非动名词
(完整版)非谓语 动名词和现在分词
非谓语动词之现在分词和动名词现在分词和动名词的形式是一样的，都是doing，但它们的含义和用法存在很大差别，即便都可以做表语、定语，其含义也是大不相同的。
一。
现在分词 doing1、现在分词由动词加“ing”构成，表示主动或正在进行,主要起形容词、副词和动词的作用，可在句中作表语、定语、状语、宾补等成份。
（1）作表语。
（与主语存在主动的逻辑关系)The news is exciting. 这个消息令人兴奋。
The result is amazing. 这个结果令人惊异.（2）作定语。
（与被修饰词之间存在主动的逻辑关系）Do you know the young man standing under the tree？你认识站在树下的年轻人吗?The woman wearing a red coat is my aunt。
穿红外套的女人是我的阿姨.(3)作状语。
（与句子主语存在主动逻辑关系，并且与谓语动作同时发生)Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano .(时间状语）经过这所房子的时候,他看到一个女孩正在弹钢琴。
A lot of land has gone with the trees, leaving only sand。
（结果状语)大量的土地已经与树木一起消失了,只留下了沙子。
They wake up their parents ，calling “Merry Christmas"（伴随状语）他们弄醒了他们的父母，喊着“圣诞节快乐”。
（4）作宾补.(与宾语存在主动逻辑关系，并且与谓语动作同时发生)I hear a girl singing in the next room。
我听到一个女孩正在隔壁唱歌。
2、现在分词的否定式：not doingNot knowing where he is, she is feeling anxious。
英语非谓语动词,英语非限定动词,动名词,分词
英语非谓语动词又叫英语非限定动词1.1限定动词与非限定动词从是否受主语所限定来分，英语动词可分为限定动词和非限定动词两类。
1，限定动词限定动词在句中作谓语动词，他受主语所限定，有人称与数的变化。
2，非限定动词非限定动词在句中不能单独作谓语，不受主语所限制，无人称和数的变化。
非限定动词有三个： a 不定式，b 动名词c分词1.2非限定动词的特征，非限定动词既有动词的大部分特征，又有非动词的特征。
动词特征：非限定动词是由动词变化而来的，都保留一定的动词特征，1 有体态形式和语态的变化 2 可以搭配宾语3可以被状语修饰4 有逻辑主语1，体态和语态动词不定式有四种体态形式，即一般式、完成式、进行式和完成进行式。
动名词和现在分词的词形相同，体态形式也相同，常用的有一般式和完成式，过去分词只有一种体态形式，那就是一般式。
就及物动词来说，不定式、动名词与现在都有主动和被动两种语态；不及物动词单单来说没有被动语态，当然加上介副词这些就可以了。
就以及物动词write和不及物动词go为例，各种非限定动词的体态形式如下：在语态方面，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。
在体态方面，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作已经完成。
有些表示感觉的动词，其现在分词表示主动，即“令人有某种感觉”，过去分词表示被动，即“人被引起某种感觉”。
因此，这本书很有趣这么表达：This book is very interesting.而“我对这本书很感兴趣”，i am very interested in this book.一些表示状态转变的动词，其现在分词表示动作在持续之中，其过去分词表示动作已经结束。
Boiling water 沸着的水boiled water 沸过的水（开水）Falling leaves 落下来的叶子fallen leaves 落叶动词不定式的被动语态表示不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式动词所表示的动作承受者。
如：He asked to be let alone.他要求不被打扰。
非谓语的用法总结
非谓语动词的用法总结李靖非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）不是真正意义上的谓语动词,在句中都不能单独作谓语.但都具有动词的某些特点,可以有自己的宾语或状语,构成非谓语动词短语.不定式表目的,表将来；动名词表主动,表进行；过去分词表被动,表完成. 一．作主语( 动名词、不定式、过去分词前面加being, 动名词做主语谓语动词用单数)1）不定式、动名词都可做主语,但是动名词做主语多指抽象的概念性的动作,可以是多次的经常的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作.如：Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险.（泛指玩火）To play with fire will be dangerous. 玩火会发生危险.2）用动名词做主语的句型:It’s no use/no good/pleasure doing sth 做.......没有用处/好处/乐趣It’s a waste of time doing sth 做.... 浪费时间It is worth doing sth 值得做某事It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收It is worth making an appointment before you go. 去之前预约一下是值得的.3）不定式做主语的句型.It is + adj +for sb to do sth.比较：表示人的品质时只能用of sb 如considerate/kind/nice/foolish/stupid/rude/cruel/wise/clever/brave/selfish/crazy/good/careful/careless/impolite/right/wrong等单词出现时.It is silly of you to say so.It is important for us to learn English well.It is a must/ a necessity for us to have a good command of the English language.4) “Wh- + to 不定式”可做主语.如：When to leave hasn’t been decided yet.什么时候动身还没定呢.Whether to drive or take the train is still a problem.是自驾车还是乘火车仍是一个问题.5）一般情况下,不定式和动名词作主语,谓语动词一般用单数形式.如： Seeing is believing.= To see is to believe 眼见为实.. Planting flowers needs constant watering.但and连接的多个动名词作主语,谓语动词大多用复数（如果前后动名词的语义一致,谓语一般用单数）.如：Lying and stealing are immoral. 说谎与盗窃是不道德的.6) 动名词前面可以加上形容词性物主代词构成动名词的复合结构.如：----- What made him angry------ Mary’s /My/His/Her /Their/ The boy’s/ The president’s being late（made him angry.7）过去分词不能单独做主语,前面必须加上being,构成动名词,做主语.如：.Being examined twice a year , whether it is a car, a bus or a truck,.经典练习：1.It’s important for the figures_________ (update) regularly.2.No matter how bright a talker you are, there are times when it’s better ______(remain) silent.3.It’s really stupid of you _______ （tell）him the news yesterdayso it has been disturbing him all the time.4.___________(understand)your own needs and styles of communicationis as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.5.__________(worry) about your grades doesn’t help.6.The engine just won’t start. Something seems _____ (go) wrong withit.参考答案：1. to update 2. to remain 3. to have told 4.understanding 5. worrying go改错题：一个句子最多有一处错误1. It’s standard practice for a company like this one employ a security officer.2. Hear how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.3. Know basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.4. Do well in an interview will be an important part of getting a place at university.told us whether have a picnic was still under discussion.prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.参考答案：1. 在employ前加to 2. Hear 改为Hearing 3. Know 改为Knowing4. Do 改为Doing5. have 前加to6. prevent 前加to.二.作定语1）作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面需要有相应的介词,如：The Browns have a comfortable house to live in2) 用不定式作定语的几种情况：a. 不定式表将来如：The car to be bought is for his sister.b. 用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any,the only 等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系, 如：He was the best man to do the job.She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.c. 有些名词的同根词常跟不定式,因而它们也常跟不定式做定语,常见的有：promise, plan, attempt, offer, decision, refusal, failure, ability, chance, warning, anxiety, eagerness, willingness, readiness等I don’t trust his promise to come for a visit.He said he had no plan to go there.He made an attempt to stand up.Birds’singing is sometimes a warning to other birds to stay away.3) 前置定语：V+ing 可以表示正在进行,也可以表示特征；过去分词表示已经完成或状态请区别下面短语：the boiling/ boiled water. 正沸腾的水(表正在进行)/白开水（表完成）a good-looking flower. 一朵好看的花儿（表特征）the developing countries/ the developed countries 发展中国家/发达国家the falling leaves / the fallen leaves正在下落的叶子/落叶the remaining money/ the money left 剩下的钱注意：英语中有些表示感觉的动词,其现在分词形式表示“令人感到…..的”,过去分词形式表示“感到….