GMAT曼哈顿语法---精华汇总

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GMAT学习方法总结

GMAT学习方法总结一. gmat前期预备：考生在这时期时刻要去进修以下几个gmat常识点，为中期的gmat专项冲破做预备。

1)og + manhattan(逻辑和语法)一至两周看完上面的书单，og做完语文+数学;manhattan只看逻辑和语法，同时不要做题。

①og语法：起重要细心领会og中语法一致，逻辑清晰，说话简洁和有效表达的方法。

语法方面，依照谜底中的缺点类型(即谜底中的黑体字如:agreement, parallelism)进行分类并深刻明白得每一个缺点类型的概念。

记住一点，前面的所有试题只是谜底中缺点类型概念的说明，让考生能够或许更清晰那个概念的例子。

是以，建议大年夜家不要在乎试题对错成果若何，过分纠结无异于白费时刻;而是欲望大年夜家能够或许把每个缺点类型的概念应用到每一个例题中去并深刻明白得。

②og逻辑：思路指导：经由过程对每到标题标深刻明白得。

把握住逻辑标题里面的逻辑链条，明白假设题和减弱题，加强题，结论题到底指的是什么。

og给gmat的逻辑题进行分类和对题型进行讲解。

③og扫瞄：思路指导：1. 经由过程对og文章的梳理，把握出gmat文章的逻辑框架和主题思路。

2. 明白得gmat的标题若何解答，把握住每种提示的解题方法。

④曼哈顿语法：国外机构一套专门不错的教材。

赞助大年夜家从西方人的思维角度精确熟悉gmat测验。

所设计的常识点专门的体系化。

语法从gmac的角度(语法，语义，精确度，简洁等角度展开，从每一个语法的常识点拓展)⑤曼哈顿逻辑：逻辑从对全然概念和语义确信入手。

是一本相当不错的逻辑书，赞助大年夜家明白得基来源差不多理和概念常识点。

是一本相当不错合营og看的逻辑参考书。

2)gmat数学og建议大年夜家把gmat数学卖力做一遍。

做完一道标题要达到两层后果：①这套标题我用什么样的数学公式解决②这套标题我是用什么数学思惟来说明的3)经济学人天天保持读1小时的文章。

多看严谨的文章赞助明白得和更好的进修gmat语法和gmat扫瞄。

GMAT Manhat n语法笔记 Qiu总结

qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzx cvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg hjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw ertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuio pasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfgh jklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvb nmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwe rtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiop asdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghj klzxcvbnmrtyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfg Manhattan 语法总结 GMAT SC 小总结2015/8/20 Qiu~~~目录Chapter 2 GRAMMAR & MEANNING (4)2.1 Grammar:保证句子是符合规则的 (4)2.2 Meaning :是否真的说出了作者的意图。

(4)Chapter 3 SCENTENCE STRUCTURE (5)3.1 主语和动词必须要一起存在 (5)3.2 主谓一致 (5)3.3 去除中间部分，只留主干。

(5)3.4 用结构去决定 (5)3.5 建立复杂句子 (5)3.6 两个独立分分句 (5)3.7 Adding modifiers（增加修饰词） (5)Chapter 4 MODIFIERS (6)4.1形容词和副词 (6)4.2 名词修饰词（也就是修饰名词或者代词） (6)4.3副词式形容词（就是作用跟副词有点像） (7)4.4 Which VS 现在分词-ing (8)4.5 修饰词vs 核心 (8)4.6 Quantity (9)Chapter 5 PARALLELISM (9)5.1平行信号词 (10)5.2平行元素 (10)5.3 Superficial 平行＆Actual 平行 (11)5.4 AND的重要性 (11)5.5 3- or 4-Item Lists (12)5.6 Idioms with Built-in Parallel Structure (13)5.7 Parallel Meaning (13)CHAPTER 6 COMPARISION (13)6.1比较信号词 (14)6.2省略词 (14)6.3LIKE VS AS (15)6.4比较级和最高级 (15)Chapter 7 PRONOUNS (16)7.1代词 (16)7.2先行词要存在且有意义 (16)7.3单复数一致 (16)7.4最常用的：IT ITS THEY THEM THEIR (17)7.5This that these those (17)7.6某些ambiguity 是被允许的 (17)CHAPTER 8 VERB (17)8.1一般时态 (18)8.2要让时态反应句意 (18)8.3完成时态 (18)8.3.1过去完成时：更早的动作 (18)8.3.2现在完成时：现在与过去的桥梁 (19)8.4-ing修饰词：跟着main verb (20)8.5 Present to Future or Past to Conditional (20)8.6主动和被动 (20)CHAPTER 10 EXTRA 1:MEANING STRUCTURE MODIFIERS (21)10.1别太短 (21)10.2复合主语 (21)10.3标点 (21)10.4集合名词：找线索 (22)10.5不定代词 (22)10.6Each 和Every (23)10.7数量词和短语 (23)10.8主语短语和主语从句通常是单数。

GMAT Manhattan SC Note 曼哈顿SC笔记汇总

Chapter 3 Sentence Structure
Subject and verb must both exists, make sense together, and agree in number.
Compound subjects are always plural and must be connected by and. Lin and Guy drive to work. Lin, as well as Guy, drives to work.
command have authority from voters person from species that originated in variety of varying speed or frequency of prices for seek to accomplish experiment with
后续每天分析 3-5 题 SC： 1、重做一遍 2、先分析排除理由，再对照 OG 补充自己的分析 3、总结考点 4、制作 flash cards for clues/markers/grammar issues
Chapter 2 Grammar & Meaning
Focus your efforts on grammar and meaning.
Chapter 4 Modifiers
Adjective: Modify a noun Adverbial: Mofify anything else other than a noun
The semicolon is often followed by a transition expression, such as however/therefore/in addition. The semicolon connects two related independent clauses, but the second does not necessarily explain the first.

GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)

