2007年天津外国语大学801英语语言文学(英语教育方向)考研真题【深层次【圣才出品】
2007年天津工业大学英语语言学考研真题
2007年天津工业大学英语语言学考研真题I. Define the following terms (10 points)1 morpheme (2 points)2 minimal pairs (3 points)3 design features (3 points)4 competence (2 points)II. Multiple choice (20 points. 1 point for each item)1. Who were the ancestors of the English and the founders of England?A. the Anglo-SaxonsB. the NormansC. the VikingsD. the Romans2. Which of the following king was executed in the civil war?A. James IB. James IIC. Charles ID. Charles II3. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Open University in Britain?A. It’s open to everybody.B. It requires no formal educational qualifications.C. No university degree is awarded.D. University courses are followed through TV, radio, correspondence, etc.4. Under whose reign was the Bill of Rights passed?A. James IIB. William of OrangeC. Oliver CromwellD. George I5. The general election in Britain is held every ______ years.A. fourB. fiveC. sixD. three6. It is ______ who served as Prime Minister after Mrs. Margaret Thatcher.A. Tony BlairB. John MajorC. Harold WilsonD. James Callaghan7. Which of the following description about the Conservative Party is NOT true ?A. It has been in power for an unusually long period of time.B. It prefers policies that protect individual’s rights.C. It receives a lot of the funding from big companies.D. It is known as a party of high taxation levels.8. In the examination called the 11 plus, students with academic potential go to _______.A. grammar schoolsB. comprehensive schoolsC. public schoolsD. technical schools9. In Britain, the term from early September to mid-December is known as _______.A. Christmas TermB. Easter TermC. Summer TermD. Spring Term10. China and Britain established the diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial rank in the year of_______.A. 1970B. 1954C. 1972D. 199711. Which of the following is in New York City?A. The United States Capitol.B. The White House.C. The Pentagon Building.D. The United Nations Headquarters12. With regard to its size, the U.S.A. is the _______ country in the world.A. largestB. second largestC. third largestD. fourth largest13. The victory at _______ was a turning point of the American War of Independence .A. SaratogaB. GettysburgC. TrentonD. Yorktown14. Ten amendments introduced by James Madison were added to the American Constitution in 1791.They are known as _______.A. Articles of ConfederationB. Bill of RightsC. Civil Rights PapersD. Federalists Papers15. The aim of President Roosevelt’s New Deal was to save American ______.A. economyB. politicsC. societyD. democracy16. Of the founding fathers, ______ contributed most to American educational philosophy andpractice.A. George WashingtonB. Alexander HamiltonC. Thomas JeffersonD. James Madison17. Graduate work leading to a master’s degree usually requires _______ years’study beyond thebachelor’s degree in the United States.A. twoB. oneC. threeD. four18. Which of the following was NOT the characteristic of the roaring 20’s?A. Workers’ strikes.B. Industrial boom.C. Organized gangsterism.D. Smuggling of liquor.19. The American Industrial Revolution began in 1807 with its ______ industry.A. shipbuildingB. coal miningC. textileD. machine-making20. The earliest British settlement on North America was ________.A. PlymouthB. JamestownC. QuebecD. St. LouisIII. Fill in the blanks （20 points）(A) Find out the antonyms for the following words by adding a negative prefix to each of them.(10 points. 0.5 point for each item)(B) Point out the corresponding figurative senses of the following words according to the natureof the animals. (10 points. 1 point for each item)IV. Answer the following questions (20 points. 5 points for each item)1.In what ways can linguistics contribute to the research in language teaching?2. What are the main features of Chomsky’s TG grammar?3. Why is Saussure known as the father of modern linguistics?4. What is the general understanding of the role of grammar in language learningIn numbers of speakers as well as in its uses for international communication and in other lessquantifiable measures, English is one of the most important languages of the world. Spoken by more than 370 million people as a first language in the United Kingdom, the United States, and the former British Empire, it is the largest of the occidental languages. English, however, is not the most widely used language in the world. Chinese is spoken by more than a billion people in China alone. Some of the European languages are comparable with English in reflecting the forces of history, especially with regard to European expansion since the sixteenth century. Spanish, next in size to English, is spoken by about 240 million people, Russian by 210 million, Portuguese by 125 million, German by 110 million, French by 85 million native speakers ( and a large number of second-language speakers),Italian by 65 million. A language may be important as a lingua franca in a country or region whosediverse populations would otherwise be unable to communicate. This is especially true in the former colonies of England and France whose colonial languages have remained indispensable even after independence and often in spite of outright hostility to the political and cultural values that the European languages represent.French and English are both languages of wider communication, and yet the changingpositionsof the two languages in international affairs during the past century illustrate the extent to which the status of a language depends on extra-linguistic factors. It has been said that English is recurringlyassociated with practical and powerful pursuits. Joshua A. Fishman writes: “In the Third World(excluding former Anglophone and Francophone colonies) French is considered more suitable than English for only one function: opera. It is considered the equal of English for reading good novels or poetry and for personal prayer (the local integrative language being widely viewed as superior to both English and French in this connection). But outside the realm of aesthetics, the Ugly Duckling reigns supreme.” The ascendancy of English as measured by numbers of speakers in various activities does not depend on nostalgic attitudes toward the originally English-speaking people or toward the language itself. Fishman makes the point that English is less loved but more used; French is more loved but less used. And in world where “econo-technical superiority” is what counts, “the real ‘powerhouse’ is still English. It doesn’t have to worry about being loved because, loved or not, it works. It makes the world go round, and few indeed can afford to ‘knock it.’”--Baugh, A. C. and Cable, T. (1993). A History of the English Language.。
2011年天津外国语大学英语专业语言学真题试卷_真题-无答案
2011年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分62,考试时间90分钟)1. 单项选择题1. ______ is a central vowel.A. [e]B. [i]C. [u]D. [a]2. Which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?A. single vs. marriedB. hot vs. coldC. alive vs. deadD. husband vs. wife3. Which of the following is a minimal pair?A. pet, kidB. put, pestC. cave, shaveD. must, taste4. Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stems?A. compoundB. inflectionC. derivationD. coinage5. Which of the following statements is true?A. Larynx is what we sometimes call "Adam"s apple".B. The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.C. There are two nasal consonants in English.D. It is sounds by which we **municative meaning.6. A ______has been added to Chomsky"s first model of grammar as shown in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax(1965).A. set of rewriting rulesB. component of categoriesC. **ponentD. word classification7. According to the manner of articulation,[m]is a______.A. bilabialB. plosiveC. nasalD. lateral8. "I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.A. arbitrarinessB. creativityC. dualityD. displacement9. ______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a **munity.A. LangueB. CompetenceC. **petenceD. Linguistic potential10. Which of the following is an "inflectional suffix"?A. -istB. -aryC. -ingD. -ify11. In today"s grammar we normally say that English does not have a " future tense". This is because in English ______.A. the future is not expressed by morphological changeB. the future can be expressed in many waysC. the future belongs to the category of "aspect"D. the future is expressed by modal verbs12. ______is a phenomenon that in some **munities two languages exist side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes.A. BilingualismB. DiglossiaC. PidginD. Creole13. ______ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker **bines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.A. RegisterB. Linguistic repertoireC. IdiolectD. Dialect14. Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations?A. positional relationsB. relations of co-occurrenceC. relations of expansionD. relations of substitutability15. All of the following are characteristics of implicature EXCEPT______.A. conventionalityB. non-detachabilityC. cancellabilityD. calculability16. "He has already trunked two packs" is an example of______error.A. anticipationB. exchangeC. morpheme-exchangeD. perception17. The criterion used in IC analysis is______.A. constructionB. constituentC. structureD. substitutability18. According to G. Leech, who recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, ______ makes up the central part.A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaningC. social meaningD. thematic meaning19. "The Club" is a device for blocking an automobile"s steering wheel, thus protecting the car from being stolen. And one of its ads reads:The Club ! FD Anti-theft device for cars Police Say: " Use it" or Lose It In terms of the Gricean theory, what maxim is exploited here?A. the maxim of mannerB. the maxim of relevanceC. the maxim of qualityD. the maxim of quantity20. What semantic relation do the following sentences have?A. I saw a girl.B. I saw a child.A. contradictionB. entailmentC. synonymD. Presupposition2. 名词解释1. semantic field theory(3 points)2. favourite sentence type(4 points)3. free variation(3 points)4. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(4 points)5. endocentric construction(3 points)6. back formation(3 points)3. 写作题1. Choose any THREE of the following questions to analyze. Write the number of the question and your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Discuss the major contributions of Saussure to modern linguistics.2. Comment on the "innateness hypothesis".3. Explain the purpose and significance of reconstruction in historical linguistics and the method employed by historical linguists.4. How do you interpret the distinctions between language acquisition and language learning?5. How do **ment on the two frequently used analogies for attempted inference on the origin of language: the acquisition of speech by children and the structures and characteristics of so-called "primitive" languages?。
天外英语考研历年真题
天津外国语学院年攻读英语语言文学专业硕士学位研究生入学考试样题考试科目：基础英语+汉语（考试时间180分钟总分150分）I. Choose the one answer that best explains the underlined word or phrase in the sentence. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20points for 20 questions) The following are five sample questions.1.You talk about it as if it were a grammar school instead of a leading university.A.very largeB.very seriousC.very prestigiousD.very fundamental2.I attended the great poet’s prior lecture and was not about to miss his encore—even though I was quartered 110 miles north of the university.A.livedB.was separatedC.was informedD.was arrested3.At that moment Mr. Frost’s host materialized behind him to remind him of his schedule.A.appearedB.handed him somethingC.spokeD.told4. Companies will address this situation through methods like on-site counseling and the development of special programs.A.go to the spotB.rememberC.recordD.deal with5. I got out thanks to a college scholarship and because I was a little more articulate than the average.A.able to do addition effectivelyB.able to express one’s thoughts effectivelyC.able to write effectivelyD.able to initiate things effectivelyII. Read carefully the following passage(s) and then answer the questions. (20 points for 20questions). The following is a sample passage with five sample questions.Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robo-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with sub millimeter accuracy-far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves-goals that pose a real challenge.“While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error,” says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, “we can't yet give a robot enough ‘commonsense’ to reliably interact with a dynamic world.”Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented-and human perception far more complicated-than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.1. Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in .A. the use of machines to produce science fiction.B. the wide use of machines in manufacturing industry.C. the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work.D. the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work2. The word “gizmos" (line 1, paragraph 2) most probably means .A. programs.B. experts.C. devices.D. creatures.3. According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot thatcan .A. fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgery.B. interact with human beings verbally.C. have a little common sense.D. respond independently to a changing world.4. Besides reducing human labor, robots can also .A. make a few decisions for themselves.B. deal with some errors with human intervention.C. improve factory environments.D. cultivate human creativity.5. The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are .A. expected to copy human brain in internal structure.B. able to perceive abnormalities immediately.C. far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information.D. best used in a controlled environment.III. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word or phrase to complete the following passage. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)As a doctor who travels quite a lot, I spent a lot of time on planes listening for that dreaded “Is there a doctor on board?” announcement. I lave been called only once for a woman who had merely fainted. But the __1__ made me quite ___2__ how often this kind of thing happens. I wonder what I would do if confronted with a real midair emergency without access by a hospital staff and the usual emergency equipment. So when the New England Journal of Medicine last week published a study about in-flight medical events, I read it with __3__.The study estimated that there are an average of thirty in-flight medical emergencies on US flights every day. Most of them are not __4__. __5__ 13% of them are serious enough to require the pilot to change course. The most common emergencies __6__ heart trouble, stroke and difficulty in breathing.Let’s face it: plane rides are stressful. For starters, cabin pressures at high altitude are set roughly what they would be if you lived at 5000 to 8000 feet above sea level. Most people can __7__ these pressures, but passengers with heart disease __8__ experience chest pain. Another problem is deep venous thrombosis—the so-called economic class syndrome. ___9_ happens, do not panic. Thanks to more recentlegislation, __10___ with just one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits to treat heart attacks.IV. Paraphrase the underlined sentences. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)1.War or no war, as the generations passed, it became increasingly difficult for ouryoung people to accept standards of behavior that bore no relationship to thebustling business medium in which they were expected to battle for success. The war acted merely as a catalytic agent in this breakdown of Victorian socialstructure.2.For the great majority of automobile workers, the only meaning of the job is inthe pay check, not anything connected with the work or the product. Work appears as something unnatural, a disagreeable, meaningless and stultifying condition of getting the pay check, devoid of dignity as well as of importance.V．There are two sections in this part. For Section 1, you are asked to translate two of the three underlined sentences in the passage into Chinese. For Section 2, you are asked to translate the underlined five parts in the paragraph into English. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points) Section 1[1] It is as though some giant’s hand were squeezing the trunks of the trees, forcing the sap up and along the branches, for the blossom seems to squirt into the air.There have been other Mays in other years, but never has there been so much blossom. The bees are bewildered by it. A few small bush-apples which were as austere as walking sticks when I planted them only two months ago are now in full flower, and look like little girls just off to a carnival.Peach, cherry, plum and apple strain into the air;[2] all the trees in the orchard are out together, and for once, no clumsy wind has shorn or rain washed their frail, enameled, fine petals down into the lecherous hands of grass.[3] What flower is there as delicate as this flower that grows out of a gnarled old tree with its trunk all twisted and its bark all blistered? It is a paradox. Beauty is always a paradox.Vocabular yblister: a bump or swelling appearsenamel：a substance like glass that can be heated and put onto metal, glass or pottery in order to decorate or protect it.lecher: a man who is continually thinking about sexSection 2[1]西方文化以宗教为本，从希腊神话到拉美神话的叙事传统，[2]人界之外还有神界的深厚资源和广阔空间，魔幻的力量诱人至深，[3]今天风靡天下的《哈利·波特》和《星球大战》，更把这一传统在高科技的参与下发挥光大。
天津外国语学院硕士研究生入学考试参考书目
1.《西班牙文化概况》廉美谨上海外教社1991
2.《从印地安文化到现代化》张家哲中国青年出版社1999
3.《西班牙语与西班牙文化》马联昌湖南教育出版社1999
基础韩语
1.《韩国语》1-4册（2007或最新版）李先汉等民族出版社2.《韩国语教程》5-6册世界图书出版社2007
应用语言学
