(完整word版)2015年 河海大学研究生英语一 Unit 11 The Iks (2)
2015年河海大学研究生英语一Unit1GhostsforTea(精)
Unit 1 Ghosts for T ea' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope.'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935.'“十便士看海湾风光。
”那个带着望远镜的老头说道。
“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年大海难的遗迹吧!”Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent.十便士是纯粹的抢劫,可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。
Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unr olling on to the beach, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and do dging gracefully on the sea . Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one ano ther as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse sto od on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the light house, the man beside me tapped my wrist.峭壁伸展向远处,海风激起的波浪闪耀着铺展在沙滩上,海面上几艘游艇伴着乳白色风帆优雅地弯成弧形避开。
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示,特殊单词有注释)Unit 1 Ghosts for Tea
' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope.'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck o f 1935.'十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。
”Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent. 要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。
Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the b each, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were b eing greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the teles cope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist.峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。
河海研一英语期末复习笔记(研究生英语视听说)分析解析
河海大学2015年1月份研究生英语一试卷结构一、听力20分（10+3+3+4）10条短对话+3篇小短文；听力用书原文，答案选项会乱序，有篇小短文的选项内容可能会变动，就比如这次的一篇关于熊猫的就变了，本来“吃得又慢又多”改成“吃得又快又多”，但仔细分析下选项还是可以判断出正确选项的。
二、词汇10分（5+5）10题填空+10题划线同义词；课后练习原题。
三、完型15分15个填空；这次是来自Unit 6 How to Read Body Language段落节选句子拼在一起；还有部分也出现在词汇练习里面。
四、阅读20分（5×4）2篇课后阅读原文原题（P27 passage2，P58 passage 1）+2篇课外阅读五、翻译20分（10+10）第一道英译汉：来自Unit 5 Take a Lesson from the Economists 段落节选句子拼成一段Economics is the dismal science: so say the large number of people who heap scorn on the intellectural merits of the discipline.（第一段）Due to the general measurement difficulties, as well as unforeseen events such as wars or natural disasters, economic forecasts are almost always wrong, sometimes by wide margins. （第三段）But the economists have been able to use the vagueness with which their subject is afflicted to their advantage. （第五段）（此处由机器翻译，你们自己尝试翻译下）经济学是沉闷的科学:所以说,大量的人嗤之以鼻的方式的优点的纪律。
河海大学研究生英语一文章翻译(Unit11-20)
Unit 11 The IksIks 小部落从前是游牧的猎人，聚居在乌干达北部的山谷中，现在这个部落变得很有名，整体上是灰心沮丧的，残忍冷酷的人类的终极命运的文学象征。
两件确实是灾难的事发生在他们身上：政府决定拥有一个国家公园，所以他们被法律迫使放弃山谷中的打猎生活，在贫瘠的山坡的土壤上变成农民，然后一个讨厌他们，研究他们两年的人类学家写了一本关于他们的书。
这本书的主题是：由于传统文化的废除，IKs变成一群彼此毫无关系，残酷无情，而又绝对令人讨厌的人，他们完全的自私和冷酷。
此外，这些特征正像我们内心的自己，当我们的社会结构完全错乱时，我们也将全部变成Iks。
这篇论文依据某种关于人类本质的设想，这种设想必然是推测而来的。
你不得不预先同意人类从本质上讲是坏的，完全为了他自己，展现出来的例如爱和同情这样的美德仅仅是后天学到的习惯。
如果你采纳这个观点，Iks人的故事便可以证实它。
这些人似乎是一直生活在一起，聚居在拥挤的小村庄，但是他们都是一群真正的独居的无关联的个体，彼此间没有明显的好处。
他们说话，但是只是做一些坏脾气的要求和冷漠的拒绝。
他们不分享。
他们从不唱歌。
他们的孩子一能走路就被打发出去寻找食物，只要有可能他们便抛弃那些老人，使他们饿死，那些寻找食物的孩子从无助的老人口中抢夺食物。
它是一个不友好的社会。
他们养育子女，但是不是出于爱，甚至也不是出于偶尔的关心。
他们在彼此的台阶上随地大小便。
他们观察他们的邻居，以等待不幸的降临，而且只有那时他们才大笑。
在书中，他们经常笑，因为有太多厄运。
好几次，他们甚至嘲笑人类学家，使人类学家发现这种嘲笑尤其令人反感（读者在字里行间发现，学者本身不是这世界上最幸运的人）。
更糟糕的是，他们把他带到家中，抢夺他的食物，在他的台阶上大小便，并且呵斥人类学家。
他们给他糟糕的两年。
它是一本令人沮丧的书。
如果，正像他建议的那样，在我们每个人的心中只有IK人的特性，我们唯一的维系人性的希望，将是不断地修补我们社会的结构，然而我们的社会结构变得如此之快，如此之完全，以至于我们不能及时找到修补社会的方法。
2015年--河海大学研究生英语一-Unit-16---The-Role-of-Science-Fiction
Unit 16 The Role of Science FictionThe year 1972 was marked by this publication of a controversial book. The Limits to Growth. This study of the world’s future, done by a team of MIT scientists with the aid of computer “models” of the future of our society, forecast a planetwide disaster unless humankind sharply limits its population growth and consumption of natural resources.1972年为世人所瞩目的一件事就是出版了一本颇有争议的书——《增长的极限》。
这一有关世界前景的研究，是由麻省理工学院一组科学家借助模拟未来社会的电脑“模型”进行的，预言了人类若不大幅度限制人口增长和自然资源消耗，就会出现全球性的灾难。
Most people were caught by surprise when the book came out. Many refused to believe that disaster is possible, probable, inevitable---if we don’t change our mode of running Spaceship Earth. But science fiction people were neither surprised nor outraged. The study was really old news to them. They’d been making their own “models” of tomorrow and testing them all their lives.该书问世时大多数人吃了一惊。
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译（重...
A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, pr ofessional or religious group, or as a member of a crowd. Groups are capable of being as moral a nd intelligent as the individuals who form them; a crowd is chaotic, has no purpose of its own an d is capable of anything except intelligent action and realistic thinking. Assembled in a crowd, peo ple lose their powers of reasoning and their capacity for moral choice. Their suggestibility is incre ased to the point where they cease to have any judgement or will of their own. They become ver y excitable, they lose all sense of individual or collective responsibility, they are subject to sudden excesses of rage, enthusiasm and panic. In a word, a man in a crowd behaves as though he had s wallowed a large dose of some powerful intoxicant. He is a victim of what I have called' herd-pois oning'. Like alcohol, herd- poison is an active, extravagant drug. The crowd-intoxicated individual escapes from responsibility, intelligence and morality into a kind of frantic, animal mindlessness. 一个人通过以下两种方式与社会直接接触：作为某个家庭、职业或宗教组织的成员，或者仅仅是隶属于某个群体。
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译（重...
