职称英语2015版 课文详解 第十五课

15. Conventional（常规） Petroleum Reservoir <New>常规油气藏1. A petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons（碳氢化合物、烃类） contained in permeable（可渗透的）, porous or fractured（裂隙） rock formations, with most reservoir rocks（储集岩） being limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a combination of（事物的综合） these. The three basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil, gas? and condensate. The formation of petroleum reservoirs can be divided into（被分成） four stages（阶段）:1. 油藏或油气藏，是储藏于地下滲透性、孔隙性或有裂缝的地层中的碳水化合物。

大部分储集岩是石灰岩、白云岩、沙岩或混合性岩石。

油气藏有三种基本类型：油藏、气藏和凝析气藏。

油藏的形成可以分为以下四个阶段:1) With burial（埋葬） of plankton, algae and other protein（蛋白质） rich life forms under layers of sand and mud at a source rock, and continuous accumulation （积累）of sand, the buried material heats up（升温）at 50°C to 70°C.1) 浮游生物、海藻或其他富含蛋白质的生物埋藏于烃源岩砂泥层中，随着沙子的不断沉积，埋藏生物温度上升到50至70摄氏度。

2) High temperature, combined with（连同）pressure，triggers（引起） a “cooking” process.2) 地下高温、高压触发了“蒸煮”的生油过程。

3) Eventually, the buried residue transforms into（转化成）liquid hydrocarbons.3) 最后，埋藏的生物残骸会转换成流体状的烃类物质。

4) Later on they migrate from（从…迁移到） the source rock to porous rocks and get trapped（被困） in impermeable layers of rock.4) 然后，这些烃类物质从烃源岩运移到有孔隙的岩石，并且成藏于非渗透性岩层之间。

2. Oil Reservoir2. 油藏3. An oil reservoir generally contains three fluids - gas, oil, and water - with oil the dominant product（优势产品）. In the typical oil reservoir, these fluids occur in different phases（阶段） because of the variance in their gravities（重力）. Gas the lightest, occupies（占据）the upper part（上部区域） of the reservoir rocks; water, the lower part; and oil, the intermediate section（中部）.3. 油藏通常有三种流体：油、气和水，其中油是主要产品。

这三种流体由于重力差异呈现不同的形态，三者中最轻的气处在油藏的最上部；水处在最底部；油位于中间。

4. Although the structural（构造） traps in which oil accumulates exist in（存在于）various forms（多种形式）, the oil usually occurs in association with （与…结合） gas and salt water. A certain amount of（一定数量的） water always occurs together with（连同） the oil in the middle zone. The proportion（比例） of water to oil is usually about 10 to 30 percent. Water also occurs in the gas cap, but the proportion of water to gas is frequently lower than the proportion of water to oil. However, while some interstitial（间隙） water is always present in the oil zone, the latter is not always underlain by a continuous body of water. Where a considerable （相当大的） volume of water does underlie the oil in the same sedimentary bed it is referred to as（被称为） the ccaquifer,9, and being under pressure also, it contributes to（有助于） the total energy（总能量） of the reservoir.4. 聚集石油的构造圈闭虽然有多种形式，但石油通常总是和天然气、盐水伴生的。

总有一定量的水和中部原油共生。

水与油之比通常约为10%〜30%。

水也会产生在气顶中，但是水与气之比常常要比水与油之比低。

含油带中虽然总是存在一定量的隙间水，但在含油带的下面又并不总是存在着连续的水体。

在同一沉积岩中，石油的下面如果确实存在数量可观的水体，就称之为“含水层”。

而且，因为含水层也承受着高压，所以能对形成油藏的总能量有一定的作用。

5. The oil itself, when under pressure, contains an appreciable（相当可观的）quantity of dissolved gas. The actual amount of gas will be governed by（取决于） the pressure and temperature inside the reservoir，and the oil is said to be “saturated（饱和）” if it cannot dissolve any more gas under these particular pressure and temperature conditions.On the other hand,the oil is said to be “undersaturated（未饱和）” if it could dissolve more gas at the same pressure and temperature. In many cases there can be more gas in the reservoir than the oil is capable of holding in solution. This extra（额外的） gas being lighter than the oil, will have formed a gas cap, above the oil accumulation. If the pressure of a saturated oil reservoir is reduced for any reason, gas will come out of（从…出来）solution, and this is an important factor in the production of oil from the reservoir.5. 在高压条件下石油溶解有相当数量的天然气，天然气的溶解数量受油藏内部压力和温度制约。

如果在特定的压力和温度条件下，石油再也不能溶解更多的天然气，就说石油“饱和”了。

反之，如果在相同压力和温度条件下，石油还能够溶解更多的天然气，就说石油“没有饱和”。

在许多情况下，油藏中的天然气比石油所能溶解的天然气数量要多，这些多余的天然气由于比油轻，就会在石油的凝集面上形成“气顶”。

如果饱和油藏的压力因为某种原因而减少，天然气就会从石油中游离出来。

这是从油藏中开采出石油的一个重要因素。

6. The reservoir crude may range from a very heavy viscous oil, containing little or no（很少） dissolved gas under very low pressure, to an extremely light, thin, straw-colored（淡黄色的） oil containing a large amount of dissolved gas under considerable pressure. The viscosity（粘性） of the oil depends roughly on its gravity and also to a large extent（在很大程度上）on the quantity of gas which it holds in solution. The less viscous an oil is, and the more gas it has in it, the more readily will it flow through the interstices（间隙） of the rock into the bottom of the well（井）. The interstices of the whole of the reservoir rock were originallyoccupied by salt water. When the oil migrated into the upper part of this rock, it displaced（取代、置换）the salt water from it. Not all of the salt water was displaced, however, and a certain amount remained in the interstices of the rock along with the oil. This remaining water is called “connate water” or “interstitial water”and has to be taken into account（被考虑） when working out the volume of oil present in the reservoir rock.6. 储层原油多种多样，有非常粘稠、在低压下很少含气或根本不含气的重质油，也有稀薄、淡黄色、在相当压力下含有溶解气的轻质油。