1.《新编韩国语实用语法》韦旭升，许东振编著外语教学与研究出版社2008
天津外国语学院硕士研究生入学考试参考书目
专业方向
参考书目
备注
基础英语
1.英语专业八级考试词汇表
2.类似托福考试难度的语法题
3.类似GRE试题的阅读理解部分
英语语言文学
作文和翻译
英语翻译理论与实践
1.翻译教程（Newmark著）.上海外语教育出版社，2001
2.西方翻译简史谭载喜著（增订版），北京：商务印书馆，2004
2.《中韩翻译教程》主编张敏北京大学出版社2005
3.《韩中翻译教程》张敏北京大学出版社2005
韩国文学
1.《韩国文学作品选读》（上、下），金英今编著，外语教学与研究出版社，2008年7月
外国语言学及应用语言学
1.《语言学通论》,王德春,北京大学出版社,2005
2.《英汉语言对比研究》何善芬著上海外语教育出版社2002 (业务一考试科目为基础英语+汉语)
1.《中国文学史》袁行霈主编高等教育出版社2005
2.《外国文学史》上、下郑克鲁主编高等教育出版社2006
3.《比较文学简明教程》乐黛云著北京大学出版社2003
中国古代文学
1.《中国文学史》袁行霈主编高等教育出版社2000年以后版本
2.《古代汉语》一、二册王力主编中华书局不限版本
[考研类试卷]2013年天津外国语大学英语专业(英美文学)真题试卷.doc
![[考研类试卷]2013年天津外国语大学英语专业(英美文学)真题试卷.doc](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/163b56bc87c24028905fc340.png)
[考研类试卷]2013年天津外国语大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷一、单项选择题1 The majority of Robert Burns' poems were written in the ______dialect.（A）Scottish（B）Welsh（C）Irish（D）Celtic2 Which of the following novels is written in epistolary style? ______（A）Moll Flanders（B）Tom Jones（C）The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman（D）Pamela, Or Virtue Rewarded3 Which of the following poems could be employed to explain Wordsworth's theory of poetry writing as "a spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion" "recollected in tranquility"? ______（A）I wandered lonely as a cloud（B）Ode on a Grecian Urn（C）The Rime of the Ancient Mariner（D）To Autumn4 Direct psychoanalysis could not possibly be found in the works of______.（A）Edgar Allan Poe（B）Washington Irving（C）Henry James（D）Ernest Hemingway5 Compared with the writings of Mark Twain's, Henry James's fiction is noted for their______.（A）frontier vernacular（B）rich colloquialism（C）refined elegant language（D）vulgarly descriptive words6 Which of the following plays is highly autobiographic? ______（A）A Streetcar Named Desire（B）Death of a Salesman（C）Long Day's Journey into Night（D）The Hairy Ape7 ______doesn't directly employ sexual impotence to symbolize spiritual poverty in his works.（A）Ernest Hemingway（B）T. S. Eliot（C）Walt Whitman（D）Edward Albee二、填空题8 The human defect of______mainly causes the tragedy of Macbeth.9 In John Milton's______, Satan seems to embody the human fight for freedom and against control in life.10 "Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections? Fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer, as a Christian is?" The speaker is______.11 Heroic couplet is one of the traditional verse forms in English poetry. ______is believed to be the first English poet to have adopted this form in his poems.12 Great Expectations is a novel of Bildungsroman, or a novel of______.13 Determinism is a theme in Joseph Conrad's ______.14 "Art for art's sake" finds a fluent expression in Oscar Wilde's only novel ______, but is disapproved of by______, the author of Pygmalion.15 Ulysses is a highly symbolic novel, which bears a striking resemblance to Homer's______.16 " Let us go then, you and IWhen the evening is spread out against the skyLike a patient etherized upon a table..."These lines are taken from a poem entitled______.17 "Young Goodman Brown" is intended to reveal that______exists in the hearts of all human beings.18 "The universe is composed of Nature and the soul... Spirit is present everywhere. " This is the voice out of the book______, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England Transcendentalism.19 Life is real! Life is earnest!And the grave is not its goalDust thou art, to dust returnestWas not spoken of the soul.These lines are taken from a poem entitled______.20 ______tore the mask of gentility to pieces and wrote about the helplessness of man, his insignificance in a cold world, and his lack of dignity in face of the crushing forces of environment and heredity.21 The Compsons, the Sartorises, and the Sutpens are representative southern aristocratic families in ______'s novels, and they are all portrayed as prisoners of the past, who cannot reconcile with the fall of the south after______.22 In The Woman Warrior,______rewrites the legend of Chinese heroine to express her desire to become a woman warrior in a racist and sexist society.23 " A moist young moon hung above the mist of a neighboring meadow. " In the sentence from Conclusive Evidence, Vladimir Nabokov uses the figure of speech called ______.三、分析题24 Many writers seem to believe in the therapeutic and revitalizing power of nature. Illustrate the image of nature and its impact on human beings in a specific novel, play, poem or short story by an American or British writer/playwright/poet.25 At the end of Tess' story, Hardy wrote that " ' Justice ' was done, and the President of the Immortals(in Aeschylean phrase)had ended his sport with Tess. " How do you understand this sentence? In what sense is Tess' story tragic?26 In For Whom the Bell Tolls, the readers see a clear change of Hemingway's former individualistic attitude shown as in The Sun Also Rises to a fresh faith of social destinies of men. Illustrate this point on the basis of these two novels.27 The ship(or the boat, or the like)has been a key symbol in western literature. W. H. Auden holds that there are mainly two views of a ship: as a vessel isolated in the ocean, thus a microcosm of society; and as a vehicle of escape from the shore, thus an image of freedom. Elaborate on the symbolic meaning of the ship/boat, or a boarded floating object in one American or British novel.。
2012年天津外国语大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：116.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.______has been widely accepted as the father of modern linguistics.（分数：2.00）A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.BloomfieldD.Halliday2.A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic______.（分数：2.00）prehensionB.performanceC.perceptionpetence3."I can refer to Confucius or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead over 2,550 years and the second is situated far away from us. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.（分数：2.00）A.displacementB.creativityC.dualityD.arbitrariness4.The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by ______.（分数：2.00）A.BloomfieldB.SaussureC.ChomskyD.Halliday5.Which of the following terms is not a concept in Psycholinguistics?（分数：2.00）A.Processing utterances.B.Producing utterances.nguage acquisition.ponential analysis.6.The study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process. ______ is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.（分数：2.00）A.Articulatory phoneticsB.Auditory phoneticsC.Phonological processD.Acoustic phonetics7.Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）rynx is what we sometimes call "Adam"s apple".B.The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.C.There are two nasal consonants in English.D.It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.8.______ are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.（分数：2.00）A.DiphthongsB.Pure VowelsC.Cardinal VowelsD.Vowel Glides9.The sounds, which are produced by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction, are known as______.（分数：2.00）A.consonantsB.places of articulationC.vowelsD.manners of articulation10.Which of the following is the correct description of the English consonant[z]?（分数：2.00）A.Voiceless alveolar affricate.B.Voiceless bilabial nasal.C.Voiced alveolar stop.D.Voiced alveolar fricative.11.Which is the correct description of the English vowel[i:]?（分数：2.00）A.High front tense unrounded vowel.B.High back lax rounded vowel.C.Mid central lax unrounded vowel.D.Low back lax rounded vowel.12.The word ______ simply refers to a "unit of explicit sound contrast" : the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.（分数：2.00）A.allophoneB.phonemeC.soundD.syllable13.______ is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.（分数：2.00）A.AllomorphB.WordC.MorphemeD.Root14.______is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.（分数：2.00）A.AffixB.SuffixC.StemD.Prefix15.By the relation of______one means that different sets of clauses may permit of require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.（分数：2.00）A.substitutabilityB.positionC.co-occurrenceD.coordination16.______refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together.（分数：2.00）A.SubjectB.PredicateC.Objectplement17.______refer to those words that are used before the noun acting as head of a noun group, and that determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.（分数：2.00）A.ParticlesB.AuxiliariesC.Pro-formsD.Determiners18.Which of the following is under the category of "Open Class"?（分数：2.00）A.Nouns.B.Conjunctions.C.Determiners.D.Prepositions19.______is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types.（分数：2.00）A.HyponymyB.Antony myC.PolysemyD.Synonymy20.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for is known as the ______.（分数：2.00）A.An Integrated TheoryB.Speech Act TheoryC.The Classical TheoryD.The Referential Theory二、填空题(总题数：30，分数：60.00)21. 1 studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________22.Hymes" theory of 1was introduced into the field of language teaching, which encourages teacher to pay more attention to the question of how to train their students as active and successful language users in a real language context.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________23.As one of the central topics in psycholinguistics, 1 concerns how a child acquires the language skills and how they extend to other languages.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________24.According to Langacker, 1 is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point,figure-ground segregation, etc.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________25.In cognitive linguistics, 1 is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________26.Many prepositions, such as "in" , "into" , exemplify a 1 schema, which involves a physical of metaphorical boundary, enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________27.ARGUMENT IS WAR is a 1metaphor, in which the concept of argument is structured systematically in terms of another.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________28.In the cognitive literature, 1 is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________29. 1 theory is proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to address the cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________30.Hymes points out that a 1 refers to a group of people who "share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________31.The 1 hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express the speaker"s unique ways of understanding of the world.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________32.An anthropological orientation in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America at the start of the 20th century. Bronislaw Malinowski and 1 was regarded as the pioneers of this movement in England.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________33. 1 linguistics addresses the structuring within language of such basic conceptual categories as those of space and time, scenes and event, entities and processes, motion and location, and force and causation.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________34.As one of the six subjects of research within psycholinguistics, 1 concerns how the cognitive architecture of language and language processing is implemented in the human brain.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________35.Sociolinguists expand the scope of their observation on language by introducing some major social factors, including class, 1, age, ethnic identity, education background, occupation and religious belief.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________36.John Langshaw Austin began to give lectures on Speech Act Theory in 195In 1955 , when delivering the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to 1, which was published posthumously in 1962.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________37.According to Austin, though 1 cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________38.The Felicity Conditions suggest that there must be a relevant conventional procedure, and the relevant 1 must be appropriate.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________39.Through the Williams James lectures Grice delivered at Harvard in 1967, the theory of Conversational Implicature became known to the public. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________40.The characteristics of implicative can be summarized as calculability, cancellability, 1 and non-conventionality.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________41.Sperber and Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: every act of 1 communicates the presumption of its own optional relevance.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________42.According to Sperber and Wilson, "of all the interpretations of the stimulus which confirm the presumption, it is 1 to occur to the addressee that is the one the communicator intended to convey".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________43.In the field of language use, Zipf recognized two competing forces: the force of 1, or speaker"s economy, and the force of diversification, or hearer"s economy.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________44.Horn found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by 1 which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________45.A popular term in Stylistics, 1, defined by Leech and Short as "artistically motivated deviation" involves all levels of language; vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________46.Where two syllables have the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels, they are 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________47.A/An 1 foot consists of three syllables; two unstressed syllables are followed by a stressed one.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________48.On the speech presentation cline, the one comes between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech is 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________49.The term 1was originally coined by William James to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind, and later was applied to the novelistic portrayal of the free flow of thought.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________50. 1is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________三、写作题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)51.Choose four of the following questions for Essay Discussion. Write the number of the question and your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. There is no doubt that linguistic science today, like other parts of human knowledge, is the product of its past and matrix of its future(R. H. Robins, 1997). Discuss the progress with shifts among different approaches to language chronologically from antiquity up to the present.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 52.Philosophical presuppositions in terms of "arbitrariness" versus motivation, "autonomy" versus embodiment are still under debates in the field of modern linguistic studies. Comment on the debates and provide your argument for or against these theories.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 53.The linguists of comparative and historical linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational-generative linguistics all regarded their theories as "science". What do you think?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________54.The contrast between empiricism and rationalism runs through the history of linguistic thought in various manifestations. Rationalism allows for rational thought to process ideas. Empiricism says that only the data is relevant to ideas. Discuss and provide your argument for and against each of these presuppositions.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 55.Noam Chomsky is a leading linguistic scientist and his Syntactic Structures outlined his theories of transformational generative grammar, which made him a prominent and controversial figure in the field. Discuss his TG grammar and comment on the innateness hypothesis.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 56.There is a variety of possible relationships between language and society. The first one is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior;a second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first: linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure; a third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; language and society may influence each other; a fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that each is independent of the other. Discuss and provide evidence for and against the "no relationship" position.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 57.Cognitive Linguistics has been advancing now in the US and in Europe for three decades. Chinese scholars have already taken up these stimulating ideas and carried them forward within their own traditions of linguistic research. Make a list of famous cognitive linguists and comments on their contributions to the area of cognitive linguistic research.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 58.Austin puts forward the speech act theory. What does he mean by "speech act"? He uses the term "locution" for the actual form of words used by the speaker and their semantic meaning, and illocution for what the speaker is doing by uttering the words. If a person says "The gun is loaded" , what might be the illocutionary force? Or say, what might be the possible intention of the speaker? Provide the contexts for your interpretation.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
天津外国语大学801英语语言文学历年考研真题
手握住 把做圆 摇 ，任 井 在 上有规 地
做圆圈 。 井
嘎嘎地呻吟，声音低 、古 、
，犹如病重 的喘 声。
斗子被提
口
时， 腾 一 手抓住它的 骨，倒 井 的 里。打 的源自 清，有如 般的甘甜。它旱天不
， 天不涝，像一位慈 的 亲，无论 夏 、风
霜，始 滋 着 里的一 又一 。
天人们 要在井 见面，特 收 以后和 傍
unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.
