(完整版)美国数学建模专业词汇
美国大学生数学建模竞赛翻译必备知识
Aabsolute value 绝对值accept 接受acceptable region 接受域additivity 可加性adjusted 调整的alternative hypothesis 对立假设analysis 分析analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析arithmetic mean 算术平均值association 相关性assumption 假设assumption checking 假设检验availability 有效度average 均值Bbalanced 平衡的band 带宽bar chart 条形图beta-distribution 贝塔分布between groups 组间的bias 偏倚binomial distribution 二项分布binomial test 二项检验Ccalculate 计算case 个案category 类别center of gravity 重心central tendency 中心趋势chi-square distribution 卡方分布chi-square test 卡方检验classify 分类cluster analysis 聚类分析coefficient 系数coefficient of correlation 相关系数collinearity 共线性column 列compare 比较comparison 对照components 构成，分量compound 复合的confidence interval 置信区间consistency 一致性constant 常数continuous variable 连续变量control charts 控制图correlation 相关covariance 协方差covariance matrix 协方差矩阵critical point 临界点critical value 临界值crosstab 列联表cubic 三次的，立方的cubic term 三次项cumulative distributionfunction 累加分布函数curve estimation 曲线估计Ddata 数据default 默认的definition 定义deleted residual 剔除残差density function 密度函数dependent variable 因变量description 描述design of experiment 试验设计deviations 差异df.(degree of freedom) 自由度diagnostic 诊断dimension 维discrete variable 离散变量discriminant function 判别函数discriminatory analysis 判别分析distance 距离distribution 分布D-optimal design D-优化设计Eeaqual 相等effects of interaction 交互效应efficiency 有效性eigenvalue 特征值equal size 等含量equation 方程error 误差estimate 估计estimation of parameters参数估计estimations 估计量evaluate 衡量exact value 精确值expectation 期望expected value 期望值exponential 指数的exponential distributon 指数分布extreme value 极值Ffactor 因素，因子factor analysis 因子分析factor score 因子得分factorial designs 析因设计factorial experiment 析因试验fit 拟合fitted line 拟合线fitted value 拟合值fixed model 固定模型fixed variable 固定变量fractional factorial design部分析因设计frequency 频数F-test F检验full factorial design 完全析因设计function 函数Ggamma distribution 伽玛分布geometric mean 几何均值group 组Hharmomic mean 调和均值heterogeneity 不齐性histogram 直方图homogeneity 齐性homogeneity of variance 方差齐性hypothesis 假设hypothesis test 假设检验Iindependence 独立independent variable 自变量independent-samples 独立样本index 指数index of correlation 相关指数interaction 交互作用interclass correlation 组内相关interval estimate 区间估计intraclass correlation 组间相关inverse 倒数的iterate 迭代Kkernal 核Kolmogorov-Smirnov test 柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米诺夫检验kurtosis 峰度Llarge sample problem 大样本问题layer 层least-significant difference 最小显著差数least-square estimation 最小二乘估计least-square method 最小二乘法level 水平level of significance 显著性水平leverage value 中心化杠杆值life 寿命life test 寿命试验likelihood function 似然函数likelihood ratio test 似然比检验linear 线性的linear estimator 线性估计linear model 线性模型linear regression 线性回归linear relation 线性关系linear term 线性项logarithmic 对数的logarithms 对数logistic 逻辑的lost function 损失函数Mmain effect 主效应matrix 矩阵maximum 最大值maximum likelihoodestimation 极大似然估计mean squareddeviation(MSD) 均方差mean sum of square 均方和measure 衡量media 中位数M-estimator M估计minimum 最小值missing values 缺失值mixed model 混合模型mode 众数model 模型Monte Carle method 蒙特卡罗法moving average 移动平均值multicollinearity 多元共线性multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多重相关multiple correlationcoefficient 复相关系数multiple correlationcoefficient 多元相关系数multiple regression analysis多元回归分析multiple regressionequation 多元回归方程multiple response 多响应multivariate analysis 多元分析Nnegative relationship 负相关nonadditively 不可加性nonlinear 非线性nonlinear regression 非线性回归noparametric tests 非参数检验normal distribution 正态分布null hypothesis 零假设number of cases 个案数Oone-sample 单样本one-tailed test 单侧检验one-way ANOVA 单向方差分析one-way classification 单向分类optimal 优化的optimum allocation 最优配制order 排序order statistics 次序统计量origin 原点orthogonal 正交的outliers 异常值Ppaired observations 成对观测数据paired-sample 成对样本parameter 参数parameter estimation 参数估计partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial regression coefficient 偏回归系数percent 百分数percentiles 百分位数pie chart 饼图point estimate 点估计poisson distribution 泊松分布polynomial curve 多项式曲线polynomial regression 多项式回归polynomials 多项式positive relationship 正相关power 幂P-P plot P-P概率图predict 预测predicted value 预测值prediction intervals 预测区间principal component analysis 主成分分析proability 概率probability density function 概率密度函数probit analysis 概率分析proportion 比例Qqadratic 二次的Q-Q plot Q-Q概率图quadratic term 二次项quality control 质量控制quantitative 数量的，度量的quartiles 四分位数Rrandom 随机的random number 随机数random number 随机数random sampling 随机取样random seed 随机数种子random variable 随机变量randomization 随机化range 极差rank 秩rank correlation 秩相关rank statistic 秩统计量regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficient 回归系数regression line 回归线reject 拒绝rejection region 拒绝域relationship 关系reliability 可靠性repeated 重复的report 报告，报表residual 残差residual sum of squares 剩余平方和response 响应risk function 风险函数robustness 稳健性root mean square 标准差row 行run 游程run test 游程检验Ssample 样本sample size 样本容量sample space 样本空间sampling 取样sampling inspection 抽样检验scatter chart 散点图S-curve S形曲线separately 单独地sets 集合sign test 符号检验significance 显著性significance level 显著性水平significance testing 显著性检验significant 显著的，有效的significant digits 有效数字skewed distribution 偏态分布skewness 偏度small sample problem 小样本问题smooth 平滑sort 排序soruces of variation 方差来源space 空间spread 扩展square 平方standard deviation 标准离差standard error of mean 均值的标准误差standardization 标准化standardize 标准化statistic 统计量statistical quality control 统计质量控制std. residual 标准残差stepwise regressionanalysis 逐步回归stimulus 刺激strong assumption 强假设stud. deleted residual 学生化剔除残差stud. residual 学生化残差subsamples 次级样本sufficient statistic 充分统计量sum 和sum of squares 平方和summary 概括，综述Ttable 表t-distribution t分布test 检验test criterion 检验判据test for linearity 线性检验test of goodness of fit 拟合优度检验test of homogeneity 齐性检验test of independence 独立性检验test rules 检验法则test statistics 检验统计量testing function 检验函数time series 时间序列tolerance limits 容许限total 总共，和transformation 转换treatment 处理trimmed mean 截尾均值true value 真值t-test t检验two-tailed test 双侧检验Uunbalanced 不平衡的unbiased estimation 无偏估计unbiasedness 无偏性uniform distribution 均匀分布Vvalue of estimator 估计值variable 变量variance 方差variance components 方差分量variance ratio 方差比various 不同的vector 向量Wweight 加权，权重weighted average 加权平均值within groups 组内的ZZ score Z分数Ⅱ.2 最优化方法词汇英汉对照表Aactive constraint 活动约束active set method 活动集法analytic gradient 解析梯度approximate 近似arbitrary 强制性的argument 变量attainment factor 达到因子Bbandwidth 带宽be equivalent to 等价于best-fit 最佳拟合bound 边界Ccoefficient 系数complex-value 复数值component 分量constant 常数constrained 有约束的constraint 约束constraint function 约束函数continuous 连续的converge 收敛cubic polynomialinterpolation method三次多项式插值法curve-fitting 曲线拟合Ddata-fitting 数据拟合default 默认的，默认的define 定义diagonal 对角的direct search method 直接搜索法direction of search 搜索方向discontinuous 不连续Eeigenvalue 特征值empty matrix 空矩阵equality 等式exceeded 溢出的Ffeasible 可行的feasible solution 可行解finite-difference 有限差分first-order 一阶GGauss-Newton method 高斯-牛顿法goal attainment problem 目标达到问题gradient 梯度gradient method 梯度法Hhandle 句柄Hessian matrix 海色矩阵Iindependent variables 独立变量inequality 不等式infeasibility 不可行性infeasible 不可行的initial feasible solution 初始可行解initialize 初始化inverse 逆invoke 激活iteration 迭代iteration 迭代JJacobian 雅可比矩阵LLagrange multiplier 拉格朗日乘子large-scale 大型的least square 最小二乘least squares sense 最小二乘意义上的Levenberg-Marquardtmethod列文伯格-马夸尔特法line search 一维搜索linear 线性的linear equality constraints线性等式约束linear programmingproblem 线性规划问题local solution 局部解Mmedium-scale 中型的minimize 最小化mixed quadratic and cubic polynomial interpolation and extrapolation method 混合二次、三次多项式内插、外插法multiobjective 多目标的Nnonlinear 非线性的norm 范数Oobjective function 目标函数observed data 测量数据optimization routine 优化过程optimize 优化optimizer 求解器over-determined system 超定系统Pparameter 参数partial derivatives 偏导数polynomial interpolation method多项式插值法Qquadratic 二次的quadratic interpolation method 二次内插法quadratic programming 二次规划Rreal-value 实数值residuals 残差robust 稳健的robustness 稳健性，鲁棒性Sscalar 标量semi-infinitely problem 半无限问题Sequential Quadratic Programming method序列二次规划法simplex search method 单纯形法solution 解sparse matrix 稀疏矩阵sparsity pattern 稀疏模式sparsity structure 稀疏结构starting point 初始点step length 步长subspace trust regionmethod 子空间置信域法sum-of-squares 平方和symmetric matrix 对称矩阵Ttermination message 终止信息termination tolerance 终止容限the exit condition 退出条件the method of steepestdescent 最速下降法transpose 转置Uunconstrained 无约束的under-determined system负定系统Vvariable 变量vector 矢量Wweighting matrix 加权矩阵Ⅱ.3 样条词汇英汉对照表Aapproximation 逼近array 数组a spline in b-form/b-splineb样条a spline of polynomial piece/ppform spline分段多项式样条Bbivariate spline function 二元样条函数break/breaks 断点Ccoefficient/coefficients 系数cubic interpolation 三次插值/三次内插cubic polynomial 三次多项式cubic smoothing spline 三次平滑样条cubic spline 三次样条cubic spline interpolation三次样条插值/三次样条内插curve 曲线Ddegree of freedom 自由度dimension 维数Eend conditions 约束条件Iinput argument 输入参数interpolation 插值/内插interval 取值区间Kknot/knots 节点Lleast-squaresapproximation 最小二乘拟合Mmultiplicity 重次multivariate function 多元函数Ooptional argument 可选参数order 阶次output argument 输出参数Ppoint/points 数据点Rrational spline 有理样条rounding error 舍入误差（相对误差）Sscalar 标量sequence 数列（数组）spline 样条spline approximation 样条逼近/样条拟合spline function 样条函数spline curve 样条曲线spline interpolation 样条插值/样条内插spline surface 样条曲面smoothing spline 平滑样条Ttolerance 允许精度Uunivariate function 一元函数Vvector 向量Wweight/weights 权重Ⅱ.4 偏微分方程数值解词汇英汉对照表Aabsolute error 绝对误差absolute tolerance 绝对容限adaptive mesh 适应性网格Bboundary condition 边界条件Ccontour plot 等值线图converge 收敛coordinate 坐标系Ddecomposed 分解的decomposed geometry matrix 分解几何矩阵diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Dirichlet boundary conditionsDirichlet边界条件Eeigenvalue 特征值elliptic 椭圆形的error estimate 误差估计exact solution 精确解Ggeneralized Neumann boundary condition推广的Neumann边界条件geometry 几何形状geometry descriptionmatrix 几何描述矩阵geometry matrix 几何矩阵graphical user interface（GUI）图形用户界面Hhyperbolic 双曲线的Iinitial mesh 初始网格Jjiggle 微调LLagrange multipliers 拉格朗日乘子Laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程linear interpolation 线性插值loop 循环Mmachine precision 机器精度mixed boundary condition混合边界条件NNeuman boundarycondition Neuman边界条件node point 节点nonlinear solver 非线性求解器normal vector 法向量PParabolic 抛物线型的partial differential equation偏微分方程plane strain 平面应变plane stress 平面应力Poisson's equation 泊松方程polygon 多边形positive definite 正定Qquality 质量Rrefined triangular mesh 加密的三角形网格relative tolerance 相对容限relative tolerance 相对容限residual 残差residual norm 残差范数Ssingular 奇异的sparce matrix 稀疏矩阵stiffness matrix 刚度矩阵subregion 子域Ttriangular mesh 三角形网格Uundetermined 未定的uniform refinement 均匀加密uniform triangle net 均匀三角形网络Wwave equation 波动方程Algebraic Equation代数方程Elementary Operations-Addition基础混算-加法ElementaryOperations-Subtaction基础混算-减法ElementaryOperations-Multiplication基础混算-乘法Elementary Operations-Division基础混算-除法Elementary Operation基础四则混算Decimal Operations 小数混算Fractional Operations分数混算Convert fractional no. intodecimal no.分数转小数Convert fractional no. intopercentage.分数转百分数Convert decimal no. intopercentage.小数转百分数Convert percentage into decimal no.百分数转小数Percentage百分数Numerals数字符号Common factors and multiples公因子及公倍数Sorting数字排序Area图形面积Perimeter图形周界Change Units : Time单位转换-时间Change Units : Weight 单位转换-重量Change Units :Length单位转换-长度Directed Numbers 有向数Fractional Operations 分数混算Decimal Operations 小数混算Convert fractional no. into decimal no.分数转小数Convert fractional no. into percentage.分数转百分数Convert decimal no. into percentage.小数转百分数Convert percentage into decimal no.百分数转小数Percentage百分数Indices指数Algebraic Substitution 代数代入Polynomials多项式Co-Geometry坐标几何学Solving Linear Equation解一元线性方程Solving Simultaneous Equation解联立方程Slope直线斜率Equation of Straight Line直线方程x-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线x轴截距y-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线y轴截距Factorization因式分解Quadratic Equation 二次方程x-intercept ( Quadratic Equation )二次曲线x轴截距Geometry几何学Inequalities不等式Rate and Ratio比和比例Bearing方位角Trigonometry三角学Probability概率Statistics-Graph统计学-统计图表Statistics-Measure of centraltendency统计学-量度集中趋势Salary Tax薪俸税Bridging Game汉英对对碰Indices指数Function函数Rate and Ratio比和比例Trigonometry三角学Inequalities不等式Linear Programming线性规划Co-Geometry坐标几何学Slope直线斜率Equation of Straight Line直线方程x-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线x轴截距y-intercept ( Equation of St. Line )直线y轴截距Factorization因式分解Quadratic Equation二次方程x-intercept ( Quadratic Equation )二次曲线x轴截距Method of Bisection分半方法Polynomials多项式Probability概率Statistics-Graph统计学-统计图表Statistics-Measure of centraltendency统计学-量度集中趋势Statistics-Measure of dispersion统计学-量度分布Statistics-Normal Distribution统计学-正态分布Surds根式Probability概率Statistics-Measure of dispersion统计学-量度离差Statistics-Normal Distribution统计学-正态分布Statistics-Binomial Distribution统计学Statistics-Poisson Distribution统计学Statistics-Geometric Distribution统计学Co-Geometry坐标几何学Sequence序列十万Hundred thousand三位数3-digit number千Thousand千万Ten million小数Decimal分子Numerator分母Denominator分数Fraction五位数5-digit number公因子Common factor公倍数Common multiple中国数字Chinese numeral平方Square平方根Square root古代计时工具Ancient timingdevice古代记时工具Ancienttime-recording device古代记数方法Ancient countingmethod古代数字Ancient numeral包含Grouping四位数4-digit number四则计算Mixed operations (Thefour operations)加Plus加法Addition加法交换性质Commutativeproperty of addition未知数Unknown百分数Percentage百万Million合成数Composite number多位数Large number因子Factor折扣Discount近似值Approximation阿拉伯数字Hindu-Arabic numeral定价Marked price括号Bracket计算器Calculator差Difference真分数Proper fraction退位Decomposition除Divide除法Division除数Divisor乘Multiply乘法Multiplication乘法交换性质Commutative property of multiplication乘法表Multiplication table乘法结合性质Associative property of multiplication被除数Dividend珠算Computation using Chinese abacus倍数Multiple假分数Improper fraction带分数mixed number现代计算工具Modern calculating devices售价Selling price万Ten thousand最大公因子Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.)