GMAT SC Manhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)目录Subject-verb agreement (7)Fragment: Subject and verb must both exist (7)Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together (8)Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in number (9)Additive phrases (9)Or, either…or, neither…nor: nearest . 9Collective nouns: almost alwayssingular (9)Indefinite pronouns: usually singular.9SANAMM words: some; any; none; all;more; most; (9)Each and every (9)Quantity words and phrases (9)Subject phrases and clauses: alwayssingular (10)Parallelism (10)Parallel markers (10)Parallel elements (11)You can split apart the expressions:.. 12Parallel clauses should start with thesame word (12)Lists with AND (13)Idioms with parallel structure (13)Superficial parallelism vs. actual parallelism (13)Watch out for linking verbs (14)Treat any linking verb as a parallelmarket. (14)And they have to make sense (15)Pronoun (15)Antecedent must exist: as a noun (15)Antecedent and pronoun must make sense together (15)The antecedent must be unambiguous (16)The antecedent and pronoun must agree in number (16)Pronoun case (16)Watch out for parallelism (16)’s is often poor antecedent (17)The deadly five: it, its, they, them, their (17)This, that, these, and those (18)Adjectives: (18)New copy (18)Agree in number with previous version (18)This, these, that, and those cannot beused as nouns. (18)Modifiers (19)Adjectives and adverbs (19)Adjective + adjective + noun (19)Adverb + adjective + noun (19)Noun modifiers (20)Misplaced modifier (21)Dangling modifier (21)Modifiers have to make sense (22)Noun modifiers with relative clause.. 22Essential vs. non-essential nounmodifiers (23)Verb modifiers (23)Verb tense, mood and voice (25)Tense (25)Simple tense (25)Progressive tense (25)Keep verb tense consistent (25)Present perfect: still in effect (26)Past perfect: the earlier action (26)Tense sequence (27)The subjunctive mood (28)Hypothetical subjunctive (28)If...then constructions (28)The command subjunctive (29)Active voice vs. passive voice (31)Comparisons (32)Keeping comparisons parallel (32)Comparisons must be logically parallel (32)Comparisons must be structurallyparallel (33)Omitted words (33)Comparative and superlative forms (34)Idioms (35)Odds and ends (55)Connecting words (55)Connecting punctuation (57)Comma (57)Semicolon (58)Colon (59)Dash (59)Quantity (60)Advanced strategy: GMC/S-V/PARALLELISM (61)Concision: specific patterns of wordiness (61)Pattern 1: prefer a verb to an actionnoun (61)Pattern 2: prefer a That-clause (withverbs) to a series of phrases (withnouns) (63)Pattern 3: prefer a verb to an adjective. (63)Pattern 4: prefer an adjective to anoun (64)Pattern 5: prefer an adverb to aprepositional phrase (65)Pattern 6: prefer an adjective to anadjective clause with be (65)Pattern 7: r emove IT IS...THAT (66)Concision: don’t make it too short (66)Pattern1: keep the prepositionalphrase if you need to (66)Pattern2: keep THAT OFor THESEOF if you need to (68)Pattern 3: keep THAT after areporting verb (68)Parallelism: concrete nouns and action nouns (69)Infinitives (71)Adjectives and participles: (71)Advanced strategy: pronouns and modifiers (72)Other pronouns (72)There (72)Itself, themselves: (73)DO SO versus DO IT (73)Placeholder IT (73)1. Postpone infinitive subjects (73)2. Postpone That-clause subjects (74)3. Postpone infinitive or That-clauseobjects (74)Nuances of pronoun reference: (74)Modifiers: Exceptions to the Touch Role (75)1. Mission Critical modifier (75)2. A very short predicate falls between,shifting a very long modifier back (75)3. A short non-essential phraseintervenes and is set off by comas. (76)4. The modifier is part of a seriesparallel modifiers, one of whichtouches the noun. (76)Possessive Nuances (76)Subgroup modifiers (77)More on relative clauses vs. participles (77)Absolute phrases (78)Advanced strategy: Verbs & comparisons (80)Helping verbs: BE, DO and HA VE (80)Infinitives (82)Gerunds (83)Participles (84)When to use which word (85)More on LIKE and AS (86)Numbers in comparisons (88)Other comparison constructions (89)Subject-verb agreementFragment: Subject and verb must both exist.Missing of working verb: The electron named in 1894.Connecting word and no main clause: Because the dog was never mine/ Which will be approvedtomorrow.Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together.Wrong: The proliferation of computer games designed to involve many players at once were first developed before the widespread availability of high-speed internet connections. Right: Computer games designed to involve many players at once have proliferated; such games were first developed before the wide spread availability of high-speed internet connections.Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in numberAdditive phrasesOr, either…or, neither…nor: nearestCollective nouns: almost always singularIndefinite pronouns: usually singularSANAMM words: some; any; none; all; more; most;Some of the money was stolen from my wallet; Some of the papers were stolen from the bank. 另外如同majority minority plurality 等词也是要看情况的Each and everyEvery dog and cat has paws.Each of these shirts is pretty.They each are great tennis players.Quantity words and phrasesA number ofThe number ofSubject phrases and clauses: always singularHaving good friends is a wonderful thing. Whatever they want to do is fine with me.ParallelismParall el markersMarkers StructuresAnd X and YX, Y and ZBoth/and Both X and YOr X or YEither/or Either X or YNot/but Not X but YNot only/but also Not only X but also YRather than X rather thanYFrom/to From X to YParall el el ementsElements ExamplesNouns Her expressionreflected both angerand relief.Adjectives The park was neitheraccessible noraffordable.We collected bothsecond and third-gradebooks.Verbs The custodian cleanedthe basement andwashed the windows. Infinitives We would like not onlyto hear your side of thestory but also toprovide a response. Participles The actor left quickly,shunning fans andPrepositional It was important toleave the money in thedrawer rather than onthe table. Subordinate clauses They contended thatthe committee wasbiased and that itshould be disbanded. You can split apart the expressions:The division was opening offices, hiring staff and investing in equipment.The railroad can either lose more money or solve its problems.They wanted to increase awareness, spark interest, and motivate purchases.Parallel clauses should start with the same wordWrong: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and that has low taxes.Right: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and where the taxes are low.Wrong: Ralph likes both those who are popular and who are not.Right: Ralph likes both those who are popular and those who are not.Lists with ANDBe careful as you tally items:Wrong: She argues that the agency acts with disregard for human life and property and reckless abandon and it should therefore be shut down.Right : She argues that the agency acts with reckless abandon and with disregard for human life and property and that is should therefore be shut down.Idioms with parall el structureSuperficial parallelism vs. actual parall elismWrong: Sal applied himself in his new job,arrived early every day, skipped lunch regularly, and left late every night.Right: Sal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving late every night.Watch out for linking verbsTo BE Other linking verbsAre Become SmellWas Feel SoundWere Grow StayAm Look TasteBeen Remain TurnBe RepresentBeing ResembleTreat any linking verb as a parallel market.Wrong: The bouquet of flowers was a giving of love.Right: The bouquet of flowers was a gift of love.And they have to make sense.Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.Right: The nomination of this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.PronounsAnteced ent must exist: as a nounWrong: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent sever wildfires, which would be devastating to it.Right: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent sever wildfires, which would be devastating to the park.Anteced ent and pronoun must make sense together Wrong: Although the term “supercomputer”may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it is simply an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.Right: Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply refers to an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.The anteced ent must be unambiguousWrong: Researchers claim to have developed new “nano-papers”incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which they allege give them the strength of cast iron.Right: researchers claim to have developed new “nano-papers”incorporating tiny cellulose fibers, which allegedly give these materials the strength of cast iron.The anteced ent and pronoun must agree in number Pronoun caseWatch out for parallelismSupernovas destroy their immediateenvironments in vast explosions, but by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, they provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.’s is often poor antecedentWrong: The board is investigating several executives’compensation packages in order to determine how much may have been improperly awarded to them.Here THEM refers to “packages”, so it is wrong. Right: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives in order to determine how much these executives may have been awarded.The d eadly five: it, its, they, them, theirWrong: Whenever a student comes, take down their information.Right: Whenever a student comes, take down his or her information.Right: Whenever students come, take downtheir information.This, that, these, and thoseAdjectives:New “nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give these materials strength.New copyThe money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her children.The money spent by her parents is more than it was expected to by.Agree in number with previous versionWrong: Her company is outperforming those of her competitors.Right: Her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors.This, these, that, and those cannot be used as nouns.Wrong: Her products are unusual; manyconsider these unique.Right: Her products are unusual; many consider them unique.ModifiersAdjectives and adverbsAdjective + adjective + nounBoth adjectives modify the noun.Wrong: James Joyce is Max’s supposedly Irish ancestor.Right: James Joyce is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor.Adverb + adjective + nounThe adverb modifies the adjective.Wrong: Max’s grandmother is his supposed Irish ancestor.Right: Max’s grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.Noun modifiersType Position ExampleAdjective BeforenounAfternoun The lazy cat took a nap. The cat, lazy from overeating, took a napPropositi on BeforenounAfternounOn the couch, the cattook a nap.The cat on the couchtook a nap.Past participle BeforenounAfternounThe tired cat took anap.Tires from chasingmice, the cat took a nap.Present participle without commas BeforenounAfternounThe sleeping cat took anap.The cat sleeping on thecouch is named “Sue”.Relative pronoun AfternounThe grey cat, whichloves tuna, took a nap.The cat that lives nextAnother noun BeforenounAfternounA lover of mice, my cathunts night and day.The cat, a tabby raisedon a farm, took a nap.Misplaced modifierWrong: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. Right: To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods.Dangling modifierWrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.Wrong: There was no commotion in the office, resigned to the bad news.Right: Resigned to the bad news, the officeworkers make no commotion.Also true for verb modifiers:Wrong: Using the latest technology, the problem was indentified.Right: Using the latest technology, the engineer indentified the problem.Modifiers have to make sense.Wrong: Only in the past century has origami’s development, a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago, into a true art form taken place. Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago- has developed into a true art form only in the past century.Noun modifiers with relative clauseThat or whom can be dropped when acting as the objectiveThe security guard we met was nice.The movie we watched last Friday was scary.