5) _____refers to the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
Section Four:英语语言学方向 分 (70 points) Questions in this section are set for applicants to the MA program of English Linguistics. 1.Multiple Choice: (20 points) Directions: Fill in the blanks with appropriate linguistic terms or answer the questions as required. Write the answers on the ANSWER SHEET. 1) ____means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 2) ____________ deals with the way in which speech sounds are produced. 3）____________ refers to a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart designed by the International Phonetic Association since 1888. 4）____________is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a
[考研类试卷]2010年天津外国语大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
![[考研类试卷]2010年天津外国语大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/45b3cfab2af90242a995e541.png)
[考研类试卷]2010年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、单项选择题1 ______units are meaningless and______units have distinct and identifiable meaning. （A）Primary/Secondary（B）First/Secondary（C）Minimal/Secondary（D）Secondary/Primary2 Idioms are products of______of language.（A）conventionality（B）arbitrariness（C）creativity（D）duality3 Which of the following words is not an open-class word?（A）suspicious（B）category（C）prescribe（D）although4 "The man standing in the hallway looked depressed" is a(an)______ construction. （A）endocentric（B）exocentric（C）coordinative（D）subordinate5 In the word "unavailability" , ______ is the root.（A）un（B）available（C）avail（D）ability6 "Maple", "willow", "polar" and "pine" are______of "tree".（A）super-ordinates（B）co-hyponyms（C）relational hyponyms（D）gradable opposites7 In Austin's term, the verb "appreciate" in the sentence "I really appreciate what you have done for me" is a(an)______.（A）active verb（B）predicative verb（C）constative verb（D）performative verb8 The difference between "I have a pair of blue pants" and "I have a pair of blue trousers" is______.（A）dialectical（B）stylistic（C）emotive（D）connotative9 The word "digitalization" consists of______syllables as against morphemes.（A）five/three（B）six/three（C）six/four（D）five/five10 The borrowing of some features from a basic level category and applying of them to the super-ordinate level is called______.（A）composite categorization（B）interactive categorization（C）characteristic categorization（D）parasitical categorization11 According to Lakoff and Johnson, " His greediness began to balloon quickly" represents a(an)______.（A）structural metaphor（B）ontological metaphor（C）orientational metaphor（D）conceptual metaphor12 The study of how language relates to culture is more likely to fall under the sphere of______.（A）sociolinguistics（B）anthropological linguistics（C）comparative linguistics（D）historical linguistics13 In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds[t][n][z]share the feature of______.（A）palatal（B）alveolar（C）bilabial（D）velar14 Of the two kinds of minimization as categorized by Levinson, the one that has nothing to do with I-p is______.（A）semantic minimization（B）information minimization（C）expression minimization（D）pragmatic minimization15 Which maxim is flouted in the sentence "Ronald is either a movie star, or a politician or both"?（A）maxim of manner（B）maxim of quality（C）maxim of quantity（D）maxim of relevance16 Which of the following can best describe the relationship between "They have six cows" and "They have some animals"?（A）presupposition（B）synonym（C）antonym（D）entailment17 Traditional grammar and structural grammar differ in that______ is descriptive and empirical.（A）traditional grammar（B）structural grammar（C）functional grammar（D）universal grammar18 In which of the following aspects conversational implicature theory and speech act theory are different?（A）How contextual meaning is generated.（B）How much the implied meaning is dependent on the context.（C）How much role the conventional meaning of words plays.（D）How indeterminate the implied meaning is.19 The argument that similarity and frequency both play important roles in processing and understanding language is supported by______.（A）generative grammarians（B）historical linguists（C）connectionists in psycholinguistics（D）American functionalists20 Linguists are interested in particular instances of language use only when the instances exemplify______.（A）the language system（B）the perception of reality（C）aesthetic experience（D）the meanings codes convey二、填空题21 ______ deals with the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences. It is the grammar of sentence construction.22 Human language is ______. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.23 Human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered. This is known as "______Theory".24 ______is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time.25 Language is used to create certain feelings in the hearers. This iscalled______function.26 ______relation means the vertical relationship between forms, which might occupy the same particular place in a structure.27 ______is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.28 The most important ways of word formation are , derivation and conversion.29 Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them. This kind of words are called ______.30 One type of descriptive approach is called______ analysis. Its main objective is to study the distribution of linguistic forms in a language.31 ______linguistics is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.32 ______ is the result of embodied sensorimotor and cognitive structures that generate meaning in and through our ongoing interaction with our changing environments.33 The prototype can be understood as a schematic______of the conceptual core of a category.34 A ______ is a typical instance of a category, and other elements are assimilated to the category on the basis of their perceived resemblance to the prototype.35 ______ is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.36 G. Leech recognizes seven types of meaning and says the ______ meaning makes up the central part.37 ______is the technical name for the oppositeness relation.38 "Utterance" may be defined as a piece of actually used language. In this sense we can divide the study of meaning into two types. One is concerned with the meaning of words and sentences, as abstract units of the language system; and the other is concerned with the meaning of______, as units of language in use.39 To specify the COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE, Grice introduced four categories of maxims as follows; Quantity, Quality, Relation and______.40 As metaphor means the transport of ideas in Greek, ______means a change of name.三、简答题41 One of the design features of language is displacement. What does it mean?42 Please distinguish inflectional affix and derivational affix briefly.43 One of the word formation processes is called blending. What does it mean?44 What is exocentric construction? Give an example.45 One of the maxims of Cooperative Principle is the maxim of manner. Please explain it in brief.四、写作题46 Essay Question.(10 points)Compare and discuss the main characteristics of subjects in English and Chinese.。
2012年天津外国语大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
2012年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：116.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.______has been widely accepted as the father of modern linguistics.（分数：2.00）A.ChomskyB.SaussureC.BloomfieldD.Halliday2.A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic______.（分数：2.00）prehensionB.performanceC.perceptionpetence3."I can refer to Confucius or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead over 2,550 years and the second is situated far away from us. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.（分数：2.00）A.displacementB.creativityC.dualityD.arbitrariness4.The distinction between competence and performance was put forward by ______.（分数：2.00）A.BloomfieldB.SaussureC.ChomskyD.Halliday5.Which of the following terms is not a concept in Psycholinguistics?（分数：2.00）A.Processing utterances.B.Producing utterances.nguage acquisition.ponential analysis.6.The study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process. ______ is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.（分数：2.00）A.Articulatory phoneticsB.Auditory phoneticsC.Phonological processD.Acoustic phonetics7.Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）rynx is what we sometimes call "Adam"s apple".B.The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.C.There are two nasal consonants in English.D.It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.8.______ are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the description of the actual vowels of existing languages.（分数：2.00）A.DiphthongsB.Pure VowelsC.Cardinal VowelsD.Vowel Glides9.The sounds, which are produced by a closure in the vocal tract or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction, are known as______.（分数：2.00）A.consonantsB.places of articulationC.vowelsD.manners of articulation10.Which of the following is the correct description of the English consonant[z]?（分数：2.00）A.Voiceless alveolar affricate.B.Voiceless bilabial nasal.C.Voiced alveolar stop.D.Voiced alveolar fricative.11.Which is the correct description of the English vowel[i:]?（分数：2.00）A.High front tense unrounded vowel.B.High back lax rounded vowel.C.Mid central lax unrounded vowel.D.Low back lax rounded vowel.12.The word ______ simply refers to a "unit of explicit sound contrast" : the existence of a minimal pair automatically grants phonemic status to the sounds responsible for the contrasts.（分数：2.00）A.allophoneB.phonemeC.soundD.syllable13.______ is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.（分数：2.00）A.AllomorphB.WordC.MorphemeD.Root14.______is the collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme.（分数：2.00）A.AffixB.SuffixC.StemD.Prefix15.By the relation of______one means that different sets of clauses may permit of require the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence.（分数：2.00）A.substitutabilityB.positionC.co-occurrenceD.coordination16.______refers to a major constituent of sentence structure in a binary analysis in which all obligatory constituents other than the subject were considered together.（分数：2.00）A.SubjectB.PredicateC.Objectplement17.______refer to those words that are used before the noun acting as head of a noun group, and that determine the kind of reference the nominal group has.（分数：2.00）A.ParticlesB.AuxiliariesC.Pro-formsD.Determiners18.Which of the following is under the category of "Open Class"?（分数：2.00）A.Nouns.B.Conjunctions.C.Determiners.D.Prepositions19.______is the name for oppositeness relation, which includes three main sub-types.（分数：2.00）A.HyponymyB.Antony myC.PolysemyD.Synonymy20.The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to or stands for is known as the ______.（分数：2.00）A.An Integrated TheoryB.Speech Act TheoryC.The Classical TheoryD.The Referential Theory二、填空题(总题数：30，分数：60.00)21. 1 studies the relationship between language and thought, and a perennial subject of debate being whether language is a function of thinking or thought.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________22.Hymes" theory of 1was introduced into the field of language teaching, which encourages teacher to pay more attention to the question of how to train their students as active and successful language users in a real language context.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________23.As one of the central topics in psycholinguistics, 1 concerns how a child acquires the language skills and how they extend to other languages.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________24.According to Langacker, 1 is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point,figure-ground segregation, etc.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________25.In cognitive linguistics, 1 is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________26.Many prepositions, such as "in" , "into" , exemplify a 1 schema, which involves a physical of metaphorical boundary, enclosed area or volume, or excluded area or volume.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________27.ARGUMENT IS WAR is a 1metaphor, in which the concept of argument is structured systematically in terms of another.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________28.In the cognitive literature, 1 is defined as a cognitive process in which the vehicle provides mental access to the target within the same domain.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________29. 1 theory is proposed by Fauconnier and Turner to address the cognitive operation whereby elements of two or more "mental spaces" are integrated via projecting into a new, blended space which has its unique structure.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________30.Hymes points out that a 1 refers to a group of people who "share not only the same rules of speaking, but at least one linguistic variety as well".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________31.The 1 hypothesis suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express the speaker"s unique ways of understanding of the world.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________32.An anthropological orientation in the study of language was developed both in England and in North America at the start of the 20th century. Bronislaw Malinowski and 1 was regarded as the pioneers of this movement in England.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________33. 1 linguistics addresses the structuring within language of such basic conceptual categories as those of space and time, scenes and event, entities and processes, motion and location, and force and causation.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________34.As one of the six subjects of research within psycholinguistics, 1 concerns how the cognitive architecture of language and language processing is implemented in the human brain.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________35.Sociolinguists expand the scope of their observation on language by introducing some major social factors, including class, 1, age, ethnic identity, education background, occupation and religious belief.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________36.John Langshaw Austin began to give lectures on Speech Act Theory in 195In 1955 , when delivering the William James lectures, he revised the notes and changed the title from Words and Deeds to 1, which was published posthumously in 1962.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________37.According to Austin, though 1 cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________38.The Felicity Conditions suggest that there must be a relevant conventional procedure, and the relevant 1 must be appropriate.