最小公倍数Lowest Common Multiple (L.C.M.)减Minus / Subtract减少Decrease减法Subtraction等分Sharing 等于Equal进位Carrying短除法Short division单数Odd number循环小数Recurring decimal零Zero算盘Chinese abacus亿Hundred million增加Increase质数Prime number积Product整除性Divisibility双数Even number罗马数字Roman numeral数学mathematics, maths(BrE),math(AmE)公理axiom定理theorem计算calculation运算operation证明prove假设hypothesis, hypotheses(pl.)命题proposition算术arithmetic加plus(prep.), add(v.),addition(n.)被加数augend, summand加数addend和sum减minus(prep.), subtract(v.),subtraction(n.)被减数minuend减数subtrahend差remainder乘times(prep.), multiply(v.),multiplication(n.)被乘数multiplicand, faciend乘数multiplicator积product除divided by(prep.), divide(v.),division(n.)被除数dividend除数divisor商quotient等于equals, is equal to, isequivalent to大于is greater than小于is lesser than大于等于is equal or greater than小于等于is equal or lesser than运算符operator平均数mean算术平均数arithmatic mean几何平均数geometric mean n个数之积的n次方根倒数（reciprocal）x的倒数为1/x有理数rational number无理数irrational number实数real number虚数imaginary number数字digit数number自然数natural number整数integer小数decimal小数点decimal point分数fraction分子numerator分母denominator比ratio正positive负negative零null, zero, nought, nil十进制decimal system二进制binary system十六进制hexadecimal system权weight, significance进位carry截尾truncation四舍五入round下舍入round down上舍入round up有效数字significant digit无效数字insignificant digit代数algebra公式formula, formulae(pl.)单项式monomial多项式polynomial, multinomial 系数coefficient未知数unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor等式，方程式equation一次方程simple equation二次方程quadratic equation三次方程cubic equation四次方程quartic equation不等式inequation阶乘factorial对数logarithm指数，幂exponent乘方power二次方，平方square三次方，立方cube四次方the power of four, the fourth powern次方the power of n, the nth power开方evolution, extraction二次方根，平方根square root 三次方根，立方根cube root四次方根the root of four, the fourth rootn次方根the root of n, the nth rootsqrt(2)=1.414sqrt(3)=1.732sqrt(5)=2.236常量constant变量variable坐标系coordinates坐标轴x-axis, y-axis, z-axis横坐标x-coordinate纵坐标y-coordinate原点origin象限quadrant截距(有正负之分)intercede（方程的）解solution几何geometry点point线line面plane 体solid线段segment射线radial平行parallel相交intersect角angle角度degree弧度radian锐角acute angle直角right angle钝角obtuse angle平角straight angle周角perigon底base边side高height三角形triangle锐角三角形acute triangle直角三角形right triangle直角边leg斜边hypotenuse勾股定理Pythagorean theorem钝角三角形obtuse triangle不等边三角形scalene triangle等腰三角形isosceles triangle等边三角形equilateral triangle四边形quadrilateral平行四边形parallelogram矩形rectangle长length宽width周长perimeter面积area相似similar全等congruent三角trigonometry正弦sine余弦cosine正切tangent余切cotangent正割secant余割cosecant反正弦arc sine反余弦arc cosine反正切arc tangent反余切arc cotangent反正割arc secant反余割arc cosecant补充：集合aggregate元素element空集void子集subset交集intersection并集union补集complement映射mapping函数function定义域domain, field ofdefinition值域range单调性monotonicity奇偶性parity周期性periodicity图象image数列，级数series微积分calculus微分differential导数derivative极限limit无穷大infinite(a.) infinity(n.)无穷小infinitesimal积分integral定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral复数complex number矩阵matrix行列式determinant圆circle圆心centre(BrE), center(AmE)半径radius直径diameter圆周率pi弧arc半圆semicircle扇形sector环ring椭圆ellipse圆周circumference轨迹locus, loca(pl.)平行六面体parallelepiped立方体cube七面体heptahedron八面体octahedron九面体enneahedron十面体decahedron十一面体hendecahedron十二面体dodecahedron二十面体icosahedron多面体polyhedron旋转rotation轴axis球sphere半球hemisphere底面undersurface表面积surface area体积volume空间space双曲线hyperbola抛物线parabola四面体tetrahedron五面体pentahedron六面体hexahedron菱形rhomb, rhombus, rhombi(pl.), diamond正方形square梯形trapezoid直角梯形right trapezoid等腰梯形isosceles trapezoid五边形pentagon六边形hexagon七边形heptagon八边形octagon九边形enneagon十边形decagon十一边形hendecagon十二边形dodecagon多边形polygon正多边形equilateral polygon相位phase周期period振幅amplitude内心incentre(BrE), incenter(AmE)外心excentre(BrE),excenter(AmE)旁心escentre(BrE),escenter(AmE)垂心orthocentre(BrE),orthocenter(AmE)重心barycentre(BrE),barycenter(AmE)内切圆inscribed circle外切圆circumcircle统计statistics平均数average加权平均数weighted average方差variance标准差root-mean-squaredeviation, standard deviation比例propotion百分比percent百分点percentage百分位数percentile排列permutation组合combination概率，或然率probability分布distribution正态分布normal distribution非正态分布abnormaldistribution图表graph条形统计图bar graph柱形统计图histogram折线统计图broken line graph曲线统计图curve diagram扇形统计图pie diagramEnglish Chineseabbreviation 简写符号；简写abscissa 横坐标absolute complement 绝对补集absolute error 绝对误差absolute inequality 绝不等式absolute maximum 绝对极大值absolute minimum 绝对极小值absolute monotonic 绝对单调absolute value 绝对值accelerate 加速acceleration 加速度acceleration due to gravity 重力加速度; 地心加速度accumulation 累积accumulative 累积的accuracy 准确度act on 施于action 作用; 作用力acute angle 锐角acute-angled triangle 锐角三角形add 加addition 加法addition formula 加法公式addition law 加法定律addition law(of probability) （概率）加法定律additive inverse 加法逆元; 加法反元additive property 可加性adjacent angle 邻角adjacent side 邻边adjoint matrix 伴随矩阵algebra 代数algebraic 代数的algebraic equation 代数方程algebraic expression 代数式algebraic fraction 代数分式；代数分数式algebraic inequality 代数不等式algebraic number 代数数algebraic operation 代数运算algebraically closed 代数封闭algorithm 算法系统; 规则系统alternate angle （交）错角alternate segment 内错弓形alternating series 交错级数alternative hypothesis 择一假设;备择假设; 另一假设altitude 高；高度；顶垂线；高线ambiguous case 两义情况；二义情况amount 本利和；总数analysis 分析；解析analytic geometry 解析几何angle 角angle at the centre 圆心角angle at the circumference 圆周角angle between a line and a plane 直 与平面的交角angle between two planes 两平面的交角angle bisection 角平分angle bisector 角平分线 ；分角线angle in the alternate segment 交错弓形的圆周角angle in the same segment 同弓形内的圆周角angle of depression 俯角angle of elevation 仰角angle of friction 静摩擦角; 极限角angle of greatest slope 最大斜率的角angle of inclination 倾斜角angle of intersection 相交角；交角angle of projection 投射角angle of rotation 旋转角angle of the sector 扇形角angle sum of a triangle 三角形内角和angles at a point 同顶角angular displacement 角移位angular momentum 角动量angular motion 角运动angular velocity 角速度annum(X% per annum) 年（年利率X%）anti-clockwise direction 逆时针方向；返时针方向anti-clockwise moment 逆时针力矩anti-derivative 反导数; 反微商anti-logarithm 逆对数；反对数anti-symmetric 反对称apex 顶点approach 接近；趋近approximate value 近似值approximation 近似；略计；逼近Arabic system 阿刺伯数字系统arbitrary 任意arbitrary constant 任意常数arc 弧arc length 弧长arc-cosine function 反余弦函数arc-sin function 反正弦函数arc-tangent function 反正切函数area 面积Argand diagram 阿根图, 阿氏图argument (1)论证; (2)辐角argument of a complex number 复数的辐角argument of a function 函数的自变量arithmetic 算术arithmetic mean 算术平均；等差中顶；算术中顶arithmetic progression 算术级数；等差级数arithmetic sequence 等差序列arithmetic series 等差级数arm 边array 数组; 数组arrow 前号ascending order 递升序ascending powers of X X 的升幂assertion 断语; 断定associative law 结合律assumed mean 假定平均数assumption 假定；假设asymmetrical 非对称asymptote 渐近asymptotic error constant 渐近误差常数at rest 静止augmented matrix 增广矩阵auxiliary angle 辅助角auxiliary circle 辅助圆auxiliary equation 辅助方程average 平均；平均数；平均值average speed 平均速率axiom 公理axiom of existence 存在公理axiom of extension 延伸公理axiom of inclusion 包含公理axiom of pairing 配对公理axiom of power 幂集公理axiom of specification 分类公理axiomatic theory of probability 概率公理论axis 轴axis of parabola 拋物线的轴axis of revolution 旋转轴axis of rotation 旋转轴axis of symmetry 对称轴back substitution 回代bar chart 棒形图；条线图；条形图；线条图base （1）底；（2）基；基数base angle 底角base area 底面base line 底线base number 底数；基数base of logarithm 对数的底basis 基Bayes' theorem 贝叶斯定理bearing 方位（角）；角方向（角）bell-shaped curve 钟形图belong to 属于Bernoulli distribution 伯努利分布Bernoulli trials 伯努利试验bias 偏差；偏倚biconditional 双修件式; 双修件句bijection 对射; 双射; 单满射bijective function 对射函数; 只射函数billion 十亿bimodal distribution 双峰分布binary number 二进数binary operation 二元运算binary scale 二进法binary system 二进制binomial 二项式binomial distribution 二项分布binomial expression 二项式binomial series 二项级数binomial theorem 二项式定理bisect 平分；等分bisection method 分半法；分半方法bisector 等分线 ；平分线Boolean algebra 布尔代数boundary condition 边界条件boundary line 界（线）；边界bounded 有界的bounded above 有上界的；上有界的bounded below 有下界的；下有界的bounded function 有界函数bounded sequence 有界序列brace 大括号bracket 括号breadth 阔度broken line graph 折线图calculation 计算calculator 计算器；计算器calculus (1) 微积分学; (2) 演算cancel 消法；相消canellation law 消去律canonical 典型; 标准capacity 容量cardioid 心脏Cartesian coordinates 笛卡儿坐标Cartesian equation 笛卡儿方程Cartesian plane 笛卡儿平面Cartesian product 笛卡儿积category 类型；范畴catenary 悬链Cauchy sequence 柯西序列Cauchy's principal value 柯西主值Cauchy-Schwarz inequality 柯西- 许瓦尔兹不等式central limit theorem 中心极限定理central line 中线central tendency 集中趋centre 中心；心centre of a circle 圆心centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质量中心centrifugal force 离心力centripedal acceleration 向心加速度centripedal force force 向心力centroid 形心；距心certain event 必然事件chain rule 链式法则chance 机会change of axes 坐标轴的变换change of base 基的变换change of coordinates 坐标轴的变换change of subject 主项变换change of variable 换元；变量的换characteristic equation 特征(征)方程characteristic function 特征(征)函数characteristic of logarithm 对数的首数; 对数的定位部characteristic root 特征(征)根chart 图；图表check digit 检验数位checking 验算chord 弦chord of contact 切点弦circle 圆circular 圆形；圆的circular function 圆函数；三角函数circular measure 弧度法circular motion 圆周运动circular permutation 环形排列;圆形排列; 循环排列circumcentre 外心；外接圆心circumcircle 外接圆circumference 圆周circumradius 外接圆半径circumscribed circle 外接圆cissoid 蔓叶class 区；组；类class boundary 组界class interval 组区间；组距class limit 组限；区限class mark 组中点；区中点classical theory of probability 古典概率论classification 分类clnometer 测斜仪clockwise direction 顺时针方向clockwise moment 顺时针力矩closed convex region 闭凸区域closed interval 闭区间coaxial 共轴coaxial circles 共轴圆coaxial system 共轴系coded data 编码数据coding method 编码法co-domain 上域coefficient 系数coefficient of friction 摩擦系数coefficient of restitution 碰撞系数; 恢复系数coefficient of variation 变差系数cofactor 余因子; 余因式cofactor matrix 列矩阵coincide 迭合；重合collection of terms 并项collinear 共线collinear planes 共线面collision 碰撞column (1)列；纵行；(2) 柱column matrix 列矩阵column vector 列向量combination 组合common chord 公弦common denominator 同分母；公分母common difference 公差。
amc词汇pdf
AMC是American Mathematics Competition的缩写，中文为美国数学竞赛。
以下是AMC数学竞赛中常见的数学词汇：1.代数式（Algebraic Expression）：由数字、字母通过有限次的四则运算得到的数学式子。
2.代数方程（Algebraic Equation）：含有未知数的等式。
3.代数数（Algebraic Number）：满足某个代数方程的数。
4.代数恒等式（Algebraic Identity）：形式上左右两边相等的代数式。
5.代数不等式（Algebraic Inequality）：形式上左右两边不相等的代数式。
6.代数函数（Algebraic Function）：由代数式表示的函数。
7.代数方程组（System of Algebraic Equations）：多个代数方程合在一起。
8.二次方程（Quadratic Equation）：未知数的最高次数为2的方程。
9.二次函数（Quadratic Function）：由二次方程简化来的函数。
10.分式方程（Fractional Equation）：方程中含有分数的方程。
11.对数方程（Logarithmic Equation）：含有对数的方程。
12.三角函数（Trigonometric Function）：如sin、cos、tan 等。
13.解析几何（Analytic Geometry）：用代数方法研究几何问题的一门学科。
14.平面几何（Plane Geometry）：研究平面图形的一门学科。
15.立体几何（Solid Geometry）：研究空间图形的一门学科。
16.极坐标（Polar Coordinates）：用角度和距离表示点的坐标的方法。
17.参数方程（Parametric Equations）：描述变量之间关系的方程组，其中一个变量用其他变量表示。
18.向量（Vector）：既有大小又有方向的量。
美国数学竞赛amc8的常用数学英语单词
