专四写作导学基础讲义
四级基础写作讲义
四级基础写作写作流程：破题，选词，组句，成段，谋篇题目格式练：1.my view on fake commodities2. on-campus marriage3. should the university campus be open to tourists?4.a letter in reply to a friend选词（一）选词要求✧准确贴切，避免重复✧切忌生造✧语体单一练习：1.客人们在共进晚餐后都放松下来，也随便多了。
2. A Her answer was short but accurate.B Her answer was short but hit the nail on the head.（二）常见用词错误✧拼写unversity eviroment concluson argument phanomenonsugestion government polution technology✧赘词1)I will return back as soon as possible.2)No one wants to repeat it again.3)Everyone wants to lead a rich and wealthy life✧搭配Eg. crowded traffic expensive pricestudy/learn knowledge small opportunity✧误用Eg. industrial VS industrious effect VS affectecnomic VS economical continuous VS continualefficient VS effective considerate VS considerable（三）选词标准✧具体表抽象✧名词中心论✧应急措施a. 试用笼统词b. 试用解释性语句练习：1.He is dumb.2.He refused.3.I have never seen such a stubborn person.（四）用词替换&升级（五）题材语料库四级选题特点：1.校园热点话题—在校生活，学习，实践，人生观等2.普通市民关心话题—环境，疾病与健康，社会弊端，休闲娱乐等附一:升级词汇替换about—approximatelyalways—invariablyamount—quantityas a result—consequentlyable—capable, in a(ny)positionall the time--continually, continuously, constantlya lot of-- considerable, substantial, an abundance of(opportunities, sources etc.) basically--essentially, in essence, substantiallybuy—purchaselet, allow--permitbe amount to—constitutebecome smaller--be on the decline ,decrease, decline, diminishbecome worse--deterioratebefore--prior tobegin--commencebetter--superiorbe(come/get) used to --be(come/get) accustomed tobig--major, significant, substantialby means of—by virtue ofcarry out--conduct, execute, implementchange--alter, alteration, modify, modification communication—exchange, interactioncommon—universalcompetitor—rival,opponentconsider—allow for, take into considerationdeal with-- tackledo--conductdo not--fail toend--conclusion(to bring sth. to a conclusion)enough-- sufficient, adequate(grounds, evidence, preparation, resources etc) every year—annuallyexplain—account forfairly--comparatively, moderatelyfamous-- distinguishedfind out-- discover(the cause of, factors behind sth etc)have-- be equipped with, possesshelp--accommodateif--in the event of, in case(of)important—crucial,essential,necessary,vital,indispensable,significantin the end--eventually, ultimatelyin the future—in the days aheadlater--subsequent(ly)less and less--decreasing(ly)keep(doing)-- persist inlong--extensive(coverage, passages, scope)explore-- investigate(possibility),observe(behaviour)more and more--increasinglymuch--considerably, substantiallyneed--demand, requirenow--at present, for the time being, at this momentnowadays-- currentlyoften--frequent(ly)opinion--perspectivequick(ly)--rapid(ly),prompt(ly)realize--be aware ofremember—bear in mind thatright--appropriate, correct, properset up--establish(a newstate,a government,abusiness),sharp--abrupt, drastic(rise and falls)show—demonstrate,betrayside--aspect(of a problem)small--minor/insignificant (problems, differences etc)stop-- ceasesuitable--proper, appropriatetherefore--consequentlything--element, aspect, object, factor, considerationthink—assume, believe,consider, deem, emphasize,hold, maintain,reckon,supporttoo--excessively, undulytoo many/ too much --excessive(ly)try –endeavor , striveunderstand--appreciatevery--extremely, immensely, intensely附二：题材语料库永恒话题：经济增长，科技进步，人民生活水平提高极力推荐：英语学习1.学习：素质/应试/终身教育，必修/选修课，学位，留学，文化交流，启发性2.就业：人才市场，面试，工作经验，创业，房地产3.品质：谦虚，幽默，自信，随和，勤奋，忠诚，创造性，道德，智慧，耐心，毅力4.团队：合作，竞争，团队精神，求同存异5.健康：身体，心理，压力，情绪，乐/悲观，积/消极6.社会：政府，改革政策，爱国，与时俱进，抗震救灾，弱势群体，和谐，发展，繁荣，革新7.环境：环保，全球变暖，拼车，生存8.经济：金融危机，富裕，贫穷，商业，股市，利润9.科技：电子，手机，触屏10.休闲：娱乐，大片，健身，减肥，脱口秀组句⏹基本句型之“简单句”1.主谓结构Eg I gazed./ He lies. / I came, I saw, I conquered.Eg Our existence can only be proved by our sufferings.Lover departs, future dims, exam tortues, life pains.But all this sadness proves one thing: we are still alive.To everybody, in sad days, happiness is everywhere, for we have nothing to lose.2.主系表结构Eg “I think, therefore I am.”—DescartesParody “I pod, therefore I am.”—ipodEg “ Knowledge is power.”– Francis Bacon3. 主谓宾结构Eg “Change begets change.”—Charles Dickens4. 主谓宾补结构Eg I find you pretty.5. 主谓双宾A job interview offers the employers a lot of advantages.⏹组句基本要求a 成分完整性1. While waiting for my turn brought me to nervousness.2. Outlines are especially helpful if you want to see the details explain or develop the main idea,and to put these parts into a whole.(如果你想了解这些细节怎样来解释或拓展主要观点，并想把这些细节组合成一个整体，写好提纲事非常有帮助的)3. Being the yougest child, mother hates to see me leave home.b 成分一致性1. They want to keep freshmen from having a car on campus.2. The lecturer leaves time for the audience to ask them questions.3. Those who are imprisoned find it hard to find a job after they have been released.⏹扩展句子方法1.增添法2.并列法a 分句Ⅰ，并列词+分句Ⅱb 分句Ⅰ；并列副词，+分句Ⅱ✧并列连词（7个）：for, and, nor, but,or, yet, so✧并列副词：furthermore, besides, moreover, also, however, nonetheless, nevertheless,still, otherwise, therefore, consequently, thus, accordingly, hence等3.排比结构Eg It is important for government leaders to think logically, to analyse carefully, and to make decisions practically.Eg Studies serve for delight, for ornament,and for ability.-- Francis BaconEg …and that the government of the people,by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.—Abraham Lincoln4.从属法✧名词性从句✧定语从句✧状语从句练：大学生刚刚毕业就想立刻找到高薪得工作事不可能的。
大学英语四级作文讲义
1. Young people may find going abroad appealing because they really enjoy it. (空洞句) Young people may find going abroad appealingbecause we can learn a lot and broad oue view ina different counties.2. The reason I like surfing the Internet because it is my favorite hobby. （句子碎片）The reason why is that ………It is widely accepted/ believed thatIt goes without saying that3. Mobile phone is very common in our society, about 1/3 of city dwellers have become accustomed to using it.Mobile phone is very common in our society and about 1/3 of city dwellers have become accustomed to using it（标点）4. Some students did not choose their courses wisely, consequently, their credits for college admission were inadequate.Some students did nit choose their course wisely ,consequently; (分号)5. I kept on thinking about failing in NINEM for MA/MS in last year. Why? Because of the time.Because of the time is limited. （从句不可以成为主句）6. I am going to have a lot of activities during the summer vacation. For example playing in the field, climbing the mountain, and traveling by train.for example 后一般只跟一样东西such as 可以在后面加许多7. College students doing part-time jobs is good to his family, himself and the society.to their family theirselves and the society(错误指代)8. I will meet with lots of difficulties, but I think I can overcome it. (faulty reference)9. Finding a good apartment is as difficult as to pay the rent.10. The canteen should setup several televisions. Improvement of the Sentence Writing1. Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China.2. Many Chinese people have gone to the United States in the past 15 years.3. Such belief is wrong and dangerous.As a matter of fact ,such belief is unfortunately wrong and possible dangerous (副词)4. There are two reasons for the effect.There are two possible resons fot the this dangerous effect (形容词)5. I think we can take three measures to solve the problem.Three measure , I think can be taken to solve the problem. （插入语）6. It seems that the first part is better written than the other parts.the first part ,it seem s is better than the other parts（插入语）7. We are making great efforts to improve our English. Great efforts are being made to improve （多用被动语态)8. Because of social demands, there appear many evening schools.Many eveing schools are made called to existence by social demands(多用被动语态)9. Diplomas are very attractive because it is demanded by our society.Why are these diplones so attractive and charming ?The reason for this is that it is (无中生有)10. English studying is very common because it is widely used in our society.11. Living in the countryside is the best thing for me.Nothing could be better for me than living in the countryside(反问陈述)12. Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements.It is impossible to pick up an newspaper without fing ads13. We can see from the above graphs that from 1990 to 1995 the price of meat was on the rise, while consumption increased.14. Although we hold different attitudes towards opportunity, no one should neglect its importance.Different as the attitudes one ,no one (as的作用)15. As is shown by the two graphs, from 1800 to 1900, with the rapid growth of U.S. population, the number of species no longer existing shot up, adding up to 70 in 1990.During the period of the time from16. Pollution is an extremely serious problem：the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.17. Beijing has won the bid for the 2008 Olympic Game! Many college students could not sleep that night because they were so excited.18. Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. But sometimes they feel a little guilty.19. The style of living has become more and more popular and accepted by more and more young people.20. More and more people agree (realize/are aware) that women should enjoy full equality with men.21. Teachers are called “engineers of human soul”.22. Does television have more advantages than disadvantages?23. I am in favor of equal rights for women. I think women should especially have the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms. They should get the same pay as men for the same job. They should also have equal opportunities for promotion.24. True friends will be very proud of your progress. If you face difficulties true friends will encourage you.①空洞句②句子碎片③标点④分号⑤从句不可成为主句⑥破折号⑦错误指代⑨平行结构⑩被动⑾要用人做主语⑿形容词和副词⒀插入语⒁无中生有⒂⒃陈述⒄冗余结构⒅反面绪论的句型————文章的开头段部分第一类：选择题型的开头For most people today, ____________has become their main source of__________, but as forme, __________should be regarded as a better source.There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of____________. Somepeople suggest that, while others argue that____________, l agree with the latter.It is a quite controversial argument whether_____________. In my opinion, l think that____________is a better idea because of_____________.It is often difficult for some people to decide whether ___________. But for others, the advantages of__________ always outweigh the disadvantages.From my point of view it is more advisable to choose______________ rather than____________.People differ greatly in their attitudes towards this problem. Some people hold the opinion that____________. Others, on the contrary, maintain that ____________. Personally, I stand on the side of____________.Despite the fact that most of them like____________, I would like to choose to_____________. 第二类：判断题型的开头赞成类l agree with the statement to some extent that ___________.I can see both advantages and disadvantages to_____________. Overall, l think it is a good idea. Consequently I agree with the title statement that________________.I fully support the statement above because I am very sure that______________.Many people advocate that___________, they claim that_______________, my opinion is the same as theirs in the following reasons.At first glance, it seems very difficult for us to draw a definite concIusion that_______________is right or wrong, because it has both advantages and disadvantages.However, after serious considerahons we can see that under most cireumstances _____________ will do more good than harm.Two different opinions obviously exist to support and to oppose. After pondering theopinions from several aspects, personally, I agree with the idea that____________.反对类Nowadays, the problem of _____________has aroused public attention. Some peoplecriticize that. They believe that____________. However, I firmly objectto this argument.Until recently, ______________ was viewed as the prime argument, but people are taking a fresh look at it.Although it is an admirable idea, ____________ is not always a realistic option.Thinking logically, I can only say that this statement is valid because.Some people think that_______________, frankly speaking, I cannot agree with their opinion for the reasons below.To make it an extreme, the majority would argue that __________．It is essentialFor______________.第三类：论述题型的开头One of the hottest topics many People talk about now is___________.It has become apparent to us that______________.____________ plays a vital part in everyone's daily work and life.In the past few years, there has been a growing trend that____________.One of the universal issues thet draw growing concern is_____________._______________. This view has been shared now by more and more people.____________ is known as one of the most serious problems in today's society. We can see it almost everywhere. This phenomenon is the result of several reasons.With the development of society, _____________.In recent years, many cities have been faced with the serious problem of___________.One of the great writers once said that__________. Now it still has a realisticsignificance.When asked about ___________,people have al1 kind of views concerning it. From mypoint of view, ____________.