国际贸易实务课后习题答案解析
国际贸易实务课后答案详解
答：（1）托收的含义
按照《托收统一规则》（国际商会第522号出版物）的规定，托收是指由接到委托指示的银行处理金融单据和/或商业单据以便取得承兑或付款，或凭承兑或付款交出商业单据，或凭其他条件交出单据。
（2）托收的种类及其特点
按国际商会“522出版物”，托收可分为光票托收和跟单托收两种。
（2）汇付和托收都属于商业信用的原因
因为汇付结算货款的过程中和托收业务中，银行都只是提供服务而不提供信用，所以汇付和托收都属于商业信用性质。
4．试比较凭单付汇与一般汇付和跟单托收的异同。
答：（1）凭单付汇与一般汇付的异同
①两者相同点：两者都属于汇付方式，同属商业信用，具有汇付的共性特征。
②两者不同点：凭单付汇较之一般汇付方式易为买卖双方所接受，但其通常只适用于现货交易。
①光票托收。光票托收是指金融单据不附带商业单据的托收，即仅把金融单据委托银行代为收款。光票托收不附带商业单据，适用货款尾数、小额货款、贸易从属费用和索赔款的收取。
②跟单托收。跟单托收是指金融单据附带商业单据或不用金融单据的商业单据的托收。跟单托收附带商业单据，是货款结算通常使用的托收方式。
7．在出口业务中采用跟单托收方式通常应注意哪些问题？
答：一般说来，在出口贸易中采用托收方式时，为确保收汇安全，我外贸企业应妥善掌握以下几个方面的问题：
（1）认真调查和考察进口人的资信情况、经营能力和经营作风，掌握有关商品的市场信息，并在此基础上妥善制定授信额度、控制成交金额与交货进度。
（2）国外代收行一般不能由进口人指定，如确有必要，应事先征得托收行同意，以防进口人指定的代收行不可靠，或往来渠道不畅，造成托收行拒绝托收申请的被动局面，甚至因代收行信用不佳或产生意外而遭致货款落空。
国际贸易实务课后答案解析
国际贸易实务课后答案整理版P27 2．合同中规定商品质量的方法有哪几种？答：在国际货物买卖中，商品种类纷繁复杂，商品本身的特点，制造加工情况，市场交易习惯等各不相同，规定商品质量的方法也多种多样。
归纳起来，主要分为以下两大类：（1）用实物样品表示商品质量的方法用实物样品表示商品质量的方法包括看货成交和凭样品成交。
其中，在凭样品成交中，可以采用以卖方样品为准，或以买方样品为准，也可以凭对等样品即确认样品买卖。
（2）用文字说明表示商品的质量“凭文字说明买卖”是指用文字说明表示商品质量的方法。
在国际货物买卖中，大多数商品采用文字说明来规定其质量，具体有以下几种方式：①凭规格买卖；②凭等级买卖；③凭标准买卖；④凭牌名或商标买卖；⑤凭产地名称或凭地理标志买卖；⑥凭说明书和图样买卖。
4．“凭卖方样品买卖”时应注意哪些问题？答：“凭卖方样品买卖”是指样品由卖方提供并以此作为交货依据的买卖方式。
“凭卖方样品买卖”时，应注意以下几个方面的问题：（1）卖方应在原样和留存的复样上编制相同的号码，注明样品提交买方的具体日期，以便日后联系、洽谈交易时参考。
5．“凭买方样品买卖”时应注意哪些问题？试述在买方来样时，使用“对等样品”的意义。
答：（1）“凭买方样品买卖”时应注意的问题在我国，“凭买方样品买卖”也称为“来样成交”或“来样制作”，是指样品由买方提供并以此作为交货依据的买卖方式。
“凭买方样品买卖”时，应注意以下几个方面的问题：①在确认按买方提交的样品成交之前，卖方必须充分考虑按来样制作特定产品所需的原材料供应、加工技术、设备和生产安排的可行性，以确保日后得以正确履约；②卖方应在合同中明确规定，如果发生由买方来样引起侵犯第三者工业产权的事情，概由买方负责，与卖方无涉，进而预防被卷入侵犯第三者工业产权的纠纷。
（2）买方来样时使用“对等样品”的意义在国际贸易中，谨慎的卖方往往不愿意承接凭买方样品交货的交易，以免因交货品质与买方样品不符而招致买方索赔甚至退货的危险，在此情况下，卖方可根据买方来样仿制或从现有货物中选择品质相近的样品提交买方，即“对等样品”或“回样”。
国际贸易实务课后习题答案
第三章 习题（P64）案例分析1. （1）中、美均是《公约》的成员，故适用《公约》规定；（2）根据《公约》规定，发盘在送达受盘人时生效；另外，一项发盘，即使是不可撤销的发盘，也可以撤回，撤回的通知在发盘送达受盘人之前，或同时送达受盘人；（3）鉴于我国与美国存在12小时时差。
因此：如是在当天下午发现，如是在当天下午发现，此时发盘尚未生效，此时发盘尚未生效，此时发盘尚未生效，可以撤回发盘，可以撤回发盘，可以撤回发盘，但须保证撤回通知早于或与但须保证撤回通知早于或与发盘同时达到受盘人。
如第二天上午9时发现，发盘已经生效，发盘已经生效，但因客户尚未接受，但因客户尚未接受，但因客户尚未接受，我方可撤销发盘，我方可撤销发盘，我方可撤销发盘，但须保但须保证撤销通知于受盘人发出接受通知前送达受盘人。
如第二天上午9时发现，且客户已接受发盘，且客户已接受发盘，此时交易已经成立了，此时交易已经成立了，此时交易已经成立了，双方都要承担履行双方都要承担履行合同的法律责任。
但在正式签署合同前，我方可与外商协商允许我方更正错误。
处理方法有：提供近期与其他客户的成交证明，提供近期与其他客户的成交证明，请对方原谅；请对方原谅；请对方原谅；用其他方法争取对方同意我方更正错误。
用其他方法争取对方同意我方更正错误。
用其他方法争取对方同意我方更正错误。
如如对方拒绝我方的请求，则我方只能吸取教训了。
2、（1）双方所在国均是《公约》的成员，故适用《公约》规定；（2）根据《公约》规定，发盘的终止有下列情况：①受盘人将拒绝的通知送达发盘人手中；②发盘的撤回；③发盘的合法撤销；④发盘中规定的有效期届满；（3）本例中中方在发盘中规定了有效期，故5月份发盘已失效，中方发盘约束力已失，下半年外商复电表示接受是逾期接受，半年外商复电表示接受是逾期接受，除非中方同意逾期接受有效，除非中方同意逾期接受有效，除非中方同意逾期接受有效，否则无法律效力，否则无法律效力，否则无法律效力，只能视只能视作一个新的发盘，而此处中方没有理睬，视为不同意，故逾期接受无效；（4）因此，合同不成立，中方不承担违约责任。
国际贸易实务 课后练习参考答案
课后练习参考答案第1章商品的品名、品质、数量■课后自测□选择（单项）1、C2、B3、D4、A5、A□判断1、√2、×3、×4、√5、×6、√7、×8、√9、×10、√□简答1、从法律角度上看, 商品的具体描述是商品说明的一个主要组成部分，是货物交收的基本依据之一。
从业务角度看,商品品名是交易的物质内容，是交易赖以进行的物质基础和前提。
2、实物样品表示法:包括看货买卖、凭样品买卖等；文字说明表示法：包括凭规格买卖、凭等级买卖、凭标准买卖、凭牌号或商标买卖、凭产地名称买卖、凭说明书买卖和图样买卖等。
3、溢短装条款是在买卖合同的数量条款中，明确规定卖方允许多装或少装的百分比，其幅度不超过规定的百分比为限。
包括三方面的具体内容：①可溢短装的百分比。
②溢短装的选择权在买方或卖方。
③溢短装的计价。
4、①应根据不同商品的特性，正确使用表示品质的方法；②要从国内的生产实际出发，实事求是地规定适当的品质指标；③要注意条款的科学性和灵活性；④在进口交易中，应从我国实际出发，合理确定商品的各项品质指标。
5、①在合同中明确具体地规定数量的机动幅度；②在交易数量前加上“约”字，（按《UCP500》的解释，允许对有关金额或数量有±10%的增减）；③在合同中未明确规定数量机动幅度，也未在交货数量前使用“约”字，（按《UCP500》的解释，在不超过信用证金额的条件下，对散装货物有±5%的机动幅度）。
■案例分析案例1本案例分析：在进出口贸易中，商品品质质量关系到用户的切身利益，正确规定商品品质的表示方法，有助于减少履行合同可能发生的争议。
对于样品买卖，在看样后，应采取有效措施固定样品，并在合同中正确表示，以避免交货时的争议。
案例2本案例分析：①在国际贸易中，凡属既凭样品买卖，又凭规格买卖，卖方所交货物必须既符合规格要求，又要和样品完全一致，否则买方有权拒收并提出索赔。
国际贸易实务(周瑞琪等)-课后答案详解