A good many technical people become irate when you call a computer a giant brain. They insist t hat a computer does only what thinking humans have planned to have假 it如 d你o. 把计算机称
games intelligently. At the far limit of possibility, they wish to know whether, at least on paper, m achines can reproduce themselves. In other words, are we really certain that a machine can do o nly what its programmer wills it to do? Already there are in existence a number of machines that approach these powers. The simplest type is the computer that understands 许lo多gic杰. 出的人 才在潜心研制从事“非数字”工作的计算机。也就是说，所有的数字输入后，机器能够“以 此为基点继续干下去”。比方说，这些人想看看无生命的装置是否能进行判断、做出选择、 产生思想、伶俐地玩游戏，他们想知道，至少在理论上，机器是否可以再生，再生的可能性
研究生考试考研英语一真题试题及答案
2015年研究生考试考研英语一真题试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now. _(10)_, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similarfriends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving_(15)_than other genes. Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unreliable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory[C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading Comprehension Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with theirmagnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity as heads of state. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide theirold aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service — as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21. According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A] used to enjoy high public support[B] was unpopular among European royals[C] eased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22. Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C] to give voters more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A] Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B] The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A] takes a rough line on political issues[B] fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C] takes republicans as his potential allies[D] fails to adapt himself to his future role25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B] Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C] Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsText 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling particularly one that upsets the old assumption that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justices can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smart phone — a vast storehouse of digital information — is similar to, say, rifling through a suspect’s purse. The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they sift through the wallet or pocketbook of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home. A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The developmentof “cloud computing,” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy. But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life. Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreasonable searches.As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing. In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents. They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances, and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending. The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a virtual necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had tospecify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26. The Supreme Court will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[B] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[C] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A] disapproval.[B] indifference.[C] tolerance.[D]cautiousness.28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone contents is comparable to[A] getting into one’s residence.[B] handing one’s historical records.[C] scanning one’s correspondences.[D] going through one’s wallet.29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B] the court is giving police less room for action.[C] citizens’ privacy is not effectively protected.[D] phones are used to store sensitive information.30. Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that[A] the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.[B] new technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.[C]California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.[D]principles of the Constitution should never be altered.Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors(SBoRE). Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or byoutside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manuscripts.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group. He says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”John Ioannidis, a physician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is “a most welcome step forward” and “long overdue.” “Most journals are weak in statistical review, and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essential than expert review,” he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of theAmerican Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical errors are alarmingly common in published research, according to David Vaux, a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 2012, but journals should also take a tougher line, “engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process”. Vaux says that Science’s idea to pass some papers to statisticians “has some merit, but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identify ‘the papers that need scrutiny’ in the first place”.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that[A] Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B] journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C] few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D] lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase “flagged up” (Para. 2) is the closest in meaning to[A] found.[B] marked.[C] revised.[D] stored.33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A] pose a threat to all its peers.[B] meet with strong opposition.[C] increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals.34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing now[A] adds to researchers’ workload.[B] diminishes the role of reviewers.[C] has room for further improvement.[D]is to fail in the foreseeable future35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A] Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in Papers.[B] Professional Statisticians Deserve More Respect[C] Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ Desks[D] Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter ,Elisabeth ,spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions” Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism ”in society should be profit and the market .But “it’s us ,human beings ,we thepeople who create the society we want ,not profit ”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous foals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies such as News International ,shield thought ,making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking .As the hacking trial concludes – finding guilty ones-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones ,and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge –the winder issue of dearth of integrity still standstill, Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people .This is hacking on an industrial scale ,as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This long story still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place .One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, wow little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired wow thestories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, title has become normal that well—paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organizations that they run perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business–friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers, circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36. According to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by[A] the consequences of the current sorting mechanism[B] companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices.[C] governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.[D]the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that[A] Glem Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.[B] more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.[C] Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.[D] phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38. The author believes the Rebekah Books’s defence[A] revealed a cunning personality[B] centered on trivial issues[C] was hardly convincing[D] was part of a conspiracy39. The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows[A] generally distorted values.[B] unfair wealth distribution.[C] a marginalized lifestyle.[D] a rigid moral code.40. Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?[A] The quality of writing is of primary importance.[B] Common humanity is central news reporting.[C] Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.