的”如：an exciting voice 一个令人兴奋的声音 an excited voice 一个兴奋的声音a puzzling expression 一个令人困惑的表情 a puzzled expression 一个困惑的表情4）区别下列后置定语的用法：to be done 表示被动、将来；done 表示被动、完成；being done 表示被动、正在进行；v+ing 表示主动；动词的系表结构直接去掉动词be;如果是不及物动词或者是感官系动词sound/taste/ feel/ smell/ look 和变化系动词就只有用V+ing形式.Have you read the novel written by DickensListen The song being sung is very popular with students.The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very important one.The food tasting delicious sells well.注意：不定式在后置定语中只表示将来,不表目的；having dong 或者having been done 一般用在状语中,不可以做后置定语,过去分词本身就表被动和完成.请完成下面的练习are many people ______ (wait) outside the hall.are many problems ______ ( remain) to be solved.flowers _______ (smell) sweet attract a lot of people.are many people _______ (invite) to the party.film, ______ (set) in the 19th century, won the medal.meeting_________(hold) now is of great importance.meeting_________(hold) yesterday was of great importance.meeting ________ (hold) tomorrow is of great importance.is always the first_______ (come) and the last _______ (leave).is the only person ________(know) the truth.was the best ______ (do) the job.13. A great number of students _________(question) said they were forcedto practice the piano.14. John has really got the job because he showed me the official letter_____(offer) it to him.15. After completing and signing it, please return the form to us in theenvelope ______ (provide)16. Birds’singing is sometimes a warning to other birds ______(stay)away.17. The room is empty except for a bookshelf_____（stand）in one corner.18. Laura was away in Paris for over a week. When she got home, therewas a pile of mail______(wait) for her.19. They might just have a place _____ (leave) on the writing course—whydon’t you give it a try20. In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words ____(use) indaily conversations.21. Volunteering gives you a chance _______ (change) lives, includingyour own.参考答案： . smelling 5. set held 8. to be held 9. to come 10.to leave know do 13. questioned 14. offering 15. provided16. to stay 17. standing 18. waiting 19. left 20. used 21.to leave 22. to change三.作表语(不定式/动名词/过去分词都可以做表语)1.动名词作表语表示抽象的概念性的动作,可以是多次的经常性的行为；不定式多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作例如：比较下列区别His favorite sport is swimming. (泛指游泳)Your task today is to wash the curtains.(指一次具体的工作)2 .excited/disappointed/frightened/pleased/satisfied/interested/puz zled/tired 感到…exciting/disappointing/frightening/pleasing/satisfying/interestin g/puzzling/tiring令人….He is moved by the moving movie.The film is moving.It is a pleasant trip.（pleasant 做前置定语）The trip is pleasing.（pleasing 做表语）3. 注意下列表达方式：My bag is missing/ lost/ gone. I find my bag missing/lost/gone.4. remain 的表语1) remain to be done 仍需去做/有待于…One problem remians to be solved.It remians to be seen whether the operation was successful.2) remain做“仍然是”讲时,可用名词,adj,介词,现在分词或者过去分词作表语He remained stuck (滞留)abroadPeter became a manager, but Jack remained a worker.Whatever achievements you’ve made, you should remain modest.无论你取得多么大的成就,你都该保持谦虚.He had to remain in hospital until he was better. 他不得不一直住院直到身体好些.This solid stone,square tower had remained standing for one thousand years.The guests came in, but she remained sitting/seated at the desk reading.客人们都来了,但她还坐在写字台旁读书.As before, he remained unmoved. 他和以往一样无动于衷.注意：1）用作不及物动词,意思是“剩下；剩余；遗留”,此时不能用进行时态,也没有被动语态.After the fire, very little remained of his house. 火灾过后,他的家所剩无几.2)remaining是形容词,意为“剩余的”,常作前置定语；而left则只能作后置定语.例如：There are still some apples left. 还剩余一些苹果. I bought a giftfor her with the remaining money. 我用剩余的钱给她买了一件礼物.3) remain作名词时表示“剩余物”,一般用其复数形式.例如：The archeologists found some remains of the Song Dynasty.考古学家发现了一些宋代遗迹.5. 1)主语+seem +(to be )+表语,表语多为名词或形容词Tom seems (to be ) a very clever boy. 汤姆看上去是一个非常聪明的男孩.The man over there seems to be a new teacher. 那边的那个人看上去像一个新老2) 主语+ seem to do sthbe doing sthhave done sthMrs. Green doesn’t seem (或seems not ) to like the idea. 格林夫人似乎不太喜欢这个主意.The children seemed to be eating something in the room. 孩子们好像正在房间里吃东西呢.The young man seemed to have changed much. 这个年轻人看起来变化很大.6. 当不定式用作表语时,其中的 to 原则上是不能省略的.如：His aim is t o do two years’ work in one. 他的目标是一年干两年的工作.但有一种例外,那就是当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时,用作表语的不定式可以省略to.如：What you first do is (to) mix the egg with flour. 你先得把鸡蛋和面粉和好.All I did was (to) touch the window, and it broke. 我只不过碰了一下窗户,玻璃就碎了经典练习1. My worry is your _______ (rely) too much on your parents.2. Please remain ______ (seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon.3. For those with family members far away, the personal computer and thephone are important in staying________( connect)答案：四.作宾语(不定式和动名词都可以作宾语)1.只能用动名词作宾语的动词和短语考虑、建议和原谅,承认、推迟没得想像避免、继续练,否认完成停感谢不禁止介意准逃亡consider（考虑）;advise/suggest/propose/recommend(建议);excuse/pardon(原谅)；admit/acknowledge(承认)；delay/postpone/put off(推迟); imagine/fancy(想像)；avoid（避免）；practise（练习）;deny(否认);finish(完成); appreciate/acknowledge(感谢); forbid (禁止); mind(介意); escape(逃脱)；此外,这些动词也跟动名词：miss（错过）；enjoy（享受）；risk (冒险)；tolerate/bear/stand/put up with(容忍)；quit（停止）advocate（提倡）；resist （抵制）understand（理解）；allow/permit(允许)feel like doing sth（喜欢做某事; give up doing (放弃做某事); keep doing(不停的做某事); be busy doing sth; can’t help doing sth（情不自禁）; be worth doing sth (值得做某事)；have difficulty/trouble doing sth(做...有困难/麻烦); have a hard/good time doing sth做.... 很开心/不开心; have fun doing sth 做.... 很开心 succeed in doing sth 成功做某事It is no use/good /pleasure doing sth做.......没有用处/好处/乐趣There is no point in doing sth= There is no need to do sth 没必要做某事It’s a waste of time doing sth 做.... 浪费时间It is worthwhile doing/ to do sth = be worthy to be done= be worthy of being done= be worth doing sth值得做某事2.