金融学原理第七章(兹维博迪)
兹维博迪 投资学 中文课件
标准普尔指数
标准普尔500指数
涵盖500家公司的指数
市值加权指数
投资者可以购买指数投资组合:
购买与各种指数相对应的共同基金
购买交易所交易基金 (ETFs)
2-25
其他指数
美国的指数 纽约证交所综合指数 纳斯达克综合指数 威尔希尔5000指数
国外的指数 日本日经指数 英国富时指数 德国综合指数 中国香港恒生指数 加拿大多伦多股市指数
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图 2.6 抵押担保证券余额
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权益证券
普通股:
代表所有权 剩余所有权 有限责任 永续性 固定收益 优先于普通服 税务处理
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优先股:
美国存托凭证
股票市场指数
道琼斯工业平均指数
包括30家大型绩优公司 自1896年被计算出来 价格加权平均数
货币市场基金使得个人投资者可以购买各种货币市场 证券。
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图2.1 货币市场的主要组成
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货币市场证券
短期国库券: 美国政府发行的短期债务。
买方报价与买方报价 银行贴现法
大额存单: 银行定期存单 商业票据: 公司发行的短期无担保债务票据。
Байду номын сангаас
2-5
货币市场证券
银行承兑汇票: 银行客户向银行发出在未来某一日期支付 一笔款项的指令。 欧洲美元: 在美国以外的银行以美元计价的存款。 回购协议与逆回购: 由政府证券支持的短期借款。 联邦基金: 银行之间超短期借款。
2-6
货币市场工具的收益率
除了短期国库券，货币市场证券并不是没有违约风险。 银行大额存单一直以来持续支付高于短期国库券的风险溢 价，且该溢价在经济危机期间更大。 在2008年信用危机中, 在一些基金遭遇严重损失后，联邦 政府为货币市场基金提供了保险。
兹维博迪金融学第二版课件
系统性风险
探索系统性风险的概念，包 括金融危机、政治不稳定和 经济周期波动等因素。
非系统性风险
分析非系统性风险对个别公 司或行业的影响，包括管理 风险、行业竞争和市场需求 波动等。
股票与债券
股票
深入了解股票市场的运作原理， 包括股票的购买、卖出和股息分 红等关键概念。
债券
多元化投资组合
研究债券市场的特点和运作方式， 包括债券利息、到期日和信用评 级等重要信息。
市场环境
1
宏观经济因素
了解宏观经济因素对金融市场的影响，包括经济增长、通货膨胀率和利率等。
2
政治与法律环境
探讨政治和法律环境对金融市场的重要性，包括政策变化、法规制度和国际贸易协议等。
3
社会氛围
分析社会氛围对金融市场的影响，包括人们对投资的态度、价值观和消费习惯等。
市场风险
市场波动
了解市场波动对投资者的风 险和机会，学会管理风险并 制定有效的投资策略。
探索如何建立一个多元化的投资 组合，有效分散风险并实现长期 收益。
经济增长与衰退
1
经济增长
了解经济增长的关键因素，包括生产率提高、投资增加和创新技术的引入等。
2
经济衰退
分析经济衰退的原因和影响，学会应对经济衰退的策略和措施。
3
经济周期
探讨经济周期的特征和不同阶段的投资机会，以及如何利用周期性变化来做出明智的投资决 策。
兹维博迪金融学第二版课 件
欢迎来到兹维博迪金融学第二版课件，本课程将带您深入了解金融市场、市 场环境、市场风险等关键概念。让我们一起开始这个充满挑战与机遇的学习 旅程吧！
课程介绍
在本节中，我们将探讨课程的内容、学习目标以及学习方法。通过本课程， 您将获得对金融学的深入理解，为未来的职业发展奠定坚实的基础。
博迪金融学第七章债券价值分析及马尔基尔定理理论内容资料
Copyright© Zhenlong Zheng 2003, Department of Finance, Xiamen University
收入资本化法
收入法或收入资本化法，又称现金流贴 现法（Discounted Cash Flow Method,简 称DCF），包括股息（或利息）贴现法和 自由现金流贴现法。 收入资本化法认为任何资产的内在价值 （ intrinsic value ）取决于该资产预期的 未来现金流的现值。
NPV V P
Copyright© Zhenlong Zheng 2003, Department of Finance, Xiamen University
债券属性与价值分析
到期时间 当债券的预期收益率y和债券的到期 收益率k上升时，债券的内在价值和市场 价格都将下降。当其他条件完全一致时， 债券的到期时间越长，债券价格的波动 幅度越大。但是当到期时间变化时，债 券的边际价格变动率递减。
Copyright© Zhenlong Zheng 2003, Department of Finance, Xiamen University
可延期性
可延期债券的息票率和承诺的到期收益 率较低。
Copyright© Zhenlong Zheng 2003, Department of Finance, Xiamen University
久期
例如，某债券当前的市场价格为950.25 美元，收益率为10%，息票率为8%，面值 1000美元，三年后到期，一次性偿还本 金。
72.73 1 66.12 2 811 .40 3 2639 .17 D 2.78(年） 950 .25 950 .25
Copyright© Zhenlong Zheng 2003, Department of Finance, Xiamen University
兹维博迪金融学答案
兹维博迪金融学答案【篇一：投资学博迪第九版中文答案第一章】题集1．的确,实际资产决定经济的物质享受。
然而,当金融工程创建新产品时, 个人可以受益，可以让他们更有效地管理金融资产投资组合。
因为对于不同的风险来源，捆绑和拆分创造具有新属性和敏感性的金融产品,能让投资者更有效地对冲特定来源的风险。
2．证券化需要大量的潜在投资者。
为了吸引这些投资者,资本市场需求:1。
一个安全系统的商业法律和概率低的没收的税收法律/法规;2。
一个成熟的投资银行业;3。
成熟的经纪和金融交易系统,;4。
发达的媒介,尤其是财务报告。
这些特征在一个发达的金融市场中具有。
3．证券化导致金融脱媒;也就是说,证券化为市场参与者提供了一个手段绕过中介。
例如,抵押贷款支持证券是房地产市场获得资金不需要通过银行或储蓄机构发放贷款的投资组合。
随着资产证券化的发展,金融中介机构必须增加其他活动，例如向消费者和小型企业提供短期流动性,金融服务。
4．金融资产使大公司筹集支持实物资产投资的资本变得容易。
如果福特,例如,可以不向公众发行股票或债券,这将更难以筹集资金。
紧缩金融资产的供应将使融资更加困难,从而增加了资本成本。
更高的资本成本导致更少的投资和较低的实际增长。
5．即使公司不需要发行股票，股票市场对于财务经理依然很重要。
股票价格提供关于公司投资项目的市场价值的重要信息。
例如，如果股票价格大幅上涨，经理可能得出结论，认为公司的前景是光明的。
这对于公司继续投资扩大资产业务可能是个有用的信号。
此外，股票可以在二级市场交易是对初始投资者更具吸引力的方面，因为他们知道他们可以出售股票。
反过来这会使得市场投资者更愿意购买初始股票，从而使得公司更容易在股市筹集资金。
6． a、不会，价格的增加不会增加经济的生产能力。
b、是的，股票在这些资产的价值增加了。
c、未来业主作为一个整体更糟，因为抵押贷款债务也增加了。
此外，这个房价泡沫最终会破裂，社会作为一个整体将承受损失。
金融学概论 第七章 金融市场
金融学概论
第七章
金融市场
（二）配置功能（资源配置功能） 配置功能（资源配置功能）
企 业生 产经 营 状况 好 ， 效 益 高 投资者购买 该公司股票、 该公司股票 、 债 券 资金流入效 益好、 益好 、 效率 高 的 行 业
四川财经职业学院
金融学概论
第七章
金融市场
第七章 金融市场
学习要点
【1】金融市场的概念、构成 】金融市场的概念、 【2】金融市场的功能 】 【3】货币市场 】 【4】资本市场 】
四川财经职业学院
金融学概论