“Where” cannot be used to modify a metaphorical placeSuch as condition, situation, case, circumstance, or arrangementWrong: We had an arrangement where he cooked and I cleaned.Right: We had an arrangement in which he cooked and I cleaned.Essential vs. non-essential noun modifiersVerb modifiersType PositionExampleAdverb BeforeverbAfterverb Frequently, I walk to the store.I frequently walk to the store.I walk frequently to the store.Preposition Beforeverb On Mondays, I walk to the storeAfter verbI walk to the store on Mondays.SubordinatorBefore verb After verbWhenmycarisbroken, I walk to the store.I walk to the store when mycarisbroken.Some modifiers can modify both the subject and the verb. Type Positio nExample Present participle with comasBefore verbAfter verbWhistling “Beat it ”, Ilifted the weight. I lifted the weight, whistling“Beat it ”. Preposition + simple gerund Before verbAfter verbBy concentration, Ilifted the weight. I lifted the weight by concentration.Verb tense, mood and voiceTenseSimple tenseSimple present tense is often used to express “eternal” states or frequent events.Use simple present to define general definitions.Use simple present with state verbs such as KNOW and SIGNIFYProgressive tenseKeep verb tense consistentIf you want to switch tense, make it clear: Right: He is thinner now because he spent thelast six months on a strict diet.Present perfect: still in effectPresent perfect indicated either continued action or continued effect of a completed action. Right: The child drew a square in the sand, but the ocean erased it.Right: The child drew a square in the sand, but the ocean has erased it.Awkward: The child has drawn a square in the sand, but the ocean has erased it.If you want to talk about a specific, completed time period, use the simple past:Wrong: Veronica has traveled all over the world in 2007.Right: Veronica travelled all over the world in 2007.Past perfect: the earlier actionYou should use past perfect only to clarify or emphasize a sequence of past events.If the sequence is already obvious, we do not need to use past perfect.Right: Antonio drove to the store and bought some ice cream.When you see BEFORE Or AFTER, don’t use the past perfect.Right: Laura locked the deadbolt before she left for work.Tense sequenceScientist: The supercollider is ready, it did not cost too much, and it will provide new insights into the working of the universe.Report: The scientist announced that the supercollider was ready, that it had not cost too much, and that it would provide new insights into the workings of the universe.Avoid mixing present tense with conditionaltense:Right: The scientist believes that the machine will be wonderful.Right: The scientist believed that the machine would be wonderful.Wrong: The scientist believes that the machine would be wonderful.Wrong: The scientist believed that the machine will be wonderful.The subjunctive moodHypothetical subjunctiveIf…then constructionsType Form ExampleGeneral rule with no uncertainty If present,then presentIf Sophie eatspizza, then shebecomes ill.General rule with some uncertainty If present,then CAN orMAYIf Sophie eatspizza, then shemay become ill.Particular case (in the future) with no uncertainty If present,then futureIf Sophie eatspizza tomorrow,then she willbecome ill.Unlikely case (in the future) Ifhypotheticalsubjunctive,thenconditionalIf Sophie atepizza tomorrow,then she wouldbecome ill.Case that never happened (in the past) If pastperfect, thenconditionalperfectIf Sophie hadeaten pizzayesterday, thenshe would havebecome ill.The command subjunctiveBossy verb + that + subject + command subjunctiveWrong: We propose the school board disband. Wrong: We propose that the school boardshould disband. Type WordExample Verbs that take only the command subjunctiveDemand,dictate, insist, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggestWe demand thathebehere.Verbs that take only infinitiveAdvise, allow, forbid, persuade, wantWe allow him to be here.Verbs that take either formAsk,beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require Werequire thathebehere.We require him to be here.Nouns that take the command subjunctiveDemand, requestHisdemandthat he be paid full severance was not met.take the command subjunctive crucial,desirable,fitting,imperative,important,mandatory,preferable,urgent, vitalthat Gary beready beforesoon.Avoid the use of the command subjunctive after WHETHER.Wrong: I like ice cream, whether it be chocolate, vanilla, or any other flavor.Right: I like ice cream, whether it is chocolate, vanilla, or any other flavor.Active voice vs. passive voiceDo not use verbs besides BE to form the passive voice.Wrong: the pizza must got eaten today.ComparisonsComparison signalsLike AsUnlike As (adj.) asMore than As much asLess than As little asFaster than As fast asDifferent from The same asIn contrast to/withKeeping comparisons parall elComparisons must be logically parallelWrong: Frank’s build, like his brother, is broad and muscular.Right: Frank’s build, like his brother’s, is broad and muscular.Right: Frank’s build, like that of his brother, is broad and muscular.Right: Frank, like his brother, has a broad and muscular build.Comparisons must be structurally parallelWrong: I like to run through forests more than I enjoy walking through crowds.Right: I like running through forests more than walking through crowds.Omitted wordsPut in the omitted words or appropriate helping verbs only if you need to remove ambiguity. Right: Vishal eats more carrots than donuts. Wordy: Vishal eats more carrots than he dose donuts.Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. Right: I like cheese more than I do Yvette. Right: I like cheese more than Yvette does.Ambiguous: Tomas is more interested in video games than his girlfriend.Right: Tomas is more interested in video games than his girlfriend is.Right: Tomas is more interested in video games than in his girlfriend.GMAT occasionally allows unnecessary Helping verbs.Right: Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels.Right: Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels are.Comparative and superlative formsDo not compare an adverb that ends in –ly by changing the ending to –er.Wrong: Adrian runs quickly. He runs quicker than Jacob.Right: Adrian runs quickly. He runs more quickly than Jacob.However, some adverbs that do not end in –ly are made into comparatives by adding –er. Right: Adrian runs fast. He runs faster thanJacob.Do not use a comparative adjective unless you have a THAN in the sentence.Wrong: With winter coming, I will have higher energy bills.Wrong: I will have higher bills over last year. Right: I will have higher bills than last year.IdiomsImportant idiom listActThe bay acted as a funnel for the ride. (function as)My friend acted like a fool. (behave)AgreeThey agree that electrons exist.Electrons are particles that physicists agree exist.AidShe aids her neighbor.She provides aid to victims.Aid for victims is available.Her aid in walking the dog is appreciated.AimWe adopted new procedures aimed at reducing theft.We adopted new procedures with the aim of reducing theft.Aim to do 错误！AnxietyHis anxiety about his company’s future is ill-founded.His anxiety that his company may be sold is ill-founded.AppearImperfections appear as tiny cracks (show up as)He appears confused (seems)The dinosaurs appear to have been relatively smart.It appears that the dinosaurs were smart.AsAs I walked, I became more nervous.(during) As I had already paid, I was unconcerned. (because, since)As we did last year, we will win this year. ( in the same way)As the president of the company, she worked hard.(in the role of )As a child, I delivered newspapers. (in the stage of)My first job was an apprenticeship as a sketch artist.As part of the arrangement, he received severance.As…as…Cheese is not as great as people say.We have three times as many pears as you.His knowledge springs not so much from experience as from schooling.AskI asked for her aid.He asked her to go to the store.He asked that she go to the store.AwareAware of the danger, he fled.Aware that danger was near, he fled.With an aware that/of….错误！BanThey passed a ban prohibiting us from carrying bottles.They passed a ban that…错误！BeginThe movement began as a protest. (was born as) The movement began with a protest. (protest was the first part)The protest began a movement. (caused)BelieveShe believes that Gary is right.She believes Gary to be right.It is believed that Gary is right.Gary is believed to be right.BordersWithin the borders of a countryIn/inside the borders….错误！ButI study hard but take breaks.I study hard, but I take breaks.ChanceI have one chance in a thousand of winningtonight.ClaimThey claim that they can read minds.They claim to be able to read minds.Compared/comparisonIn comparison to/with horses, zebras are vicious.A zebra can be compared to a horse in many ways.Compared with a horse, a zebra is very hard to tame.ConfidenceWe have confidence that the market will recover.ConceiveHe conceives of architecture as a dialog. Conceive of sth. to be…. 错误！ConsiderI consider her a friend.I consider her intelligent.I consider illegal the law passed last week by the new regime.The law is considered illegal.ContendThey contend that they can decipher the code.ContinueThe danger will continue to grow.The danger will continue its growth.错误！CostPollution cost us billions in increased medical bills.CreateYou will create a team to lead the discussion.CreditHugo credits sally with good taste.Sally is credited with good taste.DangerWe are in danger of forgetting the past.DateThey dated the artifact at three centuries old. Dated to be 错误！DeclareI declared the election a fraud/ invalid.I declared invalid the referendum that the new regime imposed.DependThe outcome depends on whether he can make friends.DesignThe window is designed to open.DevelopThe executive developed her idea into a project. The idea developed into a project.DifferenceThere is a difference in ability between us. There is a difference between what you can do and what I can do.There are differences in what you and I can do.DisinclinedShe is disinclined to write to her parents.Distinguish/distinctionThe investor distinguished between trends and fads.There is a distinction between trends and fads.DoubtWe do not doubt that the apples are ripe.We have no doubt that the apples are ripe.She doubts whether Jan will arrive on time.ElectShe elected to withdraw her money early.EnoughThe book was short enough (for me) to read in a night.EnsureHe ensures that deadlines are metEquippedThey are equipped to fight on any terrain.EvenI am even richer than a king.I earn as much money as even the wealthiest king.ExpectWe expect the price to fall.The price is expected to fall.We expect that the price will fall.It is expected that the price will fall.There is an expectation that the price will fall.ExpendWe expend energy on neighborhood development.ExtentWe enjoyed the film to some extent. “Thumbs part up”is the extent to which we enjoyed the film.FaultThe criminals are at the fault for breaking the law.ForbidThe law forbids any citizen to vote twice.GoalThe goal is to expand the company.He helps (to) rake the leaves.He helps me (to) rake the leaves.His help in raking the leaves has been welcome.HoldThe law holds that jaywalking is illegal.InsteadWe avoided the arcade and instead went to a movie.IntentI went with the intent to leave soon.I went with the intent/intention of leaving soon.KnowWe know her to be brilliant.She is known to be brilliant.We know him as Reggie.He is known as Reggie.Old gadgets are lacking in features.Old gadgets lack features.The lack of features is upsetting.LessLess than 10%Lower than 10% 错误！LikelyMy friend is likely to eat worm.It is likely that my friend will eat worm.My friend is more likely than my enemy to eat worms.My friend is twice as likely as my enemy to eat worms.More than likely, my friend will eat worms.LossI have suffered a loss of strength. (decline in quality)They have suffered a loss in the euro. (decline ininvestment)MandateThe general mandated that a trench be dug.MassThe truck has ten times the mass of a small car. The truck is ten times the mass of a small car. 错误！MeansMusic education is a means to improved cognition.A means of/for. 错误！NativeThe kangaroo is native to Australia.My friend is a native of Australia.Not…butShe did not eat mangoes but ate other kinds of fruit.A tomato is not a vegetable but a fruit.NumberThe number of dogs has fallen.Dogs have fallen in number.错误！OweHe owes money to government for back taxes.PrivilegeThe academy gave senior cadets dancing privileges.Worse: the academy gave senior cadets the privilege of dancing.PronounceShe pronounced the book a triumph.ProposeThey attorneys proposed that a settlement be reached.The attorneys proposed to meet for lunch.。