国际贸易实务(英文版) International Trade Practice周瑞琪王小欧徐月芳编著Chapter twoIV. Short questions1.Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB?答：Seller.2.Who pays for unloading under CIF?答：Buyer.pare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?答：Similarities: a. Sel ler’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail. b. Seller is responsible for export customs formalities while buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. c. Buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation. Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer’s risk.4.What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?答：Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms s eller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive the destination.5.What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for themajor carriage. b. Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the s hip’s rail.6.What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. c. Seller must obtain insurance against buyer’s risk. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.7.If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should you do?答：No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially among the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8.What are the most commonly used trade terms?答：FOB,CFR & CIF.9.Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?答：Seller. According to Incoterms 2000, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while buyer the import customs formalities.10.If a Chinese trader signs a FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing?答：Importing. FOB should be used with a “named port of shipment”, if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader’s perspective, he is importing.V．Case Studies1. An FOB contract stipulated, "The shipment will be effected in March 2008. If the vessel fails to arrive at the port of shipment on time, the seller agrees to set aside the goods for additional 27 days, and the buyer will bear all costs of delay." it turned out that under the seller's repeated requests, the vessel named by the buyer finally arrived at the port of shipment on May 1. As a result, the seller refused to make the shipment.(1)Was the seller entitled to compensation for thewarehouse rent, insurance and interest due to the delay?(2)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party onApril 25, should the buyer pay for the delay?(3)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party onMay 1 with a better price, was he entitled to any compensation?析： a案例中提到“shipment will be effected in March 2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。
国际贸易实务课后含答案
国际贸易实录第一章1、试举例说明贸易术语在国际贸易业务中的作用答：贸易术语，用以说明价格的构成及买卖双方有关费用、风险和责任的划分，以确定买卖双方在交货和接货过程中应尽的义务。
国际贸易术语的作用主要表现在下列几个方面：（一）有利于买卖双方洽商交易和订立合同由于每种贸易术语都有其特定的含义，因此，买卖双方只要商定按何种贸易术语成交，即可明确彼此在交接货物方面所应承担的责任、费用和风险。
这就简化了交易手续，缩短了洽商交易的时间，节约了费用开支，从而有利于买卖双方迅速达成交易和订立合同。
（二）有利于买卖双方核算价格和成本由于贸易术语表示价格构成因素，所以，买卖双方确定成交价格时，必然要考虑采用的贸易术语中包含哪些从属费用，这就有利于买卖双方进行比价和加强成本核算。
（三）有利于妥善解决贸易争议买卖双方商订合同时，如对合同条款考虑欠周，使对某些涉及当事人权利和义务的问题规定得不明确，致使履约当中产生的争议不能依据合同的规定解决，在此情况下，可以援引有关贸易术语的一般解释来处理。
因为，易术语的一般解释已成为国际惯例，它是大家所遵循的一种类似行为规范的准则。
2、贸易惯例与习惯做法有何联系与区别联系：贸易惯例是在习惯做法的基础上产生的；贸易惯例是国际组织根据国际贸易实践中逐渐形成的一般习惯做法制定成文的规则，这些规则，根据当事人意思自治的原则，被国际上普遍接受和广泛使用，而成为公认的国际贸易惯例。
区别：贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法；尽管二者有联系，但不能把贸易惯例和习惯做法等同起来，贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法，贸易惯例是指国际组织编纂成文的规则，凡未成文的国际贸易中的习惯做法，不能称为贸易惯例。
4、你如何理解国际贸易惯例对合同当事人的约束力问题国际贸易惯例的适用是以当事人的意思自治为基础的，因为，惯例本身不是法律，它对贸易双方不具有强制性约束力，故买卖双方有权在合同中做出与某项惯例不一致的规定。
但是，国际贸易管理对贸易实践仍具有较重要的规范作用。
国际贸易实务习题答案完整版
第一章：贸易术语1.这一合同不属于CIF合同.因为CIF合同只要求卖方承担货物越过船弦之前的风险和损失,但根据合同规定,如果货轮迟于12月2日抵达目的港,买方有权取消合同.故卖方要承担运输过程中的风险,合同的规定已经超出了CIF的范围.若对方一定要我方保证到货时间,则应选用DES术语(目的港船上交货)或DEQ术语(目的港码头交货).2.美方此举不合理.一般情况下,使用FOB术语订立的合同,卖方必须办理货物出口清关手续并支付出口关税及其它相关清关费用.(除非合同中另有规定,出口报关由买方负责.)3.本案使用的是CFR价格条件，按照国际惯例的规定，此条件下当事人的风险划分是以装运港船舷为界。
该案中货物在运输途中遭受风险损失，货物损失看似应由买方承担，但实际上卖方在装船时是将3000公吨小麦混装的，在货物抵运目的港后，再将其中1000公吨分拨给买方。
这就涉及到有关“划拨”情况下风险转移的一种特殊原则，即在货物未划拨到合同项下之前，风险也不发生转移。
在货物海运途中，合同项下属于买方的1000公吨货物尚未从卖方的其它货物中划拨出来，因此不具备风险转移的前提条件，即使货物在装运港越过船舷仍不发生风险的转移，有关风险损失仍应由卖方承担。
