河海大学研究生英语教程翻译(Unit1120)
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示,特殊单词有注释)Unit 1 Ghosts for Tea
' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope.'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck o f 1935.'十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道：“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。
”Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent. 要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。
Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the b each, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were b eing greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the teles cope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist.峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。
河海大学研究生英语教程第五版U1~U20重点课文中英文对照
Unit 1Ghosts for Tea1 “Ten pence for a view over the bay”, said the old man with the telescope.“Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935. ”“十便士看一次海湾风光，”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道。
“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。
请来看看那古老的灯塔和1935年失事的大轮船残骸吧。
”2 Ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent.要十便士简直是敲诈勒索，可是海湾的景色确实壮丽。
3 Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea. Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist. 峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译（重...
A man or woman makes direct contact with society in two ways: as a member of some familial, pr ofessional or religious group, or as a member of a crowd. Groups are capable of being as moral a nd intelligent as the individuals who form them; a crowd is chaotic, has no purpose of its own an d is capable of anything except intelligent action and realistic thinking. Assembled in a crowd, peo ple lose their powers of reasoning and their capacity for moral choice. Their suggestibility is incre ased to the point where they cease to have any judgement or will of their own. They become ver y excitable, they lose all sense of individual or collective responsibility, they are subject to sudden excesses of rage, enthusiasm and panic. In a word, a man in a crowd behaves as though he had s wallowed a large dose of some powerful intoxicant. He is a victim of what I have called' herd-pois oning'. Like alcohol, herd- poison is an active, extravagant drug. The crowd-intoxicated individual escapes from responsibility, intelligence and morality into a kind of frantic, animal mindlessness. 一个人通过以下两种方式与社会直接接触：作为某个家庭、职业或宗教组织的成员，或者仅仅是隶属于某个群体。
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译（重...
A good many technical people become irate when you call a computer a giant brain. They insist t hat a computer does only what thinking humans have planned to have假 it如 d你o. 把计算机称
games intelligently. At the far limit of possibility, they wish to know whether, at least on paper, m achines can reproduce themselves. In other words, are we really certain that a machine can do o nly what its programmer wills it to do? Already there are in existence a number of machines that approach these powers. The simplest type is the computer that understands 许lo多gic杰. 出的人 才在潜心研制从事“非数字”工作的计算机。也就是说，所有的数字输入后，机器能够“以 此为基点继续干下去”。比方说，这些人想看看无生命的装置是否能进行判断、做出选择、 产生思想、伶俐地玩游戏，他们想知道，至少在理论上，机器是否可以再生，再生的可能性
(完整word版)河海大学研究生英语教程1-10单元翻译
本文只针对期末考试重点课文的翻译。
突然发出警告信号。
“第二天早上，灯光依然可见。
风暴已经平息了，人们派出一条救生船前去查看情况。
等待人们的却是一个不忍目睹的场面——马丁和布莱克的起居室一片骇人景象，桌子翻倒在地，一副牌散得到处都是，地板上溅满了血迹。
营救人员爬上旋梯来到灯塔间，在那儿发现了马丁的尸体蜷缩在仍然亮着的灯旁。
他是被戳死的。
两天后，布莱克的尸体被潮水冲了上来，他身上划破多处，浑身青肿，伤得不轻。
“我们只是在那时才猜测到究竟发生了什么事。
这场大惨剧只是由于他们俩再次争吵而引起的。
他们准是因为与世隔绝而心烦意孔，于是开始玩牌。
马丁又怀疑布莱克耍赖，指责这位原先的朋友不老实。
接着一场格斗发生了，布莱克一把操起刀子，在一阵狂怒之下向他的伙伴刺去，马丁受了致命伤而倒下。
布莱克被自己的行为惊呆了。
他受不了这里的孤独寂寞以及风浪的拍击声，于是狂奔到栏杆边纵身投向下面的岩石。
接着大海吞噬了他。
“但当时马丁还活着。
过了几小时，也就是在天色暗下来以后，他苏醒过来，想起了自己点灯的职责。
于是，可怜的马丁忍着剧痛，慢慢地爬上旋梯，一步一步地爬到灯前。
用最后剩下的一口气，他点亮了灯塔，然后倒下。
“数年后，据说那座灯塔闹鬼了。
就因为这些传说，当地迷信的居民中没有人愿意接替做灯塔管理员。
如今人们都说，每年到出事的那一天，尤其是当海上风急浪高的时候，人们站在起居室里就能听到摔牌声和怒吼声，就能看到刀刃的寒光，还会瞥见一个人影奔向栏杆，然后听到一个人缓慢地向塔顶爬去。
”老头停了停，我转身欲走。
“对了，”他又开口了，“今天下午您有空吗?要是有空，干吗不到那座灯塔去喝杯茶?今天我们开专船，收费一镑，人们在原址建造了一座新灯塔，我兄弟买下了那座旧的。
他能沏好茶——茶钱都算在船费里了——价钱公道，要知道搞到食品是很费事的。
如果您对鬼之类的神奇东西有那么一点儿兴趣的话，这可能是一次不寻常的，大概还是不可思议的经历呢。
”我以赏识的目光打量了他一下说：“您真是在浪费您的才能。
2015年 河海大学研究生英语一 Unit 12 Thanksgiving
Unit 12 ThanksgivingSoon they will be together again, all the people who travel between their own lives and each other’s. The package tour of the season will lure them this week to the family table.很快，所有在人生路途中漂泊的人们将相聚一堂。
本周，回家是他们唯一能做的事，吸引着他们聚在家庭餐桌前。