[D] Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) __________________ You begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, by making decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues. (42) ________________Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactlythe same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43) _______Such background material inevitably reflects who we are. (44) ________________________ This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45)________________ Such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then necessarily follow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textualenvironment.A. Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.B. Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.C.If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the context. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.D. In effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.E. You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.F. In plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak asconstructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.G. Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.答案：41—45 CEGBAPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. (46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.(47) The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas,customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.(48) But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.(49) The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six-to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survivedthe journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’ distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. (50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.答案：46. 在多种强大的动机驱使下，这次运动在一片荒野上建起了一个国家，就其本质而言，这种运动塑造了这个未知大陆的性格和命运。
河海大学 研究生英语阅读理解
Unit 11Passage OneNow custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to, be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mothertongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and formost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.Comprehension Questions1. The author thinks the reason why custom has been ignored in the academic world is that.A.custom reveals only the superficial nature of human behaviorB.the study of social orders can replace the study of customC.people are still not aware of the important role that custom plays in forming our worldoutlookD.custom has little to do with our ways of thinking2. Which of the following is true according to John Dewey?A.An individual can exercise very little influence on the cultural tradition into which he isborn.B.Custom is the direct result of the philosophical probings of a group of people.C.An individual is strongly influenced by the cultural tradition even before he is born.D.Custom represents the collective wisdom which benefits the individual.3. The word "custom" in this passage most probably means .A.the concept of the true and the false of a societyB.the independently developed social ordersC.the adjustment of the individual to the new social environmentD.the patterns and standards of behavior of community4. According to the passage, a person's life, from his birth to his death, .A.is constantly shaping the cultural traditions of his peopleB.is predominated by traditional customC.is continually influenced by the habits of other communitiesD.is continually influenced by the people around him5. The author's purpose in writing this passage is .A.to urge individuals to follow traditional customsB.to stress the strong influence of customs on an individualC.to examine the interaction of man and social customsD.to show man's adjustment to traditional customsPassage TwoThrough human history, weather has altered the march of events and caused some mighty catastrophes. Since Columbus did not know where he was going or where he had arrived when he got there, the winds truly deserved nearly as much credit as he for the discovery of America. Ugly westerlies helped turn the 1588 Spanish Armada away from England in a limping panic. Napoleon was done in twice by weather: once by the snow and cold that forced his fearful retreat from Moscow, later by the rain that bedeviled him at Waterloo and caused Victor Hugo to write: " A few drops of water--- an unseasonable cloud crossing the sky, sufficed for the overthrow of a world. " In 1944 the Allied invasion of Normandy was made possible by a narrow interval of reasonably good weather between the bad. It was so narrow, in fact that Supreme Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower later expressed gratitude to " the gods of war".Every year brings fresh reminders of the weather's power over human life and events in the form of horrifying tornadoes, hurricanes and floods. These leave behind forgettable statistics and unforgettable images of devastated towns and battered humanity that can only humble people in the face of such wrath. Farmers often suffer the most , from the drought and plagues of biblical times to the hailstorms or quick freezes that even today can wipe out whole crops in minutes, Icy assaults serve as reminders of the inescapable vulnerability of life and social well-being to the whims of the weather. And history is packed with reminders of far worse. The weather, ample, provoked a major social dislocation in the United States in the 1930's when it turned much of the Southwest into the Dust Bowl.Comprehension Questions1.According to the author, Columbus .A.did not discover AmericaB.stole the credit for the discovery 0f America from someone elseC.dose not deserve to be known as the man who discovered AmericaD.was not aware he had discovered America2. According to the passage, what helped the Allies succeed in the Normandy Invations in 1944?A. A spell of bad weatherB. A short period of fairly good weather.C.Good weather followed by bad weather.D.The excellent weather conditions.3. The best title for the first paragraph would be .A.The Development of History up to Modern TimesB.The Importance of Weather for the Progress of Events in HistoryC.The Way Fate Influences the Outcome of Events in HistoryD.Success in All Past Undertakings Depended on the Weather4. In the second paragraph, weather is seen as .A.an impulsive and unpredictable forceB.man's benefactorC.man's chief enemyD. a powerful destroyers of human life and property5. It can be inferred from the passage that weather brings .A.only benefits to manB.only disadvantages to manC.both benefits and disadvantages to manD.nothing but incovenience to manUnit 12Passage OneMaterial culture refers to the touchable, material "things" —physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used—that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and ways of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America, printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different song. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as whole.One more important part for music's material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, television and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the"information revolution," a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.Comprehension Questions1.Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because .A.it helps produce new cultural tools and technologyB.it can reflect the development of the nationC.it helps understand the nation's past and presentD.it can demonstrate the nation's civilization2. It can be learned from this passage that .A.the existence of the symphony was attributed to the spread of Near Eastern andChinese music.B.Near Eastern music had an influence on the development of the instruments inthe symphony orchestraC.the development of the symphony shows the mutual influence of Eastern andWestern musicD.the musical instruments in the symphony orchestra were developed on the basisof Near Eastern music3. According to the author, music notation is important because .A.it has a great effect on the music-culture as more and more people are able toread itB.it tends to standardize folk songs when it is used by folk musiciansC.it is the printed version of standardized versions of songsD.it encourages people to popularize printed versions of songs4. It can be concluded from the passage that the introduction of electronic media into the world of music .A.has brought about an information revolutionB.has speeded up the arrival of a new generation of computesC.has given rise to new forms of music cultureD.has led to the transformation of traditional musical instruments5.which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A.Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner or later be replacedby computers.B.Music cannot be passed on to future generation unless it is recorded.C.Folk songs cannot be spread far unless they are printed on music sheets.D.The development of music culture is highly dependent on its material aspect.Passage TwoReading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds, while during the 15th century the term "reading" undoubtedly meant reading aloud. Only during the 19th century did silent reading become commonplace.One should be wary, however, of assuming that silent reading came about simply becausereading aloud is a distraction to others. Examination of factors related to the historical development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the taks themselves changed in character.The last century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy, and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, so the number of potential listeners declined, and there was some reduction in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However, whatever its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialised readership on the otherBy the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered what term "reading" implied.Comprehension Questions1. Reading aloud was common before 19th century because .a. silent reading had not been discovered.b. there were few places available for private readingc. few people could read for themselvesd. people relied on reading for entertainment2. The development of silent reading during the 19th century indicated .a. a change in the status of literate peopleb. a change in the nature of readingc. an incerase iri the number of booksd. an increase in the average age of readers3. Educationalists are still arguing about .a. the importance of silent readingb. the amount of information yielded by books and newspapers.c. the effects of reading on intelligenced. the value of different types of reading material4. The emergence of the mass media and specialised periodicals showed that .a. standards of literacy had declinedb.readers' interests had diversifiedc.printing techniques had improvedcationalists' attitudes had changed5.It can be inferred from the passage that the writer is attempting to .a. explain how present-day reading habits developedb. change people's attitudes to readingc. show how reading methods have improvedd. encourage the growth of readingUnit 13Passage OneThree English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing a "new" feature, the BBC English Dictionary contains background information on 1000 people and places prominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: Encyclopedic Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedic entries; the Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture is the LDOCE plus cultural information.The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly "cultural" as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which they approach the cultural element is not identical | making direct comparisons between the three difficulties.While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic/cultural entries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries, there is a clear difference. Oxford lays claim to being encyclopedic on content whereas Longman distinctly concentrates on the language and culture of the English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publication because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of the BBC dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million words recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over a period of four years, their 1000 brief encyclopedic entries are based on people and places that have featured in the news recently. The intended user they have in mind is a regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of English and a developed skill in listening comprehension.In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least socio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally opposed and even hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners from this kind background will not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views about the scope and appropriateness of the various socio-cultural entries.Comprehension Questions1. What feature sets apart the three dictionaries discussed in the passage from traditional ones?A.the combination of two dictionaries into oneB.the new approach to defining wordsC.The inculusion of cultural contentD.The increase in the number of entries2. The Longman dictionary is more likely to be criticized for cultural prejudice because .A.its scope of cultural entries goes beyond the culture of the English-speaking worldB.it pays little attention to the cultural content of the non-English-speaking countriesC.it views the world purely from the standpoint of the English-speaking peopleD.it fails to distinguish language from culture in its encyclopedic entries3.The BBC dictionary differs from Oxford and Longman in that .A.it has a wider selection of encyclopedic entriesB.it is mainly designed to meet the needs of radio listenersC.it lays more emphasis on language than on cultureD.it is intended to help listeners develop their listening comprehension skills4. It is implied in the last paragraph that, in approaching socio-cultural content in a .A.dictionary, special thought should be given toB.the language levels of its usersC.the number of its prospective purchasersD.the different tastes of its usersE.the various cultural backgrouds of its users5. What is the passage mainly about?A.Different ways of treating socio-cultural elements in the three new English dictionaries.B. A comparison of people's opinions on the cultural content in the three new Englishdictionaries.C.The advatages of the BBC dictionary over Oxford and Longman.D.The user-friendliess of the three new English dictionaries.Passage TwoAnother thing to remember in connection with concrete is that you are not allowed very much freedom for errors in either measurements or location. Once you have a solid mass of concrete set in place, it is going to stay there. You have a difficult job ahead of you if you try to remedy a mistake. Make very sure, before you fill the form that everything is where and how you want it.There are numerous rules regarding the proper mixing, handling, and finishing of concrete, but the essential one concerns the amount of water to use. The less water in the mix, the less the finished job will shrink. The less water used, the harder and more enduring the job after it has set.The amateur concrete worker is plagued with two desires. One is to use enough water to have the concrete nice and soft and easy to push around. You have been warned against that. The second is to take off the wooden forms too early, to see what the job looks like. That is really fatal. If the forms are stripped off too soon, while the concrete is still "green" , two things are likely to happen—you are almost sure to break off corners or edges, and you are likely to cause a major crack or defect in the body of the work. An excellent rule is to wait until you are sure the concrete is properly hardened, and then wait another day before removing the forms.Comprehension Questions1.The best title for this selection would be .A.Rules for Working with ConcreteB.Concrete and Its UsesC.Concrete, the Homeowner's JoyD.Concrete, a Test of Character2. Two of the main thoughts in this passage are ( 1 ) preparation of forms for the con-crete must be thorough, and (2) forms must be allowed to remain on long enough. The third main idea is .A.taking off forms beforehand will probably cause a crack in the body of the workB.trying to make changes after concrete has been poured is not recommendedC.mixing concrete properly will make it very hard and stronging as little water as possible is recommended3. In mixing concrete, one of the desires the amateur must resist is to .A.break off a corner to see if the "green" has goneB.leave the form on too longe too much waterD.strip off the forms a day after the concrete has properly hardened4. A human quality apparently not essential in someone who works with concrete is .A.carefulnessB.inventivenessC.patienceD.self-control5. By the concrete being too " green" , the author means that the concrete has .A.become discolouredB.become crackedC.not yet curedD.not dried outUnit 14Passage OneAs Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching, the surprising thing about computers in not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The early electronic computer did not have much going for it except a marvelous memory and some good math skills. But today the best models can be wired up to learn by experience, follow an argument, ask proper questions and write poetry and music. They can also carry on somewhat puzzling conversations.Computers imitate life. As computers get more complex, the imitation gets better. Finally, the line between the original and the copy becomes unclear. In another 15 years or so, we will see the computer as a new form of life.The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures. But drives can be programmed into the computer's brain just as nature programmed them into our human brains as a part of the equipment for survival.Computers match people in some roles, and when fast decisions are needed in a crisis, they often surpass them. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneouslyand acting on them quickly. Throw too many things at the brain at one time and it freezes up.We are still in control, but the capabilities of computers are increasing at a fantastic rate, while raw human intelligence is changing slowly, if as all. Computer power has increased ten times every eight years since 1946. In the 1990s, when the sixth generation appears, the reasoning power of an intelligence built out of silicon will begin to match that of the human brain.That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the past, we can expect that a new species will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements as he has surpassed those of his predecessor. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that the new species must be man's flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon.Comprehension Questions1. What do you suppose was the attitude of Dr. Samuel Johnson towards ladies preaching?A.He believed that ladies were born worse preachers than men.B.He was pleased that ladies could preach, though not as well as men.C.He disapproved of ladies preaching.D.He encouraged ladies to preach.2. Today , computers are still inferior to man in terms of .A.decision makingB.drives and feelingsC.growth of reasoning powerrmation absorption3. In terms of making quick decisions, the human brain cannot be compared with the computer because .A.in the long process of evolution the slow pace of life didn't require such ability of thehuman brain.B.the human brain is influenced by other factors such as motivation and emotionC.the human brain may sometimes freeze up in a dangerous situationputers imitate life while the human brain does not imitate computers4. Though he thinks highly of the development of computer science, the author doesn't mean that .puters are likely to become a new form of intelligent life.B.human beings have lost control of computersC.the intelligence of computers will eventually surpass that of human beingsD.the evolution of intelligence will probably depend on that of electronic brains5. Accordig to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Future man will be made of silicon instead of flesh and blood.B.Some day it will be difficult to tell a computer from a man.C.The reasoning power of computers has already surpassed that of man.D.Future intelligent life may not necessarily be made of organic matter.Passage TwoHoming pigeons are placed in a training program from about the time they are 28 days of age. They are taught to enter the loft through a trap and to exercise above and around the loft and gradually they are taken away for short distances in wicker basket and released. They are then expected to find their way home in the shortest possible time.In their training flights or in actual races, the birds are taken to prearranged distant points and released to find their way back to their own lofts. Once the birds are liberated, their owners, who are standing by at the home lofts, anxiously watch the sky for the return of their entries. Since time is of the essence, the speed with which the birds can be induced to enter the loft trap may make the difference between gaining a win or a second place.The head of a homing pigeon is comparatively small but its brain is one quarter larger than that of the ordinary pigeon. The homing pigeon is very intelligent and will I persevere to the point of stubbornness E some have been known to fly a hundred miles off course to avoid a storm.Some homing pigeon experts claim that this bird is gifted with a form of built-in radar that helps it find its own loft after hours of flight, for hidden under the head feathers are two very sensitive ears, while the sharp prominent eyes can see great distances in daytime.Why do homing pigeons fly home? They are not Unique in this inherent skill; it is found in most migratory birds, in bees, ants, toads, and even turtles, which have been known to travel hundreds of miles to return to their homes. But in the animal world, the homing pigeon alone can be trusted with its freedom and trained to carry out the missions that people demand.Comprehension Questions1. The main purpose of the passage is .A.to convince the reader to buy a homing pigeonB.to inform the reader about the homing pigeons and their trainingC.to protect homing pigeons against the threat of extinctionD.to encourage the owners of homing pigeons to set the birds free2. According to the passage, when homing pigeons are about a month old .A.they are kept in a trapB.they enter their first raceC.they begin a training programD.they get their wings clipped and marked3. According to the passage, the difference between a homing pigeon and an ordinary one is .A.the span of the wingsB.the shape of the eyesC.the texture of the feathersD.the size of the brain4. The author mentions all of the following attributes that enable a homing pigeon to return home EXCEPT .A.instinctB.air sacsC.sensitive earsD.good eyes5. In Paragraph 4, line 2, the word "it" most probably refers to .A.radarB.birdC.loftD.formUnit 16Passage OneExtraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is acceptable and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization , some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance , but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means.' It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.Comprehension Questions1. The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the .。
河海大学研究生英语教材unit1
河海大学研究生英语教材unit1As an AI language model, I can help you write a 1000-word article on the topic "Unit 1 of the English textbook for postgraduate students at Hohai University." Please note that I won't be able to replicate the exact format of an English textbook, but I can provide you with relevant information and insights related to the topic. Here's the article:Unit 1: Introducing English Language Learning at Hohai UniversityIntroduction:In Unit 1 of the English textbook designed specifically for postgraduate students at Hohai University, we embark on an exciting journey of English language learning. This unit serves as an introduction to the course, outlining its objectives, resources, and strategies to enhance language proficiency. Understanding the importance of English in an academic and professional setting, this unit aims to equip students with the foundational knowledge needed to succeed in their studies.Section 1: Importance of English in Higher EducationEnglish has emerged as the lingua franca of the academic and professional world, making it crucial for postgraduate students to master the language. In this section, we discuss the significance of English in higher education, including its impact on research, international collaborations, and career prospects. By recognizing the benefits of English proficiency, students are motivated to invest time and effort into their language learning journey.Section 2: Course Objectives and ExpectationsTo ensure clarity and focus throughout the course, this section outlines the specific objectives and expectations for students. By setting clear goals, students can approach their learning with intention and track their progress. The objectives may include developing effective communication skills, expanding vocabulary, improving reading and writing abilities, and enhancing overall language fluency.Section 3: Resources and MaterialsUnit 1 also provides an overview of the diverse resources and materials that students can utilize to enhance their language learning experience. This section may include references to textbooks, online platforms, language laboratories, and language exchange programs. By exploring and utilizing these resources, students can supplement their classroom learning and practice English in various contexts.Section 4: Learning Strategies and TechniquesThis section focuses on introducing effective learning strategies and techniques tailored to postgraduate students. Topics may include time management, note-taking skills, effective reading strategies, and ways to develop listening and speaking proficiency. By incorporating these strategies into their learning routine, students can optimize their language learning process and maximize their potential.Section 5: Assessments and FeedbackUnit 1 concludes by addressing the assessment and feedback mechanisms for the course. Students will receive regular evaluations togauge their progress and identify areas for improvement. Feedback from instructors and peers will provide valuable insights and guidance for further development. This section highlights the importance of active participation, engagement, and utilizing feedback constructively.Conclusion:Unit 1 of the English textbook for postgraduate students at Hohai University emphasizes the importance of English language learning in a higher education context. By setting clear objectives, providing resources and materials, introducing effective learning strategies, and emphasizing assessments and feedback, this unit aims to lay the foundation for a successful language learning journey. As students progress through the course, they will develop the necessary skills and confidence to excel in their academic and professional endeavors.Please note that the article provided is a general example, and specific details and content may vary depending on the actual textbook content. Feel free to add or modify the article as per your requirements.。
