般现在时λ 自然现象λ 统计数据λ 实验结论λ 客观事实3. Did you see the game on TV last night? 昨天晚上---没有the 用一般过去式Interest in golf has grown rapidly in the last ten years. 最近十年—有the用现在完成时4. *:so … as to be/do正确的情况是,so后面加adjective,即:So + ADJECTIVE + as to + VERB#1:Although one link in the chain was demonstrated to be weak, but not to require the recall of the automobile. (incorrect)The official answer is: demonstrably weak, it was not so weak as to require#2:Congress is debating a bill requiring certain employers provide workers with unpaid leave so as to care for sick or newborn children. (incorrect)The official answer is: to provide workers with unpaid leave so that they can#3:Several years ago the diet industry introduced a variety of appetite suppressants, but some of these drugs caused such severe stomach disorders as to be banned by the Food and Drug Administration. (incorrect)The official answer is: such severe stomach disorders that they were考点:1. 时态问题:(1) 过去时:originally, from 1978 to 1985,previously(2) 完成时态:since; within/during/over/in+the past/last/recent+时间短语(注意during/in/overthe last year可以用现在时也可以用完成时,取决于当时发生的事情是否延续到现在或对现在是否还有影响,而last year必须用过去时)(3) 将来时:i. 条件从句/时间从句/方式从句/让步从句不能用将来时或过去将来时,常用一般现在时代替一般将来时,一般过去时代替过去将来时。
GMAT语法知识点:Modifiers和Pronouns的故事
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GMAT语法知识点:Modifiers和Pronouns的故事GMAT语法知识点:Modifiers和Pronouns的故事一、Position of Noun Modifiers 名词修饰语的位置要把nounmodifiers放到正确的位置,否则thesentence may have an illogical or ambiguous meaning,即句子会出现语意问题Remember this rule: Place a NOUN and its MODIFIER as closetogether as possible—the closer, the better!WRONG: A hard worker and loyal teamplayer, the new project was managed by Sue.然而,Who is a hard worker and loyal team player? 不是the project! 所以这个句子illogical.应该改为:A hard worker and loyal team player, Sue managed the new project.在大多数情况下,名词和它的修饰语应该紧挨着,然而有些情况,名词和它的修饰语之间会有一些其他的修饰语,如The box of nails, which is nearly full, belongs to Jean.名词box有两个修饰语:of nails和which isnearly full,因为有两个修饰语,必定有一个会不挨着名词。
然而要哪个修饰语紧挨着名词呢?答案是,必要性修饰词(essential adjectives)。
看下面两个句子,哪个更好些?Jim biked along an old dirt road toget to his house, which cut through the woods.To get to his house, Jim biked alongan old dirt road, which cut through the woods.什么cut through the woods? The road. Modifiers should be as close as possibleto the nouns they modify.所以第二句更好,which紧挨着要修饰的名词road。
(完整版)GMAT白勇语法总结
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一,GMAT公理1 在我们通常使用的there be句型中,以下几种表达必错。