曼哈顿5语法中文精华笔记

Manhattan语法（第五版）中文笔记一、SC 的做题方法与原则1．不是找对的，而是选最好的。

2．方法：排除法，首先在稿纸上写下所有选项，然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组，根据各组的不同特点划去错误的，比较剩余选项，针对区别进行判断，剩下最好的。

要点：读句子，懂意思，找出划线与未划线的关系。

看选项，先找出不同，肯定多于2处。

从最好入手的比较开始排除，优先主谓一致，单复数，平行，代词，时态。

最后代入句子检查尤其注意划线与未划线是否一致。

要最快速的排除并选出答案，而不要纠结于每个错误。

3．做改错题时，首先应通读句子，找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。

在很多情况下，句子中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。

4．GMC 原则：grammar, meaning and concision, including：主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法二、意思与句子简洁GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为：STEP 1、首先看有无语法错误（习惯说法不一定正确）STEP 2、看意思表达是否准确（不会读2遍以上才明白也不会产生歧义）STEP 3、是否简洁（能用6个词不要用10个词）（一）意思1．正确用词①Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的②Aggravate-加重，恶化；aggravating-令人愤怒的③Known as –被认为是，很著名；known to be-被承认…；known for④Loss of –失去；loss in-贬值⑤Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权⑥Native of- （人）来自；native to –物种起源于⑦Range of –多种的；ranging-变化⑧ Rate of –速度或频率；rates for –价格…⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升；raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向⑩Such as –比如；like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）⑾Try to do –努力去完成；try doing –尝试去做⑿ impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫2．情态动词（1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。

曼哈顿语法笔记

Chapter 3:主谓一致注意主语和谓语之间构成的逻辑意义相符合Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.Right: Once developed, a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.主语谓语之间必须做到单复数相符合Eliminate the middlemen and Skip and warmup (准确做到正常的跳读)没有必要的句子成分尽量少读介词短语，从句，其他修饰成分善于利用句子的机构去判断单复数The tidal forces to which an object falling into a black hole is subjected are sufficient to tear the object apart.And 和 additive phases（注意 mathematics，aerobics，diabetes,citus 都是单数的形式）Media 是 medium 的复数形式。

Either or（就近原则确定谓语单复数）集体名词People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture.用单数Our army of a hundred thousand soldiers is attacking the enemy.不定代词SANAM：some, any, none, all, more/most这几个词语要依据不同情形确定单复数Any of these women is a suitable candidate for marriage to my son.Not one of my friends is here this weekend.Every and eachEvery dog has paws.Every dog and cat has paws.Each of these shirts is pretty.The number of和a number of 的用法要注意注意 there be 句型的单复数There are a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.注意：Pong is a classic game from which have descended many current computer pastimes.（这里用了倒装）相当于那个预言的题目，多多注意Chapter 4：平行准则Wrong: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and I pay low taxes.Right: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and where I pay low taxes.使用 where 能够减少歧义。

GMATSCManhatten曼哈顿语法总结(770NN)

目录Subject-verb agreement ............................ 错误!未定义书签。

Fragment: Subject and verb must both exist........................... 错误!未定义书签。

Sense: Subject and verb must make sense together. ............... 错误!未定义书签。

Number agreement: Subject and verb must agree in number . 错误!未定义书签。

Additive phrases................................................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

Or, either…or, neither…nor: ne arest................................................. 错误!未定义书签。

Collective nouns: almost always singular ......................................... 错误!未定义书签。

Indefinite pronouns: usually singular................................................ 错误!未定义书签。