美国数学竞赛amc8的常用数学英语单词A非正态分布abnormal distribution 角angle 平均数average加plus（prep.）, add（v.）, addition（n.）振幅amplitude 反正弦arc sine反余弦arc cosine 反正切arc tangent 反余切arc cotangent反正割arc secant 反余割arc cosecant 被加数augend, summand加数addend 轴axis 弧arc 面积area 算术arithmetic公理axiom 代数algebra 锐角acute angle 锐角三角形acute triangleB二进制binary system 折线统计图broken line graph 底base条形统计图bar graph 重心barycentre（BrE）, barycenter（AmE）C全等congruent 曲线统计图curve diagram 进位carry 计算calculation系数coefficient 三次方程cubic equation 常量constant 微积分calculus复数complex number 坐标系coordinates 组合combination 外切圆circumcircle余割cosecant 余切cotangent 余弦cosine 圆周circumference圆柱cylinder 圆锥cone 圆circle 立方体cube圆心centre（BrE）, center（AmE）D小数点decimal point 小数decimal 角度degree 除divided by（prep.）, divide（v.）, division（n.）被除数dividend 除数divisor 数字digit分母denominator 十进制decimal system 微分differential导数derivative 定积分definite integral 行列式determinant分布distribution 十面体decahedron 十二面体dodecahedron 十二边形dodecagon 十边形decagon 直径diameterE等于equals, is equal to, is equivalent to 等式，方程式equation等边三角形equilateral trian gle 外心excentre（BrE）, excenter（AmE）旁心escentre（BrE）, escenter（AmE）正多边形equilateral polygon九面体enneahedron 九边形enneagon 椭圆ellipseF分数fraction 公式formula, formulae（pl.）阶乘factorial棱台frustum of a prism 圆台frustum of a coneG几何geometry 图表graphH假设hypothesis, hypotheses（pl.）十一面体hendecahedron 六边形hexagon七面体heptahedron 半球hemisphere 六面体hexahedron十一边形hendecagon 七边形heptagon 十六进制hexadecimal system柱形统计图histogram 高height 斜边hypotenuse 双曲线hyperbolaI内心incentre（BrE）, incenter（AmE）二十面体icosahedron 图象imag无穷大infinite（a.）infinity（n.）无穷小infinitesimal 积分integrale等腰梯形isosceles trapezoid 不定积分indefinite integral 不等式inequation整数integer 小于is lesser than 大于is greater than大于等于is equal or greater than 线line 小于等于is equal or lesser than无效数字insignificant digit 相交intersect 无理数irrational number虚数imaginary number 等腰三角形isosceles triangle 内切圆inscribed circle极限limit 直角边leg 长length 轨迹locus, loca（pl.）M数学mathematics, maths（BrE）, math（AmE）被减数minuend被乘数multiplicand, 乘数multiplicator 单项式monomial单调性monotonicity矩阵matrixN正态分布normal distribution 数number 自然数natural number分子numerator 负negative 零null, zero, nought, nilO运算符operator 运算operation 钝角obtuse angle钝角三角形obtuse triangle 垂心orthocentre（BrE）, orthocenter（AmE）原点origin 八面体octahedron 八边形octagonP抛物线parabola 五面体pentahedron 平行六面体parallelepiped 相位phase周期period证明prove命题proposition 积product 正positive 多项式polynomial, multinomial 奇偶性parity 周期性periodicity 点point 面plane 平行parallel 周角perigon 平行四边形parallelogram 勾股定理Pythagorean theorem 扇形统计图pie diagram 概率，或然率probability 排列permutation 比例propotion 百分比percent 百分点percentage百分位数percentile 多面体polyhedron 圆周率p i 棱锥pyramid 棱柱prism 周长perimeter 五边形pentagon 多边形polygonQ商quotient 二次方程quadratic equation 四次方程quartic equation 四边形quadrilateralR直角梯形right trapezoid 标准差root-mean-square deviation, standard deviation 差remainder比ratio 四舍五入round 下舍入round down 上舍入round up 值域range 有理数rational number 实数real number 直角right angle 射线radial 弧度radian 直角三角形right triangle 矩形rectangle 旋转rotation 菱形rhomb, rhombus, rhombi（pl.）, diamond 环ring 半径radius S正方形square 有效数字significant digit 一次方程simple equation 体solid 线段segment 平角straight angle 边side 不等边三角形scalene triangle 空间space 球sphere 正弦sine统计statistics 和sum 减minus（prep.）, subtract（v.）, subtraction（n.）减数subtrahend 数列，级数series 正割secant 表面积surface area 相似similar半圆semicircle 扇形sectorT梯形trapezoid 截尾truncation 定理theorem 乘times（prep.）, multiply（v.）, multiplication（n.）faciend 三角形triangle 正切tangent 三角trigonometry 四面体tetrahedronU未知数unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor 底面undersurface 变量variable方差variance 体积volume W权weight, significance 宽width 加权平均数weighted averageX坐标轴x-axis, y-axis, z-axis 横坐标x-coordinate 纵坐标y-coordinate。
美国数学竞赛AMC单词表
AMC数学单词表分类（汉英）几何geometry点point线line面plane体solid线段segment射线radial平行parallel相交intersect角angle角度degree弧度radian锐角acute angle直角right angle钝角obtuse angle平角straight angle周角paragon底base边side高height线段line segment长length平行线parallel lines正三角形regular triangle等腰三角形isosceles triangle平行四边形parallelogram n.梯形trapezia n.菱形rhombus正方体，立方体，立方cube n.长方体cuboid adj.圆柱column n.圆锥cone尺寸measure n.，v.半圆semicircle半径radius n. (radii pl.)直径diameter n.表面积surface area多边形polygon凸多边形convex polygon正多边形regular polygon直角right-angle直角三角形right-triangle锐角acute-angle空间space四面体tetrahedron五面体pentahedron六面体hexahedron平行六面体parallelepiped立方体cube七面体heptahedron八面体octahedron九面体enneahedron十面体decahedron十一面体hendecahedron十二面体dodecahedron二十面体icosahedron多面体polyhedron棱锥pyramid棱柱prism棱台frustum of a prism旋转rotation轴axis圆锥cone圆柱cylinder圆台frustum of a cone球sphere半球hemisphere底面undersurface表面积surface area体积volume圆circle圆心centre（BrE），center（AmE）半径radius直径diameter圆周率pi弧arc半圆semicircle扇形sector环ring椭圆ellipse圆周circumference周长perimeter面积area轨迹locus，loci（pl.）相似similar全等congruent三角trigonometry正弦sine余弦cosine正切tangent余切cotangent正割secant余割cosecant反正弦arcsine反余弦arccosine反正切arctangent反余切arccotangent反正割arcsecant反余割arccosecant相位phase周期period振幅amplitude内心incentre（BrE）外心excentre（BrE）旁心escentre（BrE）垂心orthocentre（BrE）重心barycentre（BrE）内切圆inscribedcircle外切圆circumcircle三角形triangle锐角三角形acute triangle直角三角形right triangle直角边leg斜边hypotenuse勾股定理Pythagorean theorem钝角三角形obtuse triangle不等边三角形scalene triangle 等腰三角形isosceles triangle 等边三角形equilateral triangle 四边形quadrilateral平行四边形parallelogram矩形rectangle长length宽width菱形rhomb，rhombus，rhombi（pl.），diamond 正方形square梯形trapezoid直角梯形right trapezoid等腰梯形isosceles trapezoid正多边形equilateral polygon代数 algebra整数integer，whole number小数decimal小数点decimal point分数fraction分子numerator分母denominator比ratio正positive负negative零null，zero，nil十进制decimal system二进制binary system十六进制hexadecimal system权weight，significance进位carry截尾truncation四舍五入round下舍入round down上舍入roundup有效数字significant digit无效数字insignificant digit公式formula，formulae（pl.）单项式monomial多项式polynomial，multinomial系数coefficient数学mathematics，maths（BrE），math（AmE）等于equals，is equal to大于is greater than小于is lesser than大于等于is equal or greater than小于等于is equal or lesser than运算符operator数字digit数number自然数natural number公理axiom定理theorem计算calculation运算operation证明prove假设hypothesis，hypotheses（pl.）命题proposition算术arithmetic加plus（prep.），add（v.），addition（n.）被加数augend，summand加数addend和sum减minus（prep.），subtract（v.），subtraction（n.）被减数minuend减数subtrahend余数remainder乘times（prep.），multiply（v.），multiplication（n.）被乘数multiplicand乘法multiplication积product除divided by（prep.），divide（v.），division（n.）质数prime number合数composite number正数positive number平均数mean奇数odd adj.偶数even n.偶数even integer, even number值value最小值minimum最大的，最大值maximum n.最小的，最小值minimum n.最小可能值least possible value约数，除数divisor n.最小公倍数least common multiple正整数positive integer真分数proper fraction普通分数vulgar fraction分母denominator最小公分母least common denominator分子numerator带分数mixed number余数remainder简分数simple(common)fraction 循环小数 circulating decimal 纯小数decimal faction混合小数mixed decimal百分比percentage四分之一quarter大于more than小于less than不大于not more than数字，阿拉伯数字digit n.个位数字unit’s digit十位数字tens digit个位units十位tens十分位tenths和，总数sum n.减，负，负数minus(take away) 乘数multiple差difference相等，等于equal被整除，红利dividend平均数average n.乘方power商quotient方程equation n.满足satisfy v.增加increase n.减少reduce v.坐标系coordinates坐标轴x-axis，y-axis，z-axis 横坐标x-coordinate纵坐标y-coordinate原点origin双曲线hyperbola抛物线parabola集合set元素element空集void子集subset交集intersection并集union补集complement映射mapping函数function定义域domain，field of definition值域range常量constant变量variable单调性monotonicity奇偶性parity周期性periodicity图象image数列，级数series微积分calculus微分differential导数derivative极限limit无穷大infinite（a.）infinity（n.）无穷小infinitesimal积分integral定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral有理数rational number无理数irrational number实数real number虚数imaginary number复数complex number矩阵matrix行列式determinant未知数unknown，x-factor，y-factor，z-factor 等式，方程式equation一次方程simple equation二次方程quadratic equation三次方程cubic equation四次方程quartic equation不等式inequation阶乘factorial对数logarithm指数，幂exponent乘方power二次方，平方square三次方，立方cuben次方the power of n，the nth power开方evolution，extraction二次方根，平方根square root三次方根，立方根cube rootn次方根the root of n，the nth root统计statistics平均数average加权平均数weighted average方差variance标准差root-mean-square deviation，standard deviation 比例proportion百分比percent百分点percentage百分位数percentile排列permutation组合combination概率probability分布distribution正态分布normal distribution非正态分布abnormal distribution图表graph条形统计图bar graph柱形统计图histogram折线统计图broken line graph曲线统计图curve diagram扇形统计图pie diagramAMC数学单词表分类（英汉）1常见单词side 边长perimeter n. 周长circumference 周长，圆周width宽area n.面积volume体积arithmetic progression(sequence)等差数列altitude高bisect平分divisor因子factor因子common factor公因子common multiple公倍数common divisor公因数common fraction普通分数complex fraction繁分数consecutive number连续整数consecutive even integer连续偶数consecutive odd integer连续奇数direct proportion正比inverse proportion反比distinct不同的factorial阶乘inverse倒数reciprocal倒数progression数列the extremes of a proportion比例外项the means of a proportion比例内medmedian中位数，中值mode众数，一组数据中出现最多的数arranged安排的add，plus加subtract减difference差multiply, times乘product积divide除divisible可被整除的divided evenly被整除dividend被除数divisor因子，除数quotient商remainder余数factorial阶乘power乘方radical sign, root sign根号round to四舍五入to the nearest四舍五入2.有关集合union并集proper subset真子集solution set解集3.有关代数式、方程和不等式algebraic term代数项like terms, similar terms同类项numerical coefficient数字系数literal coefficient字母系数inequality不等式triangle inequality三角不等式range值域original equation原方程equivalent equation同解方程等价方程linear equation线性方程(e.g.2x +6=22)4.有关分数和小数proper fraction真分数improper fraction假分数mixed number带分数vulgar fraction，common fraction普通分数 simple fraction简分数complex fraction繁分数numerator分子denominator分母(least)common denominator(最小)公分母quarter四分之一decimal fraction纯小数infinite decimal无穷小数recurring decimal循环小数tenths unit十分位5.基本数学概念arithmetic mean算术平均值weighted average加权平均值geometric mean几何平均数exponent指数，幂base乘幂的底数,底边cube立方数，立方体square root平方根cube root立方根common logarithm常用对数digit数字constant常数variable变量inverse function反函数complementary function余函数linear一次的，线性的factorization因式分解absolute value绝对值round off四舍五入6.有关数论natural number自然数positive number正数negative number负数odd integer, odd number奇数even integer, even number偶数integer, whole number整数positive whole number正整数negative whole number负整数consecutive number连续整数real number实数rational number有理数irrational(number)无理数inverse倒数composite number合数e.g.4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15…… prime number质数e.g.2,3,5,7,11,13,15……reciprocal倒数common divisor公约数multiple倍数(least)common multiple(最小)公倍数(prime)factor(质)因子common factor公因子ordinary scale, decimal scale十进制nonnegative非负的tens十位units个位mode众数median中数common ratio公比7.数列arithmetic progression(sequence)等差数列 geometric progression(sequence)等比数列8.其它approximate近似(anti)clockwise(逆)顺时针方向cardinal基数ordinal序数direct proportion正比distinct不同的estimation估计，近似parentheses括号proportion比例permutation排列combination组合table表格trigonometric function三角函数unit单位,位几何部分1.所有的角alternate angle内错角corresponding angle同位角vertical angle对顶角central angle圆心角interior angle内角exterior angle外角supplementary angles补角complementary angle余角adjacent angle邻角acute angle锐角obtuse angle钝角right angle直角round angle周角straight angle平角included angle夹角2.所有的三角形equilateral triangle等边三角形scalene triangle不等边三角形isosceles triangle等腰三角形right triangle直角三角形oblique斜三角形inscribed triangle内接三角形3.有关平面图形，除三角形外semicircle半圆concentric circles同心圆quadrilateral四边形pentagon五边形hexagon六边形heptagon七边形octagon八边形nonagon九边形decagon十边形polygon多边形parallelogram平行四边形equilateral等边形plane平面square正方形，平方rectangle长方形regular polygon正多边形rhombus菱形trapezoid梯形4.其它平面图形arc弧line, straight line直线line segment线段parallel lines平行线segment of a circle弧形5.有关立体图形cube立方体，立方数rectangular solid长方体regular solid/regular polyhedron正多面体 circular cylinder圆柱体cone圆锥sphere球体solid立体的6.有关图形上的附属物altitude高depth深度side边长circumference, perimeter周长radian弧度surface area表面积volume体积arm直角三角形的股cross section横截面center of a circle圆心chord弦radius半径angle bisector角平分线diagonal对角线diameter直径edge棱/边face of a solid立体的面hypotenuse斜边included side夹边leg三角形的直角边median of a triangle三角形的中线base底边，底数(e.g.2的5次方，2就是底数) opposite直角三角形中的对边midpoint中点endpoint端点vertex(复数形式vertices)顶点tangent切线的transversal截线intercept截距7.有关坐标coordinate system坐标系rectangular coordinate直角坐标系origin原点abscissa横坐标ordinate纵坐标number line数轴quadrant象限slope斜率complex plane复平面8.其它plane geometry平面几何trigonometry三角学bisect平分circumscribe外切inscribe内切intersect相交perpendicular垂直Pythagorean theorem勾股定理congruent全等的multilateral多边的单位类cent美分penny 1美分硬币nickel5美分硬币dime一角硬币dozen打(12个)score廿(20个)Centigrade摄氏Fahrenheit华氏quart夸脱gallon加仑(1gallon=4quart)yard码meter米micron微米inch英寸foot英尺minute分(角度的度量单位，60分=1度) square measure平方单位制cubic meter立方米pint品脱(干量或液量的单位。
(完整版)数学建模专业词汇