1) there could be done sth.2) there be sth. done3) there being +名词词组4) there be sth。
(抽象性动作名词),如there was a transmission的表达不对。
一般来说GMAT中,there be仅用于“某处有某物”,而此物是一具体名词,如wolf, stone, star,而不是指一抽象名词:如conversion, relation等。
2 在表示某人有某种能力做某事的意思,最佳答案的选择依据是,can do〉be able to do〉has ability to do>has a capability to do.。
.,有can do就不用含有be able to do的选项,在选项中不含有can do时,再找有be able to do的选项,依次类推.此条有待认定3 在从句中,以下连接词或引导词值得特别注意1)which(或代词it)绝不能指代前面整个句子2)because不可引导名词性从句3)宾语从句中引导词that一般不能省略绝大多数情况成立4)if不可以引导名词性从句,如要表示“是否”,只能用whether引导5)对不作为介词宾语的事物做限定修饰,只用that而不用which.而which仅用于引导对介宾进行修饰的限定性从句和引导非限定性从句4 在require, demand等表“建议,命令”意义的词之后的that从句,要求用虚拟语气动词,即动词原形,不加should 参考二,句子结构第4条5 绝不可以单独使用this, these来指代前面出现的单数或复数名词,而绝对要通过换用其他人称代词,或重复前面出现的名词或者改变句子结构来避免这样非正式而且模糊的指代。
如sth of this kind, like this/these等模糊表达均要用such + n (n即重复this, these所指代的对象)来取代,意为“这些.。
GMAT语法知识点之动词间逻辑关系
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GMAT语法知识点之动词间逻辑关系在GMAT语法考试中,考生掌握的语法知识点越多,就越容易解题。
本文为大家介绍了语法知识点中主动带被动的相关解析,希望可以帮大家助力于GMAT考试。
文中内容仅供参考。
在GMAT语法考试中,考生掌握的语法知识点越多,就越容易解题,接下来小编就为大家介绍一下GMAT语法知识点:动词间逻辑关系,希望对大家备考GMAT语法考试有所帮助。
动词之间的逻辑关系:动词之间的逻辑关系分为并列、伴随和目的。
这三种动作关系需要在句子中根据逻辑含义的不同进行辨别。
(1) 并列关系:是指两个以上的动作由连词连接,共同归属于同一个动作执行者。
或者两个完整的主谓结构并列。
并列的动作也许并不同时发生,但同等重要,不分主次,且互相独立(separate and independent action)。
▲还要注意相同时态,不同时态,不同语态之间的动作的并列。
(2) 伴随关系:则是指两个动作同时发生,但有主次之分,一般情况是主要动作作为谓语出现,而次要动作作为分词结构或动词不定式出现。
伴随有三种,即伴随动作,伴随结果,伴随方式。
分词结构常与表条件,时间,让步等关系的连词连用。
(介词词组有时也起分词结构的伴随作用,如with/without sth)(3)目的关系。
次动作表主动作的目的,一般用动词不定式(to do sth )或目的状语从句so that 引出。
(4)动作的逻辑层次:(这个问题连同名词、修饰语的平行逻辑层次问题都可以单独归到平行结构的逻辑层次中去探讨。
)在具体的考试中,往往是几个动作混在一起,或主动作并列或次动作并列,或主动作与次动作同时存在并列的情况,在此情况下,一定要搞清楚动作之间的层次关系。
下面是我从OG的一道例题中想到的。
我自编了一个选项,它与正确项在语法上没有错误,区别就动作的逻辑层次上,大家可以体会一下。
OG185The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation’s air-traffic control system, to lead to 55 percent more delays at airports, and prompts fears among some officials that safety is being compromised.(E) leading to a 55-precent increase in delays at airports and prompting(编) leading to a 55-precent increase in delays at airports, and prompted在研究OG时发现,ETS总是在一些不易辨别动作层次的题里安插些诸如代词,连词以及习惯搭配等错误,用以降低题目的难度。
GMAT语法笔记--代词 Pronouns by Seven
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代词PronounsManhattan部分1.找到指代对象,必须是个名词。
如park ranger中的park其实是个adj就不行2.检查将代词换成其指代的名词逻辑上含义对不对。
如it is X 和it refers to X是不同的。
3.单复数一致。
as long as 等会迷惑我们。
4.This, That, These, Those用法(1)在名词前作adj,如these materials(2)作代词,指代与原名词不同的一个“新版本”,此时“新版本”必须被修饰说明它怎么与原来不同了。