SANAMM words: some; any; none; all; more; most; ...................... 错误!未定义书签。

Each and every.................................................................................. 错误!未定义书签。

GMAT_OG_语法考点大总结

GMAT_OG_语法考点大总结.docGMAT OG语法考点大总结一、引言1.1 GMAT语法考试简介GMAT（Graduate Management Admission Test）是商学院入学考试，其语法部分主要测试考生对英语语法规则的掌握和应用能力。

1.2 语法考点的重要性掌握语法考点对于提高GMAT成绩至关重要，它有助于考生在考试中快速识别错误并作出正确选择。

二、GMAT OG语法考点概览2.1 词性用法名词：单复数、可数与不可数、所有格动词：时态、语态、非谓语动词形容词与副词：比较级与最高级、错误修饰代词：指代清晰、主宾格、反身代词连词：并列连词、从属连词介词：固定搭配、介词短语冠词：定冠词与不定冠词的使用2.2 句子结构主谓一致句子完整性：主语、谓语的完整性从句：名词性从句、状语从句、定语从句并列结构：并列连词的使用、并列句的正确性修饰语：定语、状语、同位语的正确使用2.3 语法规则时态一致性语态选择：主动语态与被动语态非谓语动词：动名词、不定式、分词虚拟语气倒装句强调句2.4 逻辑语义逻辑主语：确保逻辑上的主语与语法上的主语一致指代明确：避免指代不清或歧义逻辑连接：确保句子之间的逻辑关系清晰一致性：保持时态、数、人称等方面的一致性三、GMAT OG语法考点详解3.1 名词用法单复数一致性：根据语境判断名词的单复数形式。

集合名词：某些名词作为集合名词时，谓语动词用单数或复数。

可数与不可数名词：注意区分可数名词和不可数名词。

3.2 动词用法时态：根据时间状语判断使用何种时态。

语态：主动语态与被动语态的选择取决于句子的语境。

非谓语动词：动名词、不定式和分词的使用要根据句子结构和意义。

3.3 形容词与副词比较级与最高级：正确使用比较级和最高级的形容词和副词。

错误修饰：避免使用错误的修饰语，如“the more...the more”结构。

3.4 代词指代清晰：确保代词有明确的先行词。

主宾格：根据句子结构使用主格或宾格代词。

GMAT Manhattan 常考短语总结

order：order to do，order that+虚拟语注意only修是谁就放在谁的前面。
once：用once，不用 at one time。
object：反对，object to，不用名词形式。
number：the number of ,a number of ,it's numbers.注意单复数。没有 in number的说法。
rise：rise一般不用被动语态，什么rise就是什么rise。a rise in oil，不能使a raise in oil，the rising of 不能是 a rising of price
reveal：只能用reveal that从句，不能省略that，也不能reveal to。
result：result from,result in is a result of, as a result of, the result of xxx is that,没有，with the result of， with a resulting， resulting from
recognize：recognize that；recognize to be；recognize as+名词
rebel：背叛谁 rebel against sb
reason，have a reason to do , have a reason for +名词, a reason that ,没有 a reason why,也没有，reason...because..
refer：refer to，直接就是XXX refer to，不用 xxx is used to refer to。只能用referring to，不能用 in reference to。

GMAT曼哈顿语法总结2014年必胜!!最终版2014.7.17

GMAT曼哈顿语法总结（自己手打总结）为了给逻辑和阅读题目留出更多的时间，每道语法题目最好在1分半到1分钟之内完成。

需要运用split法进行排除。

句首和句尾是split的关键，否则就没必要划线了。

第二章语法和语义GMAT句子改错最重要的是语义和语法。

语义是句子作者的intended meaning.这种original intended meaning才是句子的真实句义。

任何改变句义的选项都是错误的，语义是最最最重要的，通过语法来判断句义是辅助的，所以不能拘泥于语法，而是通过句义来判断作者的原意。

所以，可以通过逻辑来找句义，而通过语法来排除那些特别错误的选项。

One of your tasks is to choose the answer choice that transmits the author’s intent as clearly as possible. Don’t alter the author’s intent when you make your choice! (如果句子原文的句义没有错的话，则不能改变句义)Aggravate aggravatingKnown as known to beLoss of loss inMandate have a mandateNative of native toRange of rangingRate of rates forRise raiseTry to do try doing区别以上词汇的含义区别句子里任何一个小词的改变，比如虚拟词汇的改变，或者词的位置的改变都会改变句子的含义，所以一定要细细体会这些“小词”的含义。

Will: certainMay: uncertainMust: absolutely necessaryShould: morally obligated (on the GMAT, should almost always means “morally obligation”, not likelihood)Would: hypotheticalAll the children are covered in mud.The children are all covered in mud.Only the council votes on Thursdays.The council votes only on Thursdays.If a word changes its position in the answer choices, consider whether the change has an impact on the meaning of the sentence. Look out especially for short words that quantify nouns or otherwise restrict meaningThe council granted the right to make legal petitions to city officials.(有歧义，改成：The council granted CITY OFFICIALS the right to make legal petitions. Or The right to make legal petitions to CITY OFFICIALS was granted by the council.比较常见的多余的形式是使用同一含义的词，比如：The value of the stock rose by 10% increase.应改为：The value of the stock increase by 10%,or the value of the stock rose by 10%.再如：The three prices sum to a total of $11.56应改为：The three prices sum to $11.56. Or The three prices total $11.56GMAT)Past: previously, formerly, in the past, before nowPresent: now, currently, presently, at presentYearly: annual each year, a yearpeople are better off never applying it on the GMAT)Problem set1.How matter how much work it may require, getting MBA turns outtobe a wise investment for most people (correct, 但是不太明白那个it代表什么)2.Even though it requires much work, getting MBA turns out to be a wise investment for most people(incorrect, 因为它改变了句子的原意)3.She is the most dedicated gardener on the block, every daywateringthe more than 50 plants in her yard.(correct, more than修饰50 plants in her yard)4. She is the most dedicated gardener on the block, every day wateringmore than the 50 plants in her yard.（incorrect, more than 修饰the 50 plants in her yard，隐含的意思是除了给50浇水之外，还给其他东西浇水，改变了句子的含义）5. Hector remembers San Francisco as it was when he left ten years ago.(correct,不太明白这句话的含义)6.Students at Carver High School are encouraged to pursue only those extracurricular activities from which stems success in college applications.(correct,个人认为是倒装，详细见第三章的flip it)7. Students at Carver High School are encouraged to pursue only those extracurricular activities from which success in college applications stems.(correct, flip it)第三章主语和谓语的一致任何一个句子里，主语和谓语必须在逻辑上和语义上都是make sense的一、一个句子中主语和谓语必须都有，否则为fragment:GMAT错误句子常见方式：1.drop the verbs: The electron named in 1894.2.连词开头且没有主句：because the dog was never mine二、主语和谓语必须合理make senseThe development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.(incorrect)refueling.(correct)三、主语和谓语必须在数量上一致GMAT often tries to confuse you before you make the subject-verb match.如何找句子中的主语呢：1.eliminate the middlemen, and skip the warmupGMAT hides the subject in a few ways: the most common way by far is to insert words between the subject and the verb:(Near Galway), the houses (on the road to Spiddle) are gorgeous.other parts of the sentence, acting as big adj or big adv. Some subordinate clauses even act as big nouns）(When the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad.到修饰语。

曼哈顿GMAT系列SC笔记

一、语法和语义Grammar and Meaning1.Grammar: Does the sentence adhere to the rules of Standard WrittenEnglish?2.Meaning: Does the sentence clearly indicate the author’s intendedmeaning?Meaning Errors1. Choose your wordsEg: right: The court declared that Jack must pay full damages Wrong: The court declared that Jack should pay full damages explanation: on the GMAT exam, the word” should” only mean “moral obligation”, something the court cannot impose.2. Place your words3.Match your words (主语和谓语在一起要有意义)4.Avoid Redundancya. GMAT考试中很常见的一种累赘错误是在一个句子中使用了两个意思重复的词语。