算法常用术语中英对照算法常用术语中英对照Data Structures 基本数据结构Dictionaries 字典Priority Queues 堆Graph Data Structures 图Set Data Structures 集合Kd-Trees 线段树Numerical Problems 数值问题Solving Linear Equations 线性方程组Bandwidth Reduction 带宽压缩Matrix Multiplication 矩阵乘法Determinants and Permanents 行列式Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 最值问题Linear Programming 线性规划Random Number Generation 随机数生成Factoring and Primality Testing 因子分解/质数判定Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic 高精度计算Knapsack Problem 背包问题Discrete Fourier Transform 离散Fourier变换Combinatorial Problems 组合问题Sorting 排序Searching 查找Median and Selection 中位数Generating Permutations 排列生成Generating Subsets 子集生成Generating Partitions 划分生成Generating Graphs 图的生成Calendrical Calculations 日期Job Scheduling 工程安排Satisfiability 可满足性Graph Problems -- polynomial 图论-多项式算法Connected Components 连通分支Topological Sorting 拓扑排序Minimum Spanning Tree 最小生成树Shortest Path 最短路径Transitive Closure and Reduction 传递闭包Matching 匹配Eulerian Cycle / Chinese Postman Euler回路/中国邮路Edge and Vertex Connectivity 割边/割点Network Flow 网络流Drawing Graphs Nicely 图的描绘Drawing Trees 树的描绘Planarity Detection and Embedding 平面性检测和嵌入Graph Problems -- hard 图论-NP问题Clique 最大团Independent Set 独立集Vertex Cover 点覆盖Traveling Salesman Problem 旅行商问题Hamiltonian Cycle Hamilton回路Graph Partition 图的划分Vertex Coloring 点染色Edge Coloring 边染色Graph Isomorphism 同构Steiner Tree Steiner树Feedback Edge/Vertex Set 最大无环子图Computational Geometry 计算几何Convex Hull 凸包Triangulation 三角剖分Voronoi Diagrams Voronoi图Nearest Neighbor Search 最近点对查询Range Search 范围查询Point Location 位置查询Intersection Detection 碰撞测试Bin Packing 装箱问题Medial-Axis Transformation 中轴变换Polygon Partitioning 多边形分割Simplifying Polygons 多边形化简Shape Similarity 相似多边形Motion Planning 运动规划Maintaining Line Arrangements 平面分割Minkowski Sum Minkowski和Set and String Problems 集合与串的问题Set Cover 集合覆盖Set Packing 集合配置String Matching 模式匹配Approximate String Matching 模糊匹配Text Compression 压缩Cryptography 密码Finite State Machine Minimization 有穷自动机简化Longest Common Substring 最长公共子串Shortest Common Superstring 最短公共父串robustness 鲁棒性rate of convergence 收敛速度数据结构方面数据结构基本英语词汇数据抽象 data abstraction数据元素 data element数据对象 data object数据项 data item数据类型 data type抽象数据类型 abstract data type逻辑结构 logical structure物理结构 phyical structure线性结构 linear structure非线性结构 nonlinear structure基本数据类型 atomic data type固定聚合数据类型 fixed-aggregate data type可变聚合数据类型 variable-aggregate data type 线性表 linear list栈 stack队列 queue串 string数组 array树 tree图 grabh查找，线索 searching更新 updating排序（分类) sorting插入 insertion删除 deletion前趋 predecessor后继 successor直接前趋 immediate predecessor直接后继 immediate successor双端列表 deque(double-ended queue)循环队列 cirular queue指针 pointer先进先出表（队列）first-in first-out list后进先出表（队列）last-in first-out list栈底 bottom栈定 top弹出 pop队头 front队尾 rear上溢 overflow下溢 underflow数组 array矩阵 matrix多维数组 multi-dimentional array以行为主的顺序分配 row major order以列为主的顺序分配 column major order 三角矩阵 truangular matrix对称矩阵 symmetric matrix稀疏矩阵 sparse matrix转置矩阵 transposed matrix链表 linked list线性链表 linear linked list单链表 single linked list多重链表 multilinked list循环链表 circular linked list双向链表 doubly linked list十字链表 orthogonal list广义表 generalized list链 link指针域 pointer field链域 link field头结点 head node头指针 head pointer尾指针 tail pointer串 string空白（空格）串 blank string空串（零串）null string子串 substring树 tree子树 subtree森林 forest根 root叶子 leaf结点 node深度 depth双亲 parents孩子 children兄弟 brother祖先 ancestor子孙 descentdant二叉树 binary tree平衡二叉树 banlanced binary tree 满二叉树 full binary tree完全二叉树 complete binary tree遍历二叉树 traversing binary tree 二叉排序树 binary sort tree二叉查找树 binary search tree线索二叉树 threaded binary tree哈夫曼树 Huffman tree有序数 ordered tree无序数 unordered tree判定树 decision tree双链树 doubly linked tree数字查找树 digital search tree树的遍历 traversal of tree先序遍历 preorder traversal中序遍历 inorder traversal后序遍历 postorder traversal图 graph子图 subgraph有向图 digraph(directed graph)无向图 undigraph(undirected graph) 完全图 complete graph连通图 connected graph非连通图 unconnected graph强连通图 strongly connected graph 弱连通图 weakly connected graph加权图 weighted graph有向无环图 directed acyclic graph 稀疏图 spares graph稠密图 dense graph重连通图 biconnected graph二部图 bipartite graph边 edge弧 arc路径 path回路（环）cycle弧头 head弧尾 tail源点 source终点 destination汇点 sink权 weight连接点 articulation point初始结点 initial node终端结点 terminal node相邻边 adjacent edge相邻顶点 adjacent vertex关联边 incident edge入度 indegree出度 outdegree最短路径 shortest path有序对 ordered pair无序对 unordered pair简单路径 simple path简单回路 simple cycle连通分量 connected component邻接矩阵 adjacency matrix邻接表 adjacency list邻接多重表 adjacency multilist遍历图 traversing graph生成树 spanning tree最小（代价）生成树 minimum(cost)spanning tree 生成森林 spanning forest拓扑排序 topological sort偏序 partical order拓扑有序 topological orderAOV网 activity on vertex networkAOE网 activity on edge network关键路径 critical path匹配 matching最大匹配 maximum matching增广路径 augmenting path增广路径图 augmenting path graph查找 searching线性查找（顺序查找）linear search (sequential search) 二分查找 binary search分块查找 block search散列查找 hash search平均查找长度 average search length散列表 hash table散列函数 hash funticion直接定址法 immediately allocating method数字分析法 digital analysis method平方取中法 mid-square method折叠法 folding method除法 division method随机数法 random number method排序 sort内部排序 internal sort外部排序 external sort插入排序 insertion sort随小增量排序 diminishing increment sort选择排序 selection sort堆排序 heap sort快速排序 quick sort归并排序 merge sort基数排序 radix sort外部排序 external sort平衡归并排序 balance merging sort二路平衡归并排序 balance two-way merging sort多步归并排序 ployphase merging sort置换选择排序 replacement selection sort文件 file主文件 master file顺序文件 sequential file索引文件 indexed file索引顺序文件 indexed sequential file索引非顺序文件 indexed non-sequential file直接存取文件 direct access file多重链表文件 multilist file倒排文件 inverted file目录结构 directory structure树型索引 tree index。
美赛数学建模模板
摘要：第一段：写论文解决什么问题1．问题的重述a. 介绍重点词开头：例1：“Hand move” irrigation, a cheap but labor-intensive system used on small farms, consists of a movable pipe with sprinkler on top that can be attached to a stationary main.例2:……is a real-life common phenomenon with many complexities.例3：An (effective plan) is crucial to………b. 直接指出问题：例 1：We find the optimal number of tollbooths in a highway toll-plaza for a given number of highway lanes: the number of tollbooths that minimizes average delay experienced by cars.例2：A brand-new university needs to balance the cost of information technology security measures with the potential cost of attacks on its systems.例3：We determine the number of sprinklers to use by analyzing the energy and motion of water in the pipe and examining the engineering parameters of sprinklers available in the market.例4: After mathematically analyzing the …… problem, our modeling group would like to present our conclusions, strategies, (and recommendations )to the …….例5：Our goa l is... that (minimizes the time )……….2．解决这个问题的伟大意义反面说明。
美国数学大联盟常用英文词汇
美国数学大联盟常用英文词汇一、基础数学词汇1. Arithmetic 算术2. Algebra 代数3. Geometry 几何4. Trigonometry 三角学5. Calculus 微积分6. Statistics 统计学7. Probability 概率论8. Combinatorics 组合数学9. Number theory 数论10. Set theory 集合论二、代数词汇1. Variable 变量2. Equation 方程3. Inequality 不等式4. Function 函数5. Graph 图像6. Polynomial 多项式7. Factorization 因式分解8. Exponent 指数9. Logarithm 对数10. Matrix 矩阵三、几何词汇1. Point 点2. Line 线3. Plane 平面4. Angle 角度5. Triangle 三角形6. Quadrilateral 四边形7. Circle 圆8. Perimeter 周长9. Area 面积10. Volume 体积四、三角学词汇1. Sine 正弦2. Cosine 余弦3. Tangent 正切4. Cosecant 余割5. Secant 正割6. Cotangent 余切7. Arcsine 反正弦8. Arccosine 反余弦9. Arctangent 反正切10. Radian 弧度五、微积分词汇1. Derivative 导数2. Integral 积分3. Limit 极限4. Series 级数5. Sequence 数列6. Differentiation 微分7. Integration 积分8. Differential equation 微分方程9. Taylor series 泰勒级数10. Fourier series 傅里叶级数六、统计学词汇1. Data 数据2. Sample 样本3. Population 总体4. Mean 平均值5. Median 中位数6. Mode 众数7. Standard deviation 标准差8. Variance 方差9. Probability distribution 概率分布10. Hypothesis testing 假设检验七、概率论词汇1. Event 事件2. Probability 概率3. Random variable 随机变量4. Probability space 概率空间5. Conditional probability 条件概率6. Bayes' theorem 贝叶斯定理7. Independence 独立性8. Law of large numbers 大数定律9. Central limit theorem 中心极限定理10. Random walk 随机游走八、组合数学词汇1. Permutation 排列2. Combination 组合3. Binomial coefficient 二项式系数4. Pascal's triangle 帕斯卡三角形5. Catalan number 卡塔兰数6. Fibonacci sequence 斐波那契数列7. Partition 分割8. Graph theory 图论9. Ramsey theory 拉姆齐理论10. Combinatorial design 组合设计九、数论词汇1. Prime number 质数2. Composite number 合数3. Divisor 因数4. GCD 最大公约数5. LCM 最小公倍数6. Modular arithmetic 模运算7. Fermat's little theorem 费马小定理8. Euler's theorem 欧拉定理9. Chinese remainder theorem 中国剩余定理10. RSA encryption RSA加密十、集合论词汇1. Set 集合2. Element 元素3. Union 并集4. Intersection 交集5. Complement 补集6. Power set 幂集7. Cartesian product 笛卡尔积8. Function 函数9. Relation 关系10. Equivalence relation 等价关系美国数学大联盟常用英文词汇一、基础数学词汇1. Arithmetic 算术2. Algebra 代数3. Geometry 几何4. Trigonometry 三角学5. Calculus 微积分6. Statistics 统计学7. Probability 概率论8. Combinatorics 组合数学9. Number theory 数论10. Set theory 集合论二、代数词汇1. Variable 变量2. Equation 方程3. Inequality 不等式4. Function 函数5. Graph 图像6. Polynomial 多项式7. Factorization 因式分解8. Exponent 指数9. Logarithm 对数10. Matrix 矩阵三、几何词汇1. Point 点2. Line 线3. Plane 平面4. Angle 角度5. Triangle 三角形6. Quadrilateral 四边形7. Circle 圆8. Perimeter 周长9. Area 面积10. Volume 体积四、三角学词汇1. Sine 正弦2. Cosine 余弦3. Tangent 正切4. Cosecant 余割5. Secant 正割6. Cotangent 余切7. Arcsine 反正弦8. Arccosine 反余弦9. Arctangent 反正切10. Radian 弧度五、微积分词汇1. Derivative 导数2. Integral 积分3. Limit 极限4. Series 级数5. Sequence 数列6. Differentiation 微分7. Integration 积分8. Differential equation 微分方程9. Taylor series 泰勒级数10. Fourier series 傅里叶级数六、统计学词汇1. Data 数据2. Sample 样本3. Population 总体4. Mean 平均值5. Median 中位数6. Mode 众数7. Standard deviation 标准差8. Variance 方差9. Probability distribution 概率分布10. Hypothesis testing 假设检验七、概率论词汇1. Event 事件2. Probability 概率3. Random variable 随机变量4. Probability space 概率空间5. Conditional probability 条件概率6. Bayes' theorem 贝叶斯定理7. Independence 独立性8. Law of large numbers 大数定律9. Central limit theorem 中心极限定理10. Random walk 随机游走八、组合数学词汇1. Permutation 排列2. Combination 组合3. Binomial coefficient 二项式系数4. Pascal's triangle 帕斯卡三角形5. Catalan number 卡塔兰数6. Fibonacci sequence 斐波那契数列7. Partition 分割8. Graph theory 图论9. Ramsey theory 拉姆齐理论10. Combinatorial design 组合设计九、数论词汇1. Prime number 质数2. Composite number 合数3. Divisor 因数4. GCD 最大公约数5. LCM 最小公倍数6. Modular arithmetic 模运算7. Fermat's little theorem 费马小定理8. Euler's theorem 欧拉定理9. Chinese remainder theorem 中国剩余定理10. RSA encryption RSA加密十、集合论词汇1. Set 集合2. Element 元素3. Union 并集4. Intersection 交集5. Complement 补集6. Power set 幂集7. Cartesian product 笛卡尔积8. Function 函数9. Relation 关系10. Equivalence relation 等价关系十一、数学竞赛相关词汇1. Contest 竞赛2. Problem 问题3. Solution 解答4. Strategy 策略5. Practice 练习6. Challenge 挑战7. Competition 比赛8. Award 奖项9. Medal 奖牌10. Rank 排名十二、数学教育相关词汇1. Curriculum 课程2. Lesson 课3. Exercise 练习4. Homework 作业5. Test 测试6. Assessment 评估7. Instruction 指导8. Resource 资源9. Tool 工具10. Technique 技巧十三、数学研究相关词汇1. Research 研究2. Theory 理论3. Hypothesis 假设4. Proof 证明5. Result 结果6. Experiment 实验7. Observation 观察8. Analysis 分析9. Conclusion 结论10. Publication 发表十四、数学应用相关词汇1. Application 应用2. Model 模型3. Algorithm 算法4. Simulation 模拟5. Optimization 优化6. Data 数据7. Analysis 分析8. Solution 解答9. Design 设计10. Evaluation 评估十五、数学文化相关词汇1. History 历史2. Development 发展3. Influence 影响4. Mathematician 数学家5. Theory 理论6. Concept 概念7. Idea 思想8. Innovation 创新9. Tradition 传统10. Legacy 遗产通过掌握这些常用英文词汇，你将能够更好地理解和参与美国数学大联盟的数学竞赛、教育、研究以及应用等领域的讨论和交流。
数模美赛论文常用词汇
exclusively专门undobtedly毫无疑问的notable 值得注意的tremedous/significant极大的notion概念definition定义——defineInterpret……as…… 理解……为invoke(+模型援引，引用equation方程式，等式function 因变量——提示符号的含义matrix矩阵，模型constant 常数，常量It requires I t o be a constant for …to be truealgorithm演算方法——a general algorithm 通用算法simplify the algorithm 简化算法we have produced a general algrrithm to solve this tpye of problems.derivative微分，倒数antiderivative 不定积分optimal results 最优结果invesgate the problem from different point of view调查问题——investgation调查survey 调查subproblem 子问题，次要问题——major problem 主要问题metric 度量标准，指标digit 数字delete some digitselement /component 元素解题思路seek/explore——explore different ideas探索不同的想法we seek to device a new model for solving the problem by exploring the new direction suggested by their investigations.解决方案design/device ——develop/establish/conductBased on our analysis, we design a model for the problem using integral linear programming(线性积分). We then devise a polynominal-time apprximation algorithm toproduce near optimal ing integral linear programming.We then device a polynominal-time approximation toWe conduct sensitivity analysis on…to find…xxx analysis is al so performed.解决结果tackle/solveWe tackle the problem using the new technique we developed in the previous section.While it is difficult to solve the problem completely, we are able to solve a major subproblem.计划与打算approach/proposeWe approach the problem using the proposed method.We propose a new approach to tackling the problem.词组Based on…以……为基础According to根据Devide …into…——subdivide into细分…is applied to…使用了……模型来……——we apply our model into将我们的模型运用于Model proves to be efficient in other sports.模型被证明在其他方面有效….,which indicates that………反映了…,which led to the change of…导致了……的变化We…..only to find that..我们……只是发现了……… doesn’t matter ……是无关的Take…as example/as a case study 举例formulate and justify the assumptions 阐述并证明假说design/establish a model设计模型devise an algorithm 设计一个运算法/计算程序carry out numerical simulations 进行数学模拟for our problem a relationship exists that(… 我们的问题中存在一个关系式，使……we will assume/suppose that…我们假设……compare with different approaches 与不同的措施相比较There are at least two notions of where the sweet spot should be—an impact location on the bat that either· minimizesthe discomfort to the hands, or· maximizes the outgoing velocity Of the ball.We focus exclusively on the second definition我们专注于第二种定义We interpret the error of +2 as a normal distribution,.一with standard deviation of 1。
美国大学生数学建模MCM 数学专用名词