而it,they指代是为与原本完全相同的东西。
例:The money spent by her parents is more than IT was expected to be. (指相同东西) The money spent by her parents is less than THAT SPENT by her children. (新版本) (3)若单复数不合,则不能用,必须重复一次原名词。
Her company is out performing THE COMPANIES of her competitors.(4)不要用this these代替名词,如this is great是严重含糊。
That和those也只有在被明确修饰为“新版本”时才能代替名词。
其他时候用it, they, them 例:Her products are unusual; many consider THEM unique. (不能用these)5.为避免歧义,同一句话中的it,its 指代同一个单数名词。
同一句中的they, them,their指代同一个复数名词。
6.尽量避免代词前出现多个可能被指代的名词。
所有格是危险的名词。
尽量通过平行,意义等明确指代。
主语通常更重要也更可能认为被指代。
7.There 经常指代介词短语中的名词,不是adj.例:Oil in Antarctica may be worth drilling for, if wells can be dug THERE. (错误:Antarctica oil) 8.(1) It, itself作宾语指代回主语例:After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved it.After the agreement surfaced, the commission dissolved itself.(2) one another, each other用于interaction例The guests at the party interacted with one another.(3) such, other, another表与先行词相似,但不一定完全相同的东西例:After the land-use agreement surfaced, the commission decided to subject any such contracts to debate in the future. (换成any other contracts也可以)(4) one指代整体中一个不确定的一部分。
GMAT语法大全
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GMAT语法大全一. 所谓的原则:1.定语从句尽量省略原则:which be/that be+形容词/过去分词,which be/that be应尽量省略。
2. whose/which/that就近指代原则。
3. There be/enough/instead of(相对于rather than)/due to/because of(相对于because)/despite/if(相对于whether)/maybe出现错原则。
4.表‘命令/建议/要求’的实意动词+that后面省略should原则(这些实意动词已包含了should的意思,所以省略should)5.状语从句尽量省略主语+be动词原则。
(注意逻辑主语一致)状语从句引导次后接adj/done/doing正确,接n/prep短语错。
6.宾语从句that保留原则。
注意平行结构中‘三个that’的平行。
7.强语气词(only, only if,情态动词,however/whatever/whenever/wherever)不改变原则。
8. Have+动作性名次错原则。
改为do或者be adv done。
9. Be to do表将来时错原则10.Having/being出现错原则。
(having的特例,credit 后面用having;being的特例,the chance of being/the distinction of being)。
11.Consider +n1+ n2/adj出现正确原则。
pare/base用被动原则。
13.Similar to/differ from不位于句首原则14.Continue不用进行时原则。
15.if/when/because三种关系强加/丢失错原则。
二.平行结构。
1. 引起平行的结构:a. and, or, but, yetb. not only A, but also B/not A, but B/c. rather thand. can do, do, and do/to do, do, and do/that A, that B, and that Ce. 比较结构2. 平行的原则:形势对称,概念对等,功能相同。
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GMAT语法笔记May 18, 2013综述Gmat语法在verbal中是最重要的部分,16/41。
是最严格的美式书面英文。
做题时间1:10/Q规律性强比如:maybe一定错,一般改为probably , perhaps。
因为maybe是口语词,但是may be不一定错,may be 不是口语词。