只能用不定式作宾语的动词决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help,(afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten口诀之外的单词)She pretended not to see me when I passed by.We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.3. forget,go on,mean,regret,remember,stop,try等动词或词组可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别.forget to do sth _________________ forget doing sth ______________________ go on to do sth __________________go on doing sth ______________________ mean to do sth____________________ mean doing sth___________________ regret to say/tell/inform/announce__________________________________ regret doing sth/having done________________________________________ remember to do sth_________________ remember doing sth________________ stop to do sth______________________ stop doing sth____________________ try to do sth______________________ try doingsth_________________________can’t help (to) do sth __________________ can’t help doing sth__________________can’t help but do sth =can’t but do sth ___________________sb used to do sth ___________________ sb be used to doing sth____________________sth be used to do sth ________________________be afraid to do sth不敢做某事 be afraid of doing sth担心发生某事be sure to do sth一定会.....be sure of doing sth确信会.....Let’s go on studying Lesson 6. （让我们继续学第六课.说明前面已学了一部分.）Let’s go on to study Lesson 6. （让我们接着学第六课.说明前面已学了第五课.）I remember doing the exercise. （我记得做过练习.）I must remember to do it. （我必须记着做这事.）I tried not to go there. （我设法不去那里.）I tried doing it again. （我试着又干了一次.）Stop speaking. （不要讲话.）He stopped to talk. （他停下来讲话.）I mean to come early today. （我打算今天早些来.）Missing the train means waiting for another hour.（误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时）4.在allow,advise,forbid,permit等动词后直接跟动名词形式作宾语,如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语：allow /advise/forbid/permit sb to do sthallow/advise/forbid/permit doing sthWe don’t allow smoking here.We don’t allow students to smoke.动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语表示事情需要做,这时,动名词的主动式表示被动意义.be worth 后必须用动名词的主动形式来表示被动意义.…需要….…值得….deserve to be done/ doing …..值得….The window needs/requires/wants cleaning/to be cleaned.Her method is worth trying.These proposals deserve considering/ to be considered. 这些建议应该被考虑.devote oneself/ one’s time to (把...贡献给...)；look forward to (期望)；pay attention to (注意)； attach importance to (重视)； be used/accustomed to (习惯于做某事)；when it comes to (当谈到做某事) ; get down to(着手)；prefer doing sth to doing sth（喜欢...而不喜欢; turn to doing sth(转向)；thanks to (多亏); lead to (导致)；the key to doing sth (做某事的关键)；object to/be opposed to (反对)；contribute to (有助于)；be addicted to doing sth (沉湎于；对...上瘾)；make contributions to (对...做出贡献) ；due to （由于）；apply oneself to (致力于) ；stick to（坚持）；come close to （接近于）等后的动词也必须用动名词形式,例如：I look forward to hearing from you soon.6.不定式做动词（词组）tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等的宾语时,前面常常带引导词how, what, whether, where, when, who等,但是why后加不带to的不定式.He showed us how to do the work= He showed us how we should do the work.I don’t know what to do= I don’t know what I should do.We must decide whether to stay or go= We must decide whether we’ll stay or go.Can you tell me why do it7.在love,hate,prefer,like等动词后用动名词或不定式无多大区别.有时用动名词作宾语时,指一般情况,而跟不定式作宾语时指某一具体行为.I love swimming. I love to swim today.,begin,continue在书面语中多后接动名词,在口语中多后接不定式.It started to snow. He is beginning to cook dinner. I began to understand what he meant.典型例题1. David threatened _____(report) his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.2. He chose _______(keep) silent when asked why.3. He volunteered _________(help) the victims in the earthquake.4. Whenever you are in trouble, don’t hesitate _______(ask) me for help.5. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area need ______(repair).6. —Can I smoke here—Sorry. We don’t allow ______(smoke) here.7. I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention ______(promote) when we talked on the phone.8. Bill suggested _______(hold) a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.9. I really appreciate _______(have) time to holiday with you on this nice island.10. I can hardly imagine her _______(marry) such a men as Lee.11. It’s quite hot today. Do you feel like ________(go) for a swim12. The film star wears sunglass. Therefore, he can go shopping without ______(recognize).13. —They are quiet, aren’t they—Yes, they are accustomed to not talk at meals.14. How can I afford to fly to America when I can only earn 800 Yuan a month.15. Would you mind turn down your radio a little, please16. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed caught.17. He practiced playing the piano every morning.18. He risked losing his life in order to save the drowning girl.19. He was considering changed his mind.20. He was considered to be very rich.21. D on’t worry. We can manage to help you out.22. I was advised to quit the job and try a new one.23. We’ve had a good start, but next, more work needs to be done to achieve the final success.24. One learns a language by making mistakes and correct them.25. China recently tightened its waters controls near the HuangYan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from attacked in the South China Sea.26. Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and having reduced to ruins, the city took on a new look.27. When it comes to speak in public, no one can match him.28. Lydia doesn’t feel like study abroad. Her parents are old.29. I really regret _____ (inform) you that you have failed to pass the exam.30. He tried ______(persuade) her to accept their incitation, but in vain.31. She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake.32. I still remember taken to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.33. No one answered the front door, so I tried knocking at the back door.34. I’m afraid I can’t help painting the house this afternoon.35. I couldn’t choose but to accept his invitation.36. I’m sorry. I didn’t mean hurt you.37. Now that we have finished Exercise I, let’s go on to do Exercise Ⅱ.38. I couldn’t help but admiring him for his courage.39. Oh, my goodness I forgot to lock the door last night. Is there anything missing40. I forgot paid already, so I went to my boss again.41. The competitor never dreamed of there __________ (be) a chance for him to win the first prize in the 100 meter race.42. Have you heard of my sister _______ (win) the contest43. The doctor does not mind I eating a little meat occasionally.44. She didn’t mind her books taken away and used by other students.45. I insist on Mary go there.46. I knew nothing about the window was open.47. He left the city without our know it.