By Thursday, feast day, family day, Thanksgiving day, Americans who value individualism like no other people will collect around a million tables in a ritual of belonging.在周四，宴会日，家庭日，感恩节这天，最崇尚个人主义的美国人将以一种归属的仪式，聚集在百万张餐桌前。
They will assemble their families the way they assemble dinner: each one bearing a personality as different as cranberry sauce and pumpkin pie. For one dinner they will cook for each other, fuss for each other, feed each other and argue with each other.家人聚在一起，就像他们张罗的晚餐一样：每个人有着不同的个性，就像蔓越橘沙拉不同于南瓜饼一样。
晚餐中，他们煮给彼此吃，相互抱怨，相互喂食，相互争论。
They will nod at their common heritage, the craziness and caring of other generations. They will measure their common legacy… the children.对于共同传统和对其他几代人的狂热和关爱，他们都很认同。
河海大学研究生英语教程第五版UU重点课文中英文对照
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Ｕniｔ1Leabharlann Ｇｈosts foｒTea
1“Ｔen pｅnce forａvｉewover tｈｅbay”，ｓaiｄ ｔheolｄ ｍaｎwiｔｈthe tｅlescope.“Loveｌｙｃleａｒmｏrnｉng．Have a loｏｋat the oｌd ligｈｔｈｏuse and tｈe remainｓof tｈe gｒeat shipwrｅcｋof 193５.”“十便士看一次海湾风光,”那个带着一架望远镜的老头说道。“多么晴朗美丽的早晨。请来看看那古老的灯塔和１９35年失事的大轮船残骸吧。”
5Ｈｉs vｏice seeｍed to grow dｅeperａndmｏreｄｒamatiｃ.他的声音似乎变得更低沉、更富有戏剧性了。
6“Ｆoｒa whｏleweｅｋthat ligｈthouseｈadbｅeｎiｓolaｔedby stoｒms”, heｂegan, “ｗiｔｈterｒｉfｙｉnｇseａsｓurging aｎd crasｈingovｅｒthｅrocks．Peopleon sｈｏrewere anxｉoｕs aｂout thｅtwo men worｋing theｒe. Theｙ'ｄbeｅn on tｈｅbest ofｔerms uｎtil tｗo oｒthreeweekｓｂefｏre，when they hａdｑuarreledoverｃardsin tｈevｉｌlａge inn.MａrtinhaｄaccusedＢlake oｆcheaｔing．Blake haｄｖｏwｅdtoａvengethｅinsulttoｈis hｏnｏr.But tｈanｋs toｔhewisｅadｖｉceｏｆa maｎtｈeyｂotｈreｓpected,ｔheyａpologizedｔｏeａcｈotheｒ，andsooｎseｅｍed to haｖｅｇot oｖｅr tｈeirｄiｓａｇreemenｔ.Bｕｔsoｍｅslightｒesentｍent aｎｄbitteｒnessｒemainｅd. And it wasｆｅaredthat thestrａin of continuedｉsoｌatioｎanｄrough weatｈｅrｍight aｆfｅcｔthｅirｎervｅs,tｈouｇh，needlｅssto say, thｅiｒfriｅnds haｄｎo idea hｏw seｒioｕs the coｎsequeｎcｅsｗouｌd be.”“整整一个礼拜,风暴困住了那座灯塔，”他开始说。“咆啸的大海波涛汹涌,海浪拍打着岩石,轰然作响。岸上的人们十分担心在那儿工作的两个人。他们俩是多年的挚友,但在两三个礼拜前，他们在乡村酒店里玩牌时吵了一架。马丁指责布莱克打牌时耍赖，布莱克则发誓要对侮辱他人格的不实之辞进行报复。多亏一位他们俩都尊敬的人好言相劝,他们才互相道了歉，并以乎很快地结束了他们之间的不快。不过各自心里还有些怨恨。因此,人们担心长时间与世隔绝所造成的极度紧张和恶劣的天气会使他们俩神经过敏,尽管不用说，但两人的朋友们根本没意识到后果会有多么严重。”
河海大学 研究生英语阅读理解
Unit 11Passage OneNow custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to, be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mothertongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-fact observation. The life history of the individual is first and formost an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.Comprehension Questions1. The author thinks the reason why custom has been ignored in the academic world is that.A.custom reveals only the superficial nature of human behaviorB.the study of social orders can replace the study of customC.people are still not aware of the important role that custom plays in forming our worldoutlookD.custom has little to do with our ways of thinking2. Which of the following is true according to John Dewey?A.An individual can exercise very little influence on the cultural tradition into which he isborn.B.Custom is the direct result of the philosophical probings of a group of people.C.An individual is strongly influenced by the cultural tradition even before he is born.D.Custom represents the collective wisdom which benefits the individual.3. The word "custom" in this passage most probably means .A.the concept of the true and the false of a societyB.the independently developed social ordersC.the adjustment of the individual to the new social environmentD.the patterns and standards of behavior of community4. According to the passage, a person's life, from his birth to his death, .A.is constantly shaping the cultural traditions of his peopleB.is predominated by traditional customC.is continually influenced by the habits of other communitiesD.is continually influenced by the people around him5. The author's purpose in writing this passage is .A.to urge individuals to follow traditional customsB.to stress the strong influence of customs on an individualC.to examine the interaction of man and social customsD.to show man's adjustment to traditional customsPassage TwoThrough human history, weather has altered the march of events and caused some mighty catastrophes. Since Columbus did not know where he was going or where he had arrived when he got there, the winds truly deserved nearly as much credit as he for the discovery of America. Ugly westerlies helped turn the 1588 Spanish Armada away from England in a limping panic. Napoleon was done in twice by weather: once by the snow and cold that forced his fearful retreat from Moscow, later by the rain that bedeviled him at Waterloo