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
第七章
金融市场
第一节
金融市场概述
四川财经职业学院
金融学概论
第七章
金融市场
（二）同业拆借市场的特征 1.同业性 同业性 2.短期性。 短期性。 短期性 3.无担保性。 无担保性。 无担保性 4.交易大宗性。 交易大宗性。 交易大宗性 5.管理的特殊性。同业拆借不提交存款准备 管理的特殊性。 管理的特殊性 金。 6.利率的基础性。同业拆借利率充分反映借 利率的基础性。 利率的基础性 贷资金的供求状况，是典型的市场利率 市场利率。 贷资金的供求状况，是典型的市场利率。
四川财经职业学院
金融学概论
第七章
金融市场
四、金融市场的功能 （一）融通资金
融通资金是金融市场最基本的功能。 融通资金是金融市场最基本的功能。 最基本的功能 金融市场可以为资金供求者创造直接见面的机会， 金融市场可以为资金供求者创造直接见面的机会， 可以创造出众多可供人们选择的金融工具， 可以创造出众多可供人们选择的金融工具，从而实现 资金余缺的调剂。 资金余缺的调剂。各种金融工具的自由买卖和灵活多 样的金融交易活动， 样的金融交易活动，增强了金融工具的流动性和安全 使资金供给者能够适时地调整资金的保存方式， 性，使资金供给者能够适时地调整资金的保存方式， 达到盈利的目的。 达到盈利的目的。同时也可以使资金需求者能从众多 的筹资方式中选择出适当的方式， 的筹资方式中选择出适当的方式，及时有效地筹集到 所需要的资金。 所需要的资金。
博迪《金融学》复习重要知识点及公式
金融中介即主要业务是向客户提供金融产品和服务的企业，主要类型是银行、投资公司 和保险公司。
银行 其他存款储蓄 机构 保险公司 养老金额退休基金 共同基金 投资银行 风险投资企业 资产管理企业 信息服务企业
第三章 管理财务健康状况和业绩
1、财务报表的功能 2、财务报表回顾
资产负债表 资产=负债+所有者权益 资产与负债之间的差额是该企业的净值，也被称为所有者权益。 一家企业的流动资产与流动负债之间的差额被称为净营运资本。 损益表 净收入=收入-支出 权责发生制 销售收入 — 主营业务成本 = 毛利润 — 日常费用、销售费用和管理费用 = 息税前利润 （营运利润）（EBIT）— 利息费用=税前利润（应税收入）— 收入所得税 = 净收入（分配： 红利、留存收益变化） 现金流量表 总现金流量=来自于经营活动的现金流量+来自于投资活动的现金流量+来自于融资活动的 现金流量。
3、市场价值与账面价值
资产以及所有者权益的会计公告价值被称为账面价值 公司股票市场价格不等于账面价格的理由：账面价值不包括一家公司的全部资产和负债； 一家企业公告的资产负债表中所包括的资产和负债是以原始购入成本减去折旧进行计价，而 不是按照当前的市场价值进行计价。 按照当前市场价格对资产和负债重新估值并且进行公告被称为逐日盯市法。
此材料以厦门大学《金融学》教学的基本情况及考试内容整理而成
厦门大学风景图-------
厦门大学金融系 sushuocan 2010.1.4
白城海滩 芙蓉湖
最热门投资：网上银行炒黄金炒白银
上海黄金交易所经国务院批准，中国人民银行组建，进行黄金、白银等贵金属交易。
上海黄金交易所的黄金和白银交易具有以下特点：
1. 电子化交易：在当地银行开户，开户后在银行网站上下载交易软件进行买卖交易。
Chap资本资产定价模型兹维博迪投资学件PPT教案
股票的。 2.CAPM模型可以用于资本预算，提供基于给定
值的必要收益率——最低收益率。
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图9.3 证券市场线和一只α值为正的股票
股票的实际期望 收益与正常期望收 益之间的差，称为 股票的阿尔法，。
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9.1.5 证券市场线★
均衡市场中，所有证券 都必须在证券市场线上。
证券市场线：期望收益 -贝塔关系。斜率为市 场投资组合的风险溢价 ：【E(rM)-rf 】。
SML : E(ri ) rf [E(rM ) rf ]i
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资本市场线和证券市场线的比较
1.资本市场线描绘了有效资产组合的风险溢价是 资产组合的标准差的函数。标准差可以衡量有效 分散化的资产组合（投资者总的资产组合）的风 险。
合。
9-3
9.1 资本资产定价模型 (CAPM)概述
二、均衡关系
1.所有的投资者都持有相同的最优风险资产组 合——市场投资组合M（Market Portfolio）。
市场投资组合包括了所有的股票，而且每种股票 在市场投资组合中所占的比例等于这只股票的市 场价值占所有股票市场价值的比例。
为什么所有投资者都持有相同的持有市场组合？
rf
E(rM ) rf M
P
共同基金原理：投资者只要根据自己的风险厌恶水 平，将资金合理地分配于货币市场基金和指数基金
。
9.1.3 市场组合的风险溢价
3.市场投资组合M的风险溢价与市场风险和投 资者的风险厌恶程度成比例：
E(rM ) rf
A
2
M
2 M
兹维博迪金融学第二版课件
THANK YOU
发展
金融市场的发展趋势包括电子化 、全球化、金融创新等，这些趋 势对金融市场的运行机制和监管 提出了新的挑战和要求。
02
货币与银行
货币的定义与职能
总结词
货币的定义与职能
详细描述
货币是交换媒介和价值尺度，具有流通、支付、贮藏和世界货币等职能。
银行的定义与类型
总结词
银行的定义与类型
详细描述
银行是经营货币信用的金融机构，分为中央银行、政策性银行、商业银行、投资 银行等类型。
02
马科维茨投资组合理论
通过构建有效的投资组合，实现风险和收益的平衡。
03
资本资产定价模型（CAPM）
评估不同资产类别的风险和预期收益之间的关系。
04
金融衍生品市场
金融衍生品的定义与类型
总结词
详细描述金融衍生品的定义，以及不同 类型的金融衍生品（如期货、期权、远 期合约、互换等）的特点和用途。
VS
保险公司的业务与管理
总结词
保险公司的业务与管理
详细描述
保险公司的业务主要包括保险产品的开发、销售、理赔 和投资等。在业务管理方面，保险公司需要制定合理的 保费和赔付标准，建立完善的销售渠道和理赔流程，以 及进行有效的投资管理。此外，保险公司还需要加强风 险管理，控制保费、赔付和投资等方面的风险，以保证 公司的稳健经营。
投资定义
投资是指为了获得未来的收益而将资金或其他资源投入某一领域或项目。
实物投资
如房地产、机器设备等。
金融投资
如股票、债券、基金、期货、期权等。
人力资本投资
如教育、培训等。
股票投资
01
02
03
股票定义
兹维博迪投资学知识点总结 概述及解释说明
兹维博迪投资学知识点总结概述及解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述本文是对兹维博迪投资学知识点的总结与解释说明，旨在帮助读者更好地理解投资学领域的重要概念和原理。
兹维博迪（Zvi Bodie）是一位知名的金融学家和教育家，他的研究和贡献在投资学领域具有重要影响力。
1.2 文章结构本文分为五个主要部分：引言、兹维博迪投资学知识点总结、解释说明、正文以及结论。
其中，引言部分主要介绍了本文的目的、概述和文章结构，为读者提供一个整体的了解。
1.3 目的本文旨在向读者展示兹维博迪投资学知识点的核心内容，并通过解释说明和具体案例分析，帮助读者深入理解这些知识点。
通过阅读本文，读者将能够掌握相关概念、原则和方法，并应用于实际投资决策中。
我们将依次介绍兹维博迪在投资学领域所关注的重要知识点，包括但不限于风险与收益、资产定价模型、投资组合理论等方面。
同时，我们还将通过解释和说明的方式，对这些知识点进行详细阐述，帮助读者消除疑惑并应用于实际。
在正文部分，我们将重点讨论兹维博迪投资学的要点，包括风险管理、期权定价和市场行为等。
通过对这些要点的深入剖析，读者将能够加深对投资学领域的理解，并能够运用相关原则和策略进行投资决策。
最后，在结论部分，我们将总结全文的主要内容，并展望未来兹维博迪投资学的发展趋势。
希望本文能够为读者提供一份有价值且实用的参考指南，使其在投资学领域取得更好的成果。
2. 兹维博迪投资学知识点总结：兹维博迪投资学是一门关于投资的学科，涵盖了广泛的知识点和概念。
在本部分中，我们将对一些重要的兹维博迪投资学知识点进行总结。
2.1 知识点一：知识点一是关于投资组合理论的内容。
