高考英语动词的时态和语态讲解

时态语态

（一）时态

一般现在时表示:1.现在的经常性、习惯性动作 eg: I read English every morning.

2.客观真理、普遍公立、科学事实eg: The sun rises in the east.

3.现有的兴趣、爱好或能力eg: He likes playing football.

4.现存的性质、特征或状态eg: The situation is encouraging.

5.介绍故事剧情、新闻标题eg: Workers face tough times abroad.

6.按时刻表或按规定计划、安排将要放生的动作（常见动词如：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, takeoff, return, stop, open, close等）eg: The train leaves at 4:30 .

注意：here, there, now, then 等开头的倒装句要用一般现在时代替现在进行时。如： Look! Here comes the bus.

一般过去时表示:1.过去经常性、习惯性的动作或状态eg: He often cried when he was a boy.

2.过去某时的状态或动作 eg: I went to the bank just now.

3.用于 I didn’t know…或 I forgot…，表示实现不知道或不记得，但现在已经知道或记得的事情。eg: I didn’t know you were here. Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.

注意：表示过去经常发生的动作，也可以用“used to do…”和“ would do”

一般将来时表示：1.现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态eg: Tom will come next week.

2.事物的固有属性或必然趋势eg: Oil will float in water. Fish will die without water.

3.对将来某个动作的安排、计划eg: He is going to speak on TV this evening.

注意：将来时常见表达形式：will/ shall do; be going to do; be to do; be about to do （此形式不能与时间状语连用）

现在进行时表示：1.此时此刻正在发生的动作eg: I’m studying English now.

2.现阶段正在发生的动作eg: We are building our socialism.

3.情况的暂时性eg: I don’t really work here. I am just helping until the secretary arrives.

4.与 always, forever, constantly, continually 连用，表示参上或厌恶等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进行eg: He is always helping others. She is always forgetting something.

5.按计划、安排近期发生的动作（只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等动词）eg: A foreigner is coming to visit our school. I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

注意：不宜用进行时的动作：感觉类： look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear 情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear 心态类：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, thin, understand, agree, know, remember, forget 所有类：have, contain, won, hold, belong to

过去进行时表示：1.过去某一时刻或阶段发生的动作eg: He was watching TV this time yesterday.

2.与 always, forever, constantly, continually 连用，表示赞赏或亚无等感情色彩eg: Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.

3.过去计划、安排好的将来动作（只限于 come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay 等动词）eg: He said he was leaving the next day. I was told the train was starting soon.

注意：过去进行时可用来描绘故事发生的背景，如：The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.

过去将来时表示：1.过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图、打算（主要用于宾语从句中）eg: She was sure she would succeed. I thought you would come.

注意：把一般将来时中的助动词变成过去式，便成了过去将来时的表达形式

现在完成时表示：1.现在已完成或刚刚完成且对现在有影响的动作eg: I have finished my homework.

2.表示始于过去持续至今的动作或状态eg: He’s lived here since 2005. I’ve taught English for 15 years.

3.到目前为止的一段时间内，多少次或第几次做某事eg: He’s been to Beijing several times. It’s the third time that I’ve seen the film.

4.将来某时将要做完的动作（仅限于时间和条件状语从句）eg: Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.

5.发生在过去的，但已成为现在的经历或经验eg: We’ve all played with snow and ice.注意：没有包括“现在”在内或不是截止到“现在”为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用。短暂性动词的肯定式不能与时间段连用。“in the pass/ last+时间段”要与现在完成时连用。 have gone to 表示人在去所指地方的路上或已在所指地方；have been to表示人曾到过所指的地方，但现在不在所指地方。

过去完成时表示：1.过去某时间前已发生的动作或情况eg: Marx had learned some English before he came to London.

2.过去某动作前已发生的另一动作eg: The train had left when I got to the station.

3.始于过去持续至过去灵异事件，也许仍将延续下来的动作eg: He said he had been in the Party for 10 years.

4.过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望（只限于 think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose, wish, want等动词）eg: I had planned to see you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.

注意：过去完成时必须以过去某一时间为基点，即“过去的过去”。因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它。 Before，after 本身“前”“后”明显，因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如“He (had) left before I arrived”

（二）被动语态

1.被动语态的构成

英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。主动语态是无标记的，而被动语态则是有标记的。被动语态由助动词be加动词的过去分词构成。助动词be随着主动的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。被动语态的各种时态形式见下表：