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________39.Through the Williams James lectures Grice delivered at Harvard in 1967, the theory of Conversational Implicature became known to the public. Part of the lectures was published in 1975 under the title of 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________40.The characteristics of implicative can be summarized as calculability, cancellability, 1 and non-conventionality.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________41.Sperber and Wilson argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as: every act of 1 communicates the presumption of its own optional relevance.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________42.According to Sperber and Wilson, "of all the interpretations of the stimulus which confirm the presumption, it is 1 to occur to the addressee that is the one the communicator intended to convey".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________43.In the field of language use, Zipf recognized two competing forces: the force of 1, or speaker"s economy, and the force of diversification, or hearer"s economy.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________44.Horn found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by 1 which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________45.A popular term in Stylistics, 1, defined by Leech and Short as "artistically motivated deviation" involves all levels of language; vocabulary, sound, syntax, meaning, graphology, etc.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________46.Where two syllables have the same initial and final consonants, but different vowels, they are 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________47.A/An 1 foot consists of three syllables; two unstressed syllables are followed by a stressed one.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________48.On the speech presentation cline, the one comes between Direct Speech and Indirect Speech is 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________49.The term 1was originally coined by William James to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind, and later was applied to the novelistic portrayal of the free flow of thought.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________50. 1is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________三、写作题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)51.Choose four of the following questions for Essay Discussion. Write the number of the question and your essay on the ANSWER SHEET. There is no doubt that linguistic science today, like other parts of human knowledge, is the product of its past and matrix of its future(R. H. Robins, 1997). Discuss the progress with shifts among different approaches to language chronologically from antiquity up to the present.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 52.Philosophical presuppositions in terms of "arbitrariness" versus motivation, "autonomy" versus embodiment are still under debates in the field of modern linguistic studies. Comment on the debates and provide your argument for or against these theories.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 53.The linguists of comparative and historical linguistics, structural linguistics and transformational-generative linguistics all regarded their theories as "science". What do you think?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________54.The contrast between empiricism and rationalism runs through the history of linguistic thought in various manifestations. Rationalism allows for rational thought to process ideas. Empiricism says that only the data is relevant to ideas. Discuss and provide your argument for and against each of these presuppositions.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 55.Noam Chomsky is a leading linguistic scientist and his Syntactic Structures outlined his theories of transformational generative grammar, which made him a prominent and controversial figure in the field. Discuss his TG grammar and comment on the innateness hypothesis.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 56.There is a variety of possible relationships between language and society. The first one is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and/or behavior;a second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first: linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure; a third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional; language and society may influence each other; a fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that each is independent of the other. Discuss and provide evidence for and against the "no relationship" position.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 57.Cognitive Linguistics has been advancing now in the US and in Europe for three decades. Chinese scholars have already taken up these stimulating ideas and carried them forward within their own traditions of linguistic research. Make a list of famous cognitive linguists and comments on their contributions to the area of cognitive linguistic research.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 58.Austin puts forward the speech act theory. What does he mean by "speech act"? He uses the term "locution" for the actual form of words used by the speaker and their semantic meaning, and illocution for what the speaker is doing by uttering the words. If a person says "The gun is loaded" , what might be the illocutionary force? Or say, what might be the possible intention of the speaker? Provide the contexts for your interpretation.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
天津外国语大学语言学方向考研真题信息(英语语言文学专业)
天津考研网()天津外国语大学语言学方向考研真题信息（英语语言文学专业）天津外国语大学语言学方向考研复习都是有依据可循的,考研学子关注事项流程为：考研报录比-大纲-参考书-资料-真题-复习经验-辅导-复试-导师，缺一不可。
作为天津外国语大学英语语言文学专业语言学方向的众多报考生之一，亲身经历过去年的考研大战，成功进入复试，最后在录取名单上终于看到了我的名字。
这一年来的备考，也算是有了不少心得体会，现在这个时间段正是研读真题的时候，所以我把自己如何复习真题的经验体会写下来分享给大家，希望可以帮到大家复习。
我个人呢在复习真题的时候是按照下面的方法展开自己的复习计划，写出来给大家参考一下：首先第一遍的时候按照年份限时做题，就像模拟考一样，算个大概的分数；然后思考自己当时没做出来的题该怎么做，做错的题错在哪，会做的题是不是有更好的思路和解题方法；第二遍主要做错题，主攻错题并且总结错题的题型和涉及到的知识点；最后按照错误率的高低专项攻克一个知识点，并且花上1-2天的时间只做这个知识点。
练得多了可以缩短一下时间，因为在考场上我们的心理并不如平时轻松，所以平时要更为严苛的锻炼我们的解题速度以及正确率，以保证可以发挥出正常水平。
另外呢，我参加的初试专业课考试为：业务一701（基础英语+汉语）；业务二801（英语语言文学）。
我用的资料是：天津外国语大学英语语言文学专业语言学方向考研红宝书-全程版。
资料中包含了如下的真题内容：天津外国语大学基础英语+汉语2004-2016年考研试题；天津外国语大学基础英语+汉语2006-2015年考研试题参考答案；天津外国语大学英语语言文学（语言学方向）2007-2016年考研试题；天津外国语大学英语语言文学（语言学方向）2007-2016年详细参考答案；天津外国语大学基础英语+汉语2006-2015年考研真题解析，“天津外国语大学英语语言文学（英语语言学方向）考研真题解析（答案+讲解视频）”；天津外国语大学英语语言文学（语言学方向）2007-2016年考研真题解析，“天津外国语大学英语语言文学（英语语言学方向）考研真题解析（答案+讲解视频）”；二外科目2005-2016年考研试题（其中2015-2016年包括二外日语、德语、法语、英语）。
2008年天津外国语学院英语专业(英美文学)真题试卷.doc
2008年天津外国语学院英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分：44.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.Thomas Hardy is a prolific writer whose works include the following except______.（分数：2.00）A.Far from the Madding CrowdB.To the Light HouseC.Under the Greenwood TreeD.Jude the Obscure2.In the first half of the 19th century English drama experienced a general decline; ______ two famous English playwrights revived the British theatre after this period of time.（分数：2.00）A.William Shakespeare and Christopher MarloweB.Harold Pinter and Samuel BeckettC.George Bernard Shaw and Oscar WildeD.Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg3.The three most eminent novelists who represent the three phases of the Victorian novels are Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy and______.（分数：2.00）A.George MooreB.Louis StevensonC.James JoyceD.George Eliot4.Which of the following books deals with American Civil War?（分数：2.00）A.The Red Badge of CourageB.For Whom the Bell TollsC.Slaughterhouse-FiveD.Catch 225.The first writer who took the vernacular as a serious way of presenting reality after Mark Twain is______.（分数：2.00）A.Robert FrostB.Ernest HemingwayC.William Carlos WilliamsD.Sherwood Anderson6.Direct treatment of the "thing" , whether subjective or objective, is one of the poetic principles advocated by______.（分数：2.00）A.ImagistsB.RealistsC.NaturalistsD.Romanticists二、填空题(总题数：7，分数：14.00)7.Geoffrey Chaucer" s famous work 1contains 20-odd stories unified by a fictitious pilgrimage.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8.In 1, Thomas More offers an ideal social system, with which people replace tyranny with 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________9.The definition that "all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" was written by 1in 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________10.Harold Pinter, who 1, is one of the most gifted English playwrights in the post-war period.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________11.In his 1Benjamin Franklin creates the image of a boy" s rise from 2to riches and demonstrates his belief that the new world of America was a land of opportunities which might be met through hard work and wise management.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________12.As a reflection of Hester Prynne" s moral development, the 1symbolically undergoes a gradual and imperceptible change from " 2"to "able" and last to "angel".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________13.Known as African Americans" poet laureate, 1articulates the miseries and agonies of the blacks in face of racial discrimination.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________三、名词解释(总题数：3，分数：6.00)14.Briefly explain five—only the first Ave will be assessed in case more than five answers are provided—out of the following seven terms. Provide an example where you feel adequate. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(30 points)allegory（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 15.Oedipus Complex（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 16.tragedy（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________四、问答题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)17.Questions in this section are set for applicants to the MA program of American & British Literature . Answer any three of the following essay questions. Your answer is expected to have a clearly stated and focused central argument that is supported with discussion, explanation, examples, and other evidence rather than a plot summary.(50 points) In what way does Daniel Defoe" s Robinson Crusoe reflect the history of British colonization in the 18 th century?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 18.Charles Dickens is believed to be basically an optimistic writer. Can you justify the view with reference to one of his novels?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.Emily Dickinson" s poetry abounds in images. In the best of her poems every word is a picture seen. Comment on the images in either "Because I Could Not Stop for Death" or "I Like to See It Lap the Miles".（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 20.In The Glass Menagerie, Tennessee Williams successfully portrays a family of escapists. Explain how the theme of escapism is developed in this play.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 21.Marxist literary criticism, psychoanalytic criticism, deconstruction and feminist criticism are some of the popular approaches that Chinese students take in the study of literature. Try to explain any one of the four approaches to literature.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 作文22.Write in English an essay of approximately 300 words on one poem, story or play you have read from British or American literature of the twentieth century and comment on some very specific aspect of literary work. You are expected to write an essay with a clearly stated and focusedcentral argument that is supported with discussion, explanation , examples, and other evidence rather than a plot summary. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(20 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
2010年天津外国语大学英语专业(英美文学)真题试卷.doc
2010年天津外国语大学英语专业（英美文学）真题试卷(总分：48.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.The only organic whole poem to come out of the Anglo-Saxons period is 1, an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2." A little learning is a dangerous thing/Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian sping," a famous quotation is from An Essay on Criticism written by 1, the high priest and magistrate of the Age of Reason.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.The 16th century in the history of English literature is viewed as a great period of Elizabethan drama, which witnessed the birth of two great playwrights; William Shakespeare and 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________4.John Bunyan, a village tinker, with his strength and sincerity inscribed his name in the English literary history by his famous work 1written in the old-fashioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5.The famous English critic Mathew Arnold called the 18th century in Britain "an age of prose". In this period, no novelists were as popular and well known as 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________6.Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele are always remembered together because they started a journalistic tradition that is still alive in Britain and the United State. Their collaboration on a series of essays for the Taller and the 1strongly influenced 18th century English taste and opinion.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________7.Like Ibsen, 1was much concerned about the social problems of his time. His career as a dramatist began in 1892, when his first play 2was put on and turned out a success.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8.Modernist writers such as James Joyce and Virginia Wolf approached the internal world of characters in their novels by the technique of "stream of consciousness" which means 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________9.According to historians of English literature, the First World War saw the start of a poetic revolution which was initiated by the imagist movement and the symbolist movement. The imagist movement was led by 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________10.The revolution of the British drama came in the decade following the ending of the World War II. The tremors in the post-war British theatre were caused by Samuel Beckett"s play 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________11.Edgar Allan Poe"s stories fall into two categories; 1and "tales of ratiocination".（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________12." The greatest delight which the fields and woods minister, is the suggestion of an occult relation between man and the vegetable. I am not alone and unacknowledged. They nod to me, and I to them. The waving of the boughs in the storm, is new to me and old. It takes me by surprise,and yet is not unknown. Its effect is like that of a higher thought or a better emotion coming over me, when I deemed I was thinking justly or doing right.Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight, does not reside in 1, but in 2, or in a harmony of both. It is necessary to use these pleasures with great temperance. "（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________13.In Emily Dickinson"s poem Because I Could not Stop for Death, she uses personification to compare death to 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________14.In William Dean Howell"s 1, the burning of the house symbolizes the protagonist"s economic fall but he achieves his moral and ethical rise.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________15.Allen Ginsberg"s 1(1956), William S. Burroughs"s Naked Lunch(1959)and Jack Kerouac"s On the Road(1957)are considered to be the literary representatives of the 2of the 1950s.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________16.The Southern Renaissance was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature that began in the 1920s and 1930s with the appearance of, among others, novelist 1, playwright 2, short-story writer Katherine Anne Porter.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________17.The concept of "double consciousness" which has beeh widely employed in the literary criticism of ethnic American literatures originated from the enduring classic The Souls of Black Folk(1903) by 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________18.In 1by Arthur Miller, the main character 2"s determination to live up to his "American Dream" and only to seek material happiness takes his life.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________19. 1by J.D.Salinger reflects the moral crisis and disillusionment of the post-war American society.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________20."The suits on Wall Street walked off with most of our savings. " The figure of speech used in the sentence is 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________二、问答题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)21.Charles Lamb is sometimes called the Shakespeare of the English essay. Do you agree or disagree on the statement? Give details to support your argument.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 22.British romanticism is a very important literary trend in the history of the English literature. Scholars singled out six major poets in this period of time: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelly, Keats and Blake and constructed the basic notions of a unified Romanticism. What are the basic notions of Romanticism? Illustrate these notions of Romanticism with one or two examples.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 23.How do Ichabod Crane and Brom Bones in The Legend of Sleepy Hollow embody two different value systems?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 24.Give the importance of mobility in the ideological underpinnings of America, it is hardly surprising to find that American literature has from its beginnings been"a literature of movement, of motion, its great icons the track through forest and superhighway. " Please name one novel from the canonical American literature to elaborate on the theme of mobility.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
天津外国语学院硕士研究生招生考试法语语言文学07年真题
天津外国语学院硕士研究生招生考试法语语言文学07年真题天津外国语学院2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：基础法语＋汉语（注意：答案必须写在答题纸上）（考试时间180分钟总分150分）I. Complétez les phrases suivantes à l’aide des prépositions qui conviennent. (10%)1) Elles vivent dans la gêne, et achètent souvent des choses _____au_____ le rabais.2) Le commerce de ce pays consiste essentiellement ___en_____ blés.3) Cet orateur sait bien accommoder son langage _____aux____ les circonstances.4) Il ne faut pas s’accommoder _____du_____le sort que la vie nous réserve.5) On l’a amplement dédommagé ____de_____ la perte qu’il avait subie.6) Avisez _____à____ ce que vous avez à faire.7) On l’a dispensé _____de____ son service militaire.8) C’est un étourdi qui ne s’applique ____à______ rien.9) Il affecte toujours ___de____ dire des choses facheuses.10) Il ressort ______sur____vos réponses que vous y êtes plut?t contre.11) Cet homme est importun, je voudrais bien me délivrer ____de______ lui.12) Cet écrivain est classé ____parmi____ les plus habiles.13) Je ne sais pas ce qu’il a _____à_____ moi, mais il boude depuis quelquetemps et il ne me parle plus.14) Son buste a été fait d’après le masque qu’on avait moulé ____sur______son visage.15) C’est ____à_____lui que cette lourde charge incombe.16) On craignait une collision _____entre____ les soldats et le peuple.17) C’est un type qui s’est toujours prévalu _____de____ sa naissance.18) Pour parer ____à_____toute éventualité, il emporte un gros bagage.19) I l voit ____à______cette croissance économique la suite logique del’application de la politique en question.20) Bien que promu à un poste supérieur, il reste égal __à___ lui-même.II. Complétez les phrases suivantes à l’aide des pronoms qui conviennent. (10%)1)Demain, il y a une conférence sur la Chine ___àlaquelle_____ tous les étudiants devront assister.2)Il y a souvent des détails ____auxquels____ on ne pense pas, mais qui ont leur importance!3)Il faut toujours s’adresser à _____ce qui________ est ca pable.4)c’est quelqu’un ____dont______ j’aime beaucoup la franchise.5)____chacun____ pour soi et Dieu pour tous.6)_____ce____ qui bavarde sera puni.7)Tu ____en____ veux? C’est du fromage de chèvre que l’on fabrique dans ma région.8)Alors cette réunion?-J’___en______ sors. C’était sans intérêt.9)V ous avez bien compris le sens de mes paroles, je ____le______ vois.10)Tu visiteras les Etats-Unis?- Oui, je ____les_______ visiterai.11)J’ai re?u une lettre de mes parents, mais je ne ____leur_____ ai pas encore répondu.12)Je ne bois jamais de café: je ne _________ supporte pas.13) Ce ____que______ je m’intéresse le plus, c’est votre avenir, mes enfants.14) Le gar?on à l’avenir de ___qui______ je m’intéresse est adorable.15) Du temps ____où_____ ma mère vivait, nous étions si heureux ensemble.16) V oilàles arbres à l’ombre ____desquels______ nous nous sommes reposés.17) Les pommes sur la table? Je les ai _____toutes_____ mangées.18) Des deux étudiants qui sont en vacances, ____celui-ci / l’un______ faitde la médecine, ______celui-là/l’autre_____ de la musique.19) ____on______ ne travaille pas le week-end.III. Parmi les quatre propositions, choisissez le synonyme du mot ou du groupe de mots soulignés dans les phrases suivantes. (10%)1) J'avoue tout ce qui s'est fait. AA. reconna?treB. déclarerC. confesserD. distinguer2) V ous pouvez payer la moitiécomptant, et le complément en douze mensualités. BA. le supplémentB. le resteC. la moitiéD.le quart3) Ce vieillard baisse. CA. regarder en basB. se mettre plus basC. s'affaiblir tous les joursD. s’abattre4) J'y serai demain sans faute. BA. sans erreurB. immanquablementC. avec exactitudeD. avec précision5) Cet endroit de son discours m'a frappé. BA. battreB. surprendreC.taperD. toucher6) Le programme de la télévision lui semblait idiot, mais cela le délassait de s’abandonner ainsi à la facilité.DA. délaisserB. poserC. abandonnerD. détendre7) Il a toujours étéferme avec le règlement. DA. soupleB.durC.bonD.inflexible8) U n fou a précipité sa femme et ses trois enfants du haut de son balcon. CA. dépêcherB. empresserC. pousserD.tirer9) II s'est empressé de raconter la nouvelle à tout son entourage. DA. se dépêcherB. se précipiterC. se pousserD. s’avancer10) Je vous informe que votre demande est acceptée.A. noterB. parlerC. rappelerD. renseigner11) Nous avons coupé le gateau en quatre parties égales.A. exactesB. équivalentesC. pareillesD. semblables12) Il a consacré beaucoup de temps à cette étude; quel profit en a-t-il tiré?A. bénéficeB. intérêtC. avantageD. utilité13) ? Marguerite ? est le nom vulgaire de plusieurs fleurs des champs.A. usuelB. usagerC. généralD. ordinaire14) Le gouvernement pense que l’allocution du chef de l’Et at aura un effetbénéfique.A. une suiteB. des conséquencesC.une intentionD. un contrecoup15) Cet homme se montre toujours libéral envers ses amis.A. avareB. largeC.ouvertD. libre16) Ayant toujours vécu avec peu d’argent, il se sentait naturellement porté àl’économie.A. parcimonieB.avantageC. intérêtD. argent17) Les constructeurs essayaient d’améliorer la ligne de la voiture.A. le profilB. la lignéeC. la rangéeD. la frontière18) Je ne supporte pas son détachement devant la souffrance humaine.A. di fférenceB. indifférenceC. attachementD. affection19) J'ai abandonné le soin de mes affaires à un gérant intelligent et probe（诚实的）.A. quitterB. finirC. confierD. interrompre20) C’est une petite fille très délicate, elle a d? garder le lit tout l’h iver.A. difficileB. dédaigneuseC. fragileD. fineIV. Parmi les quatre propositions, choisissez le mot ou le groupe de mots dont le sens est le moins proche de celui soulignédans les phrases suivantes. (10%)D1) Il a agi délibérément avec grossièreté.A. intentionnellementB. volontairementC. exprèsD. ouvertementC2) A c?té de ?a, il faudra faire attention à la circulation.A. en plusB. par ailleursC. de toute fa?onD. en outreD3) Tout au long de l’enquête, il a fait preuve de be aucoup de clairvoyance.A. luciditéB. pénétrationC. clartéD. intelligenceC4) Ce n’est pas un restaurant de grand renom, mais les repas y sont corrects.A. acceptableB. convenableC. excellentD. honnêteA5) Son attitude est vraiment déconcertante.A. incontr?lableB. déroutantC.incompréhensible/doc/7466191910a6f524ccbf8588.htm l arreC6) Depuis quelques mois, le dollar ne cesse de se déprécier.A. se dévaloriserB. se dévaluerC. se perdreD. baisserD7) Le temps parviendra-t –il àeffacer son chagr in?A. faire dispara?treB. faire oublierC. éteindreD. camouflerB8) Ce remède m’a apporté un soulagement effectif.A. tangibleB. discutableC. réelD. incontestableC9) Il a agi à contresens de ce qu’il fallait faire.A. par faux-sensB. au reboursC. à l’enversD. dans un sens opposéB10) En te demandant cet effort, il a voulu éprouver ton courage. A. mettre à l’épreu ve B. reconna?treC. prendre la mesure deD. testerD11) L’épidémie ne cesse de s’étendre.A. s’agrandirB. se propagerC. gagner du terrainD. se développerD12) Il faut obéir exactement au règlement.A. rigoureusementB. scrupuleusementC. à la lettreD. parfaitementA13) Il a eu bien des tourments avec cette histoire.A. tourB. tracasC. cauchemarD. angoisse D14) Ils nous regardait, les yeux ternes.A. inexpressifsB. sans expressionC. éteintsD. sans couleursC15) Ils devaient forcément se rencontrer: leurs routes se croisaient.A. fatalementB. inévitablementC. bienD. obligatoirementD16) Cette plante demande une terre grasse.A. une terre forteB. une terre tenaceC. une terre argileuseD. une terre dureD17) Il est venu s'établir en France.A. fixer sa demeureB. fixer sa résidenceC. s’installerD. voyagerB18) Cette ville conserve quelques restes de son antique splendeur.A. garder quelque peuB. n’être pas encore dépossédéC. ne pas être tout à fait privéD. garder peuC19) Je vais déposer une somme d'argent dans une banqueA. mettre en dép?tB. mettre en gardeC. confierD. laisserC20) Ses traveaux sur le cancer lui ont donner une notoriétéinternationale.A. renomB. réputationC. nomD. renomméeV. Mettez les verbes entre parenthèse au temps convenable. (10%)Le bonheurJe levai les yeux vers elle...Et tout d’un coup le souvenir me revint.Cela avait fait, jadis, un gros scandale. Une jeune fille, belle et riche,avait été enlevée par un sous-officier de hussards du régiment que commandait son père (...)Je demandai : ? Avez-vous été heureuse au moins ? ?Elle répondit,avec une voix qui venait du coeur : ? Oh ! Oui, très heureuse. Il m’a rendue très heureuse. Je n’ai jamais rien reg retté. ?Je la contemplais, triste, surpris, émerveillé par la puissance de l’amour ! Cette fille riche avait suivit cet homme, ce paysan. Elle était devenueelle-même une paysanne. Elle s’était faite à sa vie sans charmes, sans luxe, sans délicatesse d’aucune sorte, elle s’était pliée à ses habitudes simples. Et elle l’aimait encore. Elle était devenue une femme de rustre, en bonnet, en jupe de toile. Elle mangeait dans un plat de terre sur une table de bois, assise sur une chaise de paille, une bouillie de choux et de pomme de terre au lard. Elle couchait sur une paillasse à son c?té.Elle n’avait jamais penséà rien, qu’à lui! Elle n’avaitregretté ni les parures, ni les étoffes, ni les élégances, ni la mollesse des sièges, ni la tiédeur parfumée des chambres enveloppées de tenures, ni les douceurs des duyets oùplongent les corps pour le repos. Elle n’avait jamais eu besoin que de lui ; pourvu qu’il f?t là, elle ne désirait rien.Elle avait abando nné la vie, toute jeune, et le monde, et ceux qui l’avaitélevée, aimée. Elle était venue, seule avec lui, en ce sauvage ravin. Et il avait été tout pour elle , tout ce qu’on désire, tout ce qu’on rêve, tout ce qu’on attend sans cesse, tout ce qu’on espère sans fin. Il avait empli de bonheure son existen ce, d’un bout à l’autre. ( G. de Maupassant )VI. Choisissez les comparaisons suivantes et précisez le sens exact de l’expression obtenue : (5%)1)J’aime bien Pascal : il est franc comme ___C______ .A. l’a cierB. l’argentC. l’orCette expression signifie : BA.Il est de nationalité fran?aise.B.C’est un gar?on brillant.C. Il ne ment jamais.2)Le nouveau directeur? Il est sympa comme ____B_____.A. un couloir de métroB. une porte de prisonC. un hall de gareCette expression signifie : AA. il est souriantB. il est très bavard.C. il est très antipathique3)Je ne sais pas ce que j’ai eu cette nuit : ____C______ comme une bête.A. j’ai dormiB. j’ai rêvéC. j’ai été maladeCette expression signifie : AA. j’ai été très malade.B. j’étais en pleine formeC. j’étais très fatigué4)Sa soeur? Elle est jolie comme____C_____.A. un foieB. un oeilC. un coeurCette expression signifie : CA. elle est mal habilléeB. elle est très laideC. elle est très belle5)?a ne va pas? Tu es ____B_______ comme un linge!A. bleuB. blancC. rougeCette expression signifie :BA. tu as l’air en formeB. tu es tout paleC. tu as froidVII. Faites un résumé du texte suivant en 150 mots : (25 %)pour bouger notre mondeLa fin du pétrole n'est pas pour demain. Mais la fin du pétrole bon marché est avérée. Le baril（一桶石油）à trois cents dollars n'est plus un mythe. Experts, banquiers, militants, militaires,planchent（考虑）déjàsur ce futur possible, pour ne pas dire proche.La difficulté croissante à étancher（止住）la soif planétaire en pétrole est chaque jour plus évidente. Le Nord pompe à tour de bras depuis près de cent cinquante ans, et le Sud aspire logiquement àle rejoindre. La consommation mondiale, les formidables tensions géopolitiques, tirent le prix du baril vers le haut dans une spirale infernale. Cette situation provoque des raisonnements en noir et blanc. Les optimistes parient que la technologie, l'argent dégagé par un pétrole cher, doperont l'exploration et la découverte de nouve aux gisements. Les autres voient le compte à rebours déjà enclenché, le monde consommant presque autant en vingt ans qu'il ne l'a fait depuis la construction du premier derrick（钻塔）: technologie ou pas, d'ici deux décennies, peut-être même une seule, l'or n oir aura quasiment disparu. Et