兹维博迪投资学认为，通过将不同种类的资产组合在一起，可以实现风险分散和优化回报。
在这个知识点中，我们将介绍常见的投资组合理论模型，并解释不同因素对投资组合表现的影响。
2.2 知识点二：知识点二涉及价值投资和成长投资两种主要类型的股票选择策略。
兹维博迪投资学强调价值与成长之间的平衡，并提出了各自选择股票策略的方法。
兹维博迪金融学第二版课件
债券价值的企业决策
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• 营运资本
• 所有企业（包括那些盈利很好的企业），如果不对营运 资本管理足够重视，就可能承受严重损失。现金的流入 流出在时间上并非完全匹配。为了为现金流赤字融资， 为现金流盈余找到好的投资项目，管理者必须关心向客 户收款和及时支付账单。
议？ • 一个拉美国家申请为其大项目贷款。你所在的组织应
该贷给它吗？
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1.1 定义金融学
• 金融学是对人们怎样跨时配置稀缺资源的研究。 金融决策区别于其他资源配置决策的两个特征：
• 成本和收益的跨时配置 • 未来现金流实际的时序和规模经常只能以一定概
率知道，而不能完全确知பைடு நூலகம்
• 理解金融学帮助你评估这些不确定的现金流
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• 资本预算过程
• 准备一个计划，以获取实施战略规划的厂房、机器、实验室、展厅、仓 库和人力资本。
• 基本分析单位是投资项目。资本预算过程中，投资项目被识别、排优先 序和实施。
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• 融资过程
• 一旦企业已决定准备实施的新项目，这些项目就必须用未 分配利润、普通股、优先股、债券、可转换证券、银行贷 款、雇员股票期权、租赁合约、退休金债务等等来融资。
• 资本结构是企业市场价值归入每一类已发行证券的数量。 它决定企业未来现金流的归属和风险水平【如股票融资对 企业没有撤资风险，债务融资有】
• 资本结构的分析单位是作为整体的企业，而不是一个投资 项目。
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• 资本结构也决定了不同的可能性下由谁控制企 业。
滋维博迪投资学Chap.ppt
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Rules for Duration
Rule 4 Holding other factors constant, the duration of a coupon bond is higher when the bond’s yield to maturity is lower
Rules 5 The duration of a level perpetuity is equal to: (1+y) / y
• Bonds with greater curvature gain more in price when yields fall than they lose when yields rise.
• The more volatile interest rates, the more attractive this asymmetry.
(y)2
]
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Figure 16.4 Convexity of Two Bonds
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Why do Investors Like Convexity?
• Bonds with greater convexity have more curvature in the price-yield relationship.
投资学(博迪)答案
a.银行贷款是L a n n i公司的金融债务；相反的，L a n n i的借据是银行的金融资产。L a n n i获得的现
金是金融资产，新产生的金融资产是Lanni公司签发的票据(即公司对银行的借据)。
b. L a n n i公司将其金融资产(现金)转拨给其软件开发商，作为回报，它将获得一项真实资产，即
年实际收益率（复利）1+rEAY=[1+0。01148]365/60=[1+（10000-9886。5）/9886。5]365/60=（10000/9886。5）365/60=1。0719；年实际收益率rEAY=7。91%
4.以下哪种证券的实际年收益率更高？（分析方法同上）
a.i.3个月期国库券，售价为9764美元10.02%
10.67%; -2.67%; -16%
e.假设一年后，Intel股票价格降至多少时，投资者将受到追缴保证金的通知？p=28.8
购买成本是8 0美元×250=20 000美元。你从经纪人处借得5 000美元，并从自有资金中取出
15 000美元进行投资。你的保证金账户初始净价值为15 000美元。
a. (i)净价值增加了2 000美元，从15 000美元增加到：8 8美元×2 5 0Hale Waihona Puke 5 000美元=17 000美元。
2.某一国库券的银行现贴率：以买入价为基础是6.81%,以卖出价为基础是6.90%，债券到期期限（已考虑除息日结算）为60天，求该债券的买价和卖价。Pask=9886.5,Pbid=9885
P=10 000[1-rB D(n/ 3 6 0 ) ]，这里rB D是贴现率。
金融学原理兹维博迪
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Copyright ? 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
An increase in the required rate of return always leads to a decrease in the value of a fixed income security
? The proof is very easy
7
Copyright ? 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall
Bond Prices Rise as the Interest Rates Fall
? If i goes up, 1+i goes up, 1/(1+i) goes down for i > -1, (1/(1+i))j goes down for i > 0. So if the payments are positive, then the sum must also go down
8.1 Using Present Value Formulas to
Value Known Flows
? You have been offered the opportunity to purchase a mortgage. The remaining life of the mortgage is 60 months, with payment of $400. Your required rate of return is 1.5% / month.
Chap007 最优风险资产组合兹维 博迪 《投资学 》第九版课件PPT
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相关系数与组合标准差
• 当 ρDE = － 1，完全对冲的组合标准差为：
P | wE E wD | 0 D
wE
D E
D
1 wD
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这一权重使得组合标准差变为零。
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图 7.6 债券和股权基金的投资可行集和两条资 本配置线
两条资本配置线分别 连接5%的无风险利率 点和两个可行风险资 产组合。 比较通过风险资产组 合A、B的两条资本配 置线的斜率——夏普 比率（报酬-波动性比 率）。 组合B优于组合A.