答案：report 2. to keep 3. to help ask been promoted 10. marrying recognized 改为taking 14.正确改为turning 前加being 17.正确 18.正确改为changing 20.正确 21.正确 22.正确 23.正确改为correcting 前加being 改为being 改为speaking 改为studying inform persuade 31.正确前加being 33.正确改为paint 35.去掉to 36.正确 37.正确 39.正确前加being 改为my或me 前加being 改为going,或去掉on 改为being 改为knowing五．作状语不定式分词作状语时,不定式、分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,不定式表示目的,动名词表示主动,过去分词表示被动.(一)不定式作状语1.不定式作目的状语In order to可以放在句首,也可以放在句中；so as to 只能放于句中,in order to 和so as to 放于句中时,不能用逗号隔开.To catch the early bus/In order to catch the early bus, he gets up early.= He gets up early to catch the early bus.Bob took down my telephone number so as / in order not to forget it. = In order not to forget it, Bob took down my telephone number.2.不定式作结果状语不定式作结果状语常用在下列句式中：so+adj +as to do sth; such+n +as to do sth; …enough to do sth; too….to; Only to do sth表示不定式出乎意料的结果.I’m not so stupid as to write it down.=I’m not such a fool as to write it down.He is clever enough to be fit for the job.Jane arrived at the station only to be told the train had gone.比较：He died, leaving only debts.(动名词表示自然而然的结果)I’m too tired to stay up longer.注意：only too…to结构中,并非是“太….而不能….”之意,而表示“非常….”这样搭配的形容词有：pleased, ready, willing, glad, happy等.I’m only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格了,我非常高兴.I’m too willing to help you.3.不定式作原因状语当这些形容词light, heavy, hard/difficult, easy, comfortable, pleasant, dangerous impossible, interesting nice等出现时要用主动表被动.This question is easy to answer.This book is difficult to understand.（二）分词做状语分词作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状语等,为了强调,可以与while, when, once, if , unless等连词连用.(not)V+ing 表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系V+ed 表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的被动关系(not) having done 表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系；动作发生在谓语动作之前(not)having been done表示句子主语之间为逻辑上的被动关系; 动作发生在谓语动作之前1. When ________ (offer) help, one often says “Thank you”or “It’s kind of you.(Separate) from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.3. Generally speaking, if _______(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.4. He glanced at her, ________( note) that though she was tiny, she seemed very well.5. The teacher came into the lab, _________(follow) by some students.6. _________________(tell) many times, he still repeated the same mistake.7. Not _______________(receive) her letter, he wrote again.参考答案： 2. Separated 3. taken 4. noting 5. followed 6. Having been told7. having received(三) 独立成分作状语有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分.常见的有：generally speaking 一般来说 strictly/ honestly/frankly speaking 严格地、诚实地、坦率地讲considering/ given/taking… into consideration 考虑到judging from/by 根据....判断compared with/to 与....相比provided/ providing/ suppose/ supposing/ assuming 假设to be frank/ to tell you the truth/ to be honest 坦率地说、跟你说实话、老实说To make things/ the matter worse 更为糟糕的是seeing that 鉴于Considering his age, he is quite tall.Judging from his look, he didn’t agree with you at all.I lost my way in complete darkness and, to make things worse, it began to rain.To tell you the truth, I am a little tired.练习：1).______ (sleep) late in the morning, he turned off the alarm o’clock.2)._______(see) from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.3) ._______(see) the sunset from the hill, he felt relaxed.4). _______(clean) the desks, we began reading.5).__________(surround) for a month, the enemy had to give in.6). ___________(lose) in the woods, he finally saved by the police.7) .All the afternoon he worked with the door_______(lock).8).With winter_______(come) on,it's time to buy warm clothes.9).I can't go out with all these dishes________(wash).10).Anderson was lying on the bed with the window________(open).11).He stood there with his eyes ______(fix) on the wall.12).He felt relaxed, with his work _______(do).13). He felt anxious, with a lot of work________(do)参考答案：1) to sleep; 2) seen; 3) seeing; 4) Having cleaned; 5) having been surrounded; 6) lost7) locked 8) coming 9) to wash 10) open 11).fixed 12) done 13) to do总结状语从句的做题方法：(四)独立主格非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应该和句子主语保持一致.但是有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中做状语,我们称之为独立主格.它的结构特点是：①独立主格中的状语有自己独立的主语,与主句的主语不同,前后主语不一致；②在独立主格中的状语中,不定式表示还未作,过去分词表示被动；现在分词表示主动③独立主格结构一般都有逗号与主句分开. 独立主格的结构为：(with)主语+V+ing/v+ed/ to do sth/ adj/ 介词结构/ 副词1).名词/主格代词+现在分词.名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系.如：The girl staring at him (= as the girl stared at him), he didn’t know what to say.= With the girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么好.Time permitting (= if time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.= _______________________________________________________如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游.2).名词/主格代词+过去分词.名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系.如：The problems solved (= as the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.= With the problem solved, the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了. Her glasses broken (= because her g lasses were broken), she couldn’t see the words on the blackboard. =__________________________________________________________________.