句式复杂,难句多,考法新是最严格的美式书面英文Eg.1)表“建议”suggest that S(subject,主语)should V-原型这是虚拟语气的句型表“建议”或“命令”的词(suggest, order, demand, mandate, require, insist, dictate, propose, recommend, stipulate)后,跟的从句should+V-原型,should必须省!【注】suggest表“暗示”的时候,不是虚拟语气2)team, family, group, army等这些词全部是单数,用is。
99%的名词只要加了s就是可数名词,少数1%如某种疾病diabetes:糖尿病。
3)定语从句that可以指人,也可以指物,但是Gmat考试中that只可以指物,不能指人,因为人要用who。
五种简单句1)SV 主语+动词2)SCP 主系表3)SVO 主谓宾4)SVOO 主谓双宾Eg. Tom gave Jerry a book.Tom advises Jerry that the movie (should) start early. 错!没有advice sb that, 只有tell, persuade, convince,这三个词可以+ sb that SVO(SVO表从句),其他的单词均不能用+sb that的结构,同时这三个单词不能直接+that,且这三个词可以用自己的固定搭配Eg. Persuade sb to do sth或persuade sb into doing.5)SVOC 主谓宾宾补Eg.We call him TomI think I love you. 错!that宾语从句的that在句中不能省略,但是是相对错,因为一般say that中的that都省略。
LIKELike 是考试中必考的词,在考试中的唯一词性就是”介词”,唯一意思“像”。
介词:介词后面一定有n/动名词, 因为介词不能单独存在担任成分。
Perp. +n 叫做介宾短语,是一个整体;介宾短语相当于形容词或者副词,做定语、表语和状语。
关于like的推论1)一定不能做连词+SVO2)在Gmat考试中不用like举例,一般都用such as…因为like的唯一意思是“像”,但“不是”,而举例子是要“是”3)Likely 可以做adj和advBe likely to do sthEg. Tom is likely to kill you给此句加上比较级Tom is nearly four times as likely as Jerry___A.in killingB. who will killC. to kill答案C,去掉比较级as…as、去掉倍数、去掉比较对象即可。
错误类型1)绝对错误2)相对错误错误不见得有多错,正确选项仅限于此题,也许在别的题是错的。
A.不简洁同根词的比较,则:V 优于adj优于抽象nEg.The book is of great importance.The book is very important. 后者比较好B.不清楚More + adj +nEg More gasoline efficient cars 更省油的车,但是more 修饰车还是修饰油不清楚C.不忠实原意如果后面的原意与A相同,则以A为准。
还是有20%的题不忠实原意,因为原意本身是错的,比如逻辑矛盾或者语意重复了More… than…和as…as1)倍数后面可以通用,但是非倍数的时候只能用more thanEg.more concentrated than2)混乱搭配More… as…3)精神错乱搭配把as 换成as if, as 换成such as, than 换成rather than4)2)和3)的混合More …such asas… rather than…【注】在长句中,以上错误不易被轻易发现。
解题思路1.通读全文:掌握原句的大致结构和含义(“;”表示并列主句)2.直接纵向的对比五个选项,尤其是前后两三个词(指划线地方开始和结尾的地方)从差异中对比考点3.先绝对再相对,简洁排在最后专题讲解一.平行结构(至少考3-4题)【注】1)时态不必平行,该什么时态用什么时态,主要取决于时间的变化Eg. Tom is a boy, but he was a girl.2)用be 还是do与平行无关,只和要表达的意思有关系Eg. Tom is a boy, but he loves Jerry.3)几个名词的平行,不需要单数或者复数的统一4)平行分句的主动、被动不必平行, 即:doing 可以和done 平行Eg.Developing countries and developed countries1.平行连词And, or, but, yetNot…but…Not only… but also…Both … and ….Either … or ….Neither … nor……R ather than…【注】rather than 和instead ofRather than 是一体的,不能分开。
这两个词都是表示否定后者,考试中同时出现,instead of 没有对过!Instead of 是一个介词短语,只能对比两个n 或者动名词doing,但是rather than是并列连词,可以并列句子外的任何内容。
2.And 连接N个并列对象的一般用法(and可以连接任何并列对象)1)当n=2时,X1 and X2当X表示主句时:X1,and X2当连接两个平行对象时,and前面是不加“,”的,连接两个主句是唯一的例外。
2)当n>=3时,X1,X2,X3, and X4此时一定有逗号,且逗号的个数=n-1不论n有多大,一组平行有且只有一个and,若有m组平行,则有m个and。