例如：The value of the stock rose by a 10% increase .Right: The value of the stock rose by 10%b. 要注意时间的表达词语。

尤其是当一个时间表达未被划线，或者两个表达相同时间的词语看起来不同练习：1. (choose word) No matter how much work it may require, getting a MBA degree turns out to be a wise investment.替换：Even though it requires much work,解析：原句要表达的意思是，不论主语花费的工作量有多大，它都是一个明智的投资（may是关键词）；而替换句中把may去掉，意思变为“即使它要求很大工作量，它是一个明智的投资。

解读GMAT语法备考资料之曼哈顿语法【武汉GMAT语法备考】

解读GMAT语法备考资料之曼哈顿语法>>>武汉申友GMAT编辑<<< MANHATTAN 最著名的是它的语法部分MANHATTAN Sentence Correction，这本书目前更新到了第六版，对于GMAT小白来说，可以说是入门必备，正如这本书的Strategy Guide中所介绍的:“This essential guide takes the guesswork out of grammar by presenting all of the major grammatical principles and minor grammatical points known to be tested on the GMAT. Do not be caught relying only on your ear; master the rules for correcting every GMAT sentence.”简言之就是，这本书通过给入门者建立一个完整严谨的语法知识体系，让大家知道GMAT OG里那么多题怎么分类、有哪些考点，在做题时，要遵循什么样的做题步骤，有哪些做题原则，拿到一道题目的时候，应该怎样去切入，是句法结构，还是主谓一致，还是平行结构，是比较考点还是逻辑语义等等，今天申友GMAT 语法名师Regina老师就给大家介绍一下如何正确的使用曼哈顿语法这本书。

一、MANHATTAN Sentence Correction的主要内容是什么MANHATTAN Sentence Correction的目录刚好就是OG 140多道SC题目的考点之所在，且本书每一个章节的内容就是围绕着这九大考点（Grammar 、Meaning、Sentence Structure、Modifiers、Parallelism、Comparisons、Pronouns、Verbs、Idioms）依次展开讲解的，并配以正确句子和错误句子的展示，同学们可以通过此书来完善自己语法知识体系，建议和OG配套使用，它会为大家在学习SC的路上扫除很多疑虑。