and caused Victor Hugo to write: " A few drops of water--- an unseasonable cloud crossing the sky, sufficed for the overthrow of a world. " In 1944 the Allied invasion of Normandy was made possible by a narrow interval of reasonably good weather between the bad. It was so narrow, in fact that Supreme Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower later expressed gratitude to " the gods of war".Every year brings fresh reminders of the weather's power over human life and events in the form of horrifying tornadoes, hurricanes and floods. These leave behind forgettable statistics and unforgettable images of devastated towns and battered humanity that can only humble people in the face of such wrath. Farmers often suffer the most , from the drought and plagues of biblical times to the hailstorms or quick freezes that even today can wipe out whole crops in minutes, Icy assaults serve as reminders of the inescapable vulnerability of life and social well-being to the whims of the weather. And history is packed with reminders of far worse. The weather, ample, provoked a major social dislocation in the United States in the 1930's when it turned much of the Southwest into the Dust Bowl.Comprehension Questions1.According to the author, Columbus .A.did not discover AmericaB.stole the credit for the discovery 0f America from someone elseC.dose not deserve to be known as the man who discovered AmericaD.was not aware he had discovered America2. According to the passage, what helped the Allies succeed in the Normandy Invations in 1944?A. A spell of bad weatherB. A short period of fairly good weather.C.Good weather followed by bad weather.D.The excellent weather conditions.3. The best title for the first paragraph would be .A.The Development of History up to Modern TimesB.The Importance of Weather for the Progress of Events in HistoryC.The Way Fate Influences the Outcome of Events in HistoryD.Success in All Past Undertakings Depended on the Weather4. In the second paragraph, weather is seen as .A.an impulsive and unpredictable forceB.man's benefactorC.man's chief enemyD. a powerful destroyers of human life and property5. It can be inferred from the passage that weather brings .A.only benefits to manB.only disadvantages to manC.both benefits and disadvantages to manD.nothing but incovenience to manUnit 12Passage OneMaterial culture refers to the touchable, material "things" —physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, used—that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and technology can tell us about the group's history and ways of life. Similarly, research into the material culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of "things" in it, of course, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain, and America, printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimulate people to create new and different song. Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as whole.One more important part for music's material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic media—radio, record player, tape recorder, television and videocassette, with the future promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the"information revolution," a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.Comprehension Questions1.Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance because .A.it helps produce new cultural tools and technologyB.it can reflect the development of the nationC.it helps understand the nation's past and presentD.it can demonstrate the nation's civilization2. It can be learned from this passage that .A.the existence of the symphony was attributed to the spread of Near Eastern andChinese music.B.Near Eastern music had an influence on the development of the instruments inthe symphony orchestraC.the development of the symphony shows the mutual influence of Eastern andWestern musicD.the musical instruments in the symphony orchestra were developed on the basisof Near Eastern music3. According to the author, music notation is important because .A.it has a great effect on the music-culture as more and more people are able toread itB.it tends to standardize folk songs when it is used by folk musiciansC.it is the printed version of standardized versions of songsD.it encourages people to popularize printed versions of songs4. It can be concluded from the passage that the introduction of electronic media into the world of music .A.has brought about an information revolutionB.has speeded up the arrival of a new generation of computesC.has given rise to new forms of music cultureD.has led to the transformation of traditional musical instruments5.which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A.Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner or later be replacedby computers.B.Music cannot be passed on to future generation unless it is recorded.C.Folk songs cannot be spread far unless they are printed on music sheets.D.The development of music culture is highly dependent on its material aspect.Passage TwoReading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds, while during the 15th century the term "reading" undoubtedly meant reading aloud. Only during the 19th century did silent reading become commonplace.One should be wary, however, of assuming that silent reading came about simply becausereading aloud is a distraction to others. Examination of factors related to the historical development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual mode of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the taks themselves changed in character.The last century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy, and thus in the number of readers. As readers increased, so the number of potential listeners declined, and there was some reduction in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers.Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and over whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening. Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However, whatever its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialised readership on the otherBy the end of the century students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and use skills in reading them which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural, and technological changes in the century had greatly altered what term "reading" implied.Comprehension Questions1. Reading aloud was common before 19th century because .a. silent reading had not been discovered.b. there were few places available for private readingc. few people could read for themselvesd. people relied on reading for entertainment2. The development of silent reading during the 19th century indicated .a. a change in the status of literate peopleb. a change in the nature of readingc. an incerase iri the number of booksd. an increase in the average age of readers3. Educationalists are still arguing about .a. the importance of silent readingb. the amount of information yielded by books and newspapers.c. the effects of reading on intelligenced. the value of different types of reading material4. The emergence of the mass media and specialised periodicals showed that .a. standards of literacy had declinedb.readers' interests had diversifiedc.printing techniques had improvedcationalists' attitudes had changed5.It can be inferred from the passage that the writer is attempting to .a. explain how present-day reading habits developedb. change people's attitudes to readingc. show how reading methods have improvedd. encourage the growth of readingUnit 13Passage OneThree English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing a "new" feature, the BBC English Dictionary contains background information on 1000 people and places prominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: Encyclopedic Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedic entries; the Longman Dictionary of English Language and Culture is the LDOCE plus cultural information.The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly "cultural" as well as language learning content. That being said, the way in which they approach the cultural element is not identical | making direct comparisons between the three difficulties.While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic/cultural entries for the Oxford and Longman dictionaries, there is a clear difference. Oxford lays claim to being encyclopedic on content whereas Longman distinctly concentrates on the language and culture of the English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman publication because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. The cultural objectives of the BBC dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis of over 70 million words recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio of Washington over a period of four years, their 1000 brief encyclopedic entries are based on people and places that have featured