由于眼镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字.3).名词/主格代词+不定式.名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作.如：He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.= He is going to make a model plane, with some old parts to help.借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型.4).名词/主格代词+形容词.如：An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还.= An air accident happened to the plane, with nobody alive.So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. =_____________________________这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消.5).名词/主格代词+副词.如：He put on his sweater ,wrong side out.= He put on his sweater , with wrong side out.他把毛衣穿反了.The meeting over, they all went home.=____________________________________________.会议一结束,他们就都回家了.6).名词/主格代词+介词短语.如：The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand.= The boy goes to the classroom, with a book in his hand.那男孩手里拿着书去教室.Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着,背对着门. 7). There being +名词（代词）,being不可省.如：There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做,我们就回家了.There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了,我宣布散会.8). It being +名词（代词）,being不可省.如：It being Christmas, t he government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故,政府机关都休息.当不定式用作介词except或but的宾语时,该不定式有时带 to,有时不带 to,情形比较复杂,大致原则是：其前有do,不定式不带 to；其前没有 do,不定式通常带 to.如：He likes nothing except to watch TV. 除了看电视外,他什么都不喜欢.It had no effect except to make him angry. 除惹他生气外,没产生任何效果.There’s little we can do except wait. 除了等待我们没有什么办法.I could do nothing except agree. 我除了同意,没有别的办法重点句型：have no choice/alternative but to do sth 别无选择只能做某事 have nothing to do but do sth / can do nothing but do sth别无选择只能做某事经典例题：1.I looked up and noticed a snake ______(wind) its way up the tree to catchits breakfast.2.Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car_______(wash).3.Having finished her project, she was invited _______(speak) by the schoolto the new students.4.When we saw the road _______(block) with snow, we decided to spend theholiday at home.5.Let those in need ______(understand) that we will go all out to help them.6.He is thought ______(act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blamefor losing the job.7.Alexander tried to get his work in the medical circles ______(recognize).8.I was advised _______(take) more exercise and eat less sugar.9.That eight-year-old boy was made _________(work) day and night by thecruel boss.10.When he went back to his home village ten years later, he found itcompletely _____(change).11.Passengers are permitted ______(carry) only one piece of hand luggageonto the plane.12.Simon made a big bamboo box _____(keep) the little sick bird till it couldfly.13.Listen Do you hear someone call for help14.I felt something hitting me on the back.15.Let the children quiet, please.16.He was heard leave the house.17.I’ll have him to pay attention to his handwriting.18.Don’t have the students study all day.19.All that set me thinking.20.He got his tooth pull out yesterday.21.He was caught steal in the shop and was sent to prison.22.I found my desk mate, Li Yang, play basketball on the playground.23.Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himselfreminding of his own dreams.24.Even the best writers find themselves losing for words.25.Claire had luggage _______ (check) an hour before her plane left.26.I have a lot of readings ________ (complete) before the end of this term.27.Every year, Tom remembers to have some flowers ________ (send) to hermother on her birthday.28.The director had her assistant _______ (pick) up some hot dogs for themeeting.29.The two men had their lights ________ (burn) all night long.30.He had his house _______ (break) into last night.31.With the world changing fast, we have something new deal with all byourselves every day.32.Emperor Qin Shi Huang had all the walls join up.33.If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but meet an even greatchallenge.34.He had all his students to stand up and sing the song together.35.They had the machine run all day and all night.36.We won’t have such a thing happening again.37.Something has gone wrong with my computer. I’ll get it _________ (repair)tomorrow.38.It’s too noisy outside. I’ll have to get the children ___________ (stop)shouting.39.The first thing he did every morning was to get his car____________(start).40.He was very humorous and often got us ________ (laugh).41.Considering his illness, the doctor tried to get the patient stop smoking.42.His sudden appearance got them surprising.43.He got his ankle hurt in the game yesterday.44.The boss got them worked as soon as they entered the workshop.答案：1.winding 3. to speak 4. blocked 5. understand 6. to have acted 8. to take 9. to work 10. changed 11. to carry 12. to keep13. call改为calling 14. hitting改为hit 15. quiet前加be 16. leave 前加to 17.去掉pay前的to18.study改为studying 19. 正确 20. pull改为pulled 21. steal改为stealing改为playing 23. reminding改为reminded 24. losing改为lost 25. checkedcomplete 27. sent 28. pick 29. burning 30. broken 31. deal前加to 32. join改为joined33.meet前加to 34. 去掉to 35. run改为running 36. 正确 37. repaired38. to stop39.started 40. laughing 41. stop 前加to 42. surprising改为surprised43. 正确改为working。
英语中的非限定动词 (Nonfinite Verbs)
If you want to improve your spoken English, you should often practice speaking English. 3）有些动词后面用不定式。如：wish, hope, manage, ask, offer, promise, pretend, decide, learn, agree, care, choose, determine, expect, afford, arrange, attempt, beg,, dare, demand, desire, fail, long, prepare, refuse… 另外，tell, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn 等 动词常用“连接代词/ 副词+ 不定式”结构作宾 语。如： He offered to help us. They will tell us how to repair farm tools.