本案因卖方未对合同项下的货物进行划拨，因此不具备风险转移的前提。
4.拒绝买方此要求.根据FOB术语我们可得知,租船是买方的责任,既然买方是以委托方式要求我方代为办理租船, ,并且费用由买方负担,所以能否租到合适的船,我方都不负任何责任。
买方没有权利因此而撤销合同.5.拒绝买方的要求.根据CIF术语,在货物越过装运港船弦时风险已经从卖方转移到买方.我方只负责货物在装运港之前的灭失或损失的一切风险,并支付货物运至目的港的正常运费以及签订保险合同及支付保险费.并在货物发出后及时将保险合同转让给买方.所以买方自己向中国人民保险公司提出索赔,.也没有退还全部货款的必要.6.为了减少货物存在仓库的风险,我可以应采用FCA或CIP,CPT术语签订合同.这样,当货物在交往湛江码头仓库或者承运人时风险就从我方转移至卖方,则发生此事故,货物的损失就不用我方承担.；7.按CFR术语,合同规定保险由买方自理.但我方有义务在货物装船后及时向买方发去装船通知,使买方及时购买保险,但上述案例中卖方由于未及时向买方发去装船通知,使买方无法及时购买保险,这是由于我方的失误造成的,货物在海上灭失,卖方应承担所有的损失.8.由于日本客商坚持由自己办理运输,所以采用EXW术语可以使双方都满意.第二章合同单选题判断1.由于凭样品交货时,所交货物品质必须与样品完全一致.所以虽然B交货的质量太好,但不符合合同中品质条款的规定,所以B的做法属于违约行为,如果上诉到法院,B必须赔偿A由于交货品质与样品不同而造成的全部损失.2.A公司在与外商洽谈过程中,表现出了以样品表示品质的倾向,而在合同中又用文字方法表示商品的具体规格,这两种表示方法本来就难两全,很容易让外商抓住两者之间的矛盾点,仲裁机构则认为A公司在此项交易中必须做到按样品交货,同时货物也要符合合同的品质条款,而外商的商检证书则证明A公司的货物不符合样品的要求,所以仲裁机构判决卖方没有完成交货义务，须赔付买方的品质公差. 教训:订立合同品质条款中,以上两种品质表示方法只能二者择其一,或者寄送样品时，注明“样品仅供参考，以合同品质条款为准”3.合同中规定的溢短装条款,并不适合那些可以非常明晰表示的货物计量方法,类似以件计算,以打计算,所以卖方提出的依据本身就是不合理的.在议付过程中出现了单证不符的现象,所以遭到银行的议付.教训:为了顺利完成议付,完成合同规定的卖方应负的义务,卖方应尽量做到单单相符,单证相符,单据与合同相符.4.为了时卖方在利用信用证议付时能顺利取得货款,卖方应严格按照合同以及信用证的要求,做到单单相符,单证相符,单据与合同相符.避免不必要的麻烦与损失.5.银行的拒付有理,因为数量上可以有10%的溢短装是直货物在重量上存在溢短,并不是允许能明晰表现的数量存在溢短.卖方的做法使得单证不符,必然遭到议付行的拒付.6.我方应具体分析,看卖方提出索赔时是否已经超出了索赔期,如果超出索赔期,我方则可以拒绝赔偿,但如果在索赔期内,我方应要求买方出具具体的商检证书以及证明期面料确实为我方出口给买方的那几批纺织品.如果确实责任在我方,则我方需赔偿买方的损失.7.我方应尽量不接受,因为这涉及到知识产权的问题.同时,在有些国家,没有进口商的原产地证书,有些货物是不允许销售的.这将对我方造成一定的损失.8.我方装出22公吨货物,总金额超出了信用证的最高金额,不能做到单证相符,所以遭到议付行的拒付.第三章运输单选题多选题六、计算题P16 第2题50美元+（200+200*10%）*0.05=X*（1-3%）解得X=62.9美元七.案例分析1.船公司的做法成立.因为签订的是联运提单,每个承运人只对其航程负责.但船公司仍有识别提单是否是正本(只有提正本提单,才能提取货物)的义务.所以我方应通过船公司想最后议程的承运人索赔.2.银行有拒付的权利.因为倒签提单银行是不接受，受益人也不可援引不可抗力条款，信用证的不可抗力条款只适用于银行。
国际贸易实务第4章课后习题参考答案
国际贸易实务第四章课后习题参考答案一、单项选择题1-6 CB ACAC二、多项选择题1.ABC2.A BC3.AB4.CDE4.ABC6.AB三、简答题1.班轮运输的特点是什么？答案要点：(1)承运人和货主之间不签订租船合同，仅按船公司签发的提单，处理运输中有关问题。
(2)通常要求托运人送货至承运人指定的码头仓库交货，收货人在承运人指定的码头仓库提货。
(3)班轮承运人负责包括装、卸货物及理舱在内的作业，并负责全部费用。
(4)班轮运输一般有定港口、固定航线、固定开航时间，不计滞期费、速遣费，班轮运费相对比较稳定。
2. 班轮运费包括哪些？答案要点：①基本运费：从装运港到目的港的基本费用，根据基本运价（BASIC FREIGHT RATE)和计费吨（FT，即FREIGHT TON）算出来的。
1)按货物重量(weight)计算，以"W"表示。
如1公吨(1000公斤)、1长吨(1016公斤)或1短吨(907.2公斤)为一个计算单位，也称重量吨。
2)按货物尺码或体积(measurement)计算，以"M"表示。
如1立方米(约合35.3147立方英尺)或40立方英尺为一个计算单位，也称尺码吨或容积吨。
3)按货物重量或尺码，选择其中收取运费较高者计算运费，以"W/M"表示。
4)按货物FOB价收取一定的百分比作为运费，称从价运费，以"AD VALOREM"或"ad.val."表示。
这原是拉丁文，按英文是按照价值的意思(即according to value)。
5)按货物重量或尺码或价值，选择其中一种收费较高者计算运费，用"W/M or ad.val."表示。
6)按货物重量或尺码选择其高者，再加上从价运费计算，以"W/M plus ad.val."表示。
②附加运费：由于有些货物需要特殊处理，或者由于有突发事件的发生或客观情况变化等，船方根据不同情况为了弥补在运输中额外开支或费用而加收的费用。
(完整版)国际贸易实务(周瑞琪等)_课后答案详解
国际贸易实务(英文版) International Trade Practice周瑞琪王小欧徐月芳编著Chapter twoIV. Short questions1.Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB?答：Seller.2.Who pays for unloading under CIF?答：Buyer.pare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?答：Similarities: a. Sel ler’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail. b. Seller is responsible for export customs formalities while buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. c. Buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation. Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer’s risk.4.What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?答：Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms s eller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive the destination.5.What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the firstcarrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.6.What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. c. Seller must obtain insurance against buyer’s risk. Difference: a.CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.7.If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms withoutany doubt? What should you do?