如果两个东西的平行之间还插了另外一组平行,此时and前面可以有“,”,表示与另外一组平行的分隔。
Eg V A, B, and C, and V前面的ABC是一组平行,后面的V和前面的V又是一组平行。
Eg. Voters want to elect a president who genuinely cares about heath, the environment, and the travails of ordinary men and women, and who has the experience, wisdom, and strength of character required for the job.3) and 与along with, also, together with 的区别相似点:意思相似,表示“一起”。
不同点:and 是并列连词,使N个并列对象语法、语义成为一个整体。
Also, 除非构成了介宾短语,其他都可以划掉,不具有任何连接作用。
Along with 与together with优于不是并列连词,在语法上不具有并列作用,语义上可以与前面的中间词并列。
3.平行的省略1)to do and (to) do可省可不省Eg.To do…, to do…, to do…, to do…, and to do.是否省略是看前面第二个是否省略了to,后面与第二个保持一致。
2)肯定省can do and do, have done and done, is doing and doing3)一般不省S believe that SVO and that SVO4)介词短语的平行,perp. + n, perp.一般都保留【注】As well as 也是并列连词,但是不能看成and, 与not only… but also…是反相替换Eg. A as well as B = not only B, but also AAs well as 在并列v的时候,用作介词,同时as well as 还有“一样好”的意思。
Eg.She sings as well as _(plays/playing)___ the piano选playing.“as…”做“像”讲时,一定是连词,不是介词Eg.A lower of X and Y; 和a lower of X as well as Y,前半句表示X、Y都降低了,但是后半句Y没有降低,是一种伴随的状态。
4.平行的本质平行的本质:平行不是外表的平行,本质是语法功能(主语、宾语、状语的平行)和寓意的呼应。
n, n, +n/doing?如果此时n和doing的意思一样,用n!即:因为有些n本身就是动作性的名词,如:cultivation, exploitation,change等;如果n和doing的意思不一样的时候,有意思来决定,该用谁就用谁!二.逻辑主语1.逻辑主语:位于句首的doing(主动)或者done(被动),其动作的发出者或者承受者,既为该分词的逻辑主语,等于后面主句的主语。
Eg.Follow me, you will have meat to eat. 错有两个动词,应该将follow改成following判断逻辑主语:Doing/done… +SVO 可以改成S + do/be done2.Having done(主动)/ having been done(被动)… + SVO分词的完成时,非谓语的完成时,表示动作发生的时候在主句之前。
3.Prep. +doing, +SVO要求S是doing的逻辑主语, 介词包括:in, for, by, after, before, in addition to4.adj+ prep +n …+SVO形容词短语的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致可以看成(being)+ adj+ prep +n …+SVO 改成S+be+adj+prep+nBeing 就是特殊的doEg. Once common through the Western plains,…三.主谓一致1.总原则:所谓主谓一致,就是主语和谓语的一致Eg.The students each have/has a computer. 主语是studentsEach of the students have/has a computer. 主语是each1)“谓语和宾语”及“系动词和表语”不必一致Eg. They are a group.2)同位语和谓语不必一致;3)主语和同位语不必一致2.同位语同位语:位于n之后(除了一种例外),对n 进行解释说明的n1)形式(同位语用n表示):A, n,…两个“,”一个“n”SVA, n.由于n与A同位,则n后面的“,”变成“.”SV A of B, n. n修饰B或者A of B, 如果想修饰A,则SV A, n, of BA, n, VO 可以写成n, A VO这是同位语唯一一种情况可以放在前面,也只有前面没有任何东西的时候才可以将同位语提前Eg.找主语:A, B, V C 主语是AA, B V C 主语是B推论:主语和谓语之间,不可能有一个“,”,可以没有,也可以有两个及以上!2)考法a)通过判断同位语来判断主谓一致;b)通过判断同位语来判断主语;eg. A student, ___B__, 如果B是一个句子,则A是同位语c)通过判断同位语来简化句子;Eg. A, B V C: BVC; A, B, VC: AVC; AVB, C: AVBd)通过判断同位语来判断逗号的存在【注】doing 位于句末的两种用法SVO + doing…1)做结果状语Doing 的逻辑主语是前面的这句话,前面做原因,后面doing是结果。