英语中的非限定动词 (Nonfinite Verbs)
非限定动词的特点： 1.非限定动词没有人称和数的变化。比较： He likes to play football. They like to play football. 2.如果非限定动词是及物动词，须有宾语。如： I get up early to read English in the morning. I suggest having a meeting. 3.非限定动词可以有状语修饰。如： I prefer to go there by bike. Excuse me for coming late.
2分词作表语时，在形式上与进行时态或被动语 态一样，但意义上是有区别的。比较：
在英语中非谓语动词的用法
在英语中非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别（1）动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。
(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
(具体)（2）动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。
(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。
(经验)（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别（1）不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
（2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。
（3）如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem，purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。
非谓语形式
非谓语形式非谓语形式就是:动词不定式、分词、动名词。
非谓语动词在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。
1)不定式时态\语态主动被动一般式 to do to be done 完成式 to have done to have been done2)动名词时态\语态主动被动一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done3)分词时态\语态主动被动一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done否定形式: not +不定式， not + 动名词， not + 现在分词1( 有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，大致上有三种情况。
1)1) 有些及物动词用不定式作宾语，结构为动词+不定式。
例如:afford aim agree arrange ask decidebother care choose demand desire determine elect endeavor hope fail help learn long 渴mean manage offer plan pretend 望refuse tend undertake expect hate intend例如:The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
He offered to help me. 他表示愿意帮助我。
2)有些动词除了可以用不定式作宾语，还用不定式作补语，即有动词+宾语+不定式的结构。
例如:ask choose expect help beg intend like/love need prefer prepare want wish例如:I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
英语非谓语动词：不定式,动名词和分词
英语非谓语动词：不定式，动名词和分词非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（包括现在分词和过去分词）（一）动词不定式动词不定式可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语。
动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，否定形式“not to +动词原形”。
1.用法（1）作主语。
往往用it作为形式主语。
如：It is time to get up.（2）作宾语。
如果带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it作形式宾语。
如：I find it interesting to study English.有些动词只能用动词不定式作宾语。
如：decide,plan,desire,hope,wish,promise,ask,agree, manage等。
（3）作宾语补足语A：带to的动词不定式有：ask，tell，want，teach，advise，allow，beg，invite等。
如：He asked me to do the work.B :接不带to的动词不定式有：see，watch，hear,make ,let等。
如：I often see him play football.使役动词不带to,动词有：一感二听三让四观看。
一感：feel 二听：hear, listen to 三让：let，have，make 四观看：observe,see,watch,look at注意：feel, hear,notice, see,watch,have,make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to,但变成被动结构时，要带to.如：I often hear him cry. He is often heard to cry.注意：带but介词的不定式。
如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么but后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。
另外，在can’t choose but...和can’t help but...等后面的不定式也省略to。
非谓语动词(non-finite verbs)
在英语中，不做句子谓语，而具有谓语外其他语法功能的动词中，叫“非谓语动词”非谓语动词包括：动词不定式（the Infinitive）动名词（the Gerund）现在分词（the Present Participle）过去分词（the Past Participle）Ⅰ。
动词不定式：动词不定式有两种，带“to”和不带“to（动词原型）”，有人称之为“光秃不定式”，在大多数情况下不定式都带to，动词不定式由“to+动词原型”，这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义，不定式具有名词，形容词，或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态。
一：1。
不定式做主语：eg : To over come the problem is very difficult不定式做主语，往往用it做形式主语，真正的主语不定式放置句子后面：eg : It‟s so nice to hear your voice.但是，用不定式做主语的句子中还有一个不定式做表语时，不能用it‟s…to…的句型eg : To teach is to learn.比较“it‟s for sb和it‟s of sb1)for sb句型中的形容词一般为表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如”easy, hard, difficult, impossible”等2)of sb句型中的形容词一般为表示性格，品德，心智能力，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如”good, kind, nice, clever, foolish”等3)用介词for或者of后面的逻辑主语做句子的主格，用介词前边的形容词做表语，造这个句子，如果通顺用of，不通则用for2．不定式做表语：不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语eg : My dream is to be a teacher.3．