答：No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially among the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8.What are the most commonly used trade terms?答：FOB,CFR & CIF.9.Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOBcontract?答：Seller. According to Incoterms 2000, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while buyer the import customs formalities.10.If a Chinese trader signs a FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing? 答：Importing. FOB should be used with a “named port of shipment”, if Hamb urg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader’s perspective, he is importing.V．Case Studies1. An FOB contract stipulated, "The shipment will be effected in March 2008. If thevessel fails to arrive at the port of shipment on time, the seller agrees to set aside the goods for additional 27 days, and the buyer will bear all costs of delay." it turned out that under the seller's repeated requests, the vessel named by the buyer finally arrived at the port of shipment on May 1. As a result, the seller refused to make the shipment.(1)Was the seller entitled to compensation for the warehouse rent, insurance andinterest due to the delay?(2)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on April 25, should the buyerpay for the delay?(3)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on May 1 with a better price,was he entitled to any compensation?析：a案例中提到“shipment will be effected in March 2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。
国际贸易实务课后答案详解 第三章
第三章商品的包装一、思考题1．在国际货物买卖中商品包装的意义何在答：商品包装是实现商品的使用价值和附加价值的必要手段之一。
适当的商品包装，对保护、保存商品，美化、宣传商品以及方便商品的存储、运输、销售等有着重要的意义。
包装的功能、意义主要体现在以下三个方面：（1）保护功能保护功能是商品包装最基本的功能，用以保证出口商品的品质和数量在运输、储存、销往国外市场的过程中不受损、不变质、不散失。
（2）方便性功能商品包装应能方便生产、方便装填、方便储运和装卸、方便陈列与销售、方便开启、方便使用、方便回收、处理或重复使用。
（3）信息传递功能通过包装设计及其包装上的各种标识、文字、色彩等，不同的包装不仅可以传递运输货物的信息，而且可以传递有关商品的牌号、性质、成分、容量、使用方法、生产单位等信息，起到一定的广告作用，便于消费者识别，从而达到扩大销售的目的。
2．进出口商品的包装有哪些种类试分别说明其主要作用。
答：根据包装在流通过程中所起作用的不同，商品包装可分为运输包装（即外包装）和销售包装（即内包装）两种类型。
其中，运输包装的主要作用在于保护商品和防止出现货损货差；销售包装除了保护商品的品质外，还能美化商品，宣传推广，便于陈列展销，吸引顾客和方便消费者识别、选购、携带和使用，从而能起到促进销售，提高商品价值的作用。
3．对出口商品包装的基本要求是什么答：对出口商品包装的基本要求主要有：（1）适应国际市场对商品包装的要求，符合进口国对进口商品包装的规定。
（2）适应商品的特性。
（3）适应不同运输方式的需要。
（4）适度包装，保证包装牢固的前提下，节省包装费用。
（5）符合科学、经济、牢固、美观、适销的要求，以充分发挥包装的促销作用。
4．出口商品的运输包装应符合哪些要求答：运输包装又称大包装、外包装，是指将货物装入特定容器，或以特定方式成件或成箱的包装。
出口商品的运输包装应符合以下要求：（1）适应商品的特性，防止货物破损、变质、污染等损失发生。
最新国际贸易实务(周瑞琪等)-课后答案详解
国际贸易实务(英文版) International Trade Practice周瑞琪王小欧徐月芳编著Chapter twoIV. Short questions1.Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB?答：Seller.2.Who pays for unloading under CIF?答：Buyer.pare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?答：Similarities: a. Sel ler’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail. b. Seller is responsible for export customs formalities while buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. c. Buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation. Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer’s risk.4.What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?答：Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms s eller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive the destination.5.What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mod e while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the firstcarrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the s hip’s rail.6.What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. c. Seller must obtain insurance against buyer’s risk. Difference: a.CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.7.If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms withoutany doubt? What should you do?答：No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially among the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8.What are the most commonly used trade terms?