本论的句型————文章的理由段部分承上启下的过渡句型In my opinion, the phenomenon __________is mainly due to several factors.A number of reasons may help at this point.This quite different view is based on the propensity of following points.Putting too much emphasis on ___________ may result in obscuring other facts.To assume that ________ is destined to miss the following points.The reasons and examples 1isted below will strengthen my point of view.阐述理由的句型The main problem with this argument is that ___________.The root cause for __________ is____________.The most immediate reason for ___________ is ___________.One of the factor accounts for is that _____________.举例This offers a typical instance of ____________.Take __________ for example.We may cite a common example of ___________.结论的句型——文章的结论部分In short,___________. In sum,___________.In summary, ___________. In a word, __________.Taking into account of all these factors, I think that ___________.Based on the points discussed above, we can see ___________.With the improvement of ___________, ___________ will prove to hold great superiority over ____________.From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that _________. There are a lot of details to consider, but al1 in all, I support the idea that _________.While it is true that the argument I disagree hold a little bit of water, I think that ____________. 问题解决提出解决方案Measures must be taken toIt is high time we had toIt is pressing/indispensable/essential that proper actions/effective measures should be taken to Great efforts should be put into/focused onWe need to take a fresh/clear look/view at this matter/problem/situation /in a new perspective/ from a new standpoint.最佳、最重要解决方案的句型What we can do is simply toThe best approach/solution to … isIt is urgent/pressing/significant/practical/feasible to应用文常用句型常见辩论话题理由1．SmokingFor：1．it is pleasurable and relaxing2．it is one's right3．it is difficult to stop smoking4．it is an old custom going back hundreds of years5．it is not always dangerous to one's health6．it makes socializing easier7．it is an important source of tax revenue8．intoxication is a natural drive (e.g., coffee, drugs, alcohol)Against:1．it is harmful to one's health (e.g., heart disease, bronchial trouble, lung cancer )2．it is harmful to those nearby3．it is a dirty and expensive habit4．it is addictive (i.e., nicotine)5．it is quickly being banned in public areas6．it lives off deceptive advertising2．School UniformsFor：1．they build character2．they eliminate class differences3．they allow students to better concentrate on their studies4．they are popular with parents and administrators5．they are inexpensive6．they are attractive and neat7．they eliminate the need to choose what to wear every day8．many countries have themAgainst：1．they lead to conformity2．they are disliked by students (students like to primp)3．they create a military mentality4．they are an infringement on our freedom (different strokes for different folks) 5．they are ugly and childish6．they deprive youths of an important choice: what to wear7．they are losing popularity everywhere3．Legalized GamblingFor：1．it reduces taxes2．it is a source of government revenue3．it is gaining popularity in the world4．it is an old practice dating back thousands of years5．it is pleasurable (e.g., horse racing, casinos)6．it is voluntary7．many people play poker and mahjongAgainst：1．it is banned in most countries2．it is condemned by most religions3．it can become addictive4．it encourages people to throw away their hard-earned savings5．it teaches people not to work for money6．it can destroy happy families7．it can lead to suicide8．it is easily controlled by the Mafia (e.g., bookmakers )4．City LifeFor：1．it is exciting2．it attracts people from the countryside3．it offers the best schools, hospitals, and stores4．it offers many amenities (e.g., swimming pools, bowling alleys, and sports stadiums ) 5．it offers many chances of employment6．its noise and overcrowding are hardly noticeable7．cities have an efficient public transportation system8．city planners can create a good living environment 9．crime can be found in the countryside as wellAgainst ：1．it is unhealthy (e.g., water and air pollution )2．it is not a good environment for children3．it is devoid of Nature and distinct seasons4．it is noisy and dangerous5．it makes people nervous and even neurotic6．it has created awful slums7．cities are overcrowded and expensive8．many city dwellers long to return to the countryside 9．city housing projects are unpopular5．Informing Patients Of CancerFor：1．patients want to know2．it is wrong to hide the truth3．it is not a shock for the patient but for his family4．it gives the patient a chance to plan his last days5．it is the patient' s body, not the doctor' s6．doctors are for it (in the U. S.)7．it allows a person to choose alternate means of treatment Against：1．it is heartless and cruel2．it may make the patient give up3．it causes depression4．it can lead to suicide5．most relatives are against it6．a white lie can save undue suffering7．doctors are against it (in Japan)6．Social SecurityFor：1．the state should help the poor, aged, unemployed, and sick 2．the state should provide good health care for its citizens 3．the strong must help the weak4．Social Darwinism is outdated5．there will always be social misfits that need help6．all religions stress charity7．all advanced countries have some form of social securityAgainst ：1．it costs too much2．it encourages laziness and destroys the work ethic3．it does not work efficiently4．people should look after themselves5．it results in heavy taxes6．Social Darwinism tells us that life is the "survival of the fittest" 7．there are no freebies in life7．CoeducationFor ：1．it is natural (i.e., adult society is not segregated )2．it gives men and women a chance to better understand one another 3．it gives men and women a chance to compete with one another 4．it is the modern trend5．it has many practical advantages (e.g., school plays, music groups) 6．it produces well-adjusted adults7．most parents prefer coeducation.8．separate schools foster sexual rivalry9．women become neurotic in all-women' s schoolsAgainst ：1．women do better academically in their own colleges2．women are in college to get an education, not a husband 3．women have their own values to develop4．it can lead to intimacy and promiscuity5．it is still rare in some countries6．it is opposed by some parents7．it robs women of their self-confidence8．separate schools have existed for centuries9．marry great men and women attended separate schools8．Corporal PunishmentFor ：1．children are not adults2．children respect discipline3．it is a check on excessive permissiveness4．it does no permanent damage because children are hardy creatures 5．it is opposed only by mixed-up psychologists6．it is a form of training7．it builds real character8．it reinforces the authority of teachers and parents9．it works to control juvenile delinquency10. there is the saying: Spare the rod and spoil the childAgainst ：1．it is barbarous2．Freud said it is wrong3．love is better than physical punishment4．it can cause psychological problems5．it is not necessary if children are raised correctly6．it is an emotional, irrational response7．it can result in a lawsuit8．beatings have been known to result in death9．there is the saying : Violence begets violence9．Organ TransplantsFor ：1．they prolong life2．they are supported by the medical profession3．they enhance medical science4．they are a challenge to surgeons5．critically ill people want transplants in order to live6．costs will come down as the surgery becomes routine7．there is no "time" to die8．death is defined as brain death9．the drugs cyclosporine and FK-506 have helped eliminate the problem of rejection Against ：1．they are too expensive2．they favor the rich3．they encourage the poor in Third World countries to sell their organs4．they are unnatural as seen by the body' s rejection5．they are often unsuccessful6．the idea is sinister7．Nature has decided when we should die8．the process of deciding who gets the next available organ is unfair9．there is as yet no agreement on what constitutes death (brain -dead versus heart-dead)10．Civil DisobedienceFor ：1．it draws attention to unjust of unconstitutional laws2．it is a matter of religious or moral convictions3．it is the only way to fight oppression4．it is usually nonviolent5．it is used only in extreme circumstances6．it goes back to the time of Jesus Christ7．it is common, like cheating on taxes and illegal parking8．God' s laws take precedence over man' s laws9．protestors are ready to accept punishment for their beliefs10．many famous people have engaged in civil disobedience (e.g., Mahatma Gandhi and Andrei Sakharov)11．there are many famous examples such as the Boston Tea Party and conscientious objectors during the Vietnam WarAgainst ：1．no one is above the law2．it can quickly destroy law and order3．it leads to anarchy4．it leads to contempt for all laws5．protestors are cowards trying to escape punishment6．protestors often resort to violence7．the democratic process should be used to effect change11．AbortionFor ：1．it is a woman' s fundamental right, say abortion-rights advocates2．it is necessary for unwed mothers3．it is necessary for rape victims4．it is necessary in some cases to save a mother' s life5．procreation is a couple' s choice6．it is a form of birth control7．poor, illiterate women want it8．most women support it9．it is necessary to prevent overpopulation10．it prevents unwanted babies from coming into the world11．it is not murder because a fetus is not yet a human beingAgainst：1．it is murder (infanticide), say anti-choice groups2．life begins at conception3．it is an unnatural practice4．it is immoral because only God can take a life5．a fetus is a human being-unborn but viable6．the rights of a fetus must be protected7．it is painful for the fetus-a barbaric practice8．it is not the same as other modern birth-control devices9．it causes many women to have guilt feelings10．unwanted babies can be put up for adoption12．CensorshipFor ：1．it is for the good of society2．it protects children3．every society has some form of censorship4．the individual is less important than the community 5．absolute freedom leads to anarchy6．many adults are not mature enough to make their own decisions 7．it can be carried out wisely8．pornography is not art9．pornography is in the hands of unscrupulous people 10．obscene works should be banned11．it is necessary in times of warAgainst ：1．it limits the individual' s freedom and human rights2．it is not consistent with democracy3．it is subjective and not objective4．it creates the problem of who will censor5．it is disappearing in advanced countries6．it deprives adults of their right to make decisions7．it can be applied to all aspects of our lives8．it is the first step toward totalitarianism9．it draws attention to banned works and increases sales 10．voluntary censorship is better13．Equality Of the SexesFor ：1．we all have the same Creator2．matriarchal societies go back thousands of years3．all advanced societies have given women equal rights 4．most companies have adopted equal pay for equal work 5．there are no skills women cannot master6．there are even women body builders7．men have a basic inferiority complex8．women are more interested in peace than men9．some world leaders are women (e.g., Margaret Thatcher )10．women are superior to men in some fields11．no scientific studies back up the stereotypes men have of women Against ：1．women have a different biological function2．women are physically weaker than men3．women can' t be mothers and career women at the same time 4．many women want to depend on men5．most women want to stay at home and be mothers6．women haven' t been given the vote in some countries 7．women are emotional and irrational8．women think intuitively (no famous women philosophers) 9．hormones cause women to behave differently14．Foreign AidFor ：1．it is humane2．the rich should help the poor3．all religions teach charity4．it seeks to end poverty, disease, and illiteracy5．it can be used to help refugees and combat slavery6．it is given by all advanced countries7．it is supported by the Red Cross and the United Nations8．it helped rebuild Japan and Germany9．it increases world trade10．it achieves political objectives11．it promotes national securityAgainst ：1．it is degrading to the recipient2．it is never appreciated3．it leads to feelings of inferiority4．it limits the independence of developing countries5．it subsidizes laziness6．it often goes into the pockets of corrupt officials7．it supports Third World dictatorships8．it can be culturally damaging9．it has divided the United Nations10．the money should be spent at home for one' s own people15．DivorceFor ：1．it is the logical solution to a bad marriage2．it allows both persons to seek happiness in a second marriage3．