2.1 Introduction of ceramics

applications is evidenced in land, sea, air, and
space industries.
A challenge arises that brings to the fore the
realm of advanced ceramics.
Ceramic compounds can be defined as
Clay products
Glass Cement
Advanced
Include artificial raw materials, exhibit specialized properties, required more sophisticated processing
Structural Electronic Optical
Ceramics, or engineered ceramics, or new ceramics, or Value added ceramics
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Taxonomy(分类学) of traditional ceramic materials based on application
Taxonomy of advanced ceramic materials based on application
Raw materials
Some of these ceramics are intermetallic compounds. Originally, ceramics were clay-based materexpensive compared with competing materials. Consisting primarily of forms of silicon, aluminum, and oxygen—the most abundant elements in the earth’s crust(地壳) —ceramics
resulted in vast new improvements, particularly in electrical, magnetic, and optical properties.
One characteristic of these new ceramics possess that traditional ceramics do not is
2. Broad classifications of ceramics Traditional Ceramics
Inorganic nonmetallic materials processed or consolidated at high temperature Based primarily on natural raw materials of clay and silicates
Bauxite 铝矾土，铁矾土
These traditional products include refractories (耐火材料), white wares (白色陶瓷器), cement (水泥), porcelain(瓷，瓷器), and structural clay ceramics
(结构黏土陶瓷).
Included in the definition of traditional ceramics are the products produced by the use of silicate glass. Concrete is included in this category with two of its ingredients being ceramic materials— sand/gravel and cement.
oxide ceramics (such as alumina, beryllia, and
zirconia) and nonoxide ceramics (which can be
represented by carbides and nitrides such as
boron carbide, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride).
致密，断面基本不吸水，敲击时会发出铿锵的金属声响。
History
Archeologists have uncovered human
made ceramics that date back to at least
24000 BC in Czechoslovakia(捷克斯洛伐克). These ceramics were made of animal fat and bone mixed with bone ash and a fine claylike material. After forming, the ceramics were fired at temperatures between 500～800℃ in domed and horseshoe shaped kilns（圆顶马蹄 形窑炉）.
The first use of functional pottery vessels is thought to be in 9000 BC. These vessels were most likely used to hold and store grain and other foods.
Ceramic
can be defined as inorganic, nonmetallic materials. They are compounds formed between metallic and nonmetallic elements. (Al2O3, CaO)

陶瓷是由金属（类金属）和非金属元素之 间形成的化合物，通常是一种多晶多相的 聚集体。
景德镇陶瓷
3
陶瓷是古代劳动人民的伟大发明
pottery 陶都 stoneware 炻都 porcelain 瓷都
宜兴
高淳
景德镇
陶和瓷--陶是陶，瓷是瓷 陶器词典解释：
pottery，earthenware，crockery，pottery ware，ceramics
瓷器词典解释： porcelain，chinaware, china, figuline, stoneware
their high purity, which is the basis for
their better mechanical, electrical, magnetic,
and optical properties.
Some examples of advanced ceramics include
Chapter 2 Inorganic Non-metallic Materials
2.1 Introduction of Ceramics 2.2 Glasses 2.3 Cement and Concrete
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2.1 Introduction to ceramics
1. Basic Understanding of Ceramics
New ceramics are synthetically developed
from rather simple chemical compounds, and
advances in processing which have provided
greater control over their structures have
can be produced at less cost than that of
competing metal-alloy components.
Property
What sets ceramics apart is their set of properties common to nearly all forms: (1) extreme hardness (2) heat resistance (3) corrosion resistance (4) low electrical and thermal conductivity (5) low ductility, or brittleness
do not contain carbon and are derived from mineral sources.
Bonds
Ceramics are crystal structures made of metallic ions. Bonding is either partially or completely ionic. Variables involved are： (1) the magnitude(巨大，广 大) of the electrical charge on the ions, and (2) the relative size of the ions.
Alumina氧化铝陶瓷 Silicon carbide碳化硅陶瓷
Nature
Ceramics are loosely defined as crystalline
solids composed of metallic and nonmetallic
materials.

They are inorganic materials; that is, they
Traditional ceramics are usually heavy, fragile（易碎的）, and not considered for use as structural or load bearing materials.
The greatest demand for advanced ceramic
inorganic compounds made by heating
clay or other mineral matter to a high
temperature at which they partially melt
and bond together.
Defination of Ceramics
陶器和瓷器的主要区别表现在： (1) 陶器的胎料是普通的粘土，瓷器的胎料则是瓷土，即高岭土 （因最早发现于江西景德镇东乡高岭村而行名）；
(2) 陶胎含铁量一般在3%以上，瓷胎含铁量一般在3%以下；
(3) 陶器的烧成温度一般在900℃左右, 瓷器则需要1300℃的高温 才能烧成; (4)陶器多不施釉或施低温釉,瓷器则多施釉； (5)陶器胎质粗疏，断面吸水率高。瓷器经过高温焙烧，胎质坚固
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Features：
Except for glasses, atoms are regularly arranged. Atomic bonding ranges from purely ionic to totally covalent; many ceramics exhibit a combination of these two bonding types； 离子键、共价键及其混合键 Hard and brittle；硬而脆 Poor conductors of electricity and heat；导热/导电性差 High melting point；熔点高、耐高温抗氧化 Good corrosion resistance；耐化学腐蚀性好 Abrasion resistance； 耐磨
Classification
Ceramics are divided to traditional ceramics and advanced ceramics.
Traditional ceramics are derived and processed from clay or nonclay
minerals.