bien avant cela la carte politique du monde risque d'être profondément bouleversée, car les pays assoiffés d'or noir n'assistent pas les bras ballants au désastre annoncé.Nous réagirons. Aujourd'hui ? Demain? Une seule certi tude, ce sera sans doute tard, et notre inertie risque fort de gripper（卡住）les rouages d'une mondialisation triomphante. Sans même parler des autres conséquences de cette fringale d'or noir, pollution, réchauffement du climat, montée des océans considérée en général comme quantité négligeable. Qui se soucie des populations les plus vulnérables, de celles qui, par centaines de millions, seront les premières victimes d'un pétrole toujours plus cher, qu'elles ne pourront plus s'offrir? Qui, hormis les scientifi ques, économistes, anthropologues, écologues, agronomes, physiciens de l'atmosphère et ONG, s'inquiète de la facture des co?ts externes engendrés par une planète shootée aupétrole ? Pas les politiques. Pourtant, dès la conférence de Stockholm en 1972, l'e nvironnement s'est invitédans les débats, et les Etats ont étéconfrontés à la réalité de leur interdépendance planétaire. Certes, en 1992, la conférence des Nations unies sur l'environnement et le développement de Rio de Janeiro a débouché sur nombre de co nventions d'importance majeure, sur le climat par exemple, ou encore la biodiversité. Enfin, le sommet de Johannesburg en 2002 a tenté de considérer le développement social comme la clé de vo?te du développement durable. Mais tout cela avec les résultats q u'on sait : trois fois rien. La prise de conscience est réelle, mais les actes tardent. Et le pétrole n'en finit pas de s'envoler sans autre conséquence que de durcir la vie quotidienne.Et si, pourtant, ce baril hors de prix avait des vertus ? Aujourd'hui, personne ou presque ne se soucie de consommer mieux, c'est-à-dire de consommer moins de ressources et surtout d'énergie. En dépit d'un engouement sans précédent, les énergies ?propres?, sans hydrocarbures ni déchets àlong terme, ne pèseront au mieux que 2 % de la consommation mondiale en 2030. Même l'atome n'y pourra rien. Pourtant, la Chine, l'Inde, l'Europe, n'en finissent pas de planter des moulins à vent ; le Brésil fait tout pour sucrer（取消）ses moteurs et ceux du reste du monde ; et les adeptes du die sel à huile découvrent des qualités à la friture（炸食品的油）.Un pétrole cher, c'est l'assurance que les milliers de projets, d'expériences du moins consommer, ou du consommer autrement, ne seront plus de simples gouttes d'eau réservées à quelques bobos（小伤口）. La plupartdes idées qui germent ici et là n'attendent plus qu'un petit coup de pouce et beaucoup de pédagogie : est-il normal quel'Autriche affiche trois fois plus de chauffe-eau solaires que la France ? Est-il raisonnable d'utiliser des hordes（大量）de cami ons quand le rail a prouvé depuis longtemps son efficacité ? Est-il judicieux que les ingrédients d'un simple pot de yaourt parcourent plusieurs milliers de kilomètres avant d'atterrir sur nos tables ? Est-il légitime de dégrader les c?tes chiliennes en qu elques années pour assouvir（满足）l'appétit de saumon des Européens?Le choc pétrolier dont nous vivons les prémices exige des politiques ambitieuses, pour forcer les uns, et accompagner les autres. Mais on ne les voit se dessiner ni en France ni en Europe ni ailleurs. La cure de désintoxication au pétrole aujourd'hui, la p anne sèche demain, seront d'autant plus violentes que les responsables politiques auront gardé leurs oeillères（眼罩）. Pourtant, le développement durable, trop souvent considéré à tort comme un simple thème en vogue, ambitionne d'instaurer un état universel d e bien-être en ?écologisant?, en humanisant l'économie. Chacun, politiques en tête, récite sans se tromper la définition du développement durable : ?Un type de développement qui permet de satisfaire les besoins des générations présentes sans compromettre la capacitédes générations futures àrépondre aux leurs.? Mais voilà, chacun voit la durabilité à sa porte. Si nous ne faisons rien, demain, le baril sera à prix d'or quand le sevrage（断奶）s era impossible et le climat en surchauffe. Alors aujourd'hui, ce pétrole déjàcher est l'occasion ou jamais de changer notre monde. Vive le pétrole cher, donc!Par Denis Delbecq et Vittorio de Filippis“L ibération”, jeudi 16 novembre 2006VIII. Composition : (30%)Sujet : Ce que la France m’impressionne le plus汉语部分一.判断正误（用√或×表示正误。
[考研类试卷]2010年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷.doc
![[考研类试卷]2010年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷.doc](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/4a7d0778f11dc281e53a580216fc700abb68529c.png)
[考研类试卷]2010年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷.doc[考研类试卷]2010年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、单项选择题1 ______units are meaningless and______units have distinct and identifiable meaning. （A）Primary/Secondary（B）First/Secondary（C）Minimal/Secondary（D）Secondary/Primary2 Idioms are products of______of language.（A）conventionality（B）arbitrariness（C）creativity（D）duality3 Which of the following words is not an open-class word?（A）suspicious（B）category（C）prescribe（D）although4 "The man standing in the hallway looked depressed" is a(an)______ construction. （A）endocentric（B）exocentric（C）coordinative（D）subordinate5 In the word "unavailability" , ______ is the root.（A）un（B）available（C）avail（D）ability6 "Maple", "willow", "polar" and "pine" are______of "tree".（A）super-ordinates（B）co-hyponyms（C）relational hyponyms（D）gradable opposites7 In Austin's term, the verb "appreciate" in the sentence "I really appreciate what you have done for me" is a(an)______.（A）active verb（B）predicative verb（C）constative verb（D）performative verb8 The difference between "I have a pair of blue pants" and "I have a pair of blue trousers" is______.（A）dialectical（B）stylistic（C）emotive（D）connotative9 The word "digitalization" consists of______syllables as against morphemes.（A）five/three（B）six/three（C）six/four（D）five/five10 The borrowing of some features from a basic level category and applying of them to the super-ordinate level is called______.（A）composite categorization（B）interactive categorization（C）characteristic categorization（D）parasitical categorization11 According to Lakoff and Johnson, " His greediness began to balloon quickly" represents a(an)______.（A）structural metaphor（B）ontological metaphor（C）orientational metaphor（D）conceptual metaphor12 The study of how language relates to culture is more likely to fall under the sphere of______.（A）sociolinguistics（B）anthropological linguistics（C）comparative linguistics（D）historical linguistics13 In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds[t][n][z]share the feature of______.（A）palatal（B）alveolar（C）bilabial（D）velar14 Of the two kinds of minimization as categorized by Levinson, the one that has nothing to do with I-p is______.（A）semantic minimization（B）information minimization（C）expression minimization（D）pragmatic minimization15 Which maxim is flouted in the sentence "Ronald is eithera movie star, or a politician or both"?（A）maxim of manner（B）maxim of quality（C）maxim of quantity（D）maxim of relevance16 Which of the following can best describe the relationship between "They have six cows" and "They have some animals"?（A）presupposition（B）synonym（C）antonym（D）entailment17 Traditional grammar and structural grammar differ in that______ is descriptive and empirical.（A）traditional grammar（B）structural grammar（C）functional grammar（D）universal grammar18 In which of the following aspects conversational implicature theory and speech act theory are different?（A）How contextual meaning is generated.（B）How much the implied meaning is dependent on the context.（C）How much role the conventional meaning of words plays.（D）How indeterminate the implied meaning is.19 The argument that similarity and frequency both play important roles in processing and understanding language is supported by______.（A）generative grammarians（B）historical linguists（C）connectionists in psycholinguistics（D）American functionalists20 Linguists are interested in particular instances of language use only when the instances exemplify______.（A）the language system（B）the perception of reality（C）aesthetic experience（D）the meanings codes convey二、填空题21 ______ deals with the combination of words into phrases, clauses and sentences. It is the grammar of sentence construction.22 Human language is ______. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with.23 Human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered. This is known as "______Theory".24 ______is a property of language enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time.25 Language is used to create certain feelings in the hearers. This iscalled______function.26 ______relation means the vertical relationship between forms, which might occupy the same particular place in a structure.27 ______is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.28 The most important ways of word formation are , derivation and conversion.29 Some new words are composed of the first letters of a series of words and pronounced by saying each letter in them. This kind of words are called ______.30 One type of descriptive approach is called______ analysis. Its main objective is to study the distribution of linguistic formsin a language.31 ______linguistics is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.32 ______ is the result of embodied sensorimotor and cognitive structures that generate meaning in and through our ongoing interaction with our changing environments.33 The prototype can be understood as a schematic______of the conceptual core of a category.34 A ______ is a typical instance of a category, and other elements are assimilated to the category on the basis of their perceived resemblance to the prototype.35 ______ is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.36 G. Leech recognizes seven types of meaning and says the ______ meaning makes up the central part.37 ______is the technical name for the oppositeness relation.38 "Utterance" may be defined as a piece of actually used language. In this sense we can divide the study of meaning into two types. One is concerned with the meaning of words and sentences, as abstract units of the language system; and the other is concerned with the meaning of______, as units of language in use.39 To specify the COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLE, Grice introduced four categories of maxims as follows; Quantity, Quality, Relation and______.40 As metaphor means the transport of ideas in Greek, ______means a change of name.三、简答题41 One of the design features of language is displacement. What does it mean?42 Please distinguish inflectional affix and derivational affix briefly.43 One of the word formation processes is called blending. What does it mean?44 What is exocentric construction? Give an example.45 One of the maxims of Cooperative Principle is the maxim of manner. Please explain it in brief.四、写作题46 Essay Question.(10 points)Compare and discuss the main characteristics of subjects in English and Chinese.。
2011年天津外国语大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
2011年天津外国语大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分：62.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.______ is a central vowel.（分数：2.00）A.[e]B.[i]C.[u]D.[a]2.Which of the following is a pair of relational opposites?（分数：2.00）A.single vs. marriedB.hot vs. coldC.alive vs. deadD.husband vs. wife3.Which of the following is a minimal pair?（分数：2.00）A.pet, kidB.put, pestC.cave, shaveD.must, taste4.Which of the following ways of word-formation does not change the grammatical class of the stems?（分数：2.00）poundB.inflectionC.derivationD.coinage5.Which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）rynx is what we sometimes call "Adam"s apple".B.The International Phonetic Alphabet uses narrow transcription.C.There are two nasal consonants in English.D.It is sounds by which we make communicative meaning.6.A ______has been added to Chomsky"s first model of grammar as shown in his Aspects of the Theory of Syntax(1965).（分数：2.00）A.set of rewriting rulesponent of categoriesC.semantic componentD.word classification7.According to the manner of articulation,[m]is a______.（分数：2.00）A.bilabialB.plosiveC.nasalteral8."I can refer to Confucius even though he was dead 2,000 years ago. " This shows that language has the design feature of______.（分数：2.00）A.arbitrarinessB.creativityC.dualityD.displacement9.______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.（分数：2.00）nguepetencemunicative competenceD.Linguistic potential10.Which of the following is an "inflectional suffix"?（分数：2.00）A.-istB.-aryC.-ingD.-ify11.In today"s grammar we normally say that English does not have a " future tense". This is because in English ______.（分数：2.00）A.the future is not expressed by morphological changeB.the future can be expressed in many waysC.the future belongs to the category of "aspect"D.the future is expressed by modal verbs12.______is a phenomenon that in some speech communities two languages exist side by side with each having a different role to play; and language switching occurs when the situation changes.（分数：2.00）A.BilingualismB.DiglossiaC.PidginD.Creole13.______ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.（分数：2.00）A.RegisterB.Linguistic repertoireC.IdiolectD.Dialect14.Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes of syntactic relations?（分数：2.00）A.positional relationsB.relations of co-occurrenceC.relations of expansionD.relations of substitutability15.All of the following are characteristics of implicature EXCEPT______.（分数：2.00）A.conventionalityB.non-detachabilityC.cancellabilityD.calculability16."He has already trunked two packs" is an example of______error.（分数：2.00）A.anticipationB.exchangeC.morpheme-exchangeD.perception17.The criterion used in IC analysis is______.（分数：2.00）A.constructionB.constituentC.structureD.substitutability18.According to G. Leech, who recognizes 7 types of meaning in his Semantics, ______ makes up the central part.（分数：2.00）A.conceptual meaningB.connotative meaningC.social meaningD.thematic meaning19."The Club" is a device for blocking an automobile"s steering wheel, thus protecting the car from being stolen. And one of its ads reads:The Club ! FD Anti-theft device for cars Police Say: " Use it" or Lose It In terms of the Gricean theory, what maxim is exploited here?（分数：2.00）A.the maxim of mannerB.the maxim of relevanceC.the maxim of qualityD.the maxim of quantity20.What semantic relation do the following sentences have?A. I saw a girl.B. I saw a child.（分数：2.00）A.contradictionB.entailmentC.synonymD.Presupposition二、名词解释(总题数：6，分数：12.00)21.semantic field theory(3 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 22.favourite sentence type(4 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 23.free variation(3 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 24.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis(4 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 25.endocentric construction(3 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 26.back formation(3 points)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________三、写作题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)27.Choose any THREE of the following questions to analyze. Write the number of the question and your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Discuss the major contributions of Saussure to modern linguistics.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ ment on the "innateness hypothesis".（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 29.Explain the purpose and significance of reconstruction in historical linguistics and the method employed by historical linguists.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 30.How do you interpret the distinctions between language acquisition and language learning?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________31.How do you comment on the two frequently used analogies for attempted inference on the origin of language: the acquisition of speech by children and the structures and characteristics of so-called "primitive" languages?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。