it dates from as early as ancient Babylonia4．it is legally recognized by most countries5．it is accepted by most people6．remarriage is a right7．it is necessary in cases of adultery, alcoholism, desertion, drug addiction, and mental and physical cruelty8．children are better off living with one parent than with both in an unhappy environment 9．feminists support itAgainst ：1．it breaks up the family2．it makes it too easy for two persons to walk out of their marriage3．it is opposed by various religions4．it is banned by some countries5．it was uncommon until fifty years ago6．marriage is a serious responsibility7．it is a sign of immaturity8．counseling is the solution9．it harms children emotionally10．children need both parents11．child custody decisions are messy16．Compulsory Military ServiceFor ：1．it aims to strengthen national defense2．it teaches young men discipline3．it builds character and physical fithess4．it teaches valuable skills5．it nurtures a spirit of comradeship an equality6．it offers opportunities for overseas travel7．it exists in many countries (e.g., Switzerland, Singapore)8．it reduces unemployment9．it instills a sense of patriotismAgainst：1．it is unnecessary in view of today' s professional armies2．it is a step away from peace3．some countries have abolished it (e. g., the U.S., Japan)4．today' s armies do not need unskilled manpower5．it interrupts young men' s studies and careers6．it is a useless experience7．it is a source of slave labor8．it results in bullying and conformity9．it does not build character10．it can cause mental disorders11．military skills are useless in private industry17．V oluntary EuthanasiaFor ：1．it is a basic right-the right to die2．the Greek origin of the word euthanasia means "good death "3．it allows one to die with dignity4．it allows one to choose the time and place of death5．it is logical and humane6．it can be regulated with safeguards (e.g., the person must be rationally lucid) 7．it is painless8．it is the solution to a terminal illness with suffering9．the dying want it10．some doctors will assist the patient to end his life11．it recognizes death as a natural, biological process12．doctor-assisted suicide is legal in Holland, under certain guidelines Against ：1．it is murder or suicide2．it is illegal in most countries3．most doctors oppose it4．it is a first step to killing the old and infirm5．it is irreversible in the event of a new cure6．only God can end a life7．most religions oppose it8．suicide is always irrational9．the dying are too sick to know what they want10．the dying should look to hospices that dispense painkillers11．it can be abused by greedy persons seeking an inheritance18．Capital PunishmentFor：1．it frightens would-be criminals (acts as a deterrent )2．it serves as a just reward for killers3．it lowers crime rates4．it is more economical than a life sentence (saves the state money)5．in rare cases it may lead to the death of an innocent person, but this cannot be helped 6．most countries practice it7．killers should not be allowed to become hero-figures8．a life sentence is never for life but for only a few years9．killers are heartless and cruel and should not be protected by sociologistsAgainst ：1．it frightens no one2．it is motivated by revenge and not justice3．it does not lower crime rates4．it can lead to the death of an innocent person (a mistake)5．it is a barbaric practice (hanging, electric chairs, gas chambers)6．it is unjust because only God can take away life7．the real solution to crime is the elimination of social injustices and rehabilitation 8．killers are often mentally ill and in need of medical treatment9．the death penalty is being abandoned by many countries19．Trade ProtectionismFor ：1．industries need government protection2．no nation can allow its industries to be destroyed3．agriculture must be protected for national security reasons4．real free trade doesn' t exist and never has5．national security is more important than idealistic trade principles6．it has made Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan prosperous7．every nation ' s economy is shaped by its own culture8．there are various forms of free-market economy9．every nation should have an industrial policy10．governments must provide jobs for their workers by whatever meansAgainst ：1．it invites retaliation2．it invites reciprocity based on a quid pro quo basis3．it impedes world trade and prosperity4．it hurts poor, underdeveloped countries5．it leads to trade wars6．it makes industries less competitive7．it costs taxpayers large sums of money8．it gives consumers less choice9．it is denounced by most nations10．it is based not just on high tariffs but also on government regulations, inspections, certification, and distribution20．Nuclear PowerFor：1．it provides huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel2．it is the best source of energy for countries without oil3．the world' s supply of oil will be exhausted in 90 years4．it already produces most of the energy needs of some countries5．it could supply all the world' s electricity for millions of years if fully developed6．it is safe if properly supervised7．nuclear power plants create less air pollution than fossil-fuel power plants8．the issue has become far too emotionalAgainst ：1．it is too dangerous (e.g., Chernobyl accident)2．most people are afraid of it3．the world' s supply of uranium is fast decreasing4．it is better to develop other sources of energy (e.g., fusion)5．radioactive wastes cannot be disposed of6．it can produce nuclear weapons for warfare7．certain radical world leaders are trying to buy nuclear weapons8．nuclear plants are expensive to build9．the U.S. is slowly closing down its nuclear power plants10．nuclear wastes can cause cancer。
专业英语四级写作讲义
专业英语四级写作讲义-第一部分：专业英语四级写作题型1）旧题：Direction-Write2）新题：Read-Summarize-CommentRead carefully the following except on term-time holiday arguments in the U.K. and then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 words, in which you should: •summarize the main message of the except, and then•comment on whether parents should take children out of school for holiday during term time in order to save money.第二部分：不变1）题材●环保、社会经济发展、诚信、文化）●教育择业、人生哲理（价值观）●爱心和伦理、健康、网络电讯2）核心内容（开篇点题-关联词-核心例证）第三部分：变●第一段●做题流程第四部分：做题流程1）阅读：首尾、转折、否定2）归纳主旨、看出写作题材3）第一段：模板+主题词●不能没有模板（原创的危险性）●也不能只背模板句●模板和文章指向内容相融合4）第二段：提供相应例证对于主题进行支持5）第三段：呼应第一段As one of your tenants, I am writing to kindly inform you that I feel awfully sorry for what had happened. Last night I had a bitter quarrel with my girlfriend Niki who co-lives with me in the Charles Street, Boston, MA. When I was playing the League of Legends with my team on your Alien computer,she came to the living room, urging me to work harder for the United States Medical Licensing Examination. Immediately, I felt extremely impatient and anxious. Unfortunately, I couldn’t help pushing her on the abdomen. This bitch suddenly ran wild, up my iphone 7 plus from the dinner table and threw it right on my nose, saying “Your mother fucker! Asshole! ” Abnormally, I dodged unconsciously and that mobile phone narrowly flew over the tip of my left eyebrow, smashing your computer screen spontaneously.例子：首尾It is a warm autumn morning, and I am walking through downtown Mountain View, Calif. A small vehicle that looks like a cross between a golf cart and a bubble-topped spaceship glides to a stop at an intersection. Someone is sitting in the passenger seat, but no one seems to be sitting in the driver seat. How odd, I think. And then I realize I am looking at a Google car. The technology giant is headquartered in Mountain View, and the company is road-testing its diminutive autonomous cars there. This is my first encounter with a fully autonomous vehicle on a public road.The Google car waits patiently as a pedestrian passes in front of it. Another car across the intersection signals a left-hand turn, but the Google car has the right of way. The automated vehicle takes the initiative and smoothly accelerates through the intersection. The passenger, I notice, appears preternaturally calm.I am both amazed and unsettled. I have heard from friends and colleagues that my reaction is not uncommon. A driverless car can challenge many assumptions about human superiority to machines.例子：转折词不见得是But, However, Nevertheless,It is frequently assumed that/the mechanization of work has a revolutionaryeffect/on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the "social, legal, and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole female sex ... into public industry." Observers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization's effects, but they agreed that it would transform women's lives.In fact, historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, seriously question this assumption of transforming power.注意以下词汇：1）但是：But, However, Nevertheless2）实际上：In fact, Actually, As a matter of fact, Indeed3）让步：though, even though, although4）惊奇、不幸、讽刺：astonishingly, surprisingly, stunningly, startlingly, unfortunately, ironically5）Instead of, rather than结论：1）读很重要，没有观点，无法写好第一段2）找到主旨，第一段填空The essay mainly discusses the issue of a fully automatic automobile in Mountain View, California. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and an in-depth analysis, the author states that a driverless car can change the traditional idea that human wisdom can be superior to the machines, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.54 words3）关键是第二段4）讲课顺序：●怎么套第一段●第二段应该怎么想●怎么背第五部分：怎么套第一段1）第一句话：5-8秒2）第二句话：抓住议论文的特点，用模板句过渡3）总结文章的主题，形成填空The essay mainly discusses the issue of a fully automatic automobile in Mountain View, California. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and an in-depth analysis, the author states that a driverless car can change the traditional idea that human wisdom can be superior to the machines, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.54 words4）如何填空●定名词，不要乱换●换动词，换（消）形容词●换句型和语序例子：The essay mainly discusses the issue of a fully automatic automobile in Mountain View, California. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and an in-depth analysis, the author states that a driverless car can change the traditional idea that human wisdom can be superior to the machines, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.54 wordsThe essay mainly discusses the effects of mechanization effects on the individuals and society. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and an in-depth analysis, the author states that the power of machines cannot greatly change the women’s lives, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.54 wordsquestion: …the transforming power of machines on the women’s lives is questionable.第六部分：定住第一段，才能写好第二段1）如何进行头脑风暴物质金钱责任爱心作息娱乐健康方便快捷沟通安全时尚素质成功违法文化发展环保趋势管制2）背诵顺序●先宏观题材●再微观题材●注意人生哲理和教育择业（和八级考试类似）第七部分：各种题材的写法题材1：社会经济发展写作思路第一段：表态第二段：分析好处：调整产业结构-整合资源-增加政府税收-增加就业-改善基建设施-国际化形象问题：环保-交通堵塞-出行不便-恐怖袭击第三段：建议措施：建立机制-制定计划-听专家的-媒体-万能结尾句旧题目的考法：Tourism is a booming business in China. However, some people worry that too many tourists may bring harm to the environment, while others don't think so. What is your opinion? Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:新题目的考法：So many places in the world rely heavily on tourism as a key source of income and employment nowadays, as well as a way of showing off national and local heritage, plus perceived successes.Unfortunately, tourism can also be a source of problems too, especially if it is not managed correctly. A constant flow of foreign visitors can, for instance, undermine the beauty, uniqueness, character, and social coherence of a tourist destination over time.It is easy to underestimate the scale of world tourism without being aware of the figures. There were estimated to be around 983 million international tourist arrivals In 2011 —this is nearly a 5 percent increase on the numbers in the previous year.Travelers in those sorts of numbers can easily present huge challenges and problems for many destinations, including transport, places to stay, policing, and maintenance.参考范文The essay above mainly discusses the advantages (benefits) and disadvantages (drawbacks) of tourism development. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and in-depth analysis, the author holds that tourism industry is of great importance (indispensable) for a nation under rapid economic growth. In this process, the importance of environmental protection cannot be ignored, as can beseen in the following paragraphs.There’s no denying the fact that (Evidently/Beyond doubt/Undeniably,) there exist some problems such as air quality degradation and water pollution. The most serious ones even include the loss of local ecological balance (a terrorist attack), while the minor ones are the commuting inconvenience to the local residents. This statement does have a grain of truth at the first glimpse. But it must be pointed out that the social and economic return of tourism is attractive. For one thing, in the process of developing this industry, a tourist city can not only pool its various resources, but also adjust its industrial structure. In this way, infrastructure construction can be greatly strengthened, hence providing a solid basis to the sustaining urban growth. For another thing, tourism growth will provide new incentive to the local economy, because its boom often becomes a source of government revenue as well as a provider of job opportunities. To conclude, the influence of encouraging tourism industry is far reaching, in terms of social development and economic reward （international image）.To sum up, it is essential that a country provide mechanism for the development of tourism industry. To bring its negative influence under control, the government department can make plans for the environmental conservation. In this way, a tourist city can impress the outside world with its new image: a place with beautiful scenes, meanwhile, with a high level of civilization.补充好词好句：“万能”结尾段：模板和主题指向相结合1）建立机制：In the issue of 主题词 (misleading information and empty promises in the advertisements), it is essential that an effective feedback mechanism (should) be set up at the government level.2）制定计划：In this framework, the relevant government departments are supposed to make concrete plans to control … (promote …).3）听专家的话：Meanwhile, advice from researchers and experts cannot be ignored:After all, they are more professional and qualified, especially in the process of policy making (in the establishment of quality standard system).4）媒体的力量：The mainstream media, including TV stations and websites, is also an indispensable part. They can launch a campaign in (give a wide coverage to) the issue. In this way, the general public can form the awareness that … is the mainstream (the general trend), and then play their part in this matter. 5）结尾1: In a sense, it is not why the issue exists in our society, but what should be done to handle it properly.6）Having read this essay, some readers might think that my proposals are somewhat conservative, no less traditional, but they are at least rational and realistic. 7）My advices sound general, because I am not professional in this field, but they are at least rational and realistic.题材2：环保写作思路第一段：表态第二段：分析好处：调整产业结构-整合资源-增加政府税收-增加就业-改善基建设施-国际化形象问题：为了利润-不自律-不负责-没责任感-政府不管-破坏-消失第三段：建立机制…写作练习题：大气雾霾防治（引文略）The essay above mainly discusses the issue of air pollution in a large city under rapid development. By providing concrete facts, complete statistics and in-depth analysis, the author holds that the elimination of PM 2.5 is of great importance for a nation, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.Evidently, as a country with rapid economic development, China has to various resources, adjusting its industrial structure. In this background, economicactivities are the most important in the national strategy. In this process, air pollution is almost inevitable. This statement does have a grain of truth at the first glimpse, but it must be pointed out that some industries, such as mining sectors and steam plants and metallurgical factories, often lack self-discipline in their daily business operation, discharging various kinds of air pollutants into the atmosphere. For another thing, their responsibility of environmental protection is seldom truly performed. In this situation, under a slack supervision system, these activities are bringing a negative influence to the urban development. The environment is being ruined in many large cities. Clean air and blue sky are gradually vanishing from these regions.On the basis of the analysis, effective measures can be taken as following. First, the central authority of China is supposed to provide a control mechanism so that air pollution can be limited, but the incentive of economic growth is maintained. Second, the government department must make concrete plans to control pollutant emission. Third and last, it is essential that new technologies be developed, the most reliable method to change the whole situation. My advices sound general, because I am not professional in this field, but they are at least rational and realistic.题材3：诚信话题思路：1）便利-效率-安全2）金钱-自律操守-责任-管制-破坏-消失原文：After supper, most people would sit on the sofa and watch TV programs with families. And there is one thing always annoying people-TV commercial. TV commercial is such a thing which almost involved every TV grogram and every person's life. Some people claimed that TV commercials should be eliminated because TV programs misleadpeople to buy some useless products, it caused a lot of waste.In order to hook the potential consumers, some TV ads choose ambiguous introductory statements to highlight the so-called special performance of their products. In this case, many TV viewers often receive the information passively, thus very often paying for a product which doesn’t meet their potential demand.But sometimes TV commercial does bring us some conveniences. First is that TV station needs money to make more interesting programs. The business men give them money and they insert the TV commercials inside their programs-that's a fairly deal. The second is that TV commercials also provide people with some useful information. People could know what products are popular currently and what they should buy through the information. The last is that TV commercials give people a chance to have a break when they are watching an excellent TV program. You can have a rest, go fetch some foods or go to toilet without missing any interesting things.参考范文：题目转化为：Nowadays TV commercials are gaining increasing popularity in our lives. What are their advantages and drawbacks? Give your opinion.第一段：Some people think that, other people think that并不好写Recently, there emerged a social highlight, that is, various kinds of advertisements are gaining more popularity in our lives. Some people believe that their benefits outweigh the so-called problems, while others argue that the opposite might be true. By comparison, I agree with the latter point of view for the reason as following.Evidently, advertisements are indispensable in our lives，providing the consumers with convenience and efficiency (或者a wealth of information such as the size and function of a product. However, it must be pointed out that (those who disagree with such a point of view emphasize that) some drawbacks of TV commercials cannot be overlooked, particularly misleading information, false message or emptymessage they probably provide. Under a slack supervision system, the lack of occupational self-discipline among some advertisement companies will probably bring a negative influence to the market: the reputation of the whole industry is being ruined, and the faith to quality foods is gradually vanishing from the consumer groups.To sum up, I’d like to emphasize my point of view. I believe that consumers can benefit greatly from advertisements on TV. However, despite the fact that there might be some advantages, it is still necessary that some feedback mechanism should be set up at the government level. In this framework, a serried of plans can be make in order to control those misleading TV commercial into the market. Meanwhile, researchers and experts must play their part in this issue: they are more professional and qualified, particularly in the establishment of standard system. My proposals might be conservative, but it is at least rational and realistic.题材4：文化和时尚思路：1）时尚：便利-效率-简洁-消费-时尚2）文化：历史-智慧-遗产-形象-价值-过时题目：Traditional Chinese characters r simplified Chinese characters?PART ⅥWRITINGShould we revive traditional Chinese characters orcontinue using simpli fied characters? This has been an intensely discussed question for ye ars. The following are the supporters' and opponents' opinions. Read carefully the opinions fromboth sides and writer your response in no less than 200 words, in which you should firstsummarize the opinion s from both sides and give your view on the issue.YESTraditional characters, which date back to more than 2000 years ago, have a more beautifulappearance and a more reasonable structure. As indicated by examples, traditional characters make more sense, convey traditional values and can thereforerepresent traditional culture.For two millennia, Chinese historical records and classic works were written in traditionalcharacters. To be able to read them and inherit traditional culture, we need to bringtraditional characters back. Politically, it is also necessary to restore traditional Chinese chara cters. Currently, traditionalcharacters are still in used in Hong Kong, Taiwan and many Chinese communities around theworld. Restoring them can contribute to cross-Str aits exchanges and national reunification andunite Chinese people aroun d the world.NOIn today's world, efficiency matters most. Traditional characters, whic h usually have morestrokes than simplified ones, are more difficult t o learn. By contrast simplified, characters aremuch easier to learn and use.Over the past 50 years, lots of classic texts have been turned into simplified-characterversions, which means simplified-character can also promote and preserve traditional culture.Constant simplification has been a trend in the evolution of Chinese characters. From theoracle bones script of 3000 years ago to tradit ional characters, the Chinese writing systemhas always been slimming d own for better communication.参考范文：As is shown in the essay above, simplified Chinese characters become increasingly important in the modern society. However, the influence of traditionalones cannot be ignored. People might vary in their views in this matter, but simplified characters are the trend in the future, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.There’s no denying the fact that those traditional Chinese characters have a long history in a country like China, and they are still being used in some other parts (regions) of China. These characters can either be regarded as a symbol of ancient civilization, but also represent an element of national heritage. Nevertheless, it must be pointed out that simplified language system is indispensable for a nation under rapid development. For one thing, efficiency is the key note in this transformation. For another thing, productiveness plays a key role in various kinds of economic and social activities. As a result, it is inevitable that language changes into an open and direct pattern in order to achieve face-to-face communication. In this situation, simplified Chinese characters are the primary choice (option) for many people, even though traditional ones also have a folk value in a country.To sum up, I’d like to emphasize my point of view in the first paragraph. Language will become increasingly simplified along with the social development. This statement might not be conservative, but it is at least rational and realistic, at least in the current social setting in China.(230 words)题材5：爱心关注思路：物质金钱责任爱样文：如果不是对立观点怎么办？December 5th is International Volunteers Day. Since 1985, when the United Nations announced the special day, tens of millions of people around the world havevolunteered to help those in needs. China now has 4.5 million registered volunteers who have provided more than 4.5 billion hours of volunteer work. What can you gain from volunteering?The above mentioned facts show that volunteering is generally considered an altruistic activity where an individual or group provides services for no financial or social gain "to benefit another person, group or organization". Volunteering is also renowned for the improvement of human quality of life. Volunteering may have positive benefits for the volunteer as well as for the person or community served. Many volunteers are specifically trained in the areas they work, such as medicine, education and emergency. Others serve on an as-needed basis, such as in response to a natural disaster.参考范文The essay above mainly discusses the issue of volunteering in the world. By providing concrete facts and reliable statistics, the author holds that a growing number of people are doing volunteering work in our society. And they are playing an increasingly important (indispensable) part in a civilized society, as can be seen in the following paragraphs.Undeniably, Those who disagree with volunteering might emphasize that people are hard pressed with test results or a tight job market, so it is hard to strike a balance between volunteering and one’s career. Such possibility does exist, but it must be pointed out that the influence of volunteering is still indispensable. The major reason is that such work enables many professional or warm-hearted people them to assist the elders, the young, and the homeless. It follows that the social responsibility and moral obligation can be better carried out. As a result, those disadvantaged groups can receive material support, mental back-up and spiritual comfort.In sum, I believe that people can benefit greatly from their volunteering work. Love is never vague and abstract, but always visible and concrete. Different socialgroups can be brought together, when each citizen extends his helping hand.题材6：身心健康：基本思路：金钱-占用时间-耗费精力-生活颠倒-亚健康选文：如果段落比较难，怎么办？抓名词-代词-连词It seems particularly apropos given our current social climate to pay lip service to stress. We have to deal with it often, despite our best attempts to avoid it. Fortunately some kinds of stress are minor and innocuous, yet others are incendiary and damaging.No matter the scale, the consequence, or the context, understanding how to deal with stress, or say physical and mental pressure, is a life skill. I know that some people are even crippled by the thought of stress. I think that any stress-related fears arise because we are never taught how to grapple with such moments. It’s a shame, and perhaps many a more grave situation could be avoided were we imparted with some resolution and avoidance strategies at an early age.参考范文：追求非模板？不如背（写）模板还没学会走，就不要想着跑。