美国大学生数学建模MCM 数学专用名词augmented matrix增广矩阵asymptotic渐进的asymptote渐进线asymmetrical非对称的associative law结合律ascending上升的arrangement排列arithmetic算术argument幅角，幅度，自变量，论证area面积arc length弧长apothem边心距apex顶点aperiodic非周期的antisymmetric反对称的antiderivative原函数anticlockwise逆时针的annihilator零化子angular velocity角速度angle of rotation旋转角angle of incidence入射角angle of elevation仰角angle of depression俯角angle of circumference圆周角analytic space复空间analytic geometry解析几何analytic function解析函数analytic extension解析开拓amplitude幅角，振幅alternative互斥的alternate series交错级数almost everywhere几乎处处algebraic topology代数拓扑algebraic expression代数式algebraic代数的affine仿射(几何学)的admissible error容许误差admissible容许的adjugate伴随转置的adjoint operator伴随算子adjoint伴随的adjacency邻接additive加法，加性acute angle锐角accumulation point聚点accidential error偶然误差accessible point可达点abstract space抽象空间abstract algebra抽象代数absolute value绝对值absolute integrable绝对可积absolute convergent绝对收敛Abelian阿贝尔的，交换的balance equation平衡方程bandwidth带宽barycenter重心base基base vectors基向量biased error有偏误差biased statistic有偏统计量bilinear双线性的bijective双射的bilateral shift双侧位移的binomial二项式bisector二等分线，平分线boundary边界的，边界bounded有界的broken line折线bundle丛，把，卷calculus微积分calculus of variations变分法cancellation消去canonical典型的，标准的canonical form标准型cap交，求交运算capacity容量cardinal number基数Cartesian coordinates笛卡尔坐标category范畴，类型cell单元，方格，胞腔cell complex胞腔复形character特征标characterization特征circuit环路，线路，回路circular ring圆环circulating decimal循环小数clockwise顺时针方向的closed ball闭球closure闭包cluster point聚点coefficient系数cofinal共尾的cohomology上同调coincidence重合，叠和collinear共线的collective集体的columnar rank列秩combinatorial theory组合理论common tangent公切线commutative交换的compact紧的compact operator紧算子compatibility相容性compatible events相容事件complementary余的，补的complete完全的，完备的complex analysis复变函数论complex potential复位势composite复合的concave function凹函数concentric circles同心圆concurrent共点conditional number条件数confidence interval置信区间conformal共形的conic圆锥的conjugate共轭的connected连通的connected domain连通域consistence相容，一致constrained约束的continuable可延拓的continuity连续性contour周线，回路，轮廓线convergence收敛性convexity凸形convolution对和，卷积coordinate坐标coprime互质的，互素的correspondence对应coset陪集countable可数的counterexample反例covariance协方差covariant共变的covering覆盖critical临界的cubic root立方根cup并，求并运算curl旋度curvature曲率curve曲线cyclic循环的decade十进制的decagon十边形decimal小数的，十进制的decision theory决策论decomposable可分解的decreasing递减的decrement减量deduction推论，归纳法defect亏量，缺陷deficiency亏格definition定义definite integral定积分deflation压缩deflection挠度，挠率，变位degenerate退化的deleted neighborhood去心邻域denominator分母density稠密性，密度density function密度函数denumerable可数的departure偏差，偏离dependent相关的dependent variable因变量derangement重排derivation求导derivative导数descent下降determinant行列式diagram图，图表diameter直径diamond菱形dichotomy二分法diffeomorphism微分同胚differentiable可微的differential微分differential geometry微分几何difference差，差分digit数字dimension维数directed graph有向图directed set有向集direct prodect直积direct sum直和direction angle方向角directional derivative方向导数disc圆盘disconnected不连通的discontinuous不连续的discrete离散的discriminant判别式disjoint不相交的disorder混乱，无序dissection剖分dissipation损耗distribution分布，广义函数divergent发散的divisor因子，除数division除法domain区域，定义域dot product点积double integral二重积分dual对偶dynamic model动态模型dynamic programming动态规划dynamic system动力系统eccentricity离心率econometrics计量经济学edge棱，边eigenvalue特征值eigenvector特征向量eigenspace特征空间element元素ellipse椭圆embed嵌入empirical equation经验公式empirical assumption经验假设endomorphism自同态end point端点entropy熵entire function整函数envelope包络epimorphism满同态equiangular等角equilateral等边的equicontinuous等度连续的equilibrium平衡equivalence等价error estimate误差估计estimator估计量evaluation赋值，值的计算even number偶数exact sequence正合序列exact solution精确解excenter外心excision切割，分割exclusive events互斥事件exhaustive穷举的expansion展开，展开式expectation期望experimental error实验误差explicit function显函数exponent指数extension扩张，外延face面factor因子factorial阶乘fallacy谬误fiducial置信field域，场field theory域论figure图形，数字finite有限的finite group有限群finite iteration有限迭代finite rank有限秩finitely covered有限覆盖fitting拟合fixed point不动点flag标志flat space平旦空间formula公式fraction分数，分式frame架，标架free boundary自由边界frequency频数，频率front side正面function函数functional泛函functor函子，算符fundamental group基本群fuzzy模糊的gain增益，放大率game对策gap间断，间隙general topology一般拓扑学general term通项generalized普遍的，推广的generalized inverse广义逆generalization归纳，普遍化generating line母线genus亏格geodesic测地线geometrical几何的geometric series几何级数golden section黄金分割graph图形，网格half plane半平面harmonic调和的hexagon六边形hereditary可传的holomorphic全纯的homeomorphism同胚homogeneous齐次的homology同调homotopy同伦hyperbola双曲线hyperplane超平面hypothesis假设ideal理想idempotent幂等的identical恒等，恒同identity恒等式，单位元ill-condition病态image像点，像imaginary axis虚轴imbedding嵌入imitation模仿，模拟immersion浸入impulse function脉冲函数inclination斜角，倾角inclined plane斜面inclusion包含incomparable不可比的incompatible不相容的，互斥的inconsistent不成立的indefinite integral不定积分independence无关（性），独立（性）index指数，指标indivisible除不尽的inductive归纳的inductive definition归纳定义induced诱导的inequality不等式inertia law惯性律inference推理，推论infimum下确界infinite无穷大的infinite decimal无穷小数infinite series无穷级数infinitesimal无穷小的inflection point拐点information theory信息论inhomogeneous非齐次的injection内射inner point内点instability不稳定integer整数integrable可积的integrand被积函数integral积分intermediate value介值intersection交，相交interval区间intrinsic内在的，内蕴的invariant不变的inverse circular funct反三角函数inverse image逆像，原像inversion反演invertible可逆的involution对合irrational无理的，无理数irreducible不可约的isolated point孤立点isometric等距的isomorphic同构的iteration迭代joint distribution联合分布kernel核keyword关键词knot纽结known已知的large sample大样本last term末项lateral area侧面积lattice格子lattice point格点law of identity同一律leading coefficient首项系数leaf蔓叶线least squares solution最小二乘解lemma引理Lie algebra李代数lifting提升likelihood似然的limit极限linear combination线性组合linear filter线性滤波linear fraction transf线性分linear filter线性滤波式变换式变换linear functional线性泛函linear operator线性算子linearly dependent线性相关linearly independent线性无关local coordinates局部坐标locus(pl.loci)轨迹logarithm对数lower bound下界logic逻辑lozenge菱形lunar新月型main diagonal主对角线manifold流形mantissa尾数many-valued function多值函数map into映入map onto映到mapping映射marginal边缘master equation主方程mathermatical analysis数学分析mathematical expectati数学期望matrix(pl. matrices)矩阵maximal极大的，最大的maximum norm最大模mean平均，中数measurable可测的measure测度mesh网络metric space距离空间midpoint中点minus减minimal极小的，最小的model模型modulus模，模数moment矩monomorphism单一同态multi-analysis多元分析multiplication乘法multipole多极mutual相互的mutually disjoint互不相交natural boundary自然边界natural equivalence自然等价natural number自然数natural period固有周期negative负的，否定的neighborhood邻域nil-factor零因子nilpotent幂零的nodal节点的noncommutative非交换的nondense疏的，无处稠密的nonempty非空的noncountable不可数的nonlinear非线性的nonsingular非奇异的norm范数normal正规的，法线normal derivative法向导数normal direction法方向normal distribution正态分布normal family正规族normal operator正规算子normal set良序集normed赋范的n-tuple integral重积分number theory数论numerical analysis数值分析null空，零obtuse angle钝角octagon八边形octant卦限odd number奇数odevity奇偶性off-centre偏心的one-side单侧的open ball开球operations reserach运筹学optimality最优性optimization最优化optimum最佳条件orbit轨道order阶，级，次序order-preserving保序的order-type序型ordinal次序的ordinary寻常的，正常的ordinate纵坐标orient定方向orientable可定向的origin原点original state初始状态orthogonal正交的orthonormal规范化正交的outer product外积oval卵形线overdetermined超定的overlaping重叠，交迭pairity奇偶性pairwise两两的parabola抛物线parallel平行parallel lines平行线parallelogram平行四边形parameter参数parent population母体partial偏的，部分的partial ordering偏序partial sum部分和particle质点partition划分，分类path space道路空间perfect differential全微分period周期periodic decimal循环小数peripheral周界的，外表的periphery边界permissible容许的permutable可交换的perpendicular垂直perturbation扰动，摄动phase相，位相piecewise分段的planar平面的plane curve平面曲线plane domain平面区域plane pencil平面束plus加point of intersection交点pointwise逐点的polar coordinates极坐标pole极，极点polygon多边形polygonal line折线polynomial多项式positive正的，肯定的potency势，基数potential位势prime素的primitive本原的principal minor主子式prism棱柱proof theory证明论probability概率projective射影的，投影proportion比例pure纯的pyramid棱锥，棱锥体quadrant像限quadratic二次的quadric surface二次曲面quantity量，数量quasi-group拟群quasi-norm拟范数quasi-normal拟正规queuing theory排队论quotient商radial径向radical sign根号radication开方radian弧度radius半径ramified分歧的random随机randomize随机化range值域，区域，范围rank秩rational有理的raw data原始数据real function实函数reciprocal倒数的，互反的reciprocal basis对偶基reciprocity互反性rectangle长方形，矩形rectifiable可求长的recurring decimal循环小数reduce简化，化简reflection反射reflexive自反的region区域regular正则regular ring正则环related function相关函数remanent剩余的repeated root重根residue留数，残数resolution分解resolvent预解式right angle直角rotation旋转roundoff舍入row rank行秩ruled surface直纹曲面runs游程，取遍saddle point鞍点sample样本sampling取样scalar field标量场scalar product数量积，内积scale标尺，尺度scattering散射，扩散sectorial扇形self-adjoint自伴的semicircle半圆semi-definite半定的semigroup半群semisimple半单纯的separable可分的sequence序列sequential相继的，序列的serial序列的sheaf层side face侧面similar相似的simple curve简单曲线simplex单纯形singular values奇异值skeleton骨架skewness偏斜度slackness松弛性slant斜的slope斜率small sample小样本smooth manifold光滑流形solid figure立体形solid geometry立体几何solid of rotation旋转体solution解solvable可解的sparse稀疏的spectral theory谱论spectrum谱sphere球面，球形spiral螺线spline function样条函数splitting分裂的statistics统计，统计学statistic统计量stochastic随机的straight angle平角straight line直线stream-line流线subadditive次可加的subinterval子区间submanifold子流形subset子集subtraction减法sum和summable可加的summand被加数supremum上确界surjective满射的symmetric对称的tabular表格式的tabulation列表，造表tangent正切，切线tangent space切空间tangent vector切向量tensor张量term项terminal row末行termwise逐项的tetrahedroid四面体topological拓扑的torsion挠率totally ordered set全序集trace迹trajectory轨道transcendental超越的transfer改变，传transfinite超限的transformation变换式transitive可传递的translation平移transpose转置transverse横截、trapezoid梯形treble三倍，三重trend趋势triad三元组triaxial三轴的，三维的trigon三角形trigonometric三角学的tripod三面角tubular管状的twist挠曲，扭转type类型，型，序型unbiased无偏的unbiased estimate无偏估计unbounded无界的uncertainty不定性unconditional无条件的unequal不等的uniform一致的uniform boundness一致有界uniformly bounded一致有界的uniformly continuous一致连续uniformly convergent一致收敛unilateral单侧的union并，并集unit单位unit circle单位圆unitary matrix酉矩阵universal泛的，通用的upper bound上界unrounded不舍入的unstable不稳定的valuation赋值value值variation变分，变差variety簇vector向量vector bundle向量丛vertex顶点vertical angle对顶角volume体积，容积wave波wave form波形wave function波函数wave equation波动方程weak convergence弱收敛weak derivatives弱导数weight权重，重量well-ordered良序的well-posed适定的zero零zero divisor零因子zeros零点zone域，带</Words>。
数学建模美国赛单词分析解析
(留给这次的数学建模美国赛吧)Aabsolute value 绝对值accept 接受 acceptable region 接受域additivity 可加性 adjusted 调整的 alternative hypothesis 对立假设analysis 分析analysis of covariance 协方差分析analysis of variance 方差分析arithmetic mean 算术平均值association 相关性assumption 假设assumption checking 假设检验availability 有效度average 均值Bbalanced 平衡的band 带宽bar chart 条形图beta-distribution 贝塔分布between groups 组间的bias 偏倚binomial distribution 二项分布binomial test 二项检验Ccalculate 计算case 个案category 类别center of gravity 重心central tendency 中心趋势chi-square distribution 卡方分布chi-square test 卡方检验classify 分类cluster analysis 聚类分析c oefficient 系数coefficient of correlation 相关系数collinearity 共线性column 列compare 比较comparison 对照components 构成，分量compound 复合的confidence interval 置信区间con sistency 一致性constant 常数continuous variable 连续变量control charts 控制图correlation 相关covariance 协方差covariance matrix 协方差矩阵critical point 临界点critical value 临界值crosstab 列联表cubic 三次的，立方的cubic term 三次项cumulative distribution function 累加分布函数curve estimation 曲线估计Ddata 数据default 默认的definition 定义deleted residual 剔除残差density function 密度函数d ependent variable 因变量description 描述design of experiment 试验设计deviations 差异df. (degree of freedom) 自由度diagnostic 诊断dimension 维discrete variable 离散变量discrimin ant function 判别函数discriminatory analysis 判别分析distance 距离distribution 分布D-optim al design D-优化设计Eeaqual 相等effects of interaction 交互效应efficiency 有效性eigenvalue 特征值equal size 等含量equation 方程error 误差estimate 估计estimation of parameters 参数估计estimations 估计量evaluate 衡量exact value 精确值expectation 期望expected value 期望值exponential 指数的exponential distributon 指数分布extreme value 极值F factor 因素，因子factor analysis 因子分析factor score 因子得分factorial designs 析因设计factorial experiment 析因试验fit 拟合fitted line 拟合线fitted value 拟合值fixed model 固定模型fixed variable 固定变量fractional factorial design 部分析因设计frequency 频数F-test F 检验full factorial design 完全析因设计function 函数Ggamma distribution 伽玛分布geometric mean 几何均值group 组Hharmomic mean 调和均值heterogeneity 不齐性histogram 直方图homogeneity 齐性homogen eity of variance 方差齐性hypothesis 假设hypothesis test 假设检验Iindependence 独立independent variable 自变量independent-samples 独立样本index 指数ind ex of correlation 相关指数interaction 交互作用interclass correlation 组内相关interval estimat e 区间估计intraclass correlation 组间相关inverse 倒数的iterate 迭代Kkernal 核Kolmogorov-Smirnov test柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米诺夫检验kurtosis 峰度Llarge sample problem 大样本问题layer 层least-significant difference 最小显著差数least-squar e estimation 最小二乘估计least-square method 最小二乘法level 水平level of significance 显著性水平leverage value 中心化杠杆值life 寿命life test 寿命试验likelihood function 似然函数likelihood ratio test 似然比检验linear 线性的linear estimator 线性估计linear model 线性模型linear regression 线性回归linear relation 线性关系linear term 线性项logarithmic 对数的log arithms 对数logistic 逻辑的lost function 损失函数Mmain effect 主效应matrix 矩阵maximum 最大值maximum likelihood estimation 极大似然估计mean squared deviation(MSD) 均方差mean sum of square 均方和measure 衡量media 中位数M-estimator M估计minimum 最小值missing values 缺失值mixed model 混合模型mo de 众数model 模型Monte Carle method 蒙特卡罗法moving average 移动平均值multicollineari