天津外国语学院研究生入学考试基础英语真题
天津外国语学院硕士研究生入学考试试题I . Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. （30%）1. Unmarried middle-aged ladies usually dislike being called_____ , though it istechnically the correct word to use.A. bachelorsB. maidensC. old maidsD. spinstersE. virgins2. He was stopped by the police for speeding and had his licence _____.A. bannedB. blessedC. devaluedD. endorsedE. signed3. Teachers like students to be _____and listen to what they are saying.A. absorbedB. attentiveC. guardedD. prudentE. watchful4. In this part of the country, the fields are separated by stone_____.A. fencesB. hedgesC. linesD. partitionsE. walls5. He _____his shoulders and walked off in disgust.A. knittedB. knottedC. shookD. shruggedE. waved6. What he has been saying is completely _______ to what we are discussing.A. detachedB. exceptionalC. impertinentD. irrelevantE. irreverent7. Holbein's paintings made a tremendous ______ on Henry VIII and his court.A. affectB. collisionC. impactD. resultE. shock8. He was hit by a bullet but luckily he was only ________ wounded.A. barelyB. commonlyC. littleD. merelyE. slightly9. Nothing can ever for the loss.A. amendB. commiserateC. make upD. pay backE. substitute10. His phone must be out of order. We've rung several times but haven't been ableto______ him..A. arrive atB. contactC. discoverD. meetE. transmit11. All barristers are expected to study at the Inns of Court.A. hopefulB. prospectiveC. will-beD. willingE. wishful12. It's a delightful island, above all because it's still , in spite of the growth oftourism.A. humbleB. primitiveC. ruralD. rusticE. unspoiled13. The judge recommended more humane forms of punishment for juvenile _____ .A. convictsB. delinquentsC. outlawsD. sinnersE. villains14. When you fire, keep calm and just squeeze the gently.A . barrel B. butt C. rifle D. sight E. trigger15. Although he was a public figure, used to large audiences, he was andwith-drawn in private life.A. ashamedB. fearfulC. scrupulousD. shamefulE. shy16. The of the order arrived last week. We're only waiting for a few extra copies.A.bulkB. chunkC. heapD. partE. pile17. People are afraid that the inquiry will take so long that it will put a ______ onlegislation.A.barrierB. brakeC. clutchD. preventionE. stop18 They're so concerned with day-to-day problems that they never stop to think about God.A.agnosticB. devilishC. faithlessD. mundaneE. sceptical19. The shares are likely to rise in value following the recent take-over _____.A.attemptB. bidC. challengeD. investmentE. trial20. There have been so many statements about the invention that it's difficult to know where the truth lies.A.conflictingB. distinguishedC. reactionaryD. reflectiveE. reverse21. I'll you off this time but the next time you'll be punished.A.leaveB. letC. putD. setE. turn22. Cases like yours every week in this court.A.arouseB. come upC. get upD. raiseE. rise23. The room was of furniture.A.absentB. devoidC. inadequateD. scantyE. scarce24. The paintings are hung in heavy gilt ______.A.easelsB. framesC. fringesD. hangarsE. rims25. All the rooms have carpets, which are included in the price of the house.A.adaptedB. designedC. equippedD. fittedE. suited26. He used to live in the centre of the city but now he has moved to the _______.A.brinkB. districtC. frontierD. outskirtsE. precinct27. We've put the horse back in his for the night.A.barnB. foldC. kennelD. stableE. sty28. We have the port in the press and are awaiting applications.A.advertisedB. advisedC. distributedD. notifiedE. reported29. The team will do well to win a medal at the Olympic Games, where they will facecompetition from several countries.A.HarshB. rigidC. roughD. stiffE. strict30. The fountains have no practical purpose. They are purely ______.A.conspicuousB. gaudyC. opulentD. ornamentalE. outstandingⅡ. Read the following four passages and choose the best answer to each question. （30％）A. Worrying...There are at least two precipitating causes of anxiety: conflict and stress. As an example of the former, we can rarely predict the precise consequences of what we do, but we are blessed （or cursed）with the intellectual capacity to anticipate the advantages and isadvantages which may accrue from any action we may be contemplating. Very commonly we are faced with a choice between several courses of action, all of which have pros and cons. This state of affairs-in psychological jargon, multiple approach-avoidance conflict-accounts for a great deal of our worrying:worrying, that is, about what to do.The other major source of worry is the dreadful things which may happen or have happened to us or to those we care for. Among the most stressful of these are death, illness, loss of work, money problems, marital problems and retirement. Such worries have a rational basis, but we are curiously irrational in the way we pursue them. For example, fear of death is as strong among young adults as among the elderly and it does not seem to be reduced by any sort of religious faith, including the belief that there is life after death. It is equally surprising that objective measures of anxiety suggest that we are as worried the hour before having a tooth filled as when we face major surgery.How do we deal with worries? Psychiatrists point to a number of defence mechanism. we can use to ward them off. We can avoid the situations which induce them, a sensible manoeuvre practised for example by those who refuse to fly in aeroplanes. We can deny that we have the worry at all, which may be risky if the worry is well-founded. Alternatively, we may repress or "somatise"it. Both are hazardous: the former may lead to free-floating, clini-cal anxiety, while the latter is a way of saying that many physical afflictions seem to be pri-marily emotional in origin. Temporaty relief from anxiety can be obtained through engaging in a variety of coping behaviours. These include many of the commonest items of our behav-ioural repertoire. Smoking, drinking, sleeping, eating, taking strenuous exercise, daydream-ing:all can be used to reduce anxiety when the occasion demands it. It is when they fail thatworrying or anxiety threatens to become a clinical problem.Of course, some people worry more than others, whatever the circumstances. So far I have been discussing the state of anxiety, which is largely the product of the amount of stress an individual experiences. But anxiety is also a personality trait, closely related to Eysenck's neuroticism dimension, and the genes we inherit may predispose us to become warriers. The importance of constitutional factors is underlined by the fact that people rarely have brea-downsfor the first time later in life, despite the fact that stress-inducing events become more frequent as we get older.It is difficult to decide at what point worrying ceases to be"normal", but it is clearly rea- sonable to worry. People get seriously ill, plans go awry, tube trains sometimes crash. In practice, anxiety is judged to be pathological when it curtails our ability to lead a normal ex- istence. We can manage perfectly well without travelling in planes or lifts, and an evening out isn't spoiled by the fact that we are unable to leave the house without triple-checking the front-door lock. Such quirks are widespread in the general population and can easily be distin- guished from the behaviour of someone unable ever to leave their house or people who can't go shopping for fear of trembling when they handle money in front of another person.In its oxtreme form, anxiety may be experienced either as a generalised, "free-floating" state （the sufferer becomes tense and frightened for no apparent reason）,or it may be more specifically focused -- for example on open spaces, enclosed situations or certain insects or animals. Many people will have experienced the former -- taut muscles, dry mouth and the feeling of agitation, dread or even panic -- while mild phobias are also very common.But at less intense levels, anxiety and worrying have great value. They help us to avoid trouble, or to cope with it when it cannot be avoided. Worrying may be an internal mono- logue, allowing us to solve problems at times of crisis; by worrying, we may understand bet- ter the origins of the worry and thereby stave off a possible breakdown. It may also play a significant part in recovery from bereavement by helping us to come to terms with reality （in these circumstances tranquilising drugs may be counterproductive）. In everyday life, anxiety energises us and improves performance of a wide variety of tasks （including IQ tests）;it also galvanises us to achieve more. Without it. it is difficult to see how there could be either social or intellectual progress. So worrying is not after all an unproductive activity. Perhaps the time to get worried is when you're not worrying.John Nicholson, New Society31. One of the main reasons why people worry about the future is that theyA. are aware of different possible consequences resulting from their actions.B. are incapable of analysis of their actions.C. do not know what the results of their actions will be.D. want to avoid their problems.32. The fear of deathA. decreases as we get older.B. depends on our religious beliefs.C. exists, irrespective of age or beliefs.D. has no logical foundation.33. The best way to deal with our worries is toA. avoid all situations that might produce them.B. pretend that we are not worried.C. try to put them out of our minds.D. try to understand why we have them.34. Such solutions to worrying as smoking, drinking and strenuous exerciseA. are often satisfactory for a short time.B. do nothing to overcome anxiety.C. make things worse if we are worried.D. merely produce physical strain to cover up mental stress.35. The tendency to worryA. depends entirely on our experience.B. doesn't vary much from one person to another.C. is a social or national characteristic.D. may be something we are born with.36. The proof of the relationship between anxiety and personality is thatA. breakdowns are due to constitutional factors.B. people who have breakdowns usually show signs of stress when young.C. stress-inducing events become more frequent as we get older.D. we inherit genes that may make us worry.37. The kind of people who refuse to get in to planes or lifts areA. a little unusual, but not enough to cause concern.B. likely to become pathological cases.C. perfectly normal.D. so common that society considers their behaviour reasonable.38. A state of anxiety which is sufficiently serious for it to require medical attentionA can be recognised because it is fixed on a specific object.B. displays physical symptoms which normal people never experience.C. is recognisably different from the behaviour of normal people.D. shows itself when a person becomes frightened for no apparent reason.39. The writer's main conclusion about worry is that itA. is more useful to us than we imagine.B. is the main reason for progress.C. makes us more energetic.D. prevents us from ever getting into trouble.40. A Person with a serious problem should thereforeA. accept that his anxiety about it may help him to cope with it.B. start worrying about it as much as possible.C. take tranquilising drugs.D. try to sort it out by undertaking a wide variety of tasks.B. The Costly Conflicts of Car ServicingThe number of people who actually complain about the treatment they receive from gara- ges is statistically not very large- less than one per cent of the 13.6 million motorists on Britain's roads -- but this still leaves a large number of disgruntled motorists. Happily they are also a vociferous minority, so that the trade have been well aware for some time that there is room for improvement of their image, as well as the service they provide.The principal cause for complaint is cost, combined with a lack of confidence in the qual- ity of the work done. With an average national labour rate of at least ￡4.50 an hour, a serv- ice, including parts, on an ordinary family saloon can easily cost ￡25 - more in London. Faced with bills of this size the motorist feels that he is entitled to the red-carpet treatment, and this is what he doesn't often get.A Consumers' Association survey shows that garages often fail to notice things like faulty light bulbs or squeaking doors when they service a car, which makes the motorist won- der whether they also failed to spot some much more sinister fault.Another common complaint is over the time taken to service a car. If you know that Ford "allow" three-and-a-half hours for a 6000-mile warranty service on a Granada, it is hard to understand why you have to be without the car for two days. Cars returned dirty or late are common complaints and so is rudeness to customers.Some garages have been making a rather haphazard attempt to improve their image for a year or two, but the number of complaints has continued to rise. In one 12-month period the Office of Fair Trading （OFT）and the AA handled more than 52,000 complaints.But now the garage industry is making a concerted effort. On February 1 this year an new Code of Practice for the motor industry came into effect It was drawn up by the Motor Agents Association （MAA）, the Scottish Motor Traders Association and the Society of Mo-tor Manufacturers and Traders in full consultation with the OFT and it covers new and used cars, parts, accessories, car servicing and repairs.A number of features will be particularly helpful to the motorist, Warranties are now transferable to second and subsequent owners and warranty work may be carried out by any dealer holding the franchise, instead of only the dealer from whom the car was bought. Quotes and estimates must indicate whether V AT is included and at what rate, and repairs must be guaranteed against failure due to workmanship for a specific mileage or time period.No longer will the MAA follow the somewhat incestuous practice