英语四级写作培训资料(doc 13页)
英语四级写作培训资料(doc 13页)英语四级写作培训讲义李国庆四级考试从1987年以来已经走过了23个年头。
2006年6月实行新四级考试，12月份开始全国将全面推行新四级考试。
对于新四级考试，我们可以清楚地看到，虽然考试难度较之以前有所偏易，但是考试本身对于英语的全面考察却是加强了。
新四级考试，题型分为写作、快速阅读、听力、基本阅读、选词填空、完型填空和汉译英。
就我个人而言，写作、听力和阅读(快速阅读和基础阅读)是重点，因此考生对于这三部分的得分多少，将直接决定着其考试分数的高低。
下面就让我们学习英语四级的写作求。
英语四级考试要求考生在30分钟内写出120字的文章。
体材主要有议论文(分为“Topic题型”和A&B又称“正反观点题”)应用文(主要是书信)、图表文等。
针对不同的体裁，写作思路是不同的。
比如，以议论文举例来说：1.议论文写作思路2.议论文分类：阐述主题型作文(Topic);正反观点型作文(A&B)3.阐述主题型作文写作：(这类题型作文要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述)4. 正反观点型作文(A&B)(这类题型作文通常从正反两方面来分别论述，最后得出你自己的结论。
采用论点加论据写作形式。
)第二，熟悉英语写作的几个重要概念。
1.英语文章段落结构特点英语文章段落结构一般有三部分构成：主题句+扩展句+结尾句(1)主题句：所谓主题句，就是英语文章段落的中心思想句。
它是英语文章段落的灵魂，在英语文章段落中居于主导地位。
我们都知道英语文章一般喜欢开门见山，所以主题句一般位于英语文章段落的句首。
其他句子都要围绕它而展开。
(2)扩展句：所谓扩展句就是为主题句起解释说明或论证的句子。
通常我们写扩展句所采用的方法是举例子(for example, for instance, such as, a case in point is that---)、列数据(according to the recent study/survey,---)等。
英语专业四级写作讲解(共五讲) 第一讲 未完待续
that too many tourists may bring harm to the environment, while others don't think so. What is your opinion? Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment? You are to write in three parts. In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is. In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your opinion. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary
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disadvantages of this trend. 1996 Every college student would agree that life in college is not the same as it was in the middle school. Now, you have been asked by the Student’s Union to write a passage entitled: The Main Difference Between My College Life And My Middle School Life 1997 Some of your classmates think that more pressure from academic studies is not beneficial to students. You either agree or disagree with them: ， More pressure from academic studies does (does not) good to us 1998 It is now generally accepted that vehicles (cars, trucks, etc.) are a major source of air pollution in cities. Your are to suggest only ONE way to solve the problem.， One way to solve the problem 1999 We see advertisements on television everyday. Some people think that TV advertising brings as benefits, but others don’t think so. What is your opinion? A major advantage/disadvantage of advertising on television 2000 College life should be varied and colorful. And extracurricular activities
四级写作基础讲义
三、环境保护：
1.1990-1：What Happened if There Were No Power （环境保护） 2.1990-6：Make Our Cities Greener（环境保护） 3.1996-6：Global Shortage of Fresh Water （环境保护） 4.2008-12：Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags （环境保护） 5.2009-12：Creating a Green Campus （环境保护）
四、人生哲理：
1. 1992-1：Is Failure a Bad Thing? 2. 1995-1：Can Money Buy Happiness? 3. 1997-1：Practice Makes Perfect 4. 2003-1：It Pays to Be Honest 5. 2011-12：Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong Will 6. 2013-6：The Importance of Doing Small Things Before Undertaking Something Big
➢ In short, my monitor is the talk of our classmates, and I know part of him has already stayed in my heart.
➢ 总之，我们同学聚在一起时总要谈起他。我知道他的形象已深深留 在我心中了。
More than 600 years have passed, yet the city is still in fine shape, home to generations of Naxi, Tibetan, Bai, Yi and Han people.
四级写作讲义 最新版
四级写作必须掌握常识•必须涵盖提纲中的内容•最好把提纲内容置于每段首句•如果提纲为两点，则把其中的一点拆成两部分两个需要搞定的人•出题人•评卷人搞定评卷人的必备素质•文章脉络清晰•段落衔接顺畅•用词造句经典•书写优雅美观由于下大雨，他发高烧，所以不得不呆在家里。
因为他没去上班，所以被扣了工资。
Due to the heavy rain, he developed a fever, thus he felt obliged to stay at home. His absence caused the reduction of his salary.大学英语写作句子亮点打造•双重否定Impossible is nothing.应用：一定会never fail to大学生活一定会扩大我们的视野。
College life will never fail to enlarge our horizon.2. 并列I came, I saw, I conquered.Study serves for the delight, for the ornament and for the ability.…. of the people, for the people, by the people.2. 并列应用：and /or 连接两个相同或相似的成分•促进国家的发展promote the national development扩写：promote and enhance the national development and progress经典万能句型的套用Love is an emotional power, which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes.To one world, you may be one person, but to me, you are one world.Cultivation is to the mind what food is to the body.A is toB whatC is to D长句制造•名词扩写步骤：加形容词，同位语，定语从句Kennedy is a good guy.Kennedy, an English teacher from new oriental school, is a responsible and hardworking guy.长句制造2. 动词扩写步骤：加状语（目的，方式，时间，地点）We sing a song.In order to relax ourselves, we sing a song happily and crazily at midnight in the New Oriental School.四级写作高分技巧•高级词汇•句型多样•醒目亮点醒目亮点的打造•数据•例子•谚语数据According to the recent survey/investigation/poll conducte d by ……, the past decade witnessed a sharp/abrupt increase/decrease in the number of……, from…… to …….例子•a good case in point is…• a convincing example is…•To illustrate this point, I can think of no better example than…•Take … as an example谚语•As the famous saying goes, “……….”参加托福雅思考试•As the Chinese famous saying goes, “ ……….”谚语•As the famous saying goes, “……….”参加国内考试•As the American famous saying goes, “ ……….”谚语•As the famous saying goes, “……….”参加国内考试艾宾浩斯曲线八个记忆周期•5分钟•30分钟•12小时•1天•2天•4天•7天•15天四级写作黄金模板1. 利弊类/对立观点类模板使用注意事项•个性化模板•根据提纲灵活使用模板使用注意事项•个性化模板•根据提纲灵活使用首段模板句1As regards…, there has been a heated discussion amo ng the general public in our society. 关于……, 在社会的公众中存在热烈的讨论。
专四写作讲义
专四写作讲义一、首段1、禁忌1）no bombs2）no apologies2、中心主线段：主题词+ 同位语+ 从句+ 态度/ 观点••Making friends on line, a prevailing fashion in this 21st century which booms as never before especially for the younger generations, is wise from my point of view. (07) ••The arts festival, a general discussion these days on campus which concerns all the university students, has to be filled with more diversity and creativity. (05) ••Telephone, the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technology which dominates and promises to reshape our lives and our world, is destined to take the place of traditional letters. (04)3、插入语①单个单词：Anyone, then, who knows the good he ought to do but does not do it, sins.②词组的插入：The Gentleman, by his culture, collects friends about him and through these friends promotes his Goodness.③句子的插入：A craftsman, if he means to do good work, must first sharpen his tools.4、连续发问••Does technology create more problems than it solves? And may it threaten or damagethe quality of life? Is it more of a blessing or of a curse? People are sharply divided over this issue. To me, this answer may be negative.••What is there that confers the noblest delight? What is that which swells a man’s breast with pride above that which any other experience can bring to him? Discovery! ••Reduce waste on campus：Have you ever left your dorm forgetting to turn off the lights?Have you ever bothered to turn off the tap after washing your clothes? Have you ever seen tables covered with the remains of a meal when you go to the school cafeteria at dinner time? I bet your answers to some of these questions are “yes”.••Making friends on line is wise：Do you still search for pen pals everywhere withbewilderment? Do you still spend a large sum of money only to mail a written letter to a friend afar or even thousands of miles away in another continent? If yes, try to attempt to get a new acquaintance via Internet, a rather wiser choice.二、中间段1、段落结构：2、段落层次：还原逻辑词parents felt disappointed and I was greatly worried about my future. (Consequently,) Our life became very terrible. (so …that …) I even decided to commit suicide. (Later,) Our neighbor learnt about my family’s condition, and they began to help us. (Meanwhile,) They lent a few money to my parents and my parents use these money to open a shop. (Moreover,) They help me to study. (In the end,) My parents finally got through hard life. So I say that love is great.3、观点对比+利弊说明1）“一些人认为”——Some无数的numerous / myriad (a number / myriad of)大量的A considerable / significant / noticeable amount / quantity / portion of对半的almost / nearly / approximately half of大多的the (vast / overwhelming) majority of2）“一些人认为”——people公众the public各行各业people from all walks of life / community / education / background支持/反对者followers – objectors；consenters –dissenters参与者participants / candidates / interviewees3）“一些人认为”——think认为assume / claim / declare / assert / state / insist/ maintain tha t…支持express / show / demonstrate one’s support for赞成/ 反对cast one’s ballot for / against；stand on the side of意见是one’s viewpoint is that / be with the view that4）导致利弊Advantage / disadvantage; merit / drawback; blessing / curse; benefit / harm; outweighlead to, contribute to, result in, bring about, give rise to …owing to, due to, thanks to, result from, in that, attribute to …5）句式••Many people consider it appropriate that more emphasis should be put on the development of students’ capacity for reaso ning and logical thinking, whilst others think that more benefits would be gained from an education that also taught them to explore their own emotions.••Those who … argue that… while others who… claim that…6）框架①启••Answers shall find it is of difficulty to please all, as the old say goes. Therefore, it is quiteunderstandable that people from diverse backgrounds put different interpretations on the same issue of ….answer will far from an easy proposition, but is nonetheless one that deserves careful and deliberate consideration.②承：••On the one hand, the majority is in favor of the idea that….••Thunderous applause could be heard to maintain the idea that…③转••One the other side of the coin, adverse voices cast their ballots for the belief that….••Discommenders and antis, however, could not concur with the former by insisting that….④合：••All things considered, an unshakable conclusion could be safely drawn that …••Balancing the advantages and drawbacks of this issue, I am bound to accept the former / latter viewpoint, intending to stand on the side that …A question begging an answer centers on whether or not one ought to expect a reward when doing a good deed. Determining the answer will far from an easy proposition, but is nonetheless one that deserves careful and deliberate consideration.On the one hand, the majority is in favor of the idea that to receive a reward after doing good deeds is beyond any doubt due to the reason that “A good turn deserves another”, as the old saying goes, which indicates that a good deed, surely, o ught to bring about a reward, the motivation or the stimulus for the favor.One the other side of the coin, adverse voices cast their ballots for the belief that good deeds belong to voluntary work, purely out of willingness, which has nothing to do with expectation for rewards, following the outstanding example of the great communist soldier Lei Feng –who “devoted his limited life to the limitless cause of serving the people”.In short, balancing the advantages and drawbacks of this issue, I am bound to accept the latter viewpoint, intending to stand on the side that good deeds are supposed to result from spontaneous reaction confronted with certain circumstances.4、原因列举：••There are two reasons accounting for my view. For one thing, fast forward a fewyears, making friends may no longer be a problem owing to the fact that the Internet affords us the opportunity to communicate not only with people who are conveniently close by but also with those who might be thousands of miles away in another continent. For another, more importantly, we can make friends of different races and cultures and this can expose us to a new language, culture and belief.••衍生句型：What has sparked the increasing interest in exercise? For one thing, people have gained a greater awareness of the need for physical fitness. For another,the constantly improving standard of living enables Chinese people to patronize the increasing number of recreational venues. The main thing perhaps centers on the healthcare and psychological benefits exercise provides.