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1.风险资产与无风险资产之间的资本配置； 2.各类资产间的配置； 3.每类资产内部的证券选择；
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7.1 分散化与组合风险
• 风险分类： 1. 市场风险——经济状况
– 系统性风险或不可分散风险
2. 公司特有风险——公司内部因素
– 可分散风险或非系统风险
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7.4 马科维茨资产组合选择模型
• 7.4.1、证券选择，分三步： （1）投资组合可行集的风险收益权衡，找出均值
方差前沿（MVF），选取最小方差组合点上方的 部分，即有效前沿。
• 最小方差边界：在给定组合期望收益下 ，方 差最低的组合点描成的曲线。 • 风险资产有效边界：所有最小方差边界上最 小方差组合上方的点 提供最优的风险和收益。
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1.最优资本配置线和最优风险组合
• 最优资本配置线和最优风险组合：资本配置线和风险资 产投资可行集相切，切点组合P为最优风险组合，经过 风险资产组合P的资本配置线斜率最大，为最优资本配 置线。 推导：最优风险资产组合中各资产的权重。 目标：确定使资本配置线斜率最高的权重D和 E的 值，问题转化为最大化资本配置线的斜率。 CAL(P)的斜率/夏普比率:
博迪《金融学》第2版课后习题及详解(市场估值原理)【圣才出品】
博迪《金融学》第2版课后习题及详解第7章市场估值原理一、概念题1．基本价值（fundamental value）答：资产的基本价值是指信息充分的投资者在自由竞争的市场上购买该资产时必须支付的价格，对应于资产的“市场价格”，即由市场供求决定的资产价格。
资产的市场价格与基本价值之间可能暂时存在差别，但在进行多数金融决策时，通常是先假定在竞争市场上资产的买卖价格能正确反映其基本价值。
该假设总体上是可以得到保证的，因为有许多信息充分的专业人士一直在努力寻求价格不正确的资产，并通过减少该资产的市场价格与基本价值之间的差别以获得利润。
2．一价定律（Law of One Price）答：一价定律说明，在竞争性市场上，如果两项资产是等同的，那么它们将倾向于拥有相同的市场价格。
从理论上讲，如果国家与国家之间不存在任何形式的贸易壁垒，且商品在不同国家之间的运输费用为零，那么任何一种商品在不同国家、按同种货币计量的价格应该是完全一样的。
由于这里的“一价”指的是用同种货币计量的价格，因而就涉及到不同国家货币之间的换算即汇率问题。
因此，该定律实际上揭示了不同国家的国内价格同相应汇率之间的一种基本联系。
若S（t）代表A国即期汇率，P A（t）和P B（t）分别表示在A国和在B国某特定商品的当前价格，那么对这种特定商品来说就满足以下的一价定律：P A（t）=S（t）P B（t）。
在现实世界中，由于运输费用不可能为零，且国家之间也不可能完全不存在贸易壁垒，因此一价定律实际上很难成立。
3．套利（arbitrage）答：一价定律由一项被称为套利的过程强行驱动，套利是为了从等同资产的价格差异中赚取真实利润而购买并立即售卖这些资产的行为。
交易者在期货市场上，在买入（或卖出）某种期货合约的同时，卖出（或买入）相关的另一种期货合约，以期在有利时机同时将这两种期货合约平仓，以获取差价收益。
套利对于保持现货和期货市场之间的价格关系来说非常重要，随着套利活动的频繁进行，两市场间的价格差距会逐渐缩小，并有助于使期货合约在期满时，价差趋于消失。
兹维博迪投资学知识点总结
兹维博迪投资学知识点总结兹维博迪（Benjamin Graham）是20世纪著名的投资理论家之一，他被誉为价值投资之父。
其所著《证券分析》和《智慧投资者》两部著作影响了无数的投资者和分析师，成为投资界的经典之作。
兹维博迪的投资理念主要包括价值投资、风险管理和长期投资。
下面将对兹维博迪投资学知识点进行总结，以便读者能够更深入地了解其投资理念。
一、价值投资1. 价值投资的概念价值投资是指根据公司实际价值来选择投资标的，即购买价格低于其内在价值的股票。
兹维博迪认为，股价的波动不代表公司价值的波动，因此投资者应该关注公司的真实价值而不是市场短期波动。
2. 安全边际兹维博迪强调安全边际的重要性，即购买股票时要求价格远低于其内在价值，以确保投资具有较高的安全性和回报潜力。
3. 长期投资兹维博迪提倡长期投资，他认为投资者应该把握好公司的长期价值增长，而不是被短期市场波动所左右。
通过长期持有股票，可以更好地享受公司价值的增长和分红回报。
二、风险管理1. 风险的认知兹维博迪认为，任何投资都存在一定的风险，投资者必须要认清并能够合理管理风险。
他主张了解投资标的的风险特征，以及如何避免和规避风险。
2. 多样化投资为了降低投资风险，兹维博迪建议投资者分散投资，即通过购买多种不相关股票来降低整体投资组合的风险。
3. 投资原则兹维博迪强调投资者要坚守交易原则，包括自律、冷静和理性，不被市场情绪所左右，以及坚持价值投资的原则，不盲从短期市场的热点。
三、投资技巧1. 企业分析兹维博迪鼓励投资者要对所投资的公司进行深入的分析，包括了解其经营模式、财务状况、行业竞争力等，并通过比较公司的内在价值和市场价格来寻找投资机会。
2. 市场心理兹维博迪提醒投资者注意市场心理的影响，警惕市场的短期情绪波动，并通过理性的思考和冷静的判断来进行投资决策。
3. 价值投资策略兹维博迪强调价值投资策略的重要性，包括寻找低估的优质公司、购买价格远低于其内在价值、长期持有等，这些策略符合他对长期投资和安全边际的观点。
金融学原理（英文）第七单元课后答案
⾦融学原理（英⽂）第七单元课后答案CHAPTER 7ANSWERS7-1 The four financial statements contained in most annual reports are the balance sheet, income statement, statement of retained earnings, andstatement of cash flows.7-2 No, because the $20 million of retained earnings probably would not be held as cash. The retained earnings figure represents the reinvestmentof earnings by the firm. Consequently, the $20 million would be aninvestment in all of the assets of the firm.7-3 Liquidating assets, borrowing more funds, and issuing stock would constitute sources of funds. Purchasing assets, paying off debt, and stockrepurchases would constitute uses of funds. Thus, the following general rules can be used to determine what changes in balance sheet accountsrepresent sources and uses of funds:Sources of cash: Uses of Cash:in a liability or equity account in a liability of equity accountin an asset account in an asset account7-4 The emphasis of the various types of analysts is by no means uniform nor should it be. Management is interested in all types of ratios for two reasons.First, the ratios point out weaknesses that should be strengthened; second,management recognizes that the other parties are interested in all theratios and that financial appearances must be kept up if the firm is tobe regarded highly by creditors and equity investors. Equity investorsare interested primarily in profitability, but they examine the otherratios to get information on the riskiness of equity commitments. Long-term creditors are more interested in the debt ratio, TIE, and fixed chargecoverage ratios, as well as the profitability ratios. Short-term creditorsemphasize liquidity and look most carefully at the liquidity ratios.7-5 The most important aspect of ratio analysis is the judgment used when interpreting the results to reach an overall conclusion concerning a firm'sfinancial position. The analyst should be aware of, and include in theinterpretation, the fact that: (1) large firms with many differentdivisions are difficult to categorize in a single industry; (2) financialstatements are reported at historical costs; (3) seasonal factors candistort the ratios; (4) some firms try to "window dress" their financial statements to look good; (5) firms use different accounting procedures to compute inventory values, depreciation, and so on; (6) there might notexist a single value that can be used for comparing firms' ratios (e.g.,a current ratio of 2.0 might not be good); and (7) conclusions concerningthe overall financial position of a firm should be based on a representativenumber of ratios, not a single ratio.7-6 Differences in the amounts of assets necessary to generate a dollar of sales cause asset turnover ratios to vary among industries. For example,a steel company needs a greater number of dollars in assets to producea dollar in sales than does a grocery store chain such as Safeway. Also,profit margins and turnover ratios might vary due to differences in theamount of expenses incurred to produce sales. For example, one would expecta grocery store chain like Safeway to spend more per dollar of sales thandoes a steel company. Often, a large turnover will be associated with a low profit margin, and vice versa.7-7 ROE can be writtenTotal assets divided by owners' equity, which is termed the equity multiplier, is a measure of debt utilization; the more debt, the higher the equity multiplier. Thus, using more debt will increase the equity multiplier, resulting in a higher ROE.7-8 a. Cash, receivables, and inventories, as well as current liabilities, vary over the year for firms with seasonal sales patterns. Therefore,those ratios that examine balance sheet figures will vary unlessaverages (monthly ones are best) are used.b. Common equity is determined at a point in time, say, December 31, 2002.Profits are earned over time, say, during 2002. If a firm is growing rapidly, year-end equity will be much larger than beginning-of-year equity, so the calculated rate of return on equity will be different depending on whether end-of-year, beginning-of-year, or average common equity is used as the denominator. Average common equity is conceptually the best figure to use.In public utility rate cases, people are reported to have deliberately used end-of-year or beginning-of-year equity to make returns on equity appear exces-sive or inadequate. Similar problems can arise when a firm is being evaluated.7-9 Source(+)2002 2001 or Use(-)?Cash $ 400 $ 500 +Accounts receivable 250 300 +Inventory 450 400 -Current assets 1,100 1,200Net property & equipment 1,000 950 -aTotal assets $2,100 $2,150Accounts payable $ 200 $ 400 -Accruals 300 250 +Notes payable 400 200 +Current liabilities 900 850Long-term debt 800 900 - Total liabilities 1,700 1,750Common stock 250 300 -Retained earnings 150 100 +bTotal liabilities $2,100 $2,150and equitya The book value of property & equipment is stated net of depreciation.Because the book value of fixed assets increased, and depreciation is an adjustment that reduces the account balance, Batelan must have purchased additional fixed assets; but, without more information we cannot determine the amount of the purchase.b The retained earning balance increased in 2002, so Batelan must havegenerated a positive net income. But, without additional information (i.e.the amount of net income), we cannot tell whether dividends were paid in 2002.7-10 Total EffectCurrent Current on NetAssets Ratio Incomea. Cash is acquired through issuanceof additional common stock. + + 0b. Merchandise is sold for cash. + + +(When merchandise is sold, its price is greater than its cost.)c. Federal income tax due forthe previous year is paid. ─ + 0(Both current assets and current liabilities decrease by the samedollar amount. But, because the current ratio is greater than 1.0,it increases as a result of the payment.)d. A fixed asset is sold forless than book value. + + ─e. A fixed asset is sold formore than book value. + + +f. Merchandise is sold on credit. + + +g. Payment is made to tradecreditors for previous purchases. ─ + 0h. A cash dividend is declaredand paid. ── 0i. Cash is obtained through short-term bank loans. + ─ 0j. Short-term notes receivableare sold at a discount. ───k. Marketable securities aresold below cost. ───l. Advances are made to employees. 0 0 0(There is no change in current assets or the current ratio because cash decreases by the same amount prepaid expenses increases.) m. Current operating expensesare paid. ───to trade creditors in exchangefor past due accounts payable. 0 0 0o. Ten-year notes are issued topay off accounts payable. 0 + 0p. A fully depreciated assetis retired. 0 0 0q. Accounts receivable are collected. 0 0 0r. Equipment is purchased withshort-term notes. 0 ─ 0s. Merchandise is purchased on credit. + ─ 0t. The estimated taxes payableare increased. 0 ──SOLUTIONS7-1a.Dollar amounts are in millions.Poor9.9% 7.7% 376$8.28$assets Total income Net averageNear 4.6% 4.1% 700$8.28$Sales income Net Marginal45.0% 48.1% 376$181$assets Total debt Total Average4.1 4.0 175$700$assets Fixed Sales Bad7.2 5.5 101$560$s Inventorie sold goods of Cost Poordays 33.5 days 41.1 )360/700($80$360/Sales receivable Accounts Average3.9 8.3 53$201$s liabilitie Current assets Current Comment Average Argile Industry======??==??====??==b.The ratios do not show any particular strengths. However, Argile does have a low inventory turnover, higher than normal days sales outstanding, and poor return on assets. According to its 2001 ratios, it appears Argile has liquidity problems. c.Ratio 20022001 TrendCurrent ratio 3.6?3.8? Worse Days sales outstanding 43.2 days 41.1 days Worse Inventory turnover4.4?5.5? Worse Fixed assets turnover 3.9? 4.0? Same Debt ratio51.1% 48.1% WorseProfit margin on sales 3.6% 4.1% Worse Return on assets 6.3%7.7%WorseThe above comparison shows that Argile's financial position worsened from 2001 to 2002.d. It would be helpful to know the future plans Argile has with respect to improving its currentfinancial position, introducing new products, liquidating unprofitable investments, and so on. Perhaps the fixed assets turnover ratio and return on assets figures are low because the firm has expanded its product distribution, and this process has a large cost "up front" with significant payoffs beginning in two or three years.7-2 a.60.0%61.90% 500,947$500,586$assets Total debt Total 9.0%7.56% 000,361$300,27$equity Common income Net 3.6%2.88% 500,947$300,27$assets Total income Net 1.2%1.70% 500,607,1$300,27$Sales income Net 3.0 1.70 500,947$500,607,1$assets Total Sales 5.6 5.60 500,241$000,353,1$s Inventorie sold goods of Cost days35.0 days 24.75 28.465,4$000,336$360/Sales receivable Accounts 2.0 98.1 000,330$000,655$s liabilitie Current assets Current Average Campsey Industry ========?========b.For Campsey, ROA = PM ? TA turnover = 1.7% ? 1.7 = 2.89%.For the industry, ROA = 1.2% ? 3.0 = 3.6%.c.Campsey's days sales outstanding is more than twice as long as the industry average, indicating that the firm should tighten credit or enforce a more stringent collection policy. The total assets turnover ratio is well below the industry average so sales should be increased, assets decreased, or both. While Campsey's profit margin is higher than the industry average, its other profitability ratios are low compared to the industry--net income should be higher given the amount of equity and assets. However, the company seems to be in an average liquidity position and financial leverage is similar to others in the industry. d.If 2002 represents a period of supernormal growth for Campsey, ratios based on this year will be distorted and a comparison between them and industry averages will have little meaning. Potential investors who look only at 2002 ratios will be misled, and a return to normal conditions in 2003 could hurt the firm's stock price.7-3(1) Total liabilities and equity = Total assets = $300,000.(2) Debt = (0.50)(Total assets) = (0.50)($300,000) = $150,000. (3) Accounts payable = Debt ─ Long-term debt = $150,000 ─$60,000= $90,000.(4) (5)Sales = (1.5)(Total assets) = (1.5)($300,000) = $450,000.(6)Cost of goods sold = Sales(1 - 0.25) = $450,000(.75) = $337,500(7)Inventory = (CGS)/5 = $337,500/5 = $67,500.(8)Accounts receivable = (Sales/360)(DSO)= ($450,000/360)(36) = $45,000.(9) (Cash + Accounts receivable)/(Accounts payable) = 0.80? Cash + Accounts receivable = (0.80)(Accts payable) Cash + $45,000 = (0.80)($90,000) Cash = $72,000 ─ $45,000= $27,000.(10) Fixed assets = Total assets ─ (Cash + Accts Rec. + Inventories) = $300,000 ─ ($27,000 + $45,000 + $67,500) = $160,500.$52,500= $97,500 $150,000 $300,000 = earnings Retained - Debt - equity and s liabilitie Total = stock Common ??? ????? ?? Balance Sheet Cash$ 27,000 Accounts payable $ 90,000Accounts receivables 45,000 Long-term debt 60,000 Inventories 67,500 Common stock 52,500 Fixed assets 160,500 Retained earnings 97,500 Total assets$300,000$300,0007-4 a.12.9%8.57% 315$27$ equity Total income Net equitytotal on Return 9.0%6.00% 450$27$ assets Total income Net assets total onReturned 3.0%3.40% 795$27$ Sales income Net margin Profit 3.0 1.77 450$795$ assets Total Sales Turnover assets Total 6.0 5.41 147$795$ assets Fixed Sales Turnoverassets Fixed days24.0 days 29.89 360/795$66$ 360/Sales receivable AccountsDSO 8.5 4.15 159$660$ s Inventorie sold goods of Cost turnoverInventory7.0 11.00 5.4$5.49$ Interest EBIT earned interestTimes 30.0%30.00% 450$135$ assets Total Debt assetstotal to Debt 2.0 2.73 111$303$ s liabilitie Current assets Current ratio Current Average Finnerty Industry==============================b. ROA = Profit margin ? Total assets turnover=Net income Sales Sales Total assets = 3.4% 1.77 = 6.0%=$27$795$795$450Finnerty Industry Comment Profit margin 3.4% 3.0% Good Total assets turnover 1.77? 