2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考研英语一真题(完整版)
2015 年考研英语(一)真题完整版Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, frien ds are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has (2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3) 1,932 unique subjects which (4) pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanismsworking together that _(12)_us in choosing genetically similarfriends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1.[A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2.[A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3.[A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4.[A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5.[A] tests [B] objects [C]samples [D] examples6.[A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7.[A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8.[A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9.[A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10.[A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11.[A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12.[A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13.[A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14.[A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15.[A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16.[A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17.[A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18.[A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19.[A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20.[A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European r oyals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity.It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs’ continuing popularity polarized. And also, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today – embodies outdated and indefensible privileges andinequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.While Europe’s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy’s reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service – as non-controversial and non- political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy’s worst enemies.21.According to the first two Paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain[A]used turn enjoy high public support[B]was unpopular among European royals[C]cased his relationship with his rivals[D]ended his reign in embarrassment22.Monarchs are kept as heads of state in Europe mostly[A]owing to their undoubted and respectable status[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality[C]to give voter more public figures to look up to[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment23.Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?[A]Aristocrats’ excessive reliance on inherited wealth[B]The role of the nobility in modern democracies[C]The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families[D]The nobility’s adherence to their privileges24.The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles[A]takes a rough line on political issues[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised[C]takes republicans as his potential allies[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role25.Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne[C]C arlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs[D]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming ThreatsTEXT 2Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Cpurt will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information issimilar to say, going through a suspect’s purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or porcketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s reading history ,financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing.” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.26.The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to[A]search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.[B]check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.[C]prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.[D]prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.27.The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of[A]tolerance.[B]indifference.[C]disapproval.[D]cautiousness.28.The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable to[A]getting into one’s residence.[B]handing one’s historical records.[C]scanning one’s correspondences.[D]going through one’s wallet.29.In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that[A]principles are hard to be clearly expressed.[B]the court is giving police less room for action.[C]phones are used to store sensitive information.[D]citizens’ privacy is not effective protected.30.O rin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.(C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra round of statistical checks to its peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNutt announced today. The policy follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that basic mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the irreproducibility of many published research findings.“Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journal,” writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing editors (SBoRE). Manu will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the journal’s internal editors, or by its exist ing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside peer reviewers. The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review these manus.Asked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said: “The creation of the ‘statistics board’ was motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is part of Science’s overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.”Giovanni Parmigiani, a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to “play primarily an advisory role.” He agreed to join because he “found the foresight behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.”31、It can be learned from Paragraph I that[A]Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.[B]journals are strengthening their statistical checks.[C]few journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.[D]lack of data analysis is common in research projects.32、The phrase “flagged up ”(Para.2)is the closest in meaning to[A]found.[B]r evised.[C]marked[D]stored33、Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of the SBoRE may[A]pose a threat to all its peers[B]meet with strong opposition[C]increase Science’s circulation.[D]set an example for other journals34、David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA.adds to researchers’ worklosd.B.diminishes the role of reviewers.C.has room for further improvement.D.is to fail in the foreseeable future.35.Which of the following is the best title of the text?A.Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB.Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC.Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors’ DesksD.Statisticians Are Coming Back with ScienceText 4Two years ago, Rupert Murdoch’s daughter, Elisabeth, spoke of the “unsettling dearth of integrity across so many of our institutions”. Integrity had collapsed, she argued, because of a collective acceptance that the only “sorting mechanism” in society should be profit and the market. But “it’s us, human beings, we the people who create the society we want, not profit”.Driving her point home, she continued: “It’s increasingly apparent that the absence of purpose, of a moral language within government, media or business could become one of the most dangerous goals for capitalism and freedom.” This same absence of moral purpose was wounding companies suchas News International, she thought, making it more likely that it would lose its way as it had with widespread illegal telephone hacking.As the hacking trial concludes—finding guilty one ex-editor of the News of the World, Andy Coulson, for conspiring to hack phones, and finding his predecessor, Rebekah Brooks, innocent of the same charge—the wider issue of dearth of integrity still stands. Journalists are known to have hacked the phones of up to 5,500 people. This is hacking on an industrial scale, as was acknowledged by Glenn Mulcaire, the man hired by the News of the World in 2001 to be the point person for phone hacking. Others await trial. This saga still unfolds.In many respects, the dearth of moral purpose frames not only the fact of such widespread phone hacking but the terms on which the trial took place. One of the astonishing revelations was how little Rebekah Brooks knew of what went on in her newsroom, how little she thought to ask and the fact that she never inquired how the stories arrived. The core of her successful defence was that she knew nothing.In today’s world, it has become normal that well-paid executives should not be accountable for what happens in the organisations that they run. Perhaps we should not be so surprised. For a generation, the collective doctrine has been that the sorting mechanism of society should be profit. The words that have mattered are efficiency, flexibility, shareholder value, business-friendly, wealth generation, sales, impact and, in newspapers,circulation. Words degraded to the margin have been justice, fairness, tolerance, proportionality and accountability.The purpose of editing the News of the World was not to promote reader understanding, to be fair in what was written or to betray any common humanity. It was to ruin lives in the quest for circulation and impact. Ms Brooks may or may not have had suspicions about how her journalists got their stories, but she asked no questions, gave no instructions—nor received traceable, recorded answers.36.Accordign to the first two paragraphs, Elisabeth was upset by(A)the consequences of the current sorting mechanism.