in the news recently. The intended user they have in mind is a regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of English and a developed skill in listening comprehension.In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation where many of the users of these dictionaries will at the very least socio-cultural perspectives and may have world views which are totally opposed and even hostile to those of the West. Advanced learners from this kind background will not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it is but will also have definite views about the scope and appropriateness of the various socio-cultural entries.Comprehension Questions1. What feature sets apart the three dictionaries discussed in the passage from traditional ones?A.the combination of two dictionaries into oneB.the new approach to defining wordsC.The inculusion of cultural contentD.The increase in the number of entries2. The Longman dictionary is more likely to be criticized for cultural prejudice because .A.its scope of cultural entries goes beyond the culture of the English-speaking worldB.it pays little attention to the cultural content of the non-English-speaking countriesC.it views the world purely from the standpoint of the English-speaking peopleD.it fails to distinguish language from culture in its encyclopedic entries3.The BBC dictionary differs from Oxford and Longman in that .A.it has a wider selection of encyclopedic entriesB.it is mainly designed to meet the needs of radio listenersC.it lays more emphasis on language than on cultureD.it is intended to help listeners develop their listening comprehension skills4. It is implied in the last paragraph that, in approaching socio-cultural content in a .A.dictionary, special thought should be given toB.the language levels of its usersC.the number of its prospective purchasersD.the different tastes of its usersE.the various cultural backgrouds of its users5. What is the passage mainly about?A.Different ways of treating socio-cultural elements in the three new English dictionaries.B. A comparison of people's opinions on the cultural content in the three new Englishdictionaries.C.The advatages of the BBC dictionary over Oxford and Longman.D.The user-friendliess of the three new English dictionaries.Passage TwoAnother thing to remember in connection with concrete is that you are not allowed very much freedom for errors in either measurements or location. Once you have a solid mass of concrete set in place, it is going to stay there. You have a difficult job ahead of you if you try to remedy a mistake. Make very sure, before you fill the form that everything is where and how you want it.There are numerous rules regarding the proper mixing, handling, and finishing of concrete, but the essential one concerns the amount of water to use. The less water in the mix, the less the finished job will shrink. The less water used, the harder and more enduring the job after it has set.The amateur concrete worker is plagued with two desires. One is to use enough water to have the concrete nice and soft and easy to push around. You have been warned against that. The second is to take off the wooden forms too early, to see what the job looks like. That is really fatal. If the forms are stripped off too soon, while the concrete is still "green" , two things are likely to happen—you are almost sure to break off corners or edges, and you are likely to cause a major crack or defect in the body of the work. An excellent rule is to wait until you are sure the concrete is properly hardened, and then wait another day before removing the forms.Comprehension Questions1.The best title for this selection would be .A.Rules for Working with ConcreteB.Concrete and Its UsesC.Concrete, the Homeowner's JoyD.Concrete, a Test of Character2. Two of the main thoughts in this passage are ( 1 ) preparation of forms for the con-crete must be thorough, and (2) forms must be allowed to remain on long enough. The third main idea is .A.taking off forms beforehand will probably cause a crack in the body of the workB.trying to make changes after concrete has been poured is not recommendedC.mixing concrete properly will make it very hard and stronging as little water as possible is recommended3. In mixing concrete, one of the desires the amateur must resist is to .A.break off a corner to see if the "green" has goneB.leave the form on too longe too much waterD.strip off the forms a day after the concrete has properly hardened4. A