ty 多元共线性multiple comparison 多重比较multiple correlation 多重相关multiple correlation coefficient 复相关系数multiple correlation coefficient 多元相关系数multiple regression analysis 多元回归分析multiple regression equation 多元回归方程multiple response 多响应multivariat e analysis 多元分析Nnegative relationship 负相关nonadditively 不可加性nonlinear 非线性nonlinear regression 非线性回归noparametric tests 非参数检验normal distribution 正态分布null hypothesis 零假设n umber of cases 个案数Oone-sample 单样本one-tailed test 单侧检验one-way ANOVA 单向方差分析one-way classificat ion 单向分类optimal 优化的optimum allocation 最优配制order 排序order statistics 次序统计量origin 原点orthogonal 正交的outliers 异常值Ppaired observations 成对观测数据paired-sample 成对样本parameter 参数parameter estimatio n 参数估计partial correlation 偏相关partial correlation coefficient 偏相关系数partial regressio n coefficient 偏回归系数percent 百分数percentiles 百分位数pie chart 饼图point estimate 点估计poisson distribution 泊松分布polynomial curve 多项式曲线polynomial regression 多项式回归polynomials 多项式positive relationship 正相关power 幂P-P plot P-P概率图predict 预测predicted value 预测值prediction intervals 预测区间principal component analysis 主成分分析proability 概率probability density function 概率密度函数probit analysis 概率分析proportion 比例Qqadratic 二次的Q-Q plot Q-Q概率图quadratic term 二次项quality control 质量控制quantitati ve 数量的，度量的quartiles 四分位数Rrandom 随机的random number 随机数random number 随机数random sampling 随机取样ra ndom seed 随机数种子random variable 随机变量randomization 随机化range 极差rank 秩r ank correlation 秩相关rank statistic 秩统计量regression analysis 回归分析regression coefficie nt 回归系数regression line 回归线reject 拒绝rejection region 拒绝域relationship 关系reliab ility 可*性repeated 重复的report 报告，报表residual 残差residual sum of squares 剩余平方和response 响应risk function 风险函数robustness 稳健性root mean square 标准差row 行run 游程run test 游程检验Sample 样本sample size 样本容量sample space 样本空间sampling 取样sampling inspection 抽样检验scatter chart 散点图S-curve S形曲线separately 单独地sets 集合sign test 符号检验significance 显著性significance level 显著性水平significance testing 显著性检验significant 显著的，有效的significant digits 有效数字skewed distribution 偏态分布skewness 偏度small s ample problem 小样本问题smooth 平滑sort 排序soruces of variation 方差来源space 空间s pread 扩展square 平方standard deviation 标准离差standard error of mean 均值的标准误差standardization 标准化standardize 标准化statistic 统计量statistical quality control 统计质量控制std. residual 标准残差stepwise regression analysis 逐步回归stimulus 刺激strong assumpt ion 强假设stud. deleted residual 学生化剔除残差stud. residual 学生化残差subsamples 次级样本sufficient statistic 充分统计量sum 和sum of squares 平方和summary 概括，综述Ttable 表t-distribution t分布test 检验test criterion 检验判据test for linearity 线性检验test o f goodness of fit 拟合优度检验test of homogeneity 齐性检验test of independence 独立性检验test rules 检验法则test statistics 检验统计量testing function 检验函数time series 时间序列tolerance limits 容许限total 总共，和transformation 转换treatment 处理trimmed mean 截尾均值true value 真值t-test t检验two-tailed test 双侧检验Uunbalanced 不平衡的unbiased estimation 无偏估计unbiasedness 无偏性uniform distribution 均匀分布Vvalue of estimator 估计值variable 变量variance 方差variance components 方差分量varianc e ratio 方差比various 不同的vector 向量Wweight 加权，权重weighted average 加权平均值within groups 组内的ZZ score Z分数2. 最优化方法词汇英汉对照表Aactive constraint 活动约束active set method 活动集法analytic gradient 解析梯度approximate 近似arbitrary 强制性的argument 变量attainment factor 达到因子Bbandwidth 带宽be equivalent to 等价于best-fit 最佳拟合bound 边界Ccoefficient 系数complex-value 复数值component 分量constant 常数constrained 有约束的co nstraint 约束constraint function 约束函数continuous 连续的converge 收敛cubic polynomial interpolation method三次多项式插值法curve-fitting 曲线拟合Ddata-fitting 数据拟合default 默认的，默认的define 定义diagonal 对角的direct search metho d 直接搜索法direction of search 搜索方向discontinuous 不连续Eeigenvalue 特征值empty matrix 空矩阵equality 等式exceeded 溢出的Ffeasible 可行的feasible solution 可行解finite-difference 有限差分first-order 一阶GGauss-Newton method 高斯-牛顿法goal attainment problem 目标达到问题gradient 梯度gradi ent method 梯度法Hhandle 句柄Hessian matrix 海色矩阵Independent variables 独立变量inequality 不等式infeasibility 不可行性infeasible 不可行的init ial feasible solution 初始可行解initialize 初始化inverse 逆invoke 激活iteration 迭代iteration 迭代JJacobian 雅可比矩阵LLagrange multiplier 拉格朗日乘子large-scale 大型的least square 最小二乘least squares sens e 最小二乘意义上的Levenberg-Marquardt method 列文伯格-马夸尔特法line search 一维搜索li near 线性的linear equality constraints 线性等式约束linear programming problem 线性规划问题local solution 局部解M medium-scale 中型的minimize 最小化mixed quadratic and cubic polynomial interpolation and extrapolation method 混合二次、三次多项式内插、外插法multiobjective 多目标的Nnonlinear 非线性的norm 范数Oobjective function 目标函数observed data 测量数据optimization routine 优化过程optimize 优化optimizer 求解器over-determined system 超定系统Pparameter 参数partial derivatives 偏导数polynomial interpolation method 多项式插值法Qquadratic 二次的quadratic interpolation method 二次内插法quadratic programming 二次规划Rreal-value 实数值residuals 残差robust 稳健的robustness 稳健性，鲁棒性S scalar 标量semi-infinitely problem 半无限问题Sequential Quadratic Programming method 序列二次规划法simplex search method 单纯形法solution 解sparse matrix 稀疏矩阵sparsity pattern 稀疏模式sparsity structure 稀疏结构starting point 初始点step length 步长subspace trust region method 子空间置信域法sum-of-squares 平方和symmetric matrix 对称矩阵Ttermination message 终止信息termination tolerance 终止容限the exit condition 退出条件the method of steepest descent 最速下降法transpose 转置Uunconstrained 无约束的under-determined system 负定系统Vvariable 变量vector 矢量Wweighting matrix 加权矩阵3 样条词汇英汉对照表Aapproximation 逼近array 数组a spline in b-form/b-spline b样条a spline of polynomial piece /ppform spline 分段多项式样条Bbivariate spline function 二元样条函数break/breaks 断点Ccoefficient/coefficients 系数cubic interpolation 三次插值/三次内插cubic polynomial 三次多项式cubic smoothing spline 三次平滑样条cubic spline 三次样条cubic spline interpolation 三次样条插值/三次样条内插curve 曲线Ddegree of freedom 自由度dimension 维数Eend conditions 约束条件input argument 输入参数interpolation 插值/内插interval 取值区间Kknot/knots 节点Lleast-squares approximation 最小二乘拟合Mmultiplicity 重次multivariate function 多元函数Ooptional argument 可选参数order 阶次output argument 输出参数P point/points 数据点Rrational spline 有理样条rounding error 舍入误差（相对误差）Sscalar 标量sequence 数列（数组）spline 样条spline approximation 样条逼近/样条拟合spline function 样条函数spline curve 样条曲线spline interpolation 样条插值/样条内插spline surface 样条曲面smoothing spline 平滑样条Ttolerance 允许精度Uunivariate function 一元函数Vvector 向量Wweight/weights 权重4 偏微分方程数值解词汇英汉对照表Aabsolute error 绝对误差absolute tolerance 绝对容限adaptive mesh 适应性网格Bboundary condition 边界条件Ccontour plot 等值线图converge 收敛coordinate 坐标系Ddecomposed 分解的decomposed geometry matrix 分解几何矩阵diagonal matrix 对角矩阵Diri chlet boundary conditions Dirichlet边界条件Eeigenvalue 特征值elliptic 椭圆形的error estimate 误差估计exact solution 精确解Ggeneralized Neumann boundary condition 推广的Neumann边界条件geometry 几何形状geome try description matrix 几何描述矩阵geometry matrix 几何矩阵graphical user interface（GUI）图形用户界面Hhyperbolic 双曲线的Iinitial mesh 初始网格Jjiggle 微调LLagrange multipliers 拉格朗日乘子Laplace equation 拉普拉斯方程linear interpolation 线性插值loop 循环Mmachine precision 机器精度mixed boundary condition 混合边界条件NNeuman boundary condition Neuman边界条件node point 节点nonlinear solver 非线性求解器normal vector 法向量PParabolic 抛物线型的partial differential equation 偏微分方程plane strain 平面应变plane stres s 平面应力Poisson's equation 泊松方程polygon 多边形positive definite 正定Qquality 质量Rrefined triangular mesh 加密的三角形网格relative tolerance 相对容限relative tolerance 相对容限residual 残差residual norm 残差范数Ssingular 奇异的。
建模相关专业词汇
建模相关专业词汇
建模是一个涉及多个领域的广泛概念，包括计算机科学、数学、物理、工程等。
以下是一些与建模相关的专业词汇：
模型（Model）：是对现实世界或抽象系统的简化表示，用于研究、分析或预测系统的行为。
数学建模（Mathematical Modeling）：使用数学语言、符号和公式来描述和解释现实世界的现象或过程。
物理建模（Physical Modeling）：通过建立物理方程和模拟物理过程来理解和预测实际系统的行为。
计算机建模（Computer Modeling）：使用计算机程序和算法来模拟和预测系统的行为。
统计建模（Statistical Modeling）：利用统计学原理和方法来建立模型，以描述和预测数据的分布和变化。
系统建模（System Modeling）：对系统的结构和行为进行建模，以了解系统的整体性能和稳定性。
仿真（Simulation）：通过模拟实际系统的运行过程，来预测系统的性能和行为。
优化建模（Optimization Modeling）：通过建立优化模型，以寻找系统性能的最优解或近似最优解。
动态建模（Dynamic Modeling）：对系统的动态行为进行建模，以了解系统随时间的变化过程。
静态建模（Static Modeling）：对系统的静态特性进行建模，以了解系统在特定条件下的性能。
以上仅是与建模相关的一些常见专业词汇，实际上建模领域涉及的词汇和概念非常广泛，具体还需根据具体的应用领域和背景进行深入了解。
数学建模美赛论文中可以用到的短语
MCM论文写作常用句型（长文，建议收藏）The expression of ... can be expanded as: ......的表达式可扩展为...A is exponentially smaller than B, so it can be neglected.A对B来说呈指数级减小，所以可以忽略不计。
Equation (1) is reduced to:方程（1）化简为：Substitute the values into equation (3), we get...把这些值代入方程3，我们得到...According to our first assumption on Page 1,根据我们第一页的第一个假设，Thus we arrive at the conclusion：因此我们得到结论：From the model of ..., we find that theoretically, it is almost true that ...由...模型，我们从理论上证明了... 是真实可信的。
That is the theoretical basis for ... in many application areas.这是...在很多领域应用的理论基础。
To quantitatively analyze the different requirements of the two applications, we intro duce two measures:为了定量的分析这两种应用的不同要求，我们介绍来两个量度标准。
We give the criterion that...我们给出了...的判别标准According to the criterion of...根据...的标准So its expression can be derived from equation (3) with small change.所以它的表达式可以由方程3做微小改动而推出。
美国数学竞赛AMC常用单词
美国数学竞赛A M C常用单词集团标准化工作小组 #Q8QGGQT-GX8G08Q8-GNQGJ8-MHHGN#美国数学竞赛（AMC）常用单词美国数学竞赛（AMC）常用单词数学 mathematics, maths（BrE）, math（AmE）被除数 dividend 除数 divisor商 quotient等于 equals, is equal to, is equivalent to大于 is greater than小于 is lesser than大于等于 is equal or greater than小于等于 is equal or lesser than运算符 operator数字 digit数 number自然数 natural number公理 axiom定理 theorem计算 calculation运算 operation证明 prove假设 hypothesis, hypotheses（pl.）命题 proposition算术 arithmetic加 plus（prep.）, add（v.）, addition（n.）被加数 augend, summand加数 addend和 sum减 minus（prep.）, subtract（v.）, subtraction（n.）被减数 minuend减数 subtrahend差 remainder乘 times（prep.）, multiply（v.）, multiplication（n.）被乘数 multiplicand, faciend乘数 multiplicator积 product除 divided by（prep.）, divide（v.）, division（n.）整数 integer小数 decimal小数点 decimal point分数 fraction分子 numerator分母 denominator比 ratio正 positive负 negative零 null, zero, nought, nil十进制 decimal system二进制 binary system十六进制 hexadecimal system 权 weight, significance进位 carry截尾 truncation四舍五入 round下舍入 round down上舍入 round up有效数字 significant digit无效数字 insignificant digit代数 algebra公式 formula, formulae（pl.）单项式 monomial多项式 polynomial, multinomial系数 coefficient未知数 unknown, x-factor, y-factor, z-factor 等式，方程式 equation一次方程 simple equation二次方程 quadratic equation三次方程 cubic equation四次方程 quartic equation不等式 inequation阶乘 factorial对数 logarithm指数，幂 exponent乘方 power二次方，平方 square三次方，立方 cube四次方 the power of four, the fourth power n次方 the power of n, the nth power开方 evolution, extraction二次方根，平方根 square root三次方根，立方根 cube root四次方根 the root of four, the fourth root n次方根 the root of n, the nth root集合 aggregate元素 element空集 void子集 subset交集 intersection并集 union补集 complement映射 mapping函数 function定义域 domain, field of definition值域 range常量 constant变量 variable单调性 monotonicity奇偶性 parity周期性 periodicity图象 image数列，级数 series微积分 calculus微分 differential导数 derivative极限 limit无穷大 infinite（a.） infinity（n.）无穷小 infinitesimal积分 integral定积分 definite integral不定积分 indefinite integral有理数 rational number无理数 irrational number实数 real number虚数 imaginary number复数 complex number矩阵 matrix行列式 determinant 几何 geometry点 point线 line面 plane体 solid线段 segment射线 radial平行 parallel相交 intersect角 angle角度 degree弧度 radian锐角 acute angle 直角 right angle钝角 obtuse angle 平角 straight angle 周角 perigon底 base边 side高 height三角形 triangle锐角三角形 acute triangle直角三角形 right triangle直角边 leg斜边 hypotenuse勾股定理 Pythagorean theorem钝角三角形 obtuse triangle不等边三角形 scalene triangle等腰三角形 isosceles triangle等边三角形 equilateral triangle四边形 quadrilateral平行四边形 parallelogram矩形 rectangle长 length宽 width菱形 rhomb, rhombus, rhombi（pl.）, diamond 正方形 square梯形 trapezoid直角梯形 right trapezoid等腰梯形 isosceles trapezoid五边形 pentagon六边形 hexagon七边形 heptagon八边形 octagon九边形 enneagon十边形 decagon十一边形 hendecagon十二边形 dodecagon多边形 polygon正多边形 equilateral polygon圆 circle圆心 centre（BrE）, center（AmE）半径 radius直径 diameter圆周率 pi弧 arc半圆 semicircle扇形 sector环 ring椭圆 ellipse圆周 circumference周长 perimeter面积 area轨迹 locus, loca（pl.）相似 similar全等 congruent四面体 tetrahedron五面体 pentahedron六面体 hexahedron平行六面体 parallelepiped 立方体 cube七面体 heptahedron八面体 octahedron九面体 enneahedron十面体 decahedron十一面体 hendecahedron 十二面体 dodecahedron 二十面体 icosahedron多面体 polyhedron棱锥 pyramid棱柱 prism棱台 frustum of a prism 旋转 rotation轴 axis圆锥 cone圆柱 cylinder圆台 frustum of a cone球 sphere半球 hemisphere底面 undersurface表面积 surface area体积 volume空间 space坐标系 coordinates坐标轴 x-axis, y-axis, z-axis 横坐标 x-coordinate纵坐标 y-coordinate原点 origin双曲线 hyperbola抛物线 parabola三角 trigonometry正弦 sine余弦 cosine正切 tangent余切 cotangent正割 secant余割 cosecant反正弦 arc sine反余弦 arc cosine反正切 arc tangent反余切 arc cotangent反正割 arc secant反余割 arc cosecant相位 phase周期 period振幅 amplitude内心 incentre（BrE）, incenter（AmE）外心 excentre（BrE）, excenter（AmE）旁心 escentre（BrE）, escenter（AmE）垂心 orthocentre（BrE）, orthocenter（AmE）重心 barycentre（BrE）, barycenter（AmE）内切圆 inscribed circle外切圆 circumcircle统计 statistics平均数 average加权平均数 weighted average方差 variance标准差 root-mean-square deviation, standard deviation 比例 propotion百分比 percent百分点 percentage百分位数 percentile排列 permutation组合 combination概率，或然率 probability分布 distribution正态分布 normal distribution非正态分布 abnormal distribution 图表 graph条形统计图 bar graph柱形统计图 histogram折线统计图 broken line graph曲线统计图 curve diagram扇形统计图 pie diagram。