3.0? Poor Return on total assets 6.0%9.0% Poorc. Analysis of the Du Pont equation and the set of ratios shows that the turnover ratio of sales toassets is quite low. Either sales should be increased at the present level of assets, or the current level of assets should be decreased to be more in line with current sales. Thus, the problem appears to be in the balance sheet accounts.d. The comparison of inventory turnover ratios shows that other firms in the industry seem to begetting along with about half as much inventory per unit of sales as Finnerty. If Finnerty's inventory could be reduced this would generate funds that could be used to retire debt, thus reducing interest charges and improving profits, and strengthening the debt position. There might also be some excess investment in fixed assets, perhaps indicative of excess capacity, as shown by a slightly lower than average fixed assets turnover ratio. However, this is not nearly as clear-cut as the over-investment in inventory.e. If Finnerty had a sharp seasonal sales pattern, or if it grew rapidly during the year, many ratiosmight be distorted. Ratios involving cash, receivables, inventories, and current liabilities, as well as those based on sales, profits, and common equity, could be biased. It is possible to correct for such problems by using average rather than end-of-period figures.7-5 a. Here are Cary's base case ratios and other data as compared to the industry:Cary Industry Comment Quick 0.85? 1.0? Weak Current 2.33 2.7? Weak Inventory turnover 4.00? 5.8? PoorDays sales outstanding 37 days 32 days Poor Fixed assets turnover 10.0? 13.0? Poor Total assets turnover 2.34? 2.6? Poor Return on assets 5.9% 9.1% Bad Return on equity 13.07% 18.2% Bad Debt ratio 54.8% 50.0% High Profit margin on sales 2.5% 3.5% Bad EPS $4.71 n.a. -- Stock Price $23.57 n.a. -- P/E ratio 5.0? 6.0? Poor M/B ratio 0.65 n.a. --Cary appears to be badly managed--all of its ratios are worse than the industry averages, and the result is low earnings, a low P/E, a low stock price, and a low M/B ratio. The company needs to do something to improve.b.A decrease in the inventory level would improve the inventory turnover, total assets turnover, and ROA, all of which are too low. It would have some impact on the current ratio, but it is difficult to say precisely how that ratio would be affected. If the lower inventory level allowed Cary to reduce its current liabilities, then the current ratio would improve. The lower cost of goods sold would improve all of the profitability ratios and, if dividends were not increased, would lower the debt ratio through increased retained earnings. All of this should lead to a higher market/book7-6We are given ROA = 3% and Sales/Total assets = 1.5?.From Du Pont equation: ROA = Profit margin ? Total assets turnover 3% = Profit margin (1.5) Profit margin = 3%/1.5 = 2%.We can also calculate Zumwalt's debt ratio in a similar manner, given the facts of the problem. We aregiven ROA, which is NI/A and ROE, which is NI/Equity; if we use the reciprocal of ROE we have the following equation: Debt/Assets = 1 - Equity/A = 1 - 0.60 = 0.40 = 40.0%Thus, Zumwalt's net profit margin = 2% and its debt ratio = 40%.7-7 Present current ratio = $1,312,500/$525,000 = 2.5Minimum current ratio = $1,312,500 + NP$525,000 + NP ?? = 2.0$1,312,500 + ΔNP = $1,050,000 + 2ΔNPΔNP = $262,500.Short-term debt can increase by a maximum of $262,500 without violating a 2-to-1 current ratio, assuming that the entire increase in notes payable is used to increase current assets. Because we assumed that the additional funds would be used to increase inventory, the inventory account will increase to $637,500, and current assets will total $1,575,000.Quick ratio = ($1,575,000 ─ $637,500)/$787,500 = $937,500/$787,500 = 1.19? 7-8 (1)Current liabilities = $270,000. (2)Inventories = $432,000.=?=0.3s liabilitie Current 000,810$0.3sliabilitie Current assetsCurrent ?=-?=4.1$270,000s Inventorie $810,000 4.1sliabilitie Current sInventorie -assets Current(3) Current assets = Cash & Marketable securities+ Accounts receivable + Inventories$810,000 = $120,000 + Accounts receivable + $432,000Accounts receivable = $258,000.(4) ?=?=0.5$432,000CGS0.5Inventory sold goods of CostCGS = $2,160,000.(5) CGS = 0.86 (Sales) 628,511,2$86.0000,160,2$Sales ==(6)7-9TIE = EBIT/INT, so find EBIT and INT. Interest = $500,000 ? 0.1 = $50,000.Net income = $2,000,000 ? 0.05 = $100,000.Taxable income (EBT) = $100,000/(1 - T) = $100,000/0.8 = $125,000. EBIT = $125,000 + $50,000 = $175,000. TIE = $175,000/$50,000 = 3.5?.7-10ROE = NI/EquityNow we need to determine the inputs for the equation from the data that were given. On the left we set up an income statement, and we put numbers in it on the right:Sales (given) $10,000- Cost na EBIT (given) $ 1,000 - INT (given) (300) EBT $ 700 - Taxes (30%) (210) NI $ 490Now we can use some ratios to get some more data:Total assets turnover = 2 = S/TA; TA = S/2 = $10,000/2 = $5,000.D/TA = 60%; so E/TA = 40%; therefore, equity = TA ? E/TA= $5,000 ? 0.40 = $2,000days37 360/628,511,2$$258,000 360/Sales receivableAccounts DSO ===ROE = NI/E = $490/$2,000 = 24.5%, and ROA = NI/TA = $490/$5,000 = 9.8%.7-11 a. Currently, ROE is ROE1 = $15,000/$200,000 = 7.5%.The current ratio will be set such that 2.5 = CA/CL. CL is $50,000, and it will not change, so we can solve to find the new level of current assets: CA = 2.5(CL) = 2.5($50,000) = $125,000. Thisis the level of current assets that will produce a current ratio of 2.5?.At present, current assets amount to $210,000, so they can be reduced by $210,000 ─ $125,000 = $85,000.If the $85,000 generated is used to retire common equity, then the new common equity balance will be $200,000 ─ $85,000 = $115,000.Assuming that net income is unchanged, the new ROE will be ROE2 = $15,000/$115,000 =13.04%. Therefore, ROE will increase by 13.04% ─ 7.50% = 5.54%.b. (1) Doubling the dollar amounts would not affect the answer; the ROE increase would still be5.54%.(2) Current assets would increase by $25,000, which would mean a new ROE of$15,000/$140,000 = 10.71%, which would mean a difference of 10.71% ─7.50% =3.21%.(3)If the company had 10,000 shares outstanding, then its EPS would be $15,000/10,000 = $1.50. The stock has a book value of $200,000/10,000 = $20, so the shares retiredwould be $85,000/$20 = 4,250, leaving 10,000 ─ 4,250 = 5,750 shares. The new EPSwould be $15,000/5,750 = $2.6087, so the increase in EPS would be $2.6087 ─ $1.50 =$1.1087, which is a 73.91% increase, the same as the increase in ROE.