human quality apparently not essential in someone who works with concrete is .A.carefulnessB.inventivenessC.patienceD.self-control5. By the concrete being too " green" , the author means that the concrete has .A.become discolouredB.become crackedC.not yet curedD.not dried outUnit 14Passage OneAs Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching, the surprising thing about computers in not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The early electronic computer did not have much going for it except a marvelous memory and some good math skills. But today the best models can be wired up to learn by experience, follow an argument, ask proper questions and write poetry and music. They can also carry on somewhat puzzling conversations.Computers imitate life. As computers get more complex, the imitation gets better. Finally, the line between the original and the copy becomes unclear. In another 15 years or so, we will see the computer as a new form of life.The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures. But drives can be programmed into the computer's brain just as nature programmed them into our human brains as a part of the equipment for survival.Computers match people in some roles, and when fast decisions are needed in a crisis, they often surpass them. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneouslyand acting on them quickly. Throw too many things at the brain at one time and it freezes up.We are still in control, but the capabilities of computers are increasing at a fantastic rate, while raw human intelligence is changing slowly, if as all. Computer power has increased ten times every eight years since 1946. In the 1990s, when the sixth generation appears, the reasoning power of an intelligence built out of silicon will begin to match that of the human brain.That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the past, we can expect that a new species will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements as he has surpassed those of his predecessor. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that the new species must be man's flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon.Comprehension Questions1. What do you suppose was the attitude of Dr. Samuel Johnson towards ladies preaching?A.He believed that ladies were born worse preachers than men.B.He was pleased that ladies could preach, though not as well as men.C.He disapproved of ladies preaching.D.He encouraged ladies to preach.2. Today , computers are still inferior to man in terms of .A.decision makingB.drives and feelingsC.growth of reasoning powerrmation absorption3. In terms of making quick decisions, the human brain cannot be compared with the computer because .A.in the long process of evolution the slow pace of life didn't require such ability of thehuman brain.B.the human brain is influenced by other factors such as motivation and emotionC.the human brain may sometimes freeze up in a dangerous situationputers imitate life while the human brain does not imitate computers4. Though he thinks highly of the development of computer science, the author doesn't mean that .puters are likely to become a new form of intelligent life.B.human beings have lost control of computersC.the intelligence of computers will eventually surpass that of human beingsD.the evolution of intelligence will probably depend on that of electronic brains5. Accordig to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A.Future man will be made of silicon instead of flesh and blood.B.Some day it will be difficult to tell a computer from a man.C.The reasoning power of computers has already surpassed that of man.D.Future intelligent life may not necessarily be made of organic matter.Passage TwoHoming pigeons are placed in a training program from about the time they are 28 days of age. They are taught to enter the loft through a trap and to exercise above and around the loft and gradually they are taken away for short distances in wicker basket and released. They are then expected to find their way home in the shortest possible time.In their training flights or in actual races, the birds are taken to prearranged distant points and released to find their way back to their own lofts. Once the birds are liberated, their owners, who are standing by at the home lofts, anxiously watch the sky for the return of their entries. Since time is of the essence, the speed with which the birds can be induced to enter the loft trap may make the