••仿写： Why are an increasing number of elderly Chinese parents living apart fromtheir children? One reason is the increasing upward mobility of the younger generation. Another is expanding social opportunities for the elderly. Perhaps the main reason, however, centers on dramatic changes in traditional concepts.5、举例论证1）个人实例●●An example shoule be added to highlight the issue discussed above. Todemonstrate, Thomas Edison–diligent, world-famous and doing very well in his early life –continued to pursue something more difficult all through his life. “Genius consists of 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration.” Such is the remark made by him.It is true indeed. Thomas Edison’s case is a typical example that keeping making progress and daring to stride forward always has to be considered as the right attitude towards life and work for everyone who longs for success.●●To specify this statement, I would like to take an example. Helen Keller – blindand deaf –is always admired and remembered as a heroine striving for the dream in her life’s journey.（可用于论述：成功；信心；毅力；奋斗；理想；决心……）With language, she proved she could communicate in the world of sight and sound –an was able to speak to it and live in it. “Literature is my utopia. Here I am not disenfranchised.” Helen’s case is a typical example that how knowledge could liberate and cultivate one’s mind.●●For instance, Mr. Bill Gates –when making his decision to drop out fromHarvard – did not care too much of the result. Many people did not understand why Gates gave up such a good opportunity to study in the world’s No.1 University. However, with size comes power, Microsoft dominates the PC market with its operating systems. Now, Microsoft becomes the biggest software company in the world and Bill Gates becomes the richest man in the world.●●A very good case in point is that a person of great reputation, Columbus, whodiscovered America, owed his success to his singleness of purpose and determination. On the ocean he suffered the affliction of storms and tempests hundreds of times. However, instead of admitting defeats, he went forward.There is no denying that success is more often the definite result of a person’s self-discipline, had work and, most of all, perseverance.2）历史实例••The year was 1978. stepped, for the first time, upon amysterious land, China. Jackson who paid his visit to the Great Wall and the Summer Palace and got himself deeply impressed by Chinese culture. When he returned to the US, he devoted his rest life to the intercommunion of bilateral cultures and won the Presidential Award in 1982.••The year was 1943. Millions upon millions of Jews were being marched into gaschambers. During the following two years, more Jews perished in the holocaust. Among them, there was a five-year-old boy named Abraham whose eyes were filled with fears and tears. From his vacant and spiritless eyesight, we may easily read out his yearning towards peace.3）细节论证①数据论证：●●A survey issued by the department of Sociology at Wuhan Universitysuggests that 21.7%college students suffer from pressure of academic studies. It is an 11.2% increase, compared with last year.●●A recent survey showed that … percent of respondents ranked … as their toppriority, compared to … percent only a few years ago.②名言论证：●●One of the great early writers worte that …. If this is true, then the present situationshould make us wonder whether … is reasonable. To this issue, my answer is CERTAINLY YES / DEFINITELY NO.●●“….” Such is the remark made by …, a great …. This view has been shared /challenged now by more and more people.●●Adler is correct in this assertion that ….三、结论段Some strategies for closing paragraphs••1. Summarize the essay••2. Echo the introduction••3. Restate the thesis (thesis is the main idea of your essay)••4. Create an image••5. Striking a note of hope or desair••6. Use a quotation••7. Give a symbolic or powerful fact or other detail••8. Recommend a course of action1、禁忌：中文表决心方式2、常用句型1）形式主语2）被动语态3）虚拟语气4）无灵主语3、结尾方法1）归纳结论（主题同义改写＋观点概括）••Why, then, do I teach? (1) I teach because I like the pace of the academic calendar. …(2) I teach because teaching is a profession built on change. … (3) I teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lessons, to stimulate myself and my students. … So teaching gives me pace, variety, freedom, and challenge.2）反诘提问••What makes pollution so severe nowadays? Firstly, people throw life wastes carelessly, with them littering streets, rivers and fields. Secondly, the development of economy deteriorates our environment to a great extent. The major pollutant is the industrial wastes. The waste gas diets the air and the waste liquid from factories poisons the water. Thirdly, some pollutions spread out fast without effective solution to them. Green house effect, for instance, has caused the iceberg at the two poles to melt, which means that lots of countries will be flood-stricken.••A. If our environment is going on to be polluted in these ways, what a world shall we leave our later generations?••B. How can we live a happy and healthy life, if our environment is too polluted to have fresh air to breathe or clean water to drink?3）提出建议，呼吁行动••95年“课外兼职的利弊”••Since taking a part-time job is both a blessing and a curse, college students have to be wise enough to strike a balance between academic studies and part-time jobs.（折中）••96年“大学生活和中学生活的不同”••In short, different from middle school, college life develops me into an independent adult. Dear friends, when you enter the college, you are on the way to be an independent individual. So, rely on yourselves in daily life and manage your academic studies on your own.（倾向性）••00年：“课外活动重要性”••Extracurricular activities are very important to college students in their healthy de velopment, so I want to suggest that Students’ Union organize more meaningful activities and every student actively take part in carious activities.••02年：“保持健康的最佳方式”••Since sports is so important to keep us healthy, let’s do physical exercise everyday.••05年：“给艺术节提建议”••In my viewpoint, a university arts festival is a world for us students to be closer friends. The stage is ours. Fellow students, come on and wrap your arms around next semester’s university arts festival.4）展望未来05年：为艺术节提建议••Of course, there should be other shows to attract more students and show their own talents. I really hope that my suggestions are of help to the festival. I wish this festival could be held successfully and it would be a real show of our talents.98年：“解决污染的一个建议”••I believe by using electricity to replace petrol as an important source of power, the world will be cleaner, where we can breathe more freely, and trees will turn green again.5）模板句型No topic has received more attention than the one presented now.Quite obviously, p eople seem to fail to take into account the fact that ….And I believe that anyone who is blind to this point may pay a heavy price.Thus, we have to spare no effort to face the challenges and better the situation, which is a matter of achivement and failure – a matter no one and no nation can afford to ignore.As the famous saying goes: when the going gets tough, the tough get going.A much better and brighter future will surely await us.My view is that, first of all, it is of great necessity for the government and authorities concerned to ….Furthermore, emphasis has to be paid to ….Finally, it is high time that drastic and immediate measures were taken to ….The methodology suggested may not guarantee ultimate success, but the eventualpay-off could well be worth the effort.By means of adopting such ways, a much better and brighter future will surely await us.We have to seek immediate solutions for….Recognizing a problem is the first step in finding a method.It is essential to heed warnings of potentially catastrophic consequences associatedwith … and, in turn, to attach top priority to finding effective solutions to ensure …. Immediate solutions for solving problems surrounding … remain elusive.However, public recognition of t he importance and necessity to … will represent the first step in finding effective solutions.We do, in fact, have a long way to go to reach our final goal.The time is right for us to take full advantage of ample existing opportunities.Whatever the outcome, we have to resolutely proceed with our objective.To address this issue and to …, goverments and authorities concerned should unite to work out effective measures against ….For instance, there should be ….Moreover, the public attachment to th e importance of … would play a decisive role in….In addition, w e should enhance the awareness of people that … is extraordinarily vital to us.Only in this way can we ….复习一、内容：1、你想说的最重要的事是什么？如果已经说出来了，在草稿中找出这段话，并在句子下面划线。
专四作文讲义精要
一.各部分框架常用模板：●开头段：现象引入句+ 他人观点对比句+ 自己主题句句型总结：1 引入句：Nowadays, it is a heatedly discussed topic that…When asked about …Recently, there is a general debate on whether…Should …? Opinions to this attitude vary greatly from person to person.There is no denying the fact that…The 年代saw an unprecedented tide of ….As more people focus on … sth has begun to draw more and more attention from the public.In recent years, …… This phenomenon has become a subject of widespread controversy.2 他人观点对比句：The majority of people believe that… while others regard that…A number people claim that… while some others argue that…3 表明自己立场句：Weighing up these two arguments, I am in favor of…For my part,…As for me,…I am in favor of the view that…Personally,…●中间段落发展句型：1 阐释原因句型：现象原因组合句：The latest surveys indicate that …. There are several reasons accounting for this occurrence. For one thing,….. For another,…. In addition, ….单独解释原因句：….. for the simplest reason that …Due to ….2 引出理由或者论据句:The reasons for my views mainly lie in the following … aspects.There exist certain factors accounting for my views.3 举例论证说明句：There are numerous examples supporting this argument.,,, is a typical example of…A good case in point is …A good example to illustrate is….For another example, …..4 说明好处或影响4.1 引出好处或影响：Undoubtedly, … can benefit a lot fromNo doubt, … have brought us great convenience and pleasure.It is obvious that …. is favorable to…4.2 列举好处或影响：It provides more people with….It/They broaden… and cultivate their….Moreover, … tends to bring some unexpected surprise, such as…Besides, it helps strengthen… and enhance…5 说明危害5.1 引出危害：…have brought about considerable negative effects on…… bring great harm to…However, the use of … is extremely harmful in many ways.… are likely to lead to very serious results.It suffers from the disadvantage that…5.2 列举危害：… puts a heaven burden on…… too much, which is unfavorable to…… which migh mislead…… which brings more difficulties for…… not only work against other interests but also does harm to himself.Even worse, … might lose control of…… have killed …, destroyed…., and wiped out ….If ….., … will suffer great losses and might lose… , which in turn influence….… are so induldged in… that….… are so addicted to…. That结尾段落句型结尾客套句+ 结尾总结句+ 结尾延伸句结尾客套句：From what has been discussed above，we may reasonably arrived at the conclusion that…. Taking into account all these factors，we may reasonably arrived at the conclusion that…. Judging from all evidence offered，we may reasonably arrived at the conclusion that….结尾总结句：对首段结尾主题句的paraphrase(略)结尾延伸句：1 说明方法或者建议句：1.1 引出方法But then how to….The following measures can be taken to ….Therefore, it’s high time that we took effective measures to …Considering the seriousness of the problem, it is necessary that we college students….1.2 具体阐述方法和建议First, ….. should…., which is the precondition of….Second, …. is an effective way to…..In addition, … is indispensable to…Besides, more…. should be trained and more…. should be built up so as to….To… is not an easy task. And it requires the concerted efforts of all….There is no immediate solution to the problem of…. But …might be quite helpful and beneficial.No easy method can solve the prolem of….in short time. But the …. might be the first step on the right way.2 警示句：If we ignore the problem, it is very likely that…No doubt, if we can’t change/control/improve the situation, there is every chance that ….We must search for a quick action, because the current situation of …, if permitted to continue, will surely lead to the end/heavy cost of…Therefore, … is not a necessity, but a must.。
如何写好专四作文-专四作文讲义
In some ways, spending money from tomorrow is not so much foolhardy choice but actually another way of investing in the future. As the saying goes, “You have to spend money to make money.” There are times when spending is necessary, and much wiser than saving. In addition, there is something to be said for the carpe diem approach to life. There must a balance to life: many times life means sacrifice, self-denial and saving, but there are times when it is right to enjoy life for a while. Life is not all fun and games, by any means, but there can and should be times of pleasure----and spending. All in all, it seems to me that the argument between saving and spending is a bit unbalanced. Saving is wise, but spending tomorrow’s money is at times quite wise as well.