Charles曼哈顿语法笔记

一、对应OG题目分类：初级部分：1. Meaning & Concision8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31, 37, 39, 49, 572. Subject-Verb Agreement2, 5, 13, 27, 45, 60, 66, 68, 78, 843. Parallelism6, 11, 14, 15, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 36, 42, 46, 52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 72, 77, 81, 83, 88 4. Pronouns1, 7, 23, 47, 915. Modifiers10, 18, 25, 30, 38, 40, 48, 58, 61, 63, 71, 796. Verb Tense, Mood, &Voice3, 19, 41, 54, 67, 69, 70, 74, 85, 86, 877. Comparisons9, 20, 32, 43, 76, 82, 89, 97, 99, 1008. Idioms4, 33, 34, 35, 44, 50, 51, 59, 64, 73, 75, 96, 106, 117, 118, 1209. Odds & Ends80, 116高级部分：11Meaning & Concision93, 98, 135Subject-Verb Agreement95, 104, 129, 133, 140Parallelism90, 92, 94, 109, 114, 119, 127, 130, 134, 13712Pronouns101, 113, 124, 132Modifiers102,103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115, 121, 12613Verb Tense, Mood, & Voice122, 128, 139Comparisons108, 123, 125, 131, 136, 138二、Basic部分：Chapter 1: 单复数1.Additive Phrases:Along with Polly、In addition to surgery、Accompanied by me together with a tie、As well as the mayorOnly the word and can change a singular subject into a plural one. Singular subjects followed by additive phrases remain singular subjects.2.Or, Either or, Neither n or:Neither the players nor the coach is going to the beach.Find the nearest to the verb.Note that when the words either or neither are in a sentence alone (without or or nor), they are considered singular and take only singular verbs.3.Collective Nouns: Almost Alway s SingularPeople: agency, a rmy, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furnitureIn some rare circumstances, collective nouns can be considered plural (e.g., when you emphasize the individual actors, not their unity). However, on the GMAT, collective nouns are almost always considered singular and therefore require singular verb forms.Note:in British usage, many of these nouns are normally considered plural.Not so on the GMAT!The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field.Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy.Each collective noun (crowd, team, and army) takes a singular verb form.4.Indefinite Pronouns:不定代词Usually SingularAnyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every (as pronouns) someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, whatever, whoever, either, neither (may require a plural verb if paired with or/nor)Technically,none of + plural noun can take either a singular or a plural verb form. But not one is alway s singular: Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.5.Each and Every: Singular Sensations但是，Note that each following a subject has no bearing on the verb form.They each are great tennis players.Here, the plural subject they requires the plural verb form are.Chapter 3:1.Wrong:Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.2. P49Wrong: She argues that the agency acts with disregard for human life AND property AND reckless abandon AND it should therefore be shut down.Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property, AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.Chapter 5: PRONOUNS1.Wrong: She took her laptop and her books with her on the airplane because she thought she could use these to get some work done. These them2.Wrong: Our cat is cuter than those in the shelter.Right: Our cat is cuter than the cats in the shelter.This new, correct version of the sentence contains no third-person pronouns. (Our is a pronoun, but first-person pronouns such as our never have antecedents in the sentence.)The original sentence is incorrect because those has no antecedent. Those is plural, and therefore cannot refer to cat.Chapter 6:MODIFIERS1 .Wrong: James Joyce is Max's SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.Right: James Joyce is Max's SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.Wrong: Max's grandmother is his SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.Right: Max's grandmother is his SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.Position of Noun ModifiersAvoid dangling modifiers by making sure the noun you want to modify is in the sentence. To avoid misplaced modifiers, place them next to the nouns they are meant to modify.2. A NOUN and its MODIFIER should TOUCH each other.Errors such as these are common in speech. The modifier using the latest technology needs to refer to someone who actually used the technology. To correct this issue, we insert a reasonable noun as the subject of using.Wrong: Using the latest technology, the problem was identified.Right: Using the latest technology, the engineer identified the problem.Wrong:George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.Better:Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.Best:Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced and inspired a generation of comedians, even as he struggled publicly with drug abuse.4. According to the GMAT, clauses led by the pronoun that cannot modify people.Do not use That or Which to modify people.Wrong:The scientists THAT made the discovery were rewarded.Right: The scientists WHO made the discovery were rewarded.5 .Condition, situation, case, circumstances, or arrangement. In these cases, use in which where.6 .Use WHICH(and commas) if the modifier is non-essential.Use THAT(and no commas) if the modifier is essential.Who 同理Non-essential:This mansion, WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED is owned by the tees.Essential: The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees.7 . which “不能”指代前面一整句话Sentences such as the following are common in speech, but they are wrong in writing.Use WHICH only to refer to the noun immediately preceding it-never to refer to an entire clause.Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, WHICH has led to a rise in property values.Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.8 .When relative clauses are parallel, they should start with the same relative pronoun.Mary buys cookies made with Sugar Free, an artificial sweetener, which tastes as sweet as the corn syrup that her brother loves but which contains fewer calories than does an equivalent amount of corn syrup.9 .If the sentence ended with the wine, it would be incomplete. The clause should therefore begin with that rather than which.Well-informed people know that Bordeaux is a French region whose most famous export is the wine that bears its name.10 .错：The tallest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest that is on the border between Nepal and Tiber.对：The tallest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest, which is on the border between Nepal and Tibet.错：People, who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains show little respect for other passengers.对：People who talk loudly on their cell phones in crowded trains show little respect for other passengers. 错：Of all the earthquakes in European history, the earthquake, which destroyed Lisbon in 1755, is perhaps the most famous.对：Of all the earthquakes in European history, the earthquake that destroyed Lisbon in 1755 is perhaps the most famous.对：Regina returned the dress, which was torn at one of the seams, to the store.11 .错：The patient's rare disease was treated using novel techniques developed at the medical school.对：The patient's rare disease was treated through the use of novel techniques developed at the medical school.OR对：The doctor treated the patient's rare disease by using novel techniques developed at the medical school.Chapter 71.If you use since, you must use the Present Perfect to indicate continued action or effect:Since 1986 no one HAS BROKEN that world record.2.Tense SequenceThe supercollider IS ready, it DID not COST too much, and it WILL PROVIDE new insights into the workings of the universe.The scientist ANNOUNCED that the supercollider WAS ready, that it HAD not COST too much, and that it WOULD PROVIDE new insights into the workings of the universe.With a past tense reporting v erb, mov e Present to Past, Past to Past Perf ect, and Future to Conditional (that is w ill to would).3.Helen would feel better if she swallowed this pill.Swallowed is in the present tense of the hypothetical subjunctive mood. The presence of would in the clause Helen would feel better requires that the if-clause be in the hy pothetical subjunctive mood. In other words, the verb in the if-clause takes the hypothetical subjunctive mood because would indicates that Helen is unlikely to take the pill.Chapter 81.Like vs. AsLike is a preposition. This means that LIKE must be followed by nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases. Never put a clause or a prepositional phrase after like! (Remember, a clause contains a working verb, one that can be the main verb in a sentence.) You can correctly use like to compare two nouns.As can be either a preposition (appearing with a noun) or a conjunction (appearing with a clause). You can correctly use as to compare two clauses.LIKE her brother, Ava aced the test.AS her brother DID, Ava aced the test.2.Wrong: A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah.Right: A leopard cannot catch a wildebeest as fast as a cheetah can.Chapter 9 IDIOMS1.I value my ABILITY TO SING.2.Aim at doing…/ with the aim of doing3.AS I walked, I became more nervous. (= during)AS I had already paid, I was unconcerned. (= because, since)AS we did last year, we will win this year. (= in the same way)JUST AS we did last year, we will win this year. (= in the same way)4.We have AS MANY apples AS need to be cooked.We have THREE TIMES AS MANY pears AS you.We have AT LEAST AS MANY apples AS you.5.JUST AS you practice piano regularly, you should study regularly.6.I CONSIDER her a friend. I CONSIDER her intelligent.Note: You can switch the order of the two objects, if one is long.I CONSIDER illegal the law passed last week by the new regime.The law IS CONSIDERED illegal.7.We ARE IN DANGER OF FORGETTING the past.8.The artifact WAS DATED AT three centuries old.They DATED the artifact AT three centuries old.9.LIKE his sister, Matt drives fast cars. (= both drive fast cars)Matt drives fast cars LIKE his sister.(= both drive fast cars, OR both drive fast cars in the same way)Matt drives fast cars LIKE his sister's.(= both drive similar cars; he does not drive his sister's car)10.The state ORDERS the agency TO COLLECT taxes.11.He wrote with pencils RATHER THAN with pens.12.She REQUIRES THAT her friend DO work. (Subjunctive)13.The Caucasus region has several times as many indigenous languages per square mile as most other areas of the world. (X times as many ... as)14.The sign in front of the Baker residence forbids anyone to trespass on the property. (Forbid + to do)The sign in front of the Baker residence prohibits anyone from trespassing on the property. (Prohibit+from doing)15.Her performance is exceeded ONLY by theirs. (Modifies by theirs)Her performance is ONLY exceeded by theirs. (Technically modifies exceeded)should be placed just before the words it is meant to modify.In both speech and writing, we often place ONLY before the verb, but this placement is generally wrong, according to the GMAT, since we rarely mean that the verb is the only action ever performed by the subject.Chapter 10 ODDS & ENDS1.AndWhenever you see an “and”after a comma, check for 2 possibilities:(1) A list (apples, grapes, AND pears), or(2) Two main clauses (I like apples, AND she likes grapes).The term "Eureka," meaning "I have found it" in ancient Greek, WAS famously uttered by Archimedes, AND ever since then, scientists have exclaimed the same word upon making important discoveries.form a grammatical sentence.Coordinating Conjunctions: For /And/ Nor/ But/ Or/ Yet/ SoSubordinators: Although/Because/Before/ After/ Since/ When/ If/ Unless/ That/ Though/ WhileConjunctive Adverb: However/Therefore/In addition三、Advanced部分Wordy: The townspeople's REVOLUTION WAS AGAINST the king.Wordy: The hypothesis ABOUT the COMPOSITION OF the universe AS largely dark energy seems strange.The hypothesis THAT the universe IS largely COMPOSED OF dark energy seems strange.Wordy: The artist WAS INFLUENTIAL TO the movement.The artist INFLUENCED the movement.Wordy: THERE IS AN ABUNDANCE OF funds for school construction.Funds for school construction ARE ABUNDANT.Wordy: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen TO A COMPARABLE EXTENT.Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen COMPARABLYWordy: Marcos is a professor WHO IS ADMIRABLE.GMAT avoids such constructions in correct answers.Wordy: IT IS without fear THAT children should play.Better: Children should play without fear.None of these Concision patterns expresses a rule but rather a preference. Make use of these patterns judiciously.In brief, there are 3 categories of nouns:(1) Concrete Nouns(2) Action Nouns and Complex Gerunds(3) Simple Gerunds1) Concrete nouns refer to things, people, places, and even time periods or certain events.Rock, continent, electron, politician, region, holiday, week2) Action nouns refer to actions, as their name implies. They are often formed from verbs.Eruption, pollution, nomination, withdrawal, development, change, growth(a, an, or the) or adjectives(accurate). The object is put into an Of prepositional phrase (e.g., the running ofmarathon) or placed in front of the -Ing form (e.g. marathon running).Only complex ones (gerund phrases) can be parallel to action nouns.The rebels demanded the withdrawal of government forces from disputed regions, significant reductions(1) Working Verbs(2) Infinitives(3) Adjectives and Participles Adjectives, Past Participles, and Present Participles (used as adjectives)(4) Clauses Only clauses starting with the same word should be made parallelA mastodon carcass, which has been thawed only once AND which is still fresh, is on display. Chapter 12Other Pronounsdid not eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID SO.Alternatively, you can simply repeat the helping verb without so.Quinn DID NOT eat dinner quickly, but her brother DID.例句:Quinn failed to do the homework, but her brother did IT.It refers specifically to the homework. Of course, the verb does not have to be do:例句:Quinn did not eat the soup, but her brother ATE IT.这是我第二遍看Manhattan语法的时候整理的，希望对你能有帮助！GOOD LUCK!Charles 2011/9/1。