答：FOB,CFR & CIF.9.Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOBcontract?答：Seller. According to Incoterms 2000, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while buyer the import customs formalities.10.If a Chinese trader signs a FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing? 答：Importing. FOB should be used with a “named port of shipment”, if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader’s perspective, he is importing.V．Case Studies1. An FOB contract stipulated, "The shipment will be effected in March 2008. If thevessel fails to arrive at the port of shipment on time, the seller agrees to set aside the goods for additional 27 days, and the buyer will bear all costs of delay." it turned out that under the seller's repeated requests, the vessel named by the buyer finally arrived at the port of shipment on May 1. As a result, the seller refused to make the shipment.(1)Was the seller entitled to compensation for the warehouse rent, insurance andinterest due to the delay?(2)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on April 25, should the buyerpay for the delay?(3)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on May 1 with a better price,was he entitled to any compensation?析：a案例中提到“shipment will be effected in March 2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。
国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案解析
国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案解析KeyChapter1I. Answer my questions1. International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders. It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications. It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries. Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2. Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3. To gain profit.4. To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5. There are four major forms which are the following:Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6. It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation (eg.the United States ) and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7. Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8. Yes. There are great differences between them.1) direct investment takes place when control follows the investment. It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad. It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets. Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting. And sometimes it involves two or more parties. 2) While portfolio investments are not under control. And they are used primarilyfor financial purposes. Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9. MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise. Its synonymsare NNC(the multinational corporation) and TNC (transnational corporation).10. Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11. The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12. It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm’s products andservices and by customers’ capacity to make purchase.13. This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operationsusually take the least commitme nt and least risk of a firm’s resources.14. Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as fortrademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencingagreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15. It is a way of doing business in which one party (the franchiser) the use of atrademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers’ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right 1. J 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.I 8.G 9.F 10.H III Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese1 购买⼒ 11 经济复苏；恢复2 潜在销售量 12 经济衰退3 加价，涨价 13 间接投资4 国内市场 14 有形货物5 制成品 15 有形进出⼝6 边际利润 16 收⼊及⽀出；岁⼊及岁出7 市场占有率 17 超额能⼒8 贸易歧视 18 贸易中间⼈（商）；经纪⼈9 时机选择 19 全部包建的⼯程承包⽅式10 经销周期 20 许可证协定IV Translate the following into English1. Trade is often the ‘engine’ of growt h. However oversimplified this metaphormay be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process ofgrowth. A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition forrapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two isclearly undeniable. Trade expansion contributes to economic growth inmany ways.Among them are the benefits of specialization; the favorable effects of internationalcompetition on domestic economic efficiency; the increased capacity to pay for theimports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2. International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in onecountry for goods and services produced in another country. In addition to visibletrade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is alsoinvisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations. Nationssuch as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportationservice. This is a kind of invisible trade. Invisible trade can be as important to somenations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others. In both cases, thenations earn the money to buy necessities.3. There exist different ways of conducting international business. Exclusive salemeans the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particularproduct in a designated area within a specified period of time. In this kind of businesstransaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sellthe product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss.Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved. Anddifference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusiveseller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4. There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production andreproduction. Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on abarter basis. Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sortfor goodsof another sort without using money. Barter trade itself is not enough to meat acountry’s imp ort needs. But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive indeveloping countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreignfunds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Chapter2I. Answer the following questions(Omited)II. Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text:1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;/doc/72314187.htmlmission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture; 10.subsidiaryIII.Translate the followings into English1). Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient. He did his own hunting, found his ownshelter, and provided for hisown needs. As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division oflabor evolved. One person was more able to perform some activity than another, andtherefore each person concentrated on what he did best. While one hunted, anotherfished. The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited fromthe variety of diet.In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economicresources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation ofinternational trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commoditiesthan it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copperare mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum isrecovered in Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their ownboundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of aparticular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer ofsugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries. Japanhas been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it canproduce them more efficiently than other countries. It is cheaper for the United Statesto buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style. Even though theUnited States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports largequantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is amarket for them in the United States.2). The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, amixture of visible and invisible trade. Most nations are more dependent on exportsthan on any other activity. The earnings from exports pay for the imports that theyneed and want. A nation’s balance of payment is a record of these complex transactions. By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is ableto combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures,and immigrant remittances. This combined incomes is then spent on such items asmanufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, andthe hiring of construction engineers.Chapter3I. Translate the followings from Chinese into English:1 terms of payment2 written form of contract3 execution of the contract4 sales contract5 purchase confirmation6 terms of transaction7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract13 the contracting parties 14 special clause15 general terms and conditionsII. Answer the following questions in English:1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties. And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions abroad; written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution. A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements. It generally contains: 1) the title. The type of the contract is indicated in the title; 2) the contract proper. It is the main part of a contract; 3) the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer; 4) the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III. Translate the following into Chinese:合同是在双⽅达成协议的基础上制定的，⽽协议⼜是双⽅进⾏商务谈判的结果。
国际贸易实务课后问题详解 .陈平
国际贸易实务课后习题参考答案国际贸易术语复习思考：1.答:国际贸易术语是随着国际贸易的发展和长期的实践所形成的，用简短的概念或字母表示商品价格构成，说明交货地点和确定风险和责任、费用划分等问题的专用术语。
2.答：FOB、CFR、CIF的共同点：（1）三种价格术语交货性质相同，都是凭单交货，凭单付款象征性交货（2）三种价格术语都适用于海运和内河运输，其承运人一般只限于船公司。
（3）三种价格术语交货点均为装运港船舷。
（4）三种价格术语风险点均以在装运港越过船舷即从卖方转移至买方。
（5）三种价格术语办理出，进口清关手续相同: 目的港的进口清关，费用等均由买方负责办理；装运港的装船，陆运，出口报关，办理许可证等均由卖方办理。
（6）三种价格术语成交方式相同：签订的都属于装运合同。
FOB、CFR和CIF价格术语的不同点：（1）费用构成不一样，报价不一样。
FOB价格是考虑货物从原料购进、生产直到出口报关货物装到买方指定船舱同的一切费用和利润为止，而CFR是在FOB 价格的基础上再加上海运费,CIF则是在FOB价格的基础上再加上海运费和保险费。
（2）运输办理不同：FOB租船订舱由买方办理；CFR、CIF 租船订舱由卖方办理并支付运费。
保险费支付、办理不同：FOB、CFR 保险由买方办理，卖方应于装船前通知买方；CIF 保险由卖方办理并支付保险费，卖方按合同条款，保险条款办理保险并将保险单交给买方。
（3）价格术语后港口性质不一样，FOB后的港口指卖方所在国的港口，而CFR 与CIF 后的港口指买方所在国的港口。
3.答：应考虑以下因素：（1）运输方式与货源情况（2）运费变动因素（3）运输过程中的风险（4）办理进出口货物清关手续有无困难4.答：DAT术语卖方负责卸；DAP术语卖方不负责卸货。
案例分析：1.答：（1）不需要，因为采用FCA术语（货交承运人），卖方只要将货物在指定的地点交给买方指定的承运人并办理了出口清关手续，就完成了交货，即只要货交承运人风险就转移给买方，所以不用承担案中的损失。
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国际贸易实务（答案)第一章案例分析题：某年3 月，A 公司与B 公司按照CIF 条件签定了一份出口某种日用品的合同。
由于考虑到该商品的季节性很强，买方要求在合同中规定货物必须在4月底之前运达目的港，以保证5月初投入市场，过期买方不再接受货物。
卖方为了卖得好价钱，同意了买方的条件，并在合同中作出了明确的规定。
卖方在合同规定的装运期内发运了货物，然而载货船只在途中发生故障，修船延误了时间，结果货到目的港已是五月中旬。
买方拒绝接受货物，并提出索赔，双方为此发生了争执。
卖方认为，合同是按照CIF条件成交的，根据《INCOTERMS 2010》的解释，CIF是在装运港交货，买卖双方承担的风险是以装运港船上为界划分，也就是说卖方只承担货物装上船之前的风险，而在运输途中发生的货物损坏，灭失以及延误的风险均由买方承担。
但买方则认为，双方在订立合同时已明确规定了期限到达，这是买方接受货物的前提条件。
现在货物抵达目的港的时间超过了规定的最后期限，买方自然有权要求解除合同。
你认为卖方主张有理，还是买方主张有理？答：我认为是买方的主张有理。
理由：虽然根据《INCOTERMS 2010》的解释，CIF是在装运港交货，买卖双方承担的风险是以装运港船上为界划分也就是卖方只承担货物装上船之前的风险，而在之后的风险由买方承担。
在一般情况下卖方不承担因为装船之后的由于运输公司逾期到达目的港的风险责任。
但是，由于在合同中有一条对于卖方极其不理的条款：“保证在4 月底之前到达目的港，过期买方不接受货物”，买方也同意签署了合同，那么就应当根据合同中的条款履行，买方可以拒绝接受逾期货物。
第二章思考题：1、EXW 买卖双方的基本义务卖方基本义务：（1）在合同规定的时间、地点，将合同约定的货物置于买方的处置之下（2）承担将货物交给买方处置之前的一切费用和风险。