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四级作文讲义.doc
CHAPTER 1基本写作常识1写作步骤1.审题审题是最重要的一步，应分析题目的构成，辨别义体，抓住关键词，找出主题词和限定词.2.构思构思时应注意以下几个问题：1.研究作文题目的限定范围和可供利用的材料以及具有启发性的暗示.2.从多方面联想与主题相关的材料°3.找出所要论述的关键词或短语4.考虑从儿个方面进行讨论或描述5.具体考虑各段在义章中的作用6.写出全篇的提纲和简单的草稿.例：在构思Why Good Manners 一篇作文的时■候我们应按照如下几个步骤来构思：1.题目给出的话题是good manners,而且限定的范围是分析其原因。
2.根据上述范围我们可以联想到：有礼貌的重要性，没有礼貌会带来的不良影响，社会发展的需要，对学生来说有礼貌的意义，对其他行业的人来说礼貌的意义，从社会学的角度，从经济学的角度等。
但是在四级写作中，根据我们的知识水平，可以适当选择：有礼貌对学生的意义，没有礼貌的坏处等3.关键词：good manners, students, importance, benefits, harms4.应从以下几个方而进行论述①有礼貌的重要性②对学生的重要意义③没有礼貌的危害④总结号召大家要有礼貌首段点题，展开段论证有礼貌的重要性，结尾段重中主题发出号召。
提纲及草稿(略)4草拟写作提纲(1)为什么要写提纲在写作过程中，编写提纲是非常必要的。
TOEFL考试中心建议：”Think before you write, making notes maybe help you to organize your essay." Michigan 考试中心也建议："It is wise to take a few minutes to organize your thoughts, once you have chosen a topic, and make a brief outline-可见在写作文前先编写一个提纲还是必要的，它往往是确保写出内容切题、条理清楚的作文的关键。
英语专四写作指导ppt课件
Should Euthanasia be advocated
Euthanasia, a quiet and easy death, or”mercy killing”(下定义）， has become a heated topic among people recently. Many people applaud it and argue that euthanasia should be advocated in our society（中心思想）.
Part II 主题段
根据全文主题确定主题段的内容 注意层次关系： General → Specific →details
1.首句概括性句子(General) (简单地重复一下所持态度)
2.阐述所持态度的理由一 2.1.Suppo二) 3.1 Supporting Details (具体的事例论证)
作文分类
1，立场选择型(评论型议论文) 2，问题解决型 3，道理论证型(分析型议论文) 4，比较对比型
文章体裁分类
分析原因类作文 叙述理由类作文 比较型议论文 分析型议论文 评论型议论文 批驳型议论文
一，立场选择型作文题目
A OR B? Is it wise to make friends on the internet? Saving Money or spending Tomorrow’s
My view on easing school children’s
study burden
Ever since the easing of school children’s study burden is advocated by educators,some teachers and parents frown at it, saying that it will exert bad effects on the children(引言先引出某些人的观点）。 But (通过转折引出自己的不同观点-全文主题）I think easing school children’s study burden will do good to school children both physically and mentally.
英语专四作文写作辅导课件
2.主体：论证自己观点的模板 1）引出理由 There are many reasons explaining/accounting for/contributing to my view. There are many reasons which may account for.. There are many factors deciding/influencing.. The following reasons can account for/support/prove…. The reasons for.. mainly lie in the following .. aspects. This argument can be proved by the following facts.
常见作文内容类型 立场选择型 既定观点型 建议方法型 利弊分析型
∽
建议方法型模板
1
It is high time for us to take some effective measures to..
2
It is high time that we took some effective measures to..
材料作文三段式
01
开头：
02
缩写/总结材料→提出个人观点
03
主体：论证自己的观点
04
结尾：总结&重申自己观点
05
命题作文三段式开头：引出主题→提出个人观点
主体：论证自己的观点
结尾：总结&重申自己观点
图表图画作文三段式
开头：
描述图表图画内容→提出个人观点
主体：论证自己的观点
结尾：总结&重申自己观点
模板
专四写作课程讲义
专四写作复习指导一、整体介绍1、复习规划⑴. 考试时间：4月第3个周六上午8:30-10:45⑵. 词汇过关：《专四词汇词根+联想记忆法》⑶. 精析真题（99年至今），背诵范文⑷. 模拟练习：至少4次作文：10：00-10：35便条：10：35-10：452、大纲解读及评分标准⑴. 文体：论说类、记叙描写类⑵. 评分标准：①思想内容：50%②组织架构：10%③语法：20%④用词：15%⑤得体：5% 优秀（15-13分）良好（12-10分）中等（9-7分）不及格（6-4分）低分（3-0分）⑶. 分数构成：基准分+印象分①. 基准分：思想内容+结构+语言思想内容：观点清楚，前后不矛盾，并有充分、恰当的例证说明自己的观点——论证充分，自圆其说组织结构：细节安排有条理，叙述层次清楚，段落之间联系自然，句子连贯——逻辑严谨，3段最好(1st段:40-50词; 2nd段:120-130词; 3rd段:40-50词)语法：没有句子结构上的重大错误。
拼写、标点、大小写等正确或有个别错误。
引用原文适度，不超作者文章的10％——正确无误，尽量高级，词汇替换eg: Nowadays, the Internet has become part of people’s life, and millions of young people have made friends online.用词：用词（包括习惯用语）准确、恰当——准确无误，丰富多变得体：语言得体，语气恰当，以理服人，有说服力——有理有据②．印象分书写：清晰，字迹整齐漂亮（黑色水笔）表达：正确、正规、可读（不要缩写eg: 3ks. 3Q. CU）标点：逗号，句号修改：不修改，少修改（草稿纸、模板句式）；严禁使用修正带、修改液或用胶带粘题目：大小写——实词大写，虚词小写eg: Is It Wise to Make Friends Online？二、结构1、文章结构第一段：给出观点；第二段：论证观点（原因论证、举例论证、细节论证）第三段：总结观点2011年Recently government agencies in some big cities have been studying the possibility of putting a “pollution tax” on private cars. The amount of tax private car owners would have to pay would depend on the emission levels, i.e. engine or vehicle size. This has caused quite a stir among the public. Some regard it as an effective way to control the number of cars and reduce pollution in the city. But others don’t think so. What is your opinion? Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:Should Private Car Owners be Taxed for Pollution?You are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your opinion.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.2008年The Benefits for VolunteeringYou are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, support your opinion with appropriate details.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.2010年Should College Students Hire CleanersIn the first part, state clearly what your view is.In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.2、段落结构第一段：给出观点⑴第一句：Background information：背景介绍⑵第二句：General talk of the topic：引出主题⑶第三句：Thesis：我的观点2004年Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?In the contemporary society, young people tend to phone more often than write to each other. Therefore, some claim that phones will replace letter writing. Though phones are more convenient than letter writing, from my perspective, it will not put letter writing end.2003年The Importance of Keeping a Good MoodIn the competitive society, quite a proportion of people live under great pressure from education, career and families. How can we live happy life? I believe it is vital that we keep a good mood under whatever circumstances.第二段：论证观点⑴第一部分（1句话）：引言There are numerous reasons that may account for my point and the following are the most conspicuous aspects.⑵第二部分：论证(argument)①分论点一+论据(2-3句)②分论点二+论据(2-3句)*万能理由（一）：分论点提出角度Live in A Big City or Small City?①方便(convenient convenience)It is convenient.It is of convenience.It has found its convenience during the last years.It has found its seriousness during the last years.It has found its importance during the last years.句型：sth.has found its…during the last years.②有效性(effective)③环境好(environment-friendly)④健康(health)⑤沟通(communication)⑥安全(secure security )⑦知识(knowledge)⑶第三部分：小结(1句)—可有可无第三段：总结观点⑴第一句：重申论点（Restate of the thesis）2002年The Best Way to Stay HealthyAll in all, I believe the best way to keep fit is taking proper physical exercise.2003年The Importance of Keeping a Good MoodThus, we need not only to build a strong body but also keep a good mood in order to face the pressures or challenges of modern society.⑵第二句：建议措施/展望未来（suggestions/ future）2009年Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?Therefore, some actions need to be taken to curb(限制) the development of tourism. Only in this way can we witness the ideal scene in which all the people can enjoy their life to the utmost.三、语言设计1、词汇⑴准确性extensive knowledgefierce competition⑵多样性（注意：尽量使用晚学到的单词）2000年The Importance of Extracurricular Activities很多人认为课外活动很重要。
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专四写作专四写作余子祥Thomas Yu新专四变化1、听写：1）字数由150词减为80-90词，15句群变10句群2）时间由15分钟减为10分钟2、听力理解：取消新闻听力1）讲座：新增，听前发卷，500词，填空2）会话：3篇减为2篇；每篇200词増为450词；每篇3-4题增为5题；问题从录音听取，卷面不出现。
3、语言知识：30题减为20题，原语法词汇4、完型填空：20题减为10题，15选10选词填空5、阅读理解：选择题：由20题改为10题简答题：新增，每篇1-2道，答案不多于10词6、写作：取消便条写作，改为材料作文根据题目、图表或阅读材料7、总结：1）听力难点在于讲座填空题，以及选择题卷面问题消失；2）阅读出现主观总结题，难度增加；3）完型改为选词填空，难度降低；4）以前真题中，听写、长对话、语法词汇、阅读可继续做；5）可关注专八mini演讲和六级真题长对话。
专四写作话题词汇一、教育文化：（一）教育：1、学习：1）1992：教育文化：教育（读书）2）1993：教育文化：教育（教师）3）1996：教育文化：教育（大学与中学）4）1997：教育文化：教育（学习压力）5）2014：教育文化：教育（英语与数学）1）1992：教育文化：教育（读书）Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:My View on Reading ExtensivelyWrite the composition in three paragraphs.In the first paragraph, state what your view is on “reading extensively”.In the second paragraph, give at least two reasons to support your view.And in the last paragraph, give a brief summary of what you have discussed in the preceding paragraphs.2）1993：教育文化：教育（教师）Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:My Idea of Becoming a Teacher in the FutureRequirements:Write the composition in three paragraphs.In the first paragraph, state what your view is on “becoming a teacher in the future”.In the second paragraph, give at least two reasons to support your view.Finally, in the last paragraph, give a brief summary of what you have discussed in the preceding paragraphs.3）1996：教育文化：教育（大学与中学）Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:Every college student would agree that life in college is not the same as it was in the middle school. Now you have been asked by the Students’ Union to write a passage entitledThe Main Difference between my College Life and Middle School Life as a part of an introduction program for new students coming in September.You are to write in three paragraphs.In the first paragraph, state clearly what you think the main difference is between college and middle school life.In the second paragraph, state which life you prefer and why.In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or a suggestion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in a loss of marks.4）1997：教育文化：教育（学习压力）Some of your classmates think that more pressure from academic studies is not beneficial to students. You either agree or disagree with them.Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:More Pressure from Academic Studies Does (or Does not Do) Good to UsYou are to write three paragraphs.In the first paragraph, state clearly what your view is.In the second paragraph, support your view with details.In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or a suggestion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization andappropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in a loss of marks.5）2014：教育文化：教育（英语与数学）An undergraduate of English at a university, in a recent letter to the university’s president, complained about the mandatory maths classes he had to take. He said that because a language major has little use for maths, he would forget all of his maths lessons soon after taking the required exams. What do you think of his opinion?Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Should English Majors Study Maths ?You are to write in three paragraphs.In the first paragraph, state clearly what you think the main difference is between college and middle school life.In the second paragraph, state which life you prefer and why.In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or a suggestion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in a loss of marks.2、课外活动：1）1991：教育文化：教育（课外活动）2）1995：教育文化：教育（兼职打工）3）2000：教育文化：教育（课外活动）4）2005：教育文化：流行文化（艺术节）1）1991：教育文化：课外活动Some students like to take an active part in school activities, such as clubs and societies. Others prefer to spend their time on their studies. What do you usually do after class? Explain why.Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:What I Usually Do After Class?Write the composition in three paragraphs.In the first paragraph, state what your view is on “What I usually do after class”.In the second paragraph, give at least two reasons to support your view.And in the last paragraph, give a brief summary of what you have discussed in the preceding paragraphs.2）1995：教育文化：教育（兼职打工）Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:Nowadays it has become fashionable for college students to take a part-time job in their spare time. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this trend.You are to write three paragraphs.In the first paragraph, state clearly your viewpoint on both the advantages and disadvantages. In the second paragraph, support your viewpoint with details or examples. In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or a suggestion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in a loss of marks.3）2000：教育文化：教育（课外活动）Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:College life should be varied and colorful. And extracurricular activities are an important aspect of it. However, at present, there is much room for improvement in this regard. Write an article to the university radio entitled：The Importance of Extracurricular ActivitiesYou are to write three parts.In the first part of your article, you should clearly present your view,and in the second part you should support your opinion with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.4）2005：教育文化：教育（艺术节）The students’ Union of your university is planning to hold an arts festival next semester, and they are inviting students to contribute their ideas and suggestions as to how it should be organized or what should be included.Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:My Idea of a University Arts FestivalYou are to write three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your idea is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your idea OR describe your idea.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization and appropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in a loss of marks.（二）流行文化：1、1994：教育文化：流行文化（电视）2、1999：教育文化：流行文化（电视广告）3、2004：教育文化：流行文化（电话与书信）4、2007：教育文化：流行文化：网上交友1、1994：教育文化：流行文化（电视）Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:TV: a good thing or a bad thing?You are to write three paragraphs.In the first paragraph, state clearly your viewpoint.In the second paragraph, support your viewpoint with details or examples.In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary or a suggestion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization and appropriate use of language.2、1999：教育文化：流行文化（电视广告）We see advertisements on TV every day. Some people think that TV advertising brings us benefits, but others don’t think so. What is your opinion?Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:A Major Advantage or disadvantage of Advertising on TVYou are to write three paragraphs.In the first paragraph, state just one major advantage or disadvantage of TV advertising. In the second paragraph, give one or two reasons to support your point of view. In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization and appropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in a loss of marks.3、2004：教育文化：流行文化（电话与书信）Nowadays young people tend to phone more often than write to each other. So, some say that phones will kill letter writing. What is your opinion?Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:Will Phones Kill Letter Writing?You are to write three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your view is.In the second part, support your view with one or two reasons.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization and appropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in a loss of marks.4、2007：教育文化：流行文化：网上交友Nowadays, the Internet has become part of pe ople’s life, and million of young people have made friends online.Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:Is It Wise to Make Friends Online?You are to write three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your opinion.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization and appropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in a loss of marks.（三）传统文化：1、2012：教育文化：传统文化（端午节）The Dragon Boat Festival（端午节）is one of the important national festivals in China．Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic：The Dragon Boat FestivalFirst, you should tell what you know about the festival．Second, you should describe how you or other people usually observe the festival．Marks will be awarded for content, organization，language and appropriateness．Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks．二、社会热点：1、2001：社会热点：旅行2、2002：社会热点：健康3、2003：社会热点：健康（心态）4、2008：社会热点：爱心（志愿者活动）1、2001：社会热点：旅行Travel has become part of our life. And more and more of us have come to know the significance of travel through our own experience：Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:Travel Broadens the MindYou are to write three parts.In the first part, state what the topic actually means to you.In the second part, give one or two examples to illustrate your ideas.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.2、2002：社会热点：健康Nowadays people are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of health. And they have different ways to stay healthy. For example, some exercise every day；others try to keep a balanced diet. What do you think is the best way to stay healthy？Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:The Best Way to Stay HealthyYou are to write three parts.In the first part, state what you think is the best way.In the second part, support your view with one or two reasons.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization and appropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in a loss of marks.3、2003：社会热点：健康（心态）People in modern society live under a lot of pressure, from education, career, or family. So it is important for them to keep a good mood under whatever circumstances.Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:The Importance of Keeping a Good MoodYou are to write three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your view is.In the second part, support your view with one or two reasons.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization and appropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in a loss of marks.4、2008：社会热点：爱心（志愿者活动）December 5th is International V olunteers Day. Since 1985, when the United Nations announced the special day, tens of millions of people around the world have volunteered to help those in needs.China now has 4.5 million registered volunteers who have provided more than 4.5 billion hours of volunteer work. What can you gain from volunteering?Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:The Benefits for V olunteeringYou are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, support your opinion with appropriate details.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.三、人生哲理：1、1990：人生哲理：金钱与成功2、2006：人生哲理：存钱与消费3、2010：人生哲理：自立4、2013：人生哲理：节俭5、2015：人生哲理：压力1、1990：人生哲理：金钱与成功Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:Is Money Everything?Write the composition in three paragraphs.In the first paragraph, state what your view is on “Is money everything”.In the second paragraph, give at least two reasons to support your view.And in the last paragraph, give a brief summary of what you have discussed in the preceding paragraphs.2、2006：人生哲理：存钱与消费Recently a BJ information company did a survey of student life among more than 700 students in Beijing, Guangzhou, Xi'an, Chengdu, Shanghai, Wuhan, Nanjing, and Shenyang. The results have shown that 67 percent of students think that saving money is a good habit while the rest believe that using tomorrow’s money today is better. What do you think?Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 200words.You are to write three parts.In the first part, state what your suggested way is.In the second part, state one or two advantages of your suggestion.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion.Marks will be awarded for content, organization and appropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in a loss of marks.3、2010：人生哲理：自立It was recently reported in a newspaper that six students who shared a dorm at a local university hired a cleaner to do laundry and cleaning once a week. And each of them paid her 60 yuan a month. This has led to a heated debate as to whether college students should hire cleaners.Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:Should College Students Hire Cleaners?You are to write in three parts.In the first part, state clearly what your view is.In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons.In the last part, bring what you have written to a naturalconclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.4、2013：人生哲理：节俭Most of us, as students, are careful with our money in daily life: we collect all kinds of coupons（优惠券）; we look for group-buy deals if we eat out or travel; we don't buy clothes unless in a sale. However, some people think that all this may not make us smart consumers. What is your opinion?The Advantages of Being Careful with Money in Daily Li5、2015：人生哲理：压力According to a recent survey on college students’ mental well-being, 20 percent of college students experience various kinds of stress. Interpersonal relationship, finding jobs and study are among the top factors that cause anxiety and stress among students. Have you ever had such problems? And how do tackle such problem(s)? Write on ANSWER SHEET THREE a composition of about 200 words on the top topic:How I Deal with Stress?You are to write in three parts.In the first part, state the kind of stress you have experienced.In the second part, explain how you deal with stress.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, language and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.四、环境保护：1、1998：环境保护：环境污染2、2009：环境保护：旅游与环境3、2011：环境保护：私车污染税1、1998：环境保护：环境污染Write on ANSWER SHEET ONE a composition of about 150 words on the following topic:It is generally accepted that vehicles (cars, trucks, etc.) are a major source of air pollution in cities. You are to suggest only ONE way to solve the problem.One Way to Solve the ProblemYou are to write three paragraphs.In the first paragraph, state what your suggested way is.In the second paragraph, support your view with details.In the last paragraph, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion. Marks will be awarded for content, organization and appropriateness. Failure to follow these instructions may result in a loss of marks.2、2009：环境保护：旅游与环境Tourism is a booming business in China. However, some people worry th at too many tourists may bring harm to the environment, while others don ’t think so. What is your opinion?Write on ANSWER SHEET TWO a composition of about 200 words on the following topic:Will Tourism Bring Harm to the Environment?You are to write in three parts.In the first part, state specifically what your opinion is.In the second part, provide one or two reasons to support your opinion.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.3、2011：环境保护：私车污染税Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Should private car owners be taxed for pollution?You are to write in three parts:In the first part, state clearly what your view is.In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons.In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks.。