(B)companies’ financial loss due to immoral practices(C)governmental ineffectiveness on moral issues.(D)the wide misuse of integrity among institutions.37.It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that(A)Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.(B)more journalists may be found guilty of phone hacking.(C)Andy Coulson should be held innocent of the charge.(D)phone hacking will be accepted on certain occasions.38.The author believes that Rebekah Brooks’s defence(A)revealed a cunning personality.(B)centered on trivial issues.(C)was hardly convincing.(D)was part of a conspiracy.39.The author holds that the current collective doctrine shows(A)generally distorted values.(B)unfair wealth distribution.(C)a marginalized lifestyle.(D)a rigid moral code.40 Which of the following is suggested in the last paragraph?(A)The quality of writings is of primary importance.(B)Common humanity is central to news reporting.(C)Moral awareness matters in editing a newspaper.(D)Journalists need stricter industrial regulations.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) How does your reading proceed? Clearly you try to comprehend, in the sense of identifying meanings for individual words and working out relationships between them, drawing on your explicit knowledge of English grammar (41) you begin to infer a context for the text, for instance, bymaking decisions about what kind of speech event is involved: who is making the utterance, to whom, when and where.The ways of reading indicated here are without doubt kinds of of comprehension. But they show comprehension to consist not just passive assimilation but of active engagement inference and problem-solving. You infer information you feel the writer has invited you to grasp by presenting you with specific evidence and cues (42)Conceived in this way, comprehension will not follow exactly the same track for each reader. What is in question is not the retrieval of an absolute, fixed or “true” meaning that can be read off and clocked for accuracy, or some timeless relation of the text to the world. (43)Such background material inevitably reflects who we are, (44)This doesn’t, however, make interpretation merely relative or even pointless. Precisely because readers from different historical periods, places and social experiences produce different but overlapping readings of the same words on the page-including for texts that engage with fundamental human concerns-debates about texts can play an important role in social discussion of beliefs and values.How we read a given text also depends to some extent on our particular interest in reading it. (45) such dimensions of read suggest-as others introduced later in the book will also do-that we bring an implicit (often unacknowledged) agenda to any act of reading. It doesn’t then nece ssarilyfollow that one kind of reading is fuller, more advanced or more worthwhile than another. Ideally, different kinds of reading inform each other, and act as useful reference points for and counterbalances to one another. Together, they make up the reading component of your overall literacy or relationship to your surrounding textual environment.[A]Are we studying that text and trying to respond in a way that fulfils the requirement of a given course? Reading it simply for pleasure? Skimming it for information? Ways of reading on a train or in bed are likely to differ considerably from reading in a seminar room.[B]Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretation but at the same time obscure or even close off others.[C]If you are unfamiliar with words or idioms, you guess at their meaning, using clues presented in the contest. On the assumption that they will become relevant later, you make a mental note of discourse entities as well as possible links between them.[D]I n effect, you try to reconstruct the likely meanings or effects that any given sentence, image or reference might have had: These might be the ones the author intended.[E]Y ou make further inferences, for instance, about how the test may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less r esponsible.[F]I n plays，novels and narrative poems, characters speak as constructs created by the author, not necessarily as mouthpieces for the author’s own thoughts.[G]R ather, we ascribe meanings to test on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text’s formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.Section III TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 46) This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.47)The United States is the product of two principal forces-the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified thesetraits. Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world.48)But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes. These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled E uropean society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American.49)The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is n ow the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America. In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they subsisted on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay.“To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief.” said one recorder of events, “The air at twelve leagues’distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden.” The colonists’ first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 50) The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia. Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.Section IV WritingPart A51.Directions:You are going to host a club reading session. Write an email of about 100 words recommending a book to the club members.You should state reasons for your recommendation.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use Li Ming instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1)describe the drawing briefly2)explain its intended meaning, and3)give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)【推荐课程】2018 年考研（签约）全程班2018 年考研英语（签约）全程班（英语一、二可选）。
2015年 河海大学研究生英语一Unit 2 Individuals and Masses
Unit 2 Individuals and MassesA man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, professional or religious group, or as a member of a crowd. Groups are capable of being as moral and intelligent as the individuals who form them; a crowd is chaotic, has no purpose of its own and is capable of anything except intelligent action and realistic thinking. Assembled in a crowd, people lose their powers of reasoni ng and their capacity for moral choice. Their suggestibility is increased to the point w here they cease to have any judgement or will of their own. They become very excitab le, they lose all sense of individual or collective responsibility, they are subject to sud den excesses of rage, enthusiasm and panic. In a word, a man in a crowd behaves as though he had swallowed a large dose of some powerful intoxicant. He is a victim of what I have called' herd-poisoning'. Like alcohol, herd- poison is an active, extrava gant drug. The crowd-intoxicated individual escapes from responsibility, intelligence and morality into a kind of frantic, animal mindlessness.人们通过两种方式与社会直接联系：作为家庭、职业或者宗教组织的成员，或者是某个群体的成员。
河海大学出版社研究生英语学生用书课文翻译
Unit 11 The IksThe small tribe of Iks, formerly nomadic hunters and gatherers in the mountain valleys of northern Uganda, have become celebrities, literary symbols for the ultimate fate of disheartened, heartless mankind at large. Two disastrously conclusive things happened to them: the government decided to have a national park, so they were compelled by law to give up hunting in the valleys and become farmers on poor hillside soil, and then they were visited for two years by an anthropologist who detested them and wrote a book about them.小部落伊克人，曾经在乌干达北部山谷里过着狩猎和采集的游牧民族生活，已变成名人，总体来说，成了最终命运沮丧的、无情的人的人文象征。
两件具有灾难性、决定性意义的事情发生在他们身上。
政府决定建一座国家公园，所以他们依法被迫放弃在山谷里的狩猎生活，而变成贫瘠的山坡地里的农民。
之后，一个憎恶他们的人类学家访问了他们两年，并写了一本关于他们的书。
The message of the book is that the Iks have transformed themselves into an irreversibly disagreeable collection of unattached, brutish creatures, totally selfish and loveless, in response to the dismantling of their traditional culture. Moreover, this is what the rest of us are like in our inner selves, and we will all turn into Iks when the structure of our society comes all unhinged.书的主旨是说，伊克人已经将自己变成了无药可救的不友善的人渣，是独立的、野兽般的生物，完全的自私无情。
河海大学研究生英语教程解析(完整版)(考试重点课文翻译)
河海大学研究生英语教程解析(完整版)(考试重点课文翻译) 本文只针对期末考试重点课文的翻译。
Unit 1Ghosts for Tea“十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道。