不定式做宾语1）有些及物动词用不定式做宾语，结构为“动词+不定式”P2892）有些动词除了可以用不定式做宾语，还用些不定式做补语，即“动词+宾语+不定式”结构eg : I like to keep everything tidy.I like you to keep everything tidy.3）有些动词或动词词组可以用“动词+疑问词+不定式”的结构：eg : I want to know how to solve the problem.4）如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用“ it ”做形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语4．不定式做补语1）有些动词+宾语+不定式P291eg : Father will not allow us to play on the street.2）有些动词+宾语+不定式的结构，不定式的动词往往是be，不定式一般可以省去eg : We believe him (to be) quilty (adj.)我们相信他是有罪的We know him to be fool. (n.) (to be不能省)3）有些动词可以跟”there + to be的结构eg : We didn‟t expect there to be so many people.You wouldn‟t want there to be another war. 你不至于想让另外一场战争发生吧？5．不定式做定语不定式做宾语，通常要放在被修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。
(完整版)动名词、动词不定式、分词作定语区别
动词的不定式，\分词\.动名词的区别及其用法、搭配。
答：非谓语动词包括动词不定式.动名词和分词三种形式,分词又包括现在分词和过去分词.这三种形式都是由动词变来的，但在句子中都不能作谓语，故这三种形式被称为非谓语动词。
下面就这三种形式在用法上的区别浅析如下：一、动词不定式和动名词在句子中均可作主语和表语在表示一个具体的。
个别的或将来的动作时,要用动词不定式.如:My job is to teach the first-year students grammar.To study English well is very important。
在表示比较抽象的一般的行为和动作时，二者可以互换。
如：To climb mountains is a good form of exercise。
Climbing mountains is a good form of exercise。
二、动名词、现在分词和动词不定式都可以作定语1.动名词作定语时，和它所修饰的名词之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系,只表示被修饰名词的一般用途,必须位于名词之前。
如:There is a swimming pool in our school.2。
现在分词作定语时，和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系,表示所修饰名词的特征.如:Listen to the singing bird。
Who is the boy running towards us。
3。
动词不定式作定语时,当所修饰的名词指人时，和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。
如:He is always the first to come to school.当所修饰的名词指物时，和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系.如：I have a meeting to attend。
如果作定语的动词不定式中的动词是不及物动词，需加上相应的介词。
如：I have no room to live in。
非谓语动词一览表
非谓语动词一览表一、非谓语动词的三种基本形式的含义①to do：表示要做或去做，表个别行为，表目的；②doing：做了，经常做，用来做，或一般行为（动名词）。
表主动含义“正在做”，形容词化翻译成“令人…的”（现在分词）；③done：表示被动含义“被做”或“已做”“已被做”，形容词化后翻译成“(某人)感到…的”或“被…的”或“已…的”（表语、定语、状语）。
（先记住三种非谓语动词的基本含义，在以下的讲解中就能慢慢领会贯通。
）动名词与现在分词的区别主要是：1. 动名词充当主语，宾语，和同位语。
现在分词充当状语和补语。
两者都可以做定语，但是意义不同。
作定语时，动名词说明被修饰的名词的用途；现在分词说明名词的动作，即它和名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。
a sleeping car=a car used for sleeping 一节卧车车厢，即一个用于睡觉的车（sleeping为动名词表用途）a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping 一个睡着的孩子，即一个正在睡觉的孩子（sleeping为现在分词表正在进行的动作）注意：做定语时，动名词和现在分词的读音不同。
（a ‘sleeping car），（a sleeping ‘child）。
2.动名词具有名词的性质。
现在分词则没有。
①动名词和名词一样有a, the, my, this, Tom’s, the, some, much, a lot of等词语修饰：I usually do some cleaning on Sunday. 我通常在周日打扫卫生。
Do you do much fishing? 你常常钓鱼吗？He showed me a picture of his own painting. 他拿出来他自己绘画的一张照片给我看。
A knocking at the door was heard. 一阵敲门声被听到了。
②动名词和名词一样有所有格、复数形式：He enjoys reading for reading’s sake, not for scholarship.他喜欢阅读是因为阅读的好处，而不是因为奖学金。
动词的非谓语形式有三种不定式,动名词和分词
分词的用法 作宾语补足语
例如： We saw the teacher making the experiement.
注意：
• 在 see，hear，watch，feel，observe，have，listen to， notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语， 也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是有差 别的，用现在分词，表示动作正在发生，(即处于发 生的过程中，还没有结束)，用不定式表示动作发生 了，(即动作全过程结束了)。 • 例如： • I saw the girl getting on the tractor． I saw the girl get on the tractor and drive off．
动词的非谓语形式—非谓语动词 动词的非谓语形式 非谓语动词
•动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词． 动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词． 动词的非谓语形式有三种 分词 •其中分词又有现在分词和过去分词之分 其中分词又有现在分词和过去分词之分. 其中分词又有现在分词和过去分词之分
动词的非谓语形式
注：
• 当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时：分词必 须有自己的主语． （ 独立结构） 例如: Time permitting, I will finish another lesson．
分词的用法 作表语
• 例如： The news is inspiring. The glass is broken．
“have +宾语+宾补”的几个句型比较: 注意宾补和宾语的关系！
“have + 宾语+do” 表示让某人做某事 “ have十宾语十doing” 表示主体使客体处于 某状态或一直在干什 么事； “ have十宾语十done” 表示动作是别人做的 或与主体意志无关．
专题10 非谓语动词-备战中考英语专项突破课件(语法篇)
phone while crossing the street．
A．answering
B．to answer
C．answer
D．answered
the mobile
(B )8．(2018·扬州)—Mr．Wu has recommended many books．Have
you decided
first?
辑主语与句子主语 做一次志愿者，帮助孩子们学习如何
保持一致，在句中 阅读。【八下 Unit 2 第 12
表原因或目的
页】
He returned home to learn his son
不定式作状语可位于句末，在
had gone to the countryside．他返回
句中表结果
状
家中获悉他的儿子已经去了乡下。
表语
school for the children．我们的计划是
系动词后作表语
为孩子们创办另一所中学。
( B )1．(2020·大庆)—What's next?