AMC数学词汇
美国数学竞赛AMC 10 的常用数学英语单词1. 有关数学运算product 积divide除dividend 被除数quotient商remainder 余数divisible可被整除的divided evenly 被整除divisor 因子，除数factorial阶乘power 乘方round to/to the nearest四舍五入2. 有关集合union 并集intersection交集proper subset 真子集solution set解集3. 有关代数式、方程和不等式algebraic term 代数项similar terms同类项literal coefficient字母系数numerical coefficient数字系数range 值域factorization因式分解original equation原方程equivalent equation同解方程，等价方程linear equation线性方程inequality不等式4. 有关分数和小数排列组合permutation 排列combination 组合quadrilateral四边形pentagon 五边形hexagon 六边形heptagon 七边形octagon 八边形nonagon 九边形decagon 十边形polygon 多边形multilateral多边的parallelogram 平行四边形mixed number 带分数simple fraction简分数complex fraction 繁分数numerator 分子denominator 分母(least)common denominator(最小)公分母quarter 四分之一decimal fraction纯小数infinite decimal无穷小数recurring decimal 循环小数places位（thousands’place，hundreds’place，tens’place，units’place(ones’digit)，tenths’place，hundredths’place，thousandths’place.）5. 基本数学概念arithmetic mean 算术平均值 geometric mean 几何平均数 weighted average 加权平均值 exponent 指数，幂base 乘幂的底数，底边powers 幂cube 立方数，立方体square root 平方根cube root 立方根digit 阿拉伯数字constant常数variable变量6.有关数论natural number 自然数integer/whole number 整数 nonnegative 非负的distinct不同的equilateral等边形square 正方形rectangle长方形regular polygon 正多边形rhombus 菱形trapezoid梯形congruent 全等的isosceles triangle等腰三角形equilateral triangle 等边三角形scalene triangle 不等边三角形right triangle直角三角形even integer 偶数real number / rationalnumber 实数，有理数irrational(number)无理数consecutive 连续数inverse / reciprocal 倒数composite number 合数prime number 质数common divisor 公约数multiple 倍数(least) common multiple(最小)公倍数(prime)factor (质)因子common factor 公因子统计mode众数median 中数standard error 标准偏差standard variation 标准方差standard deviation 标准差7.数列arithmeticprogression(sequence) 等差数列geometricprogression(sequence)等比数列8.比例direct proportion正比indirect proportion反比proportion比例ratio比值9. 概率approximate 近似estimation 估计，近似inscribed triangle内接三角形hypotenuse 斜边leg 直角边included side夹边arm 直角三角形的股median of a triangle 三角形的中线opposite 直角三角形中的对边altitude(三角形的)高vertex 顶点base 底circle圆形semicircle半圆concentric circles同心圆cross section横截面center of a circle圆心chord 弦diameter 直径radius半径circumference 圆周长add，plus 加subtract减difference差multiply,times乘product 积divide除divisible可被整除的dividedevenly 被整除dividend 被除数divisor 因子，除数quotient商remainder 余数factorial阶乘power 乘方radicalsign,rootsign根号roundto 四舍五入tothenearest四舍五入2.有关集合union 并集proper subset 真子集solution set解集3. 有关代数式、方程和不等式literal coefficient字母系数inequality不等式triangle inequality三角不等式range 值域original equation原方程equivalent equation 同解方程等价方程linear equation线性方程(e.g.5 x+6=22)4. 有关分数和小数proper fraction真分数improper fraction 假分数mixed number 带分数vulgar fraction，commonfraction普通分数simple fraction简分数complex fraction 繁分数arc弧surface area表面积radian 弧度（弧长/半径）segment of a circle弧形 point oftangency 切点tangent 正切inscribe内切，内接circumscribe 外切，外接edge 边numerator 分子denominator 分母(least)common denominator(最小)公分母quarter 四分之一decimal fraction纯小数infinite decimal无穷小数 recurring decimal循环小数tenthsunit十分位5.基本数学概念arithmetic mean 算术平均值 weighted average 加权平均值 geometric mean几何平均数 exponent 指数，幂base 乘幂的底数,底边cube 立方数，立方体square root 平方根cube root 立方根common logarithm 常用对数digit数字constant常数variable变量inversefunction反函数complementary function 余函数 linear 一次的，线性的6. 有关数论natural number 自然数positive number 正数negative number 负数odd integer,odd number 奇数 even integer,even number 偶数integer,whole number 整数positive whole number 正整数 negative whole number 负整数 consecutive number 连续整数 rea lnumber,rational number 实数,有理数irrational(number)无理数vertex 顶点cube 立方体rectangular solid长方体length长width 宽altitude高inverse倒数composite number 合数e.g.4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15……prime number 质数e.g.2,3,5,7,11,13,15……reciprocal倒数common divisor 公约数multiple倍数(least)common multiple(最小)公倍数(prime)factor(质)因子common factor 公因子ordinaryscale,decimalscale十进制nonnegative 非负的tens 十位units个位mode 众数median 中数common ratio 公比7. 数列arithmetic progression(sequence)等差数列geometric progression(sequence)等比数列ordinal序数directproportion正比distinct不同的estimation 估计，近似parentheses 括号proportion比例permutation 排列combination 组合table表格trigonometric function三角函数unit单位,位几何部分1.所有的角2alternate angle内错角corresponding angle 同位角vertical angle对顶角central angle圆心角interior angle内角exterior angle外角supplement aryangles 补角complement aryangle 余角adjacent angle邻角acute angle 锐角obtuse angle 钝角right angle直角round angle 周角straight angle平角included angle 夹角2. 所有的三角形equilateral triangle等边三角形scalene triangle 不等边三角形isosceles triangle等腰三角形right triangle直角三角形oblique 斜三角形inscribed triangle内接三角形3. 有关收敛的平面图形，除三角形外semicircle半圆concentric circles同心圆quadrilateral四边形pentagon 五边形hexagon 六边形heptagon 七边形octagon 八边形nonagon 九边形decagon 十边形polygon 多边形square 正方形，平方rectangle长方形regular polygon 正多边形rhombus 菱形trapezoid梯形4. 其它平面图形arc弧line,straight line直线line segment 线段parallel lines平行线segment of a circle弧形5. 有关立体图形cube 立方体，立方数rectangular solid长方体regular solid/regular polyhedron正多面体circular cylinder圆柱体cone 圆锥sphere 球体solid立体的6. 有关图形上的附属物altitude高depth 深度side边长circumference,perimeter周长 radian弧度surface area表面积volume 体积arm 直角三角形的股cros ssection横截面center of acircle圆心chord 弦radius半径angle bisector 角平分线diagonal 对角线diameter 直径edge 棱face of a solid立体的面hypotenuse 斜边included side夹边leg 三角形的直角边medianofatriangle三角形的中线 base 底边，底数(e.g.2 的5 次方，2就是底数)opposite 直角三角形中的对midpoint边中点transversal截线intercept截距7. 有关坐标coordinate system 坐标系rectangularcoordinate直角坐标系origin原点abscissa横坐标ordinate纵坐标numberline 数轴quadrant 象限slope 斜率complex plane 复平面8. 其它plane geometry 平面几何trigonometry 三角学bisect平分circumscribe 外切inscribe内切intersect相交perpendicular 垂直pythagorean theorem 勾股定理congruent 全等的multilateral多边的其它1.单位类cent 美分penny 一美分硬币nickel5 美分硬币dime 一角硬币dozen 打(12 个)score 廿(20 个)Centigrade 摄氏Fahrenheit 华氏quart 夸脱gallon加仑(1gallon=4quart)yard 码meter 米micron 微米inch 英寸foot 英尺minute 分(角度的度量单位， 60分=1 度)squaremeasure 平方单位制cubicmeter 立方米pint品脱(干量或液量的单)位商 quotient等于equals, is equal to,is equivalent to大于 is greater than小于is lesser than大于等于is equal or greaterthan小于等于is equal or lesserthan运算符 operator数字 digit数 number自然数natural number公理 axiom定理 theorem计算calculation运算 operation3证明 prove假设hypothesis, hypotheses （pl.）命题 proposition算术arithmetic加 plus（prep.） , add（v.）, addition（n.）被加数augend, summand加数 addend和 sum减minus（prep.） , subtract （v.）, subtraction（n.）被减数 minuend减数 subtrahend差 remainder乘times（prep.）,multiply（v.）, multiplication（n.）被乘数multiplicand, faciend 乘数multiplicator积 product除divided by（prep.）,divide （v.）,division（n.）整数integer小数 decimal小数点 decimal point分数 fraction分子numerator分母 denominator比ratio正 positive负negative零 null, zero, nought, nil十进制decimal system 二进制binary system十六进制hexadecimalsystem权 weight, significance进位 carry截尾 truncation四舍五入round下舍入round down上舍入round up有效数字 significant digit无效数字insignificant digit代数 algebra公式 formula, formulae（pl.）单项式monomial多项式polynomial,multinomial系数 coefficient未知数unknown, x-factor, y-factor,z-factor等式，方程式equation一次方程二次方程三次方程四次方程simple equationquadraticequation cubicequationquartic equation不等式inequation阶乘 factorial对数 logarithm指数，幂exponent乘方 power二次方，平方square三次方，立方cube四次方 the power of four,thepowerthe power of n, thenthpower开方 evolution,extraction 二次方根，平方根square root三次方根，立方根cuberoot 四次方根the rootof four, the fourth rootn 次方根 the root of n, thenthfourthn 次方root 集合元素空集子集交集并集补集映射函数aggregateelement void subset intersection union complementmapping function定义域domain, field of definition值域 range常量 constant变量 variable单调性monotonicity奇偶性 parity周期性periodicity图象 image数列，级数series微积分 calculus微分 differential导数 derivative 极限limit无穷大infinite（a.）infinity无穷小infinitesimal积分integral定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral有理数rational number无理数irrational number实数real number虚数 imaginary number复数 complex number矩阵matrix行列式 determinant几何 geometry点 point线 line面 plane体 solid线段射线平行相交segmentradialparallelintersect角 angle角度弧度锐角直角钝角degreeradianacuteangleright angleobtuseanglestraightangleperigon平角周角底 base 边 side 高height 三角形 triangle锐角三角形acute triangle 直角三角形right triangle 直角边leg斜边hypotenuse勾股定理Pythagoreantheorem钝角三角形obtuse triangle 不等边三角形scalenetriangle等腰三角形isoscelestriangle等边三角形equilateraltriangle四边形 quadrilateral平行四边形parallelogram矩形rectangle长length宽 width（n.）4菱形rhomb, rhombus, rhombi（pl.）, diamond正方形 square梯形 trapezoid直角梯形right trapezoid等腰梯形isosceles trapezoid五边形六边形七边形八边形九边形十边形pentag on hexago n heptag on octago n enneag on decago n十一边形hendecagon十二边形 dodecagon多边形 polygon正多边形equilateral polygon 圆 circle圆心centre（BrE）, center （AmE）半径radius直径 diameter圆周率 pi弧 arc半圆 semicircle扇形 sector环 ring 椭圆圆周周长面积ellipsecircumferenceperimeterarea轨迹 locus, loca（pl.）相似 similar全等 congruent四面体 tetrahedron五面体 pentahedron六面体hexahedron平行六面体parallelepiped立方体七面体八面体九面体十面体cubeheptahedronoctahedronenneahedrondecahedron十一面体hendecahedron十二面体 dodecahedron 二十面体icosahedron 多面体polyhedron棱锥棱柱棱台旋pyramidprismfrustum of aprism rotation转轴 axis圆锥 cone圆柱 cylinder圆台 frustum of a cone 球 sphere半球hemisphere底面undersurface表面积 surface area体积 volume空间 space坐标系坐标轴横坐标纵坐标coordinatesx-axis,y-axis,z-axis x-coordinatey-coordinate原点 origin双曲线hyperbola 抛物线parabola三角正弦余弦正切余切正割余trigonometry sinecosinetangentcotangentsecantcosecant割反正弦反余弦反正切反余切反正割反余割arc sinearc cosinearc tangentarccotangentarc secantarccosecant相位 phase周期 period振幅 amplitude内心incentre（BrE）,incenter（AmE）外心 excentre（BrE） ,excenter（AmE）旁心 escentre（BrE） ,escenter（AmE）垂心 orthocentre（BrE） ,orthocenter（AmE）重心barycentre（BrE） ,barycenter（AmE）内切圆inscribed circle外切圆 circumcircle统计 statistics平均数 average加权平均数 weightedaverage方差 variance标准差root-mean-square deviation,standard deviation比例 propotion百分比percent百分点percentage 百分位数percentile 排列permutation组合 combination 概率，或然率probability 分布 distribution正态分布normal distribution 非正态分布abnormaldistribution图表 graph条形统计 bar graph柱形统计图折线统计图曲线统计图扇形统计图histogrambroken lineraph curvediagram piediagram5。
美国数学用语
acute angle 锐角acute triangle 锐角三角形adjacent angle 邻角alternate angle 错角alternate exterior angle 外错角alternate interior angle 内错角altitude 顶垂线angle of a circumference 圆周角angular bisector 角等分线arc 弧arc cosine 反余弦arc sine 反正弦arc tangent 反正切axis of symmetry 对称轴base 底线broken line 折线center of a circle 圆心center of figure 垂心、形心central angle 圆心角central symmetry 中心对称centroid 垂心、形心chord 弦circle 圆circular conical surface 圆锥面circular measure 弧度制circumcircle 外接圆circumference 圆周circumscribed circle 外接圆common tangent 公切线complementary angle 余角concave polygon 凹多边形concave polyhedron 凹多面体concentric circles 同心圆cone 圆锥convex polygon 凸多边形convex polyhedron 凸多面体corresponding angle 同位角cosecant 余割cosine 余弦cotangent 余切coversine 余矢cross section 截面cuboid 长方体curved surface 曲面cylinder 圆柱体cylindrical surface 圆柱面degree measure of an angle 角度制degree of an angle 角度diagonal 对角线diameter 直径dihedral angle 二面角distance 距离、距dodecahedron 十二面体double angle 倍角edge 棱ellipse 椭圆ellipsoid 椭圆end point 端点equilateral triangle 等边三角形、正三角形Euler's formula 欧拉公式excentre 旁心exterior angle 外角exterior angles on the same side 同旁外角face angle 面角foot of a perpendicular 垂足foundations of geometry 几何学geimetrical element 几何元素generatrix 母线generator 母线geometric construction 几何作图geometric figure 几何图形half angle 半角half line 半线hexahedron 六面体horizonal line 水平线icosahedron 二十面体incentre 内心incircle 内切圆ineterior on the same side 同旁内角initial side of anangle 角的始边inscribed circle of a triangle 三角形内切圆interior angle 内角interpolation 插值法，内推法intersecting lines 相交线intersection of two lines 两线相交intersection point 交点inverse cosine 反余弦inverse sine 反正弦inverse tangent 反正切inverse trigonometric function 反三角函数isosceles trapezoid 等腰梯形isosceles triangle 等腰三角形lateral face 侧面law of cosines 余弦定理law of sines 正弦定理law of tangents 正切定理line 线line segment 线段median line 中线Napier's rules 纳皮尔定律negative angle 负角oblique spherical triangle 斜角球面三角形obtuse angle 钝角obtuse triangle 钝角三角形octahedron 八面体orthocentre 垂心parallel lines 平行线parallelogram 平行四边形pentagon 五边形pentahedron 五面体periodicity of functions 函数的周期性perpendicular 垂线perpendicular bisector 中垂线plane 平面plane trigonometry 平面三角学plane angle 平面角point 点point of intersection 交点point of tangency 切点polar triangle 极三角形pole of a circle 圆的极点polygon 多边形polyhedral angle 多面角positive angle 正角primitive angle 原始三角形principal value 主值prism 棱柱体pyramid 棱锥体Pythagorean theorem 勾股定理quadrant 象限quadrantal triangle 象限球面三角形quadrilateral 四边形radian 弧度radius 半径ray 射线reciprocal function 互反函数rectangle 长方形、矩形rectangular solid 长方体regular dodecahedron 正十二面体regular icosahedron 正二十面体regular octahedron 正八面体regular polygon 正多边形regular prism 正棱柱rhomboid 长菱形rhombus 菱形right angle 直角right parallelepiped 直平行六面体right prism 直棱柱roots of unity 单位根round angle 周角scalene triangle 不等边三角形secant 正割secant 割线segment of a circle 弓形segment of a circle 弓形semiciecle 半圆圆周率side 边sine-cosine law 正弦－余弦定理small side 勾solid angle 立体角sphere 球spherical angle 球面角spherical degree 球面度spherical surface 球面spherical tight triangle 球面直角三角形spherical triangle 球面三角形spheroid 球体square 正方形straight angle 平角straight line 直线supplementary angle 补角surface 面surface of an angle 球面tangent 正切tangent line 切线terminate side of an angle 角的终边tetrahedral angle 四面角tetrahedron 四面体trapezoid 梯形triangular prism 三棱柱trigonometric equation 三角方程trigonometric function 三角函数trihedral angle 三面角trisection of an angle 三等分角versed cosine 余矢versed sine 正矢versine 正矢vertical 垂线vertical angles 对顶角。