“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。
”要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。
峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。
海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。
山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。
离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。
说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。
当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。
“您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗?”他压低了嗓声对我说。
“我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，”我说。
“这可不是传说，”那老头郑重其事地说。
“我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。
一切都发生在50年前的今天。
让我说给您听听吧。
”他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。
“整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。
“咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。
岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。
他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。
马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。
多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。
不过各自心里还有些怨恨。
因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏，尽管两人的朋友们不消说还根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。
”“离今50年前的那个晚上，灯塔上没有出现灯光，直到凌晨两点钟左右才有一束灯光突然发出警告信号。
“第二天早上，灯光依然可见。
风暴已经平息了，人们派出一条救生船前去查看情况。
等待人们的却是一个不忍目睹的场面——马丁和布莱克的起居室一片骇人景象，桌子翻倒在地，一副牌散得到处都是，地板上溅满了血迹。
2015年 河海大学研究生英语一 Unit 11 The Iks
Unit 11 The IksThe small tribe of Iks, formerly nomadic hunters and gatherers in the mountain valleys of northern Uganda, have become celebrities, literary symbols for the ultimate fate of disheartened, heartless mankind at large. Two disastrously conclusive things happened to them: the government decided to have a national park, so they were compelled by law to give up hunting in the valleys and become farmers on poor hillside soil, and then they were visited for two years by an anthropologist who detested them and wrote a book about them.小部落伊克人，曾经在乌干达北部山谷里过着狩猎和采集的游牧民族生活，已变成名人，总体来说，成了最终命运沮丧的、无情的人的人文象征。
两件具有灾难性、决定性意义的事情发生在他们身上。
政府决定建一座国家公园，所以他们依法被迫放弃在山谷里的狩猎生活，而变成贫瘠的山坡地里的农民。
之后，一个憎恶他们的人类学家访问了他们两年，并写了一本关于他们的书。
The message of the book is that the Iks have transformed themselves into an irreversibly disagreeable collection of unattached, brutish creatures, totally selfish and loveless, in response to the dismantling of their traditional culture. Moreover, this is what the rest of us are like in our inner selves, and we will all turn into Iks when the structure of our society comes all unhinged.书的主旨是说，伊克人已经将自己变成了无药可救的不友善的人渣，是独立的、野兽般的生物，完全的自私无情。
河海大学设计研究生英语教程课文翻译[考试范围内课文翻译]
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本篇包含全部期末考试考试范围单元！！！Unit 1Ghosts for Tea“十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道。
“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。
”要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。
峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。
海面上几艘游艇张着乳白色的风帆优雅地避开浪头蜿蜓前进。
山崖下面，一群海鸥相互叫唤着，在海面上盘旋飞翔。
离岸一英里处，在海浪贪婪地吮舔着的岩岸上，那座古老的灯塔矗立在一座石头平台上。
说实话，我毫不吝惜那几个钱。
当我把望远镜转朝灯塔时，站在我身旁的那个老头拍了拍我的手腕。
“您听过在那座灯塔里发生的一起骇人听闻的惨案吗?”他压低了嗓声对我说。
“我想这个地方看起来非常富有戏剧性，有关它的传说一定不少，”我说。
“这可不是传说，”那老头郑重其事地说。
“我父亲认识那起惨案的两个当事人。
一切都发生在50年前的今天。
让我说给您听听吧。
”他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。
“整整一个礼拜，风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。
“咆啸的大海波涛汹涌，海浪拍打着岩石，轰然作响。
岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。
他们俩是多年的挚友，但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。
马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。
多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝，他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。
不过各自心里还有些怨恨。
因此，人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏，尽管两人的朋友们不消说还根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。
”“离今50年前的那个晚上，灯塔上没有出现灯光，直到凌晨两点钟左右才有一束灯光突然发出警告信号。
“第二天早上，灯光依然可见。
风暴已经平息了，人们派出一条救生船前去查看情况。
等待人们的却是一个不忍目睹的场面——马丁和布莱克的起居室一片骇人景象，桌子翻倒在地，一副牌散得到处都是，地板上溅满了血迹。
河海大学研究生英语教程第五版U1~U20重点课文中英文对照
Unit 1Ghosts for Tea1 “Ten pence for a view over the bay”, said the old man with the telescope.“Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935. ”“十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道。
“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。
”2 Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent.要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。
3 Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea. Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist. 峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。
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Unit 11 The IksThe small tribe of Iks, formerly nomadic hunters and gatherers in the mountain valleys of northern Uganda, have become celebrities, literary symbols for the ultimate fate of disheartened, heartless mankind at large. Two disastrously conclusive things happened to them: the government decided to have a national park, so they were compelled by law to give up hunting in the valleys and become farmers on poor hillside soil, and then they were visited for two years by an anthropologist who detested them and wrote a book about them.小部落伊克人，曾经在乌干达北部山谷里过着狩猎和采集的游牧民族生活，已变成名人，总体来说，成了最终命运沮丧的、无情的人的人文象征。
两件具有灾难性、决定性意义的事情发生在他们身上。
政府决定建一座国家公园，所以他们依法被迫放弃在山谷里的狩猎生活，而变成贫瘠的山坡地里的农民。
之后，一个憎恶他们的人类学家访问了他们两年，并写了一本关于他们的书。
The message of the book is that the Iks have transformed themselves into an irreversibly disagreeable collection of unattached, brutish creatures, totally selfish and loveless, in response to the dismantling of their traditional culture. Moreover, this is what the rest of us are like in our inner selves, and we will all turn into Iks when the structure of our society comes all unhinged.书的主旨是说，伊克人已经将自己变成了无药可救的不友善的人渣，是独立的、野兽般的生物，完全的自私无情。
这是对他们分崩离析的传统文化所做出的反应。
此外，这也是我们内在本性的模样。
当我们的社会结构全部瓦解时，我们都将变成伊克人。
The argument rests, of course, on certain assumptions about the core of human beings, and is necessarily speculative. You have to agree in advance that man is fundamentally a bad lot , out for himself alone , displaying such graces as affection and compassion only as learned habits . If you take this view, the story of the Iks can be used to confirm it. These people seem to be living together, clustered in small, dense villages, but they are really solitary, unrelated individuals with no evident use for each other. They talk, but only to make ill-tempered demands and cold refusals. They share nothing. They never sing. They turn the children out to forage as soon as they can walk, and desert the elders to starve whenever they can, and the foraging children snatch food from the mouths of the helpless elders. It is a mean society.论点当然是建立在对人性的必要的推测性假设的基础上。
首先，你得同意人性本恶，所表现出的喜爱和同情的优雅，仅仅是学到的习性，并非与生俱来。
如果你持此观点，伊克人的故事就可以用来佐证。
这些人表面上生活在一起，群居在小而密集的村庄，但是他们真的是独立的、没有关联的、对别人毫无明显作用的个人。
他们聊天，但仅仅是提出坏脾气的要求，做出冷漠的拒绝。
他们毫无分享，从不唱歌。
他们将刚会走路的孩子赶出去寻找食物，将老人抛弃任由其饿死。
觅食的孩子从无助的老者嘴下抢夺食物。
这是个卑鄙自私的社会。
They breed without love or even casual regard. They defecate on each other’s doorsteps. They watch their neighbors for signs of misfortune, and only then do they laugh. In the book they do a lot of laughing, having so much bad luck. Several times they even laughed at the anthropologist, who found this especially repellent (onesenses, between the lines, that the scholar is not himself the world’s luckiest man). Worse, they took him into the family, snatched his food, defecated on his doorstep, and hooted dislike at him. They gave him two bad years.他们对待老人孩子没有爱，甚至是粗疏的关心；他们在别人家的门口台阶上排泄；他们仅仅会在看到邻居遭难时才会发笑。
在书中，他们时常发笑，因为时常倒霉。
有时他们甚至嘲笑这位人类学家，这让他感到尤其的反感（从字里行间可以感觉到，学者在这个世界并不是他想象中的最幸运的人）。
更为糟糕的是，他们把他带回家中，抢他的食物，在他的家门口台阶上排泄，奚落厌恶他。
他们折磨了他两年。
It is a depressing book. If , as he suggests , there is only Ikness at the center of each of us , our sole hope for hanging on to the name of humanity will be in endlessly mending the structure of our society , and it is changing so quickly and completely that we may never find the threads in time. Meanwhile, left to ourselves alone, solitary, we will become the same joyless, zestless, untouching lone animals.这是一本令人沮丧的书。
如果像他所说，我们每个人心中都只有像伊克人那样的特性，那么我们维系人性之名的唯一希望就是不断地修补我们的社会结构。
而这个社会结构变化得如此之快，如此之彻底，结果我们永远也不会及时找到修补的手段。
如果仅剩我们自己，我们也将变成没有欢乐的，没有热情的，无动于衷的孤独生物。
But this may be too narrow a view. For one thing, the Iks are extraordinary. They are absolutely astonishing, in fact. The anthropologist has never seen people like them anywhere, nor have I. You’d think, if they were simply examples of the common essence of mankind, they’d seem more recognizable. Instead, they are bizarre, anomalous. I have known my share of peculiar , difficult , nervous , grabby people , but I’ve never encountered any genuinely , consistently detestable human beings in all my life . The Iks sounds more like abnormalities, maladies.这也许是一种偏见。
首先，伊克人是例外的，事实上绝对令人震惊。
人类学家从来没有在其他任何地方见过像他们这样的人，我也没有。
你想，如果他们代表了人类的共同本质，他们似乎就更容易被辨认出来。
然而他们是怪异的，例外的。
对于个性独特的，难以相处的，神经质的，贪婪的人，我已经够了解的了。
但在我一生中，也从没遇到过真正的至始至终令人憎恶的人。
伊克人听上去更像是不正常的，有病的人。
I cannot accept it. I do not believe that the Iks are representative of isolated, revealed man, unobscured by social habits. I believe their behavior is something extra, something laid on. This unremitting, compulsive repellence is a kind of complicated ritual. They must have learned to act this way, they copied it, somehow.我不同意这个观点。