(4)If the stock was selling for twice book value, or 2 ? $20 = $40, then only half as manyshares could be retired ($85,000/$40 = 2,125), so the remaining shares would be 10,000─ 2,125 = 7,875, and the new EPS would be $15,000/7,875 = $1.9048, for an increase of$1.9048 ─ $1.5000 = $0.4048.c. We could have started with lower inventories and higher accounts receivable, then had you calculate the DSO, then move to a lower DSO that would require a reduction in receivables, andthen determine the effects on ROE and EPS under different conditions. Similarly, we couldhave focused on fixed assets and the FA turnover ratio. In any of these cases, we could have hadyou use the funds generated to retire debt, which would have lowered interest charges and consequently increased net income and EPS.If we had to increase assets, then we would have had to finance this increase by adding eitherdebt or equity, which would have lowered ROE and EPS, other things held constant.Finally, note that we could have asked some conceptual questions about the problem, either as apart of the problem or without any reference to the problem. For example, "If funds are generatedby reducing assets, and if those funds are used to retire common stock, will the effect on EPSand/or ROE be affected by whether or not the stock sells above, at, or below book value?"7-12 a. Sources and Uses of Funds Analysis:Lloyd Lumber CompanyBalance Sheets (millions of dollars)Jan. 1 Dec. 31 Source UseCash $ 7 $ 15 $ 8Marketable securities 0 11 11Net receivables 30 22 $ 8Inventories 53 75 22Gross fixed assets $ 75 $125 50 Less: depreciation ( 25) ( 35) 10Net fixed assets $ 50 $ 90Total assets $140 $213Accounts payable $ 18 $ 15 3 Notes payable 3 15 12Other current liabilities 15 7 8 Long-term debt 8 24 16 Common stock 29 57 28 Retained earnings 67 95 28 Total liabilitiesand equity $140 $213 $102 $102b. Lloyd Lumber CompanyStatement of Cash Flows, 2002(millions of dollars)Operating Activities:Net income $ 33Other additions (sources of cash):Depreciation $ 10Decrease in accounts receivable 8Subtractions (uses of cash):Increase in inventories ($22)Decrease in accounts payable (3)Decrease in other current liabilities (8)Net cash flow from operations $ 18Long-term Investing Activities:Acquisition of fixed assets ($ 50)Financing Activities:Increase in notes payable $ 12Sale of long-term debt 16Sale of common stock 28Payment of dividends ( 5)Net cash flow from financing $ 51Net increase in cash and marketablesecurities $ 19Cash and marketable securities atbeginning of year 7Cash and marketable securities atend of year $ 26c. Investments were made in plant and inventories. Funds were also utilized to reduce accounts payable and other current liabilities and to increase the cash and marketable securities accounts. Most funds were obtained by increasing long-term debt, selling common stock, and retaining earnings. The remainder was obtained from increasing notes payable and reducing receivables. A quick check of the ratios shows that the company's credit has not deteriorated--the current and quick ratios have increased, and the debt ratio has gone down slightly. Ratio analysis and the sources and uses statement both indicate a healthy situation.7-13 a. Dollars are in millions.Income CashStatement FlowsSales revenues $12.0 $12.0Costs, except depreciation* (9.0) (9.0)Depreciation (1.5) ---Total operating costs (10.5) ( 9.0) (Cash costs)Earnings before taxes $ 1.5 $ 3.0 (Pre-tax CF)Taxes (40%) ( 0.6) ( 0.6) (Cash taxes)Net income (NI) $ 0.9Add back depreciation 1.5Net cash flow = NI + DEP $ 2.4 $ 2.4* Costs, except depreciation = 0.75 $12.0 = $9.0b. Depreciation doubles.Income CashStatement FlowsSales revenues $12.0 $12.0Costs, except depreciation (9.0) (9.0)Depreciation (3.0) ---Total operating costs (12.0) ( 9.0) (Cash costs)Earnings before taxes $ 0.0 $ 3.0 (Pre-tax CF)Taxes (40%) ( 0.0) ( 0.0) (Cash taxes)Net income (NI) $ 0.0Add back depreciation 3.0Net cash flow = NI + DEP $ 3.0 $ 3.0c. Depreciation halves.Income CashStatement FlowsSales revenues $12.00 $12.00Costs, except depreciation (9.00) (9.00)Depreciation (0.75) ---Total operating costs ( 9.75) ( 9.00) (Cash costs)Earnings before taxes $ 2.25 $ 3.00 (Pre-tax CF)Taxes (40%) ( 0.90) ( 0.90) (Cash taxes)Net income (NI) $ 1.35Add back depreciation 0.75Net cash flow = NI + DEP $ 2.10 $ 2.10d. The after-tax cash flows are greater if Congress increases the allowance for depreciation, so you should prefer greater depreciation.7-14 The solution is given in the Instructor's Manual, Solutions to Integrative Problems. 7-17 Computer-Related Problema. The revised data and ratios are shown below:INPUT DATA: KEY OUTPUT:2000 Cary IndustryCash $ 84,527 Quick 1.2 1.0A/R 395,000 Current 3.0 2.7Inventories 700,000 Inv. turn. 6.1 5.8Land and bldg 238,000 DSO 33 32Machinery 132,000 F.A.turn. 8.3 13.0Other F.A. 150,000 T.A.turn. 2.5 2.6ROA 10.5% 9.1% Accts & Notes Pay. $ 275,000 ROE 19.9% 18.2%Accruals 120,000 TD/TA 47.0% 50.0%Long-term debt 404,290 PM 4.2% 3.5%Common stock 575,000 EPS $7.78 n.a.Retained earnings 325,237 Stock Price $46.68 n.a.__________P/E ratio 6.0 6.0Total assets $1,699,527 M/B 1.19 n.a.Total claims $1,699,527Income statementSales $4,290,000Cost of G.S. 3,450,000Adm. & sales exp. 248,775Depreciation 159,000Misc. 134,000Net income $ 178,935P/E ratio 6No. of shares 23,000Cash dividend $ 0.95Under these new conditions, Cary Corporation looks much better. Its turnover ratiosare still low, but its ROA and ROE are above the industry average, its estimated P/Eratio is better, and its stock price is anticipated to double. There is still room forimprovement, but the company is in much better shape.b. The financial statements and ratios for the scenario in which the cost of goods solddecreases by an additional $125,000 are shown on the next page. As you can see, the profit ratios are quite high and the stock price has risen to $66.24.INPUT DATA: KEY OUTPUT:2000 Cary IndustryCash $ 159,527 Quick 1.4 1.0A/R 395,000 Current 3.2 2.7Inventories 700,000 Inv. turn. 4.8 5.8Land and bldg 238,000 DSO 33 32Machinery 132,000 F.A.turn. 8.3 13.0Other F.A. 150,000 T.A.turn. 2.4 2.6ROA 14.3% 9.1% Accts & Notes Pay. $ 275,000 ROE 26.0% 18.2%Accruals 120,000 TD/TA 45.0% 50.0%Long-term debt 404,290 PM 5.9% 3.5%Common stock 575,000 EPS $11.04 n.a.Retained earnings 400,237 Stock Price $66.24 n.a.__________P/E ratio 6.0 6.0Total assets $1,774,527 M/B 1.56 n.a.Total claims $1,774,527Income statementSales $4,290,000Cost of G.S. 3,325,000Adm. & sales exp. 248,775Depreciation 159,000Misc. 134,000__________Net income $ 253,935P/E ratio 6No. of shares 23,000Cash dividend $ 0.95c. The financial statements and ratios for the scenario in which the cost of goods soldincreases by $125,000 over the revised estimate are shown on the next page. As you can see, profits would decline sharply. The ROE would drop to 12.6%, EPS wouldfall to $4.52, the stock price would drop to $27.11, and the M/B ratio would be only0.76.INPUT DATA: KEY OUTPUT:2000 Cary IndustryCash $ 9,527 Quick 1.0 1.0A/R 395,000 Current 2.8 2.7Inventories 700,000 Inv. turn. 5.1 5.8Land and bldg 238,000 DSO 33 32Machinery 132,000 F.A.turn. 8.3 13.0Other F.A. 150,000 T.A.turn. 2.6 2.6ROA 6.4% 9.1%Accts & Notes Pay. $ 275,000 ROE 12.6% 18.2%Accruals 120,000 TD/TA 49.2% 50.0%Long-term debt 404,290 PM 2.4% 3.5%Common stock 575,000 EPS $4.52 n.a.Retained earnings 250,237 Stock Price $27.11 n.a.__________P/E ratio 6.0 6.0Total assets $1,624,527 M/B 0.76 n.a.Total claims $1,624,527Income statementSales $4,290,000Cost of G.S. 3,575,000Adm. & sales exp. 248,775Depreciation 159,000Misc. 134,000__________Net income $ 103,935P/E ratio 6No. of shares 23,000Cash dividend $ 0.95d. Computer models allow us to analyze quickly the impact of operating and financialdecisions on the firm's overall performance. A firm can analyze its financial ratios under different scenarios to see what might happen if a decision, such as the purchase of a new asset, did not produce the expected results. This gives the managers some idea about what might happen under the best and worst cases and helps them to make better decisions.。