（3）提交商业发票或有同等作用的电子讯息，以及合同可能要求的，证明货物符合合同规定的其他任何凭证。
买方基本义务：（1）在合同规定的时间、地点，受领卖方提交的货物，并按照合同规定支付货款。
（2）承担受领货物之后的一切费用和风险。
（3）自担风险和费用，取得任何出口和进口许可证或者其他官方许可，在需要办理海关手续时，并办理货物出口的一切海关手续。
2、比较FCA、CPT 和CIP 的异同点。
相同点：第一、适用于任何运输方式，包括多式联运，也包括海运。
第二、卖方在规定的日期或期间内在出口国的内地或港口把货物交给承运人或第一承运人照管。
第三、卖方自行负担风险和费用，取得出口许可证或其它官方批准证件，并办理货物出口所必须的一切海关手续；买方自负风险和费用，取得进口许可证或其它官方批准文件，并办理货物进口以及必要时经由另一国家过境运输所需的一切海关手续。
第四、卖方支付货物出口所需的办理海关手续的费用以及为出口应交纳的一切关税、税捐等。
买方支付货物进口和必要时经另一国家过境运输应缴纳的一切关税税捐和其它官方费用及办理海关手续的费用。
第五、卖方承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险，直至货物在指定的出口国内地或港口交给承运人或第一承运人处置时为止；货交承运人或第一承运人处置后的风险则由买方负责。
不同点：贸易术语办理运输合同，承担到目办理保险合同，支付相应的地的运费保费FCA 买方买方CPT 卖方买方CIP 卖方卖方3、DAT 术语主要在何种条件下运用。
当买方愿意办理进口手续及承担相应费用，不愿意负责卸货，愿承担运输终端交货后的风险时；当卖方愿意承担运输终端交货前的一切风险，愿意负责卸货，和办理出口手续和负责其费用。
4、具体说明DAP 与CIP 术语的异同点。
相同点：（1）适用于各种运输方式。
（2）卖方负责出口相关手续办理以及费用支付，买方负责进口相关手续办理以及费用支付。
（3）卖方负责办理运输合同，承担到目的地的运费。
（4）买方不负责卸货。
不同点：（1）风险的转移：CIP ：卖方承担将货物交给第一承运人控制之前的风险，买方承担之后的风险。
DAP：卖方承担将货物交给买方控制之前的风险，买方承担之后的风险。
（2）保险合同CIP：卖方有义务为买方订立有关货物运输的保险合同。
DAP：卖方对买方无订立保险合同的义务。
但应买方的要求，并由其承担风险和费用的情况下，卖方必须向买方提供其办理保险所需的信息。
5、案例采用DAT QINGDAO 术语标价是否合适？不合适，不应写DAT QINDAO ，DAT 后应该插入具体的青岛市内指定仓库的地址。
6、采用DDP 术语时应该注意什么问题（1）如果卖方不能直接或间接地取得进口许可或办理进口手续,即不能完成进口清关，则不应使用该术语。
（2)卖方对买方没有订立保险合同的义务，但由于整个运输过程的风险要由卖方承担，卖方通常通过投保规避货物运输风险。
（3）由于卖方承担在特定地点交货前的费用，建议双方尽可能清楚的约定指定目的地内的交货点，最好能具体到指定目的地内特定的点。
（4）如果卖方按照运输合同在目的地发生了卸货费用，除非双方另有约定，卖方无权向买方要求偿付。
（5）除非买卖合同另行明确规定，任何增值税或其他应付的进口税款由卖方承担。
（PS：貌似采用DDP 术语时会先要求买方支付货款，或者先支付一定的预付款，或者找你信得过得货运代理来控制货权。
还有去俄罗斯基本是无法做DDP 的，除非自己在俄罗斯有注册的公司）案例分析题：新加坡某商业有限公司（以下简称A 公司）与中国某商贸公司（以下简称C 公司）订立了一份买卖合同，销售白糖500 吨。
为联系货源，A 公司与马来西亚某股份有限公司（以下简称B 公司）订立了一份FCA 合同，购买500 吨白糖，合同约定提货地为B 公司所在地。
2000 年7 月3 日，A 公司派代理人到B 公司所在地提货，B 公司已将白糖装箱完毕并放置在临时敞棚中，A 公司代理人由于人手不够，要求B公司帮助装货，B公司认为依照惯例，货物已交给A公司代理人照管，自己已履行完应尽的合同项下的义务，故拒绝帮助装货。
A 公司代理人无奈返回，3 日后A 公司再次组织人手到B 公司所在地提取货物。
但是，在货物堆放的3天里，因遇湿热台风天气，货物部分受损，照成10%的脏包。
后A 公司将货物运到装运港口，悉数交与承运人，承运人发现存在10%的脏包，欲出具不清洁提单，A 公司为了取得清洁提单以便顺利结汇，便出具保涵，许诺承担承运人因签发清洁提单而产生的一切责任，承运人遂出具了清洁提单，A 公司得以顺利结汇，提单和保险单转移至C公司手中。
7 月21 日，货到上海港，C公司检查出10%的脏包，遂申请上海海事法院扣留承运人的船舶并要求追究其签发清洁提单的责任。
承运人则依据A 公司出具的保函要求A 承担责任。
请问，本案中A 公司是否承担C 公司的损失？A 公司应从中吸取什么教训？答：A 公司需要承担C 公司的损失。
原因：A 公司以保函换取到了清洁提单，保函是托运人和承运人之间达成的一项保证赔偿的协议。
A 公司也因根据保函替运输公司承担责任。
吸取教训：（1）A 公司与B 公司签订的是FCA 合同，FCA 规定如果双方约定的交易地点实在卖方（B 公司）所在地，卖方要负责包货物装上买方安排的承运人提供的运输工具上。
（2）A 公司向承运人开据保单以换取清洁提单，但实际上卖方不仅没有获取利益，反而会面临更大的风险：①承运人管理货物的责任心降低，货损扩大。
②卖方面临被解除合同，损害赔偿的风险。
第三章思考题1、FCA、FAS 和FOB 这三种贸易术语有何共同特点？A．.他们的通关手续问题都是一样的。
都是卖方自负风险和费用，取得出口许可证或其他官方批准证件，并且办理货物出口所需的一切海关手续；买方自付风险和费用，取得进口许可证或其他官方批准证件，并且办理货物进口和从第三国过境运输所需的一切海关手续。
B．运输合同和保险合同都是一致的。
都是卖方对买方无订立运输合同的义务，但如果买方有要求，或按照商业习惯，在买方承担风险和费用的情况下，卖方也可以按照通常情况下订立运输合同；卖方对买方无订立保险合同的义务。
但应买方的要求，并在买方承担风险和费用的情况下，卖方必须向买方提供其办理保险所需的信息。
2、FOB 的变形是怎样产生的？常用的变形有哪几种？在按FOB 条件成交时，卖方要负责支付货物装上船之前的一切费用。
但各国对于“装船”的概念没有统一的解释，有关装船的各项费用由谁负担，各国的惯例或习惯做法也不完全一致。
如果采用班轮运输，船方管装管卸，装卸费计入班轮运费之中，自然由负责租船的买方承担；而采用程租船运输，船方一般不负担装卸费用。
这就必须明确装船的各项费用应由谁负担。
为了说明装船费用的负担问题，双方往往在FOB术语后加列附加条件，这就形成了FOB的变形。
主要包括以下几种：①FOB Liner Terms (FOB 班轮条件)：这一变形是指装船费用按照班轮的做法处理，班轮的特点之一是管装管卸，即装卸费用由船公司承担，而FOB 由买方租船订舱。
所以，采用这一变形，装船费由买方承担，卖方不负担装船的有关费用。
②FOB Under Tackle(FOB 吊钩下交货)：这一变形是指卖方负担费用将货物交到买方指定船只的吊钩所及之处，而吊装入舱及其他费用，概由买方负担。
③FOB Stowed (FOB 理舱费在内)：这一变形是指卖方负责将货物装入船舱并承担包括理舱费在内的装船费用。
理舱费是指货物入舱后进行安置和整理的费用。
④FOB Trimmed (FOB 平舱费在内)：这一变形是指卖方负责将货物装入船舱并承担包括平舱费在内的装船费用。
平舱费是指对装入船舱的散装货物进行平整所需的费用。
3、CFR 和CIF 条件成交，如卖方不愿承担卸货费可选用那种变形？分别选用CFR Ex Ship's hold（CFR 舱底交接）CIF Ex Ship's hold（CIF 舱底交接）：船到目的港在床上办理交接后，由买方自行启舱，并负担货物由舱底至码头的费用。
4、举例说明风险的提前转移和货物的特定化问题。
买方没有按约定受领货物或没有给予卖方完成交货义务的必要指示，例如给予装船时间或交货地点的通知，那么，风险和费用的转移可以提前到交货之前。
风险的提前转移有一个前提条件，那就是货物必须已正式划归合同项下，即清楚地划出或以其他方式确定为该合同项下的货物。
这也就是通常所说的特定化问题。
例如指明哪些货物划归甲合同项下，那些货物划归合同项下。
如果货物尚未特定化，风险就不能提前转移。
5、什么是到达合同？它与装运合同有何区别？(1)到达合同的含义到达合同(Arrival Contract)是与装运合同相对而言的。
在装运合同下，卖方只保证货物按时装运，不保证货物按时到达。
(2)到达合同与装运合同的区别①交货地点不同。