曼哈顿语法Threesu总结

第一眼：先找主谓，看可能存在哪些知识点，固定搭配（such.like)，对比平行并列，修饰：分词形式起头(同位语从句对象要对等，逻辑主语要看准)；比较对象是否可比；第二眼：找句子主干，看主谓一致，找代词，出现which,where,whose之类的看代词，看指代有无错误，看时态有无错误看修饰对象是否错误；第三眼：看逻辑意思是否遭到改变，观察句子结构是否完整；介词结构后置会导致句子出现歧义#Meaning#做SC的最佳步骤1、读一遍原句，确认自己读懂意思（自己记下出错的点）2、从上到下阅读选项，寻找不同点split（开头，结尾）3、选择一个比较简单的不同点作为切入点4、尽量在第一个split做决定5、不要再看已经被确定dead 的选项6、Put your final answer back into the original sentence时间要以写句子时间为threshold，以此用will等时态指代的时候，that指代单数，those is plural#Points for consideration:Grammar: Does the sentence adhere to the rules of Standard Written English?Meaning: Does the sentence clearly indicate the author’s intended meaning?#Consider the following pairs of “cousin”words and expressions, together with their distinct meanings#aggravate (worsen) vs aggravating(irritating)#known as (named) vs known to be (acknowledged as)#loss of (no longer in possession of) vs loss in (decline in value)#mandate (command) vs have a mandate (have authority from votes)#range of (variety of) vs ranging (varying)#rate of (speed or frequency of) vs rates for (prices for)#rise (general increase) vs raise (a bet or a salary increase in American English)#try to do (seek to accomplish) vs try doing (experiment with)①Economic-经济的；economical-节约的；合算的；有效的⑧Rate of –速度或频率；rates for –价格…⑨Rise –上升,形容无方向，单纯上升；raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向⑩Such as –比如；like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）⑿impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫unqualifying与unqualified(from manhattan)unqualifying释义: not meeting some sort of standard for qualification没有达到一些合格的标准unqualified释义: without any sort of restriction or reservation 没有任何限制#Some certain Helping V erbs, such as may, will, must and should will change the meaning a lot when changed.#X is native to Y is used to say that X(a species) is from Y(a place). The expression X(an individual) is a native of Y(place) tells us that X was born in Y.#X is known as Y means that X is commonly referred to by the name Y. X is known to Y means that doing Y is a characteristic behavior of X.#18Excepting usually appears in negative constructions#23think of x as y#The idiomatic expression is effort t o rather than effort of#47prohibits x from doing y = forbids x to do y不存在prohibit x to do#51owed restitution to x for y is correctly used#As can be a preposition meaning “in the capacity of,” but more often is a conjunction of manner and is followed by a verb. Like is generally used as a preposition, and therefore is followed by a noun, an object pronoun, or a verb ending in –ingFewer refers to a specific number, whereas less than refers to a continuous quantity. Between …and is the correct form to designate a choice. Father refers to distance, whereas further refers to degree#estimated should be followed by the infinitive to be, not the preposition at, unless the writer intends to indicate a location at which someone made the estimate.#in addition to 除。

gmat曼哈顿语法笔记

曼哈顿语法笔记第三章Subject and Verb Agreement一、Subject and verb must both exist1、如果一个句子没有主语或动词，就不是完整的句子，是一个fragment。

两种错误方法：（1）One way the GMAT disguises the error is by dropping the verbWrong: The electron named in 1894.Right: The electron W AS NAMED in 1894.（2）it could start with a Connecting Word and contain no Main ClauseWrong: BECAUSE the dog was never mine.二、Subject and Verb Must Make Sense TogetherWrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.能够行驶数百公里的肯定不可能是development而是a car三、Subject and Verb Must Agree in Number-主谓单复数一致（1）eliminate these Middlemen words to reveal the subject.common types of middlemen and warmups.A、prepositional phraseof mice for milk by 1800in Zambia with her at that levelto the store on their orders from the officeB、S ubordinate ClausesC、其他:有的时候comma也是一个信号（2）Use Structure to Decide（3）And vs. Additive PhrasesA、and可以通过将两个或更多单数形式的主语连起来成为一个复数形式的主语B、additive phrases改变不了主语的单复数形式，作用类似于modifieralong with Polly in addition to surgery as well as the mayoraccompanied by me together with a tie including salt and pepper（4）Or, Either... Or, & Neither... NorA、这种情况下找离动词最近的那个名词，由这个名词决定谓语单复数B、如果仅仅出现了either或者neither，就使用单数形式谓语动词（5）collective nouns永远被看作单数People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture（6）Indefinite Pronouns: Usually Singular但有五个例外一点，可以是单数也可以是复数THE SANAM PRONOUNS: Some, Any, None, All, More/MostAnyone, anybody, anything No one, nobody, nothingEach, every (aspronouns) Someone, somebody, somethingEveryone, everybody, everything Whatever, whoeverEither, neither (may require a plural verb i f paired with or/nor)（7）each和every永远单数（8）Subject Phrases and Clauses: Always Singular（9）Flip itWrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.Flip it! A lonely house, inhabited by squatters, SITS near those buildings.Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.第四章Parallelism一、Parallel element1、两个句子平行的时候两边都要有主从连词，否则可能有歧义。

曼哈顿精讲第四章GMAT语法平行结构-智课教育

智课网 G M A T 备考资料曼哈顿精讲第四章GMAT语法平行结构-智课教育GMAT最喜欢考察的语法点便是平行。

平行原则：可比较的句子成分(Comparable sentence parts)必须在结构上和逻辑上相似，接下来小编就GMAT语法平行结构为大家介绍一下，希望对大家备考GMAT语法考试有所帮助。

我们不需要使每个单词都平行，只要重要部分平行就可以了。

1、Parallelmarkers(平行标志)：(看见标志想平行，搭配不能错，要敏感!) Markers Structures And X and Y Both/and Both X and Y Or X or Y Either/or Either X or Y Not/but Not X but Y Not only/but also Not only X but also Y Rather than X rather than Y From/to From X to Y不仅限于这些，所有表示两、三样事物的结构都需要平行。

2、为了避免歧义，两个平行从句必须都有引导词引导，即使引导词一样也不可以省略!×I want to retire to a place where I can relax and I pay low taxes.√ I want to retire to a place where I can relax and where I pay low taxes.不过：and左右的两遍的句子的主从连词不需要一模一样注意：引导词前面的成分不能随意省略! (错句中：likes……who are not单独放着是make no sense的)×Ralph likes both those who are popular and who are not.√Ralph likes both those who are popular and those who are not.3、【and】:看到and就要找对应的成份。

GMAT语法笔记

GMAT语法笔记个人GMAT语法笔记,综合Manhattan SC及 prep语法笔记主谓一致一. 原则1.主谓必须同时存在连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的becase, if, when, although从句开头的句子，若从句后面没有逗号，一定错。

2.主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理，且主语和谓语在单复数上要一致。

当不清楚主语是否应该是单数/复数的时候，看宾语，想造成这个宾语的主语是什么样的 e.g. The discovery of new medicines (was/were) vital to the company’s growth.若不知道主语是否单复，就想是什么造成公司的上涨。

肯定是一件事。

所以是单数3.找到真正的主语---去掉介宾短语，从句及动词短语修饰词介宾短语（of,／for by,／in,／with／,at,／to,／on,／from 后面的词不是主语可以忽略，所以要学会看到介词跳读。

）从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词e.g. Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes. (Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended.)4.不能确定的话，一般用单数谓语动词规律1.and 连接几个不同的（单数）名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数2.就前原则的短语with; along with; together with; in addition to; as well as; accompanied by; including;more than; no less than; besides; e_cept;3.就近原则：or, nor, either…or; neither…nor； not...but.. (not that…but rather that…); not only…but also;（注意，只有either，neither做主语时，谓语动词用单数）5.模糊代词，谓语动词用单数：(-one, -thing)Anyone, anybody, anything, No one, nobody, nothing, not oneEach, every (as pronouns) Someone, somebody, somethingEveryone, everybody, everything, whatever, whoeverEither, neither (may require a plural verb if paired with or/nor)6.以下代词的单复数由后面的名词决定：Some of, Any of, None, All of, More/Most of, nohalf of, majority, minority, plurality of, the rest of, 分数/百分数 If you want to indicate the totality itself, then use a singular verb form.e.g. The majority of the students in this class ARE hard workers.。