—I'll have Tony
you around．
A．to show
B．show
C．showed
D．shown
( D )2．(2020·天津)I've just watched a TV programme about
space．I hope
on the moon one day．
A．walk
B．walked
C．walking
D．to walk
( D )3．(2020·泰州)More and more teenagers have poor eyesight，
初中非谓语动词最全总结
初中非谓语动词最全总结非谓语动词包括动名词、动词不定式和分词。
在初中教育中，我们主要研究前两种形式。
一、动名词动名词除了可以作为谓语以外，还可以作为其他成分，如宾语、主语、表语、宾语补足语等。
以下是一些常见的动名词用法：1.动词 + 动名词：XXX.（完成做某事）、XXX.（喜欢做某事）、XXX.（练做某事）、XXX.（想象做某事）、XXX.（避免做某事）、XXX.（考虑做某事）、XXX.（建议做某事）、XXX.（介意做某事）、keep XXX.（持续做某事）。
2.固定短语：XXX.（喜欢做某事）、XXX.（忙于做某事）、be XXX.（值得做某事）、spend time (in) XXX.（花费时间（金钱）做某事）、XXX.（做某事有困难）、have fun XXX.（做某事高兴）。
3.介词后（on。
in。
of。
about。
at。
with。
without。
for。
from。
up。
by等）：be good at doing sth.（擅长做某事）、thank you for doing sth.（感谢做某事）、give up XXX.（放弃做某事）、XXX.（阻止某人做某事）、do well in doing sth.（做某事做得好）、XXX.（害怕做某事）、be XXX.（对做某事感兴趣）、be proud of（以…为自豪）、instead of（代替）、be fond of（喜爱）。
4.to作介词：look forward to doing sth.（期望做某事）、XXX.（与…相比较更喜欢…）、pay n to doing sth.（注意做某事）、be/get used to doing sth.（惯于做某事）、XXX（为…做贡献）。
二、动词不定式动词不定式通常作为动词的宾语、宾语补足语、主语、表语、定语等。
以下是一些常见的动词不定式用法：1.动词 + 不定式：decide to do sth.（决定做某事）、want to do sth.（想做某事）、XXX.（希望做某事）、try to do sth.（尝试做某事）、fail to do sth.（未能做某事）、XXX.（拒绝做某事）、promise to do sth.（承诺做某事）、manage to do sth.（设法做某事）。
非谓语动词 动名词和分词
15.Keep on _________ and you will succeed. A. a try B. try C. trying D. trying 16.His parents insist on ____________ to college. A. he should go B. he go C. his going D. him to go 17.The story was so funny that we ___________. A. couldn't help laugh B. can't but laugh C. couldn't help laughing D. couldn't help but to laugh 18. I regretted _____ that to her. A. having said B. to have said C. to say D. /
10. It took the men two hours to finish ____ my car. A. repairing B. repair C. to repair D. repaired 11. It's no good ________ over split milk. A. to cry B. crying C. cried D. cry 12. Jack said that he wouldn't mind ___________ for us. A. to wait B. wait C. waiting D. waited 13.We should often practice _________ English with each other. A. to speak B. spoke C. speak D. speaking
实义动词与非实义动词
英语语法：实义动词与非实义动词根据其含义和句子功用，动词可分为实义动词和非实义动词(包括时态助动词和情态助动词等)。
如： He bought a story book. 他买了一本故事书。
(buy 为实义动词) He has read the story book. 他已读过这本故事书。
(has 为时态助动词，read为实意动词) He shoul根据其含义和句子功用，动词可分为实义动词和非实义动词(包括时态助动词和情态助动词等)。
如：He bought a story book. 他买了一本故事书。
(buy 为实义动词)He has read the story book. 他已读过这本故事书。
(has 为时态助动词，read 为实意动词)He should read the story book. 他应该读读这本故事书。
(should 为情态助动词,red为实义动词)英语语法：动态动词与静态动词根据词义特点，动词可分为动态动词和静态动词。
动态动词主要指动作动词，而静态动词则主要指表示情感、内心活动、感觉、相互关系等的动词： He wrote some letters. 他写了一些信。
(write 为动态动词)ဠThe girls are dancing. 女孩子仮在跳舞。
(dance 为动态根据词义特傹，动词可分为动态动譍和静态动譍㠂䊨态动词主要指动作动词，而静态动词则主要指ဠ示情感、内心活动、感觉、相互ᅳ系等的动词：@e wrote Som聥†letters. 他厙了一些信。
(write 为动态动词+The girls arE Ѥqncing.Ƞ女孩子们在跓舞。
(dance(为劬态动词)I thijဠ le is honѥstĮ我认为他是诚实的。
(think 和is均为静态动词) Everyone likes her. 人人都喜欢她。
(like 为静态动词)有的动词既可用作静态动词也可用作动态动词，只是含义不同：He has a lot of friends. 他有许多朋友。
非谓语动词中ING分词与不定式用法的区别
非谓语动词中ING分词与不定式用法的区别非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。
为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。
1.不定式和动名词作主语的区别（1）动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。
Smoking is prohibited（禁止）here.这里禁止抽烟。
（抽象）It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
（具体）（2）动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。
不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。
Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。
（经验）Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring.在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。
（经验）（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。
It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别（1）不定式作表语1）不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
To do two things at a time is to do neither.-次做两件事等于未做。
What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。
2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。
To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。
To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。
3）如果主语是以aim ， duty ， hope ， idea ， happiness ， job ， plan ， problem ， purpose ， thing ， wish 等为中心的名词，或以what 引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明充说明 作用。
英语中动词的非限定形式
一、非限定动词的基本概念1.非限定动词的种类、意义和特征非限定动词有三种:不定式(to Do或do)、动名词(doing)和分词(现在分词doing和过去分词done)。
1)非限定动词与限定动词(谓语动词)的基本区别限定动词在句中可以单独作谓语动词,其形式要与句子的主语的人称和数取得一致。
而非限定动词在句中不能单独作谓语,不受主语的人称和数的限制。
①He likes to sing.他喜欢唱歌。
②They like to sing.他们喜欢唱歌。
(限定动词like受主语人称和数的限制,第一句为likes,第二句为like。
非限定动词to sing 则不受这种限制,它的形式不随主语而改变。
)③The man walking in front was carrying a red flag.在前面的人打着一面红旗。
④The men walking in front were carrying red flags.在前面的人们打着红旗。
(限定词be受主语的人称和数的限制,它的形式须与主语一致。
第一句为was,第二句为were。
非限定动词walking则不受主语的限制,它的形式不随主语而改变。
)2)非限定动词短语及其复合结构非限定动词属于动词的一种形式,因此还保留着动词的某些特征:及物动词要有宾语,连系动词要有表语,可以有状语来修饰,而且有时态和语态的变化。
①He promised to Do it tonight.他答应今天晚上做。
(非谓语动词to Do 的动词性质表现在它有宾语it和状语tonisht。
)②I am sorry to have Disturbed you.我打扰了你,对不起。
(to have Disturbed是动词不定式to Disturb的完成式,说明非限定动词有时态上的变化。
)③I saw a girl Drawing a picture in the house.我看见一个女孩在那所房子里画画。