of arranging its own arbitration. This will now be totally independent.Although the new code isn't particularly aggressive, it is undoubtedly a step in the right direction. But it contains nothing which will speed up the time which disputes always seem to take. Nor will it help the increasing number of motorists who are gravitating, in the hope ot saving money, towards small garages which are often not members of any trade association.There is no guaranteed way of avoiding disputes. However, when your car needs a serv- ice, make a proper appointment for it, tell the receptionist of any points you would like checked which are not included in the service, and ask the cost. Ask for quotes for repairs in writing and do not lose any relevant bits of paper. An efficient garage will return worn oil fil- ters, brake pads and so on in a plastic bag. Don't throw them away instantly -- in the event of a dispute it is not enough to rely on your memory. The garage may have a better one. Thc first thing to do in disputes, of course, is to take it up with the garage at the highest level you can reach. Don't bring in a third party until you have given the garage concerned an op- portunity to put things right themselves. If you are still not satisfied, there are various op- tions open to you.If both you and the garage are members of the Automobile Association or the RAC, then refer the matter to them. The AA alone handles about 12,000 complaints a year and claims to settle 98 per cent satisfactorily.If the garage is a member of the MAA you can complain to them. Under the new code of practice garages are expected to provide an easily identifiable and accessible arrangement for the handling of complaints. The garage should also make it clear to the customer that he has the right to take the matter further.The next step under the code will be an attempt at conciliation by the MAA. This costs nothing and if it doesn't work, you can then take the dispute to arbitration. This arbitration which currently costs ￡10.80, is now organised by the Institute of Arbitrators and any award is enforceable in law.If the garage is not a member of a trade association, then your local citizens advice bu reau, consumer advice centre or trading standards department will tell you if there is any local arbitration scheme.The final option is to go to the county court. The limit for claims there is ￡1000. Yot need not use a solicitor unless you particularly want to, and if your claim is for less than ￡100 it is probably wisest not to.You can go to arbitration at a county court, too. Instead of the formal court proceedings, there is a private informal hearing in front of the registrar. This can take place for claims less than￡100 even if only one side agrees to it. Booklets on this scheme are available free of charge from county courts.Judith Jackson, Sunday Times magazine41. The car servicing trade has received complaints fromA. a considerable proportion of its customers.B. a few, well-organised motorists belonging to the AAC. about a hundred thousand customers.D. the majority of its customers.42. Customers complain most of all aboutA. carelessness.B. rudeness.C the rates of pay of garage employees.D. what they have to pay43. Customers reporting to the Consumers Association wereA. afraid that their cars had been returned to them with major defects.B. making unreasonable demands of the garage.C. primarily worried about faulty light bulbs and squeaking doors.D. used to being very well treated in garages.44. In the face of criticism, garagesA. handed over complaints to the OFT and AA.B. have done practically nothing to cope with complaints.C. made a successful effort to improve their image.D. showed little improvement at first because they worked independently.45. Car services covered by the manufacturer's warranty can be carried out under the newcodeA. by any garage.B. by any garage officially recognised by the manufacturers.C. only if the car still belongs to the original purchaser.D. providing the car owner agrees to pay V AT.46. The new codeA. does nothing to overcome delays over disputes.B. has forced motorists to have their cars serviced by unauthorised garages.C. is thought to be too tough by many garages.D. will not have much effect for a considerable time.47. The best way to avoid a lengthy dispute with the garage after a service is toA. ask the receptionist to write down everything that is included.B. insist on keeping worn-out parts in a plastic bag.C. make sure you keep the appointment you have made.D. retain written records of everything relevant to the case.48. In the first instance, if you are dissatisfied with a service, you shouldA. refer the matter to the AA or RAC.B. speak to your solicitor.C. talk to the receptionist at the garage.D. try to see the manager of the garage.49. By taking his complaint to the MAA, the customer can be sure thatA. he can avoid paying the arbitration fee.B. he will not need to pursue the matter funther.C. they will immediately identify the error.D. they will try to sort the matter out free of charge.50. The writer advises people who want to take their case to court to employ a solicitorA. if the sum of money at stake is sufficient to justify it.B. if their claim is for more than￡1000.C. if there is no local arbitration scheme.D. on all occasions.CThe evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and in- creasingly keener escapers is defined by attention--that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highlyfocused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem;then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and per- mits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of at- tention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly aggressive, inner directed, tuned by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard's instinctive snap at a passing beetle. Using past events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds -- and yesterday's unforgotten lessons. The herbivore prey is of a different mind. Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of antic-ipating are silk-thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.51. The author is primarily concerned withA. disproving the view that herbivores are less intelligent than carnivores.B describing a relationship between animals, intelligence and their ecological roles.C establishing a direct link between early large mammals and their modern counter-parts.D. analyzing the ecological basis for the dominance of some carnivores over other carni-vores.E. demonstrating the importance of hormones in mental activity.52. The author refers to a hungry lizard primarily in order toA. demonstrate the similarity between the hunting methods of mammals and those ofnonmammals.B. broaden the application of his argument by including an insectivore as an example.C. make a distinction between higher and lower levels of consciousness.D. provide an additional illustration of the brutality characteristic of predators.E. offer an objection to suggestions that all animals lack consciousness.53. It can be inferred from the passage that in animals less intelligent than the mammals dis-cussed in the passageA. past experience is less helpful in ensuring survival.B. attention is more highly focused.C. muscular coordination is less highly developed.D. there is less need for competition among species.E. environment is more important in establishing the proper ratio of prey to predator.54. The sensitivity described in lines 35 - 57 is most clearly an example ofA. "free-floating awareness". （lines 10）B. "flooding of impulses in the brain stem". （line 18）C. "the holding of consistent images". （lines 19 - 20）D. "integration of details with perceived ends and purposes". （lines 22 -23）E. "silk-thin veils of tranquility". （lines 39 -40）55. The author's attitude toward the mammals discussed in the passage is best described asA. superior and condescending.B. lighthearted and jocular.C. apologetic and conciliatory.D. wistful and tender.E. respectful and admiring.56. The author provides information that would answer which of the following questions?I .Why is an aroused herbivore usually fearful?II. What are some of the degrees of attention in large mammals?III. What occurs when the stimulus that causes arousal of a mammal is removed?A. I only.B. III only.C. I and II only.D. H and III only.E. I , II ,and III.57. According to the passage, improvement in brain function among early large mammals re-suited primarily from which of the following?A. Interplay of predator and prey.B. Persistence of free-floating awareness in animals of the grasslands.C .Gradual dominance of warm-blooded mammals over cold-blooded reptilesD. Interaction of early large mammais with less intelligent species.E. Improvement of the capacity for memory among herbivores and carnivores.58. According to the passage, as the process of arousal in an organism continues, all of thefollowing may occur EXCEPTA. the production of adrenaline.B. the production of norepinephrine.C. a heightening of sensitivity to stimuli.D. an increase in selectivity with respect to stimuli.E. an expansion of the range of states mediated by the brain stem.DUpwards of a billion stars in our galaxy have burnt up their internal energy sources, and so can no longer produce the heat a star needs to oppose the inward force of gravity. These stars, of more than a few solar masses, evolve, in general, much more rapidly than does a star like the Sun. Moreover, it is just these more massive stars whose collapse does not halt it intermediate stages （that is, as white dwarfs or neutron stars）. Instead, the collapse con- tinues until a singularity （an infinitely dense concentration of matter）is reached.It would be wonderful to observe a singularity and obtain direct evidence of the undoubt- edly bizarre phenomena that occur near one. Unfortunately in most cases a distant observer cannot see the singularity; outgoing light rays are dragged hack by gravity so forcefully thateven if they could start out within a few kilometers of the singularity, they would end up inthe singularity itself.59. The author's primary purpose in the passage is toA. describe the formation and nature of singularities.B. explain why large numbers of stars become singularities.C. compare the characteristics of singularities with those of stars.D. explain what happens during the stages of a singularity's formation.E. imply that singularities could be more easily studied if observers could get closer tothem.60. Which of the following sentences would most probably follow the last sentence of thepassage?A. Thus, a physicist interested in studying phenomena near singularities would necessa-。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2007年天津外国语大学801英语语言文学（英语教育方向）考研真题I. Choose the one answer that best answers the question orcompletes/explains the sentence. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)1. ______ is a voiced bilabial stop.A. [p]B. [b]C. [t]D. [d]2. The number of morphemes in the word uninterrupted is ______.A. twoB. threeC. fourD. five3. Politician and statesman differ in ______.A. denotative meaningB. social meaningC. affective meaningD. reflected meaning4. “I hereby declare the starting of the war!” The sentence displays the ______ function of language.A. informativeB. interpersonalC. performativeD. emotive5. “After reading the original study, the article remains unconvincing.” The sentence is a case of ______.A. Faulty parallelismB. Dangling modifierC. Sentence fragmentD. Run-on sentence6. “We were travelling along a lazy road.” The figure of speech used in the sentence is ______.A. MetaphorB. PersonificationC. MetonymyD. Transferred epithet7. Which of the following is not an icon of England?A. StonehengeB. King James BibleC. Thanksgiving TurkeyD. A cup of tea8. Soon after the ______, foundations were laid of the trade, colonial empire, and seapower which made England “the mistress of the seas.”A. Wars of the RosesB. Hundred Years WarC. defeat of the Invincible ArmadaD. First Anglo-Dutch War9. Which of the following cities lies on the Pacific Coast of USA?A. New York CityB. ChicagoC. Los AngelesD. City of Vancouver10. Which of the following is not an American organization?A. SenateB. House of RepresentativesC. Department of DefenseD. House of Lords11. The Supreme Court of USA is composed of ______ Justices.A. fiveB. sevenC. nineD. twelve12. Geoffrey Chaucer, regarded as the first famous English poet in the history ofEnglish literature, wrote the following except ______.A. The Canterbury TalesB. The House of FameC. The Parliament of FowlesD. Boethius13. The Elizabethan age in the history of British literature represents the glory of theEnglish theatre. The greatest playwright produced in this age is ______.A. William ShakespeareB. Edmund SpencerC. Philip SydneyD. Christopher Marlowe14. The English novel as a genre began to prosper in ______.A. 16th centuryB. 17th centuryC. 18th centuryD. 19th century15. The subject matter in Jane Austen’s novels is very limited. It is confined to thedescription of ______.A. the life of English rural gentry classB. English urban peopleC. London societyD. English farmers16. In ______, captain Ahab is obsessed with the revenge on a whale which shearedoff his leg on a previous voyage, and his crazy chasing of it eventually brings death to all on board the whaler except Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.A. TypeeB. White JacketC. Moby DickD. Billy Budd17. Which of the following novels is not written by Henry James?A. Daisy MillerB. The Golden BowlC. What Maisie KnewD. The Rise of Silas Lapham18. What is the translation criterion put forward by Eugene Nida?A. dynamic equivalenceB. semantic equivalenceC. contextual equivalenceD. flexible equivalence19. Which of the following falls into the category of pragmatic translation?A. novel translationB. drama translationC. peom translationD. advertisement translation20. What is the most distinguished feature of the DTS (descriptive translationstudies)?A. accuracyB. comprehensivenessC. toleranceD. strictnessII. Fill in each blank with an appropriate word or phrase to complete the sentence or passage. Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)1. For many beginners, the basic difficulty in translation is whether to retain the content or to keep the ______.2. Comprehension of the source text and ______ in the target language are considered as the two basic skills of a translator.3. ______, who knew not a single word of any foreign language but translated many foreign novels into Chinese, is often regarded as a pioneer in modem translation history of China.4. Yan Fu did most of his translations in the field of ______ with the aim of introducing Western ideas into China at the turn to the last century.5. Professor Jin Di, who puts forward the theory of equivalent effects, translated into Chinese James Joyce’s novel ______.6. Assimilation is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a ______ sound.。