美国数学建模MCM_ICM论文常用词汇
如何写论文摘要论文摘要的写法不象数学术语的定义和数学定理的叙述那样，有一定的格式可循，但对于初学者来说，仍有一些常见的句子可以摹仿。
现略举一些这样的句子，并附上一些论文摘要作为例子，供读者参考。
需要指出的是，这里所举的例句对普遍的文章均适合，比较抽象，具体的论文摘要除了可上下面某些句子外，必须有具体内容，更确切地说摘要中要包含一些key words 以说明该文涉及的内容，但一般不要在摘要中引用文献。
1．开门见山，说明文章内容，可用下面的句子起句：The aim(or object, purpose) of this paper(or note)The aim(or object, purpose) of this paper(or note)The aim(or object, purpose) of this paper(or note)The aim(or object, purpose) of this paper(or note)The aim(or object, purpose) of this paper(or note)The aim(or object, purpose) of this paper(or note)It is the purpose of this paper to prove…It is the purpose of this paper to show…It is the purpose of this paper to present…It is the purpose of this paper to develop…It is the purpose of this paper to generalize…It is the purpose of this paper to investigate…This paper is concerned with…This paper deals with…In this paper we prove…n this paper we present…In this paper we propose to show…2．如果需要简略回顾历史，然后再说明自己文章的内容，则可参考采用下面的句子：is to prove…is to show…is to present…is to develop…is to generalize…is to investigate…The problem…was first treated by…and later…improved by….The purpose of this paper ………….is to prove that it holds in a more general case. . …first raised the problem which was later partly solved by … .We now solve this problem in the case of …3．如果文章推广了别人的结果，或减弱了别人结果中的条件，则可参考采用下面的句子：The purpose of this paper is to generalize the results obtained by …to a more general case, i. e. , … . .In this paper we shall prove several theorems which are generalizations to the results given by …This paper intends to remove some unnecessary assumptions(e. g. , regularity) fromthe . . paper on……This paper deals with generalizations of the following problem……This paper improves the result of …on…by weakening the conditions………例：It is the purpose of the present paper to point out that certain basic aspects of information-processing systems possess dynamical analogy, and to show that these analogies can be exploited to obtain deeper insights into the behaviour of complex systems.We present a general comparision principle for systems of employ this result boundary value problems and for proving existence and uniqueness of solutions, stability and existence of periodic solutions for non-linear boundary value problems.We proved a theorem for generalized non-expansive mapping in locally convex spaces and extend the results of results of Brouder.This paper is concerned with the existence of multiple solutions of for the non-linear differential equation of the form…This paper is concerned with the question of local multiplicity not greater than 2.The object of this paper is to investigate the behaviour at the boundary of solutions to the uniformly semi-linear equation…uniqueness of solutions of Cauchy boundary problems Kirk and Kaun. We also obtain a theorem which generalizes the . Problem for elliptic partial differential equations with characteristics of The aim of this paper is to try to minimize the functional over the class F of all absolutely continuous functions f(x) which satisfy the boundary conditions社论——写自己的比赛论文导言今年的ICM 出现了一些瑕疵，两支队伍被取消了资格。
【免费下载】数学建模美国赛单词
data 数据 default 默认的 definition 定义 deleted residual 剔除残差 density function 密度函数 dependent variable 因变量 description 描述 design of experiment 试验设计 deviations 差异 df. (degree of freedom) 自由度 diagnostic 诊断 dimension 维 discrete variable 离散变量 discrimin ant function 判别函数 discriminatory analysis 判别分析 distance 距离 distribution 分布 D-optim al design D-优化设计
(留给这次的数学建模美国赛吧)
A
absolute value 绝对值 accept 接受 acceptable region 接受域
additivity 可加性 adjusted 调整的 alternative hypothesis 对立假设 analysis 分析 analysis of covariance 协方差分析 analysis of variance 方差分析 arithmetic mean 算术平均值 association 相关性 assumption 假设 assumption checking 假设检验 availability 有效度 average 均值
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数模美赛论文常用词汇
exclusively专门undobtedly毫无疑问的notable 值得注意的tremedous/significant极大的notion概念definition定义——defineInterpret……as…… 理解……为invoke(+模型援引，引用equation方程式，等式function 因变量——提示符号的含义matrix矩阵，模型constant 常数，常量It requires I t o be a constant for …to be truealgorithm演算方法——a general algorithm 通用算法simplify the algorithm 简化算法we have produced a general algrrithm to solve this tpye of problems.derivative微分，倒数antiderivative 不定积分optimal results 最优结果invesgate the problem from different point of view调查问题——investgation调查survey 调查subproblem 子问题，次要问题——major problem 主要问题metric 度量标准，指标digit 数字delete some digitselement /component 元素解题思路seek/explore——explore different ideas探索不同的想法we seek to device a new model for solving the problem by exploring the new direction suggested by their investigations.解决方案design/device ——develop/establish/conductBased on our analysis, we design a model for the problem using integral linear programming(线性积分). We then devise a polynominal-time apprximation algorithm to produce near optimal ing integral linear programming.We then device a polynominal-time approximation toWe conduct sensitivity analysis on…to find…xxx analysis is also performed.解决结果tackle/solveWe tackle the problem using the new technique we developed in the previous section.While it is difficult to solve the problem completely, we are able to solve a major subproblem.计划与打算approach/proposeWe approach the problem using the proposed method.We propose a new approach to tackling the problem.词组Based on…以……为基础According to根据Devide …into…——subdivide into细分…is applied to…使用了……模型来……——we apply our model into将我们的模型运用于Model proves to be efficient in other sports.模型被证明在其他方面有效….,which indicates that………反映了…,which led to the change of…导致了……的变化We…..only to find that..我们……只是发现了……… doesn’t matter ……是无关的Take…as example/as a case study 举例formulate and justify the assumptions 阐述并证明假说design/establish a model设计模型devise an algorithm 设计一个运算法/计算程序carry out numerical simulations 进行数学模拟for our problem a relationship exists that(… 我们的问题中存在一个关系式，使……we will assume/suppose that…我们假设……compare with different approaches 与不同的措施相比较There are at least two notions of where the sweet spot should be—an impact location on the bat that either· minimizesthe discomfort to the hands, or· maximizes the outgoing velocity Of the ball.We focus exclusively on the second definition我们专注于第二种定义We interpret the error of +2 as a normal distribution,.一with standard deviation of 1。
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Data Structures 基本数据结构Dictionaries 字典Priority Queues 堆Graph Data Structures 图Set Data Structures 集合Kd-Trees 线段树Numerical Problems 数值问题Solving Linear Equations 线性方程组Bandwidth Reduction 带宽压缩Matrix Multiplication 矩阵乘法Determinants and Permanents 行列式Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 最值问题Linear Programming 线性规划Random Number Generation 随机数生成Factoring and Primality Testing 因子分解/质数判定Arbitrary Precision Arithmetic 高精度计算Knapsack Problem 背包问题Discrete Fourier Transform 离散Fourier变换Combinatorial Problems 组合问题Sorting 排序Searching 查找Median and Selection 中位数Generating Permutations 排列生成Generating Subsets 子集生成Generating Partitions 划分生成Generating Graphs 图的生成Calendrical Calculations 日期Job Scheduling 工程安排Satisfiability 可满足性Graph Problems -- polynomial 图论-多项式算法Connected Components 连通分支Topological Sorting 拓扑排序Minimum Spanning Tree 最小生成树Shortest Path 最短路径Transitive Closure and Reduction 传递闭包Matching 匹配Eulerian Cycle / Chinese Postman Euler 回路/中国邮路Edge and Vertex Connectivity 割边/割点Network Flow 网络流Drawing Graphs Nicely 图的描绘Drawing Trees 树的描绘Planarity Detection and Embedding 平面性检测和嵌入Graph Problems -- hard 图论-NP问题Clique 最大团Independent Set 独立集Vertex Cover 点覆盖Traveling Salesman Problem 旅行商问题Hamiltonian Cycle Hamilton回路Graph Partition 图的划分Vertex Coloring 点染色Edge Coloring 边染色Graph Isomorphism 同构Steiner Tree Steiner树Feedback Edge/Vertex Set 最大无环子图Computational Geometry 计算几何Convex Hull 凸包Triangulation 三角剖分Voronoi Diagrams Voronoi图Nearest Neighbor Search 最近点对查询Range Search 范围查询Point Location 位置查询Intersection Detection 碰撞测试Bin Packing 装箱问题Medial-Axis Transformation 中轴变换Polygon Partitioning 多边形分割Simplifying Polygons 多边形化简Shape Similarity 相似多边形Motion Planning 运动规划Maintaining Line Arrangements 平面分割Minkowski Sum Minkowski和Set and String Problems 集合与串的问题Set Cover 集合覆盖Set Packing 集合配置String Matching 模式匹配Approximate String Matching 模糊匹配Text Compression 压缩Cryptography 密码Finite State Machine Minimization 有穷自动机简化Longest Common Substring 最长公共子串Shortest Common Superstring 最短公共父串robustness 鲁棒性rate of convergence 收敛速度数据结构方面数据结构基本英语词汇数据抽象 data abstraction数据元素 data element数据对象 data object数据项 data item数据类型 data type抽象数据类型 abstract data type逻辑结构 logical structure物理结构 phyical structure线性结构 linear structure非线性结构 nonlinear structure基本数据类型 atomic data type固定聚合数据类型 fixed-aggregate data type可变聚合数据类型variable-aggregate data type线性表 linear list栈 stack队列 queue串 string数组 array树 tree图 grabh查找，线索 searching更新 updating排序（分类) sorting插入 insertion删除 deletion前趋 predecessor后继 successor直接前趋 immediate predecessor直接后继 immediate successor 双端列表 deque(double-ended queue)循环队列 cirular queue指针 pointer先进先出表（队列）first-in first-out list后进先出表（队列）last-in first-out list 栈底 bottom栈定 top压入 push弹出 pop队头 front队尾 rear上溢 overflow下溢 underflow数组 array矩阵 matrix多维数组 multi-dimentional array以行为主的顺序分配 row major order以列为主的顺序分配 column major order 三角矩阵 truangular matrix对称矩阵 symmetric matrix稀疏矩阵 sparse matrix转置矩阵 transposed matrix链表 linked list线性链表 linear linked list单链表 single linked list多重链表 multilinked list循环链表 circular linked list双向链表 doubly linked list十字链表 orthogonal list广义表 generalized list链 link指针域 pointer field链域 link field头结点 head node头指针 head pointer尾指针 tail pointer串 string空白（空格）串 blank string空串（零串）null string子串 substring树 tree子树 subtree森林 forest根 root叶子 leaf结点 node深度 depth层次 level双亲 parents孩子 children兄弟 brother祖先 ancestor子孙 descentdant二叉树 binary tree平衡二叉树 banlanced binary tree 满二叉树 full binary tree完全二叉树 complete binary tree遍历二叉树 traversing binary tree 二叉排序树 binary sort tree二叉查找树 binary search tree线索二叉树 threaded binary tree哈夫曼树 Huffman tree有序数 ordered tree无序数 unordered tree判定树 decision tree双链树 doubly linked tree数字查找树 digital search tree树的遍历 traversal of tree先序遍历 preorder traversal中序遍历 inorder traversal后序遍历 postorder traversal图 graph子图 subgraph有向图 digraph(directed graph)无向图 undigraph(undirected graph) 完全图 complete graph连通图 connected graph非连通图 unconnected graph强连通图 strongly connected graph 弱连通图 weakly connected graph 加权图 weighted graph有向无环图 directed acyclic graph稀疏图 spares graph稠密图 dense graph重连通图 biconnected graph二部图 bipartite graph边 edge顶点 vertex弧 arc路径 path回路（环）cycle弧头 head弧尾 tail源点 source终点 destination汇点 sink权 weight连接点 articulation point初始结点 initial node终端结点 terminal node相邻边 adjacent edge相邻顶点 adjacent vertex关联边 incident edge入度 indegree出度 outdegree最短路径 shortest path有序对 ordered pair无序对 unordered pair简单路径 simple path简单回路 simple cycle连通分量 connected component邻接矩阵 adjacency matrix邻接表 adjacency list邻接多重表 adjacency multilist遍历图 traversing graph生成树 spanning tree最小（代价）生成树minimum(cost)spanning tree生成森林 spanning forest拓扑排序 topological sort偏序 partical order拓扑有序 topological orderAOV网 activity on vertex networkAOE网 activity on edge network关键路径 critical path匹配 matching最大匹配 maximum matching增广路径 augmenting path增广路径图 augmenting path graph查找 searching线性查找（顺序查找）linear search (sequential search)二分查找 binary search分块查找 block search散列查找 hash search平均查找长度 average search length散列表 hash table散列函数 hash funticion直接定址法immediately allocating method数字分析法 digital analysis method平方取中法 mid-square method折叠法 folding method除法 division method随机数法 random number method排序 sort内部排序 internal sort外部排序 external sort插入排序 insertion sort随小增量排序diminishing increment sort选择排序 selection sort堆排序 heap sort快速排序 quick sort归并排序 merge sort基数排序 radix sort外部排序 external sort平衡归并排序 balance merging sort二路平衡归并排序balance two-way merging sort多步归并排序 ployphase merging sort置换选择排序replacement selection sort文件 file主文件 master file顺序文件 sequential file索引文件 indexed file索引顺序文件 indexed sequential file 索引非顺序文件 indexed non-sequential file直接存取文件 direct access file多重链表文件 multilist file倒排文件 inverted file目录结构 directory structure树型索引 tree index。