博迪莫顿版金融学课后习题答案
金融学（第二版）答案博迪默顿第一章课后习题答案一 . 我的生活目标：•完成学业•找到一份自己喜欢且收入不菲的工作•结婚和生养子女•拥有我自己的房子•供养我的家庭生活•供养孩子上学•退休在我实现目标的过程中，金融所扮演的角色：答案样例： 1，金融现在可以为我提供大学本科及研究生教育的学费并帮我完成学业，帮我决定投资于上学是否是一个好的投资决定 2 ，高等教育可以帮助提高我赚钱的能力以及获得一个我喜欢的工作的能力 3 ，当我结婚并且有了孩子以后，我就有了额外的金融责任（以具体情况而定），我必须学会如何在家庭中的个人之间分配资源，学会如何留置一定的资金以用之于紧急事件，教育，假期旅游等；金融也帮助我理解如何应对危机，比如残疾，生活，健康 4 ，金融也帮我决定我想买的房子是否值钱，也帮我如何用最少的金融资源购买那所房子 5 ，金融帮我决定我应该储蓄多少钱以备我子女的学业和我以后的退休我主要的权衡决策：答案样例： 1，现在花钱接受高等教育（并完成学业）可是假设以后由于我的高等教育文凭挣更多的钱 2 ，现在消费更多为以后比如买房，买车或储蓄留置很少的钱还是现在消费很少，甚至少于我的许多朋友答案样例：净值＝资产－负债 $ _____ （很可能会被低估）资产包括 : 经常帐户余额储蓄存款帐户余额家具设备，首饰类（如表）车（如果有的话）负债包括：学生贷款信用卡结余的差额各种租用金的协定（不包括转租）应付车款在计算净值时学生会特别地排除了他们一生潜在的赚钱能力的价值三．一个单身汉之需要养活他自己，所以他可以独立自主的作出金融决策。
如果他不想购买健康保险（而愿意承担由这个决定而带来的金融风险）那么除了这个单身汉自身，没谁会受这个决定的影响。
另外，他不需要在家庭成员之间分配收入这件事上做任何决定。
单身汉是很灵活自由的，可以选择住在几乎任何地方。
他主要是在今天的消费（开支）和为明天储蓄之间做出权衡决策。
既然他只需要养活他自己，那么他储蓄的重要性就比对一家之主的重要性小。
金融经济学7
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说明：1.所有可能的组合落在双曲线内部（图中阴影部分）； 2.顶点组合是所有可能组合中方差最小的，称为最小方差 组合（minimum variance portfolio, 记为MVP）; 3.位于前沿的上半部分的组合在均值－方差意义上占优于 前沿的下半部分，这些组合（包括MVP）被称为均值-方 差有效组合（mean-variance efficient portfolios， 记作MVE）；
当 zp=(σ22-ρσ1σ2)/(σ12+σ22-2ρσ1σ2) 时, σ2'=0; 且σ2 (zp) = σ12σ22(1-ρ2)/(σ12+σ22-2ρσ1σ2) >0:
无法构造出无风险组合；
• 当 z< zp时，随着z的减小，期望收益率增加，但
方差也在增加.
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rz
r2 r1
ρ＝0 ρ∊(0, σ1/σ2) ρ＝σ1/σ2 ρ>σ1/σ2
rz zr1 ( 1 z )r2
z 2 z 2 12 ( 1 z )2 2 2 2z( 1 z ) 1 2
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若两种资产完全正相关，即ρ=1 z 2 ( z 1 ( 1 z ) 2 )2
2 1 rz ( r r ) r 或者 r 1 2 2 z 1 ) r 1 1 2 ( r2 r 1 2
且对任意z∊(0,1),
z 2 ( z 1 ( 1 z ) 2 )2 :分散化降低风险；
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Triangular Arbitrage
¥100/$ or $0.01/¥ USA Japan
UK
$2/£ or £0.5/$
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£0.005/¥ or ¥200/£
7.7 Valuation Using Comparables
Some assets are not traded, or are only traded infrequently, but we still need to evaluate them The law of one price may be used to evaluate assets, even when arbitrage can not be used to enforce the law
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7.2 Value Maximization and Financial Decisions
Financial decisions can be made rationally purely on the basis of value maximization, and without regard to risk preferences and expectations Markets for financial assets provide the information needed to choose between some alternatives
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Relationship between Asset Value and Price
There can exist temporary differences between the market price of an asset and its fundamental value
Security analysts make their living by discovering these aberrations Many well-informed professionals are looking for these aberrations. A reasonable initial assumption is that aberrations are small
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7.3 The Law of One Price and Arbitrage
Law of One Price: In a competitive market, if two assets are equivalent, they will tend to have the same price
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7.8 Valuation Models
A valuation model is a quantitative method used for estimating an asset’s value from known prices of other assets that are not its exact equivalent
From: Investopedia on Facebook
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The Law of One Price and Arbitrage
Example: Gold in any two parts of the country should not differ by more than the transaction costs of moving it
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7.9 Accounting Measures of Value
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Introduction
Recall that the three pillars of finance are
time value of money asset valuation risk management
Many financial decisions are, in essence, the determination of f One Price and Arbitrage
The law of one price is enforced by a process called arbitrage Arbitrage is the purchasing of a set of assets, and immediate sale of another set of assets, in such a way as to earn a sure profit from price differences
Take care to ensure that there are no subtle differences in
the tax status of the bonds
the value of collateral or backing of the bonds
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7.6 Exchange Rates and Triangular Arbitrage
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Introduction (Continued)
The key to asset valuation is comparison of the asset to be valued with a set of assets with similar characteristics and known values By the law of one price, the price of all equivalent assets must be the same
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7.1 Relationship between Asset’s Value and Its Price
Definition: An asset’s fundamental value is the price well informed investors must pay to purchase it in a free and competitive market
7.6 Exchange rates & triangular arbitrage 7.7 Valuation using comparables 7.8 Valuation Models 7.9 Accounting measures of value 7.10 How information is reflected in security prices 7.11 The efficient markets hypothesis
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Definition 2：
The simultaneous purchase and sale of an asset in order to profit from a difference in the price. It is a trade that profits by exploiting price differences of identical or similar financial instruments, on different markets or in different forms. Arbitrage exists as a result of market inefficiencies; it provides a mechanism to ensure prices do not deviate substantially from fair value for long periods of time.
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7.4 Arbitrage and the Prices of Financial Assets
Arbitraging by shipping a physical commodity (gold) involves higher transaction costs than arbitraging financial assets (shares of stock) We expect the same financial commodity trading on two markets to be priced very closely
Interference with normal market operation Some unrecognized difference between the two assets
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7.5 Interest Rates and the Law of One Price
If two organizations with similar creditworthiness issue bonds with similar terms, then their interest rates will be similar
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Stock Evaluation using P/Es
The price-over-earnings ratios of similar companies are determined Based on these, an estimate is made of the p/e ratio of the non-priced firm The earnings of the firm are multiplied by this p/e ratio to obtain an evaluation
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Stock Evaluation using P/Es
The accuracy of this method depends on the appropriateness of the exemplar firms Future profitability, accounting methods, leverage, technology, and a host of other factors, will affect the exemplars’ p/e ratios