difference between gaining a win or a second place.The head of a homing pigeon is comparatively small but its brain is one quarter larger than that of the ordinary pigeon. The homing pigeon is very intelligent and will I persevere to the point of stubbornness E some have been known to fly a hundred miles off course to avoid a storm.Some homing pigeon experts claim that this bird is gifted with a form of built-in radar that helps it find its own loft after hours of flight, for hidden under the head feathers are two very sensitive ears, while the sharp prominent eyes can see great distances in daytime.Why do homing pigeons fly home? They are not Unique in this inherent skill; it is found in most migratory birds, in bees, ants, toads, and even turtles, which have been known to travel hundreds of miles to return to their homes. But in the animal world, the homing pigeon alone can be trusted with its freedom and trained to carry out the missions that people demand.Comprehension Questions1. The main purpose of the passage is .A.to convince the reader to buy a homing pigeonB.to inform the reader about the homing pigeons and their trainingC.to protect homing pigeons against the threat of extinctionD.to encourage the owners of homing pigeons to set the birds free2. According to the passage, when homing pigeons are about a month old .A.they are kept in a trapB.they enter their first raceC.they begin a training programD.they get their wings clipped and marked3. According to the passage, the difference between a homing pigeon and an ordinary one is .A.the span of the wingsB.the shape of the eyesC.the texture of the feathersD.the size of the brain4. The author mentions all of the following attributes that enable a homing pigeon to return home EXCEPT .A.instinctB.air sacsC.sensitive earsD.good eyes5. In Paragraph 4, line 2, the word "it" most probably refers to .A.radarB.birdC.loftD.formUnit 16Passage OneExtraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is acceptable and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization , some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance , but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means.' It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits—the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.Comprehension Questions1. The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the .。
Duanxx的河海研究生英语Unit1GhostsforTea(精)
Duanxx 的河海研究生英语Unit1 Ghosts for Tea——Duanxx——2014-10-07原文及翻译Ghosts for Tea 喝茶？闹鬼？ ' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope.'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935.'“在如此可爱清爽的早晨，10便士即可享受海湾的风景，观赏古老的灯塔和1935年失事的轮船的残骸”，一个拿着望远镜的老人吆喝着。
ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent.虽然要10便士简直就是赤裸裸的敲诈，但是这景色也的确算得上是蔚为壮观。
Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist.峭壁，绵延的向远方伸展；浪花，在海风的吹拂下，波光粼粼。
河海大学研究生英语教材unit1
河海大学研究生英语教材unit1As an AI language model, I can help you write a 1000-word article on the topic "Unit 1 of the English textbook for postgraduate students at Hohai University." Please note that I won't be able to replicate the exact format of an English textbook, but I can provide you with relevant information and insights related to the topic. Here's the article:Unit 1: Introducing English Language Learning at Hohai UniversityIntroduction:In Unit 1 of the English textbook designed specifically for postgraduate students at Hohai University, we embark on an exciting journey of English language learning. This unit serves as an introduction to the course, outlining its objectives, resources, and strategies to enhance language proficiency. Understanding the importance of English in an academic and professional setting, this unit aims to equip students with the foundational knowledge needed to succeed in their studies.Section 1: Importance of English in Higher EducationEnglish has emerged as the lingua franca of the academic and professional world, making it crucial for postgraduate students to master the language. In this section, we discuss the significance of English in higher education, including its impact on research, international collaborations, and career prospects. By recognizing the benefits of English proficiency, students are motivated to invest time and effort into their language learning journey.Section 2: Course Objectives and ExpectationsTo ensure clarity and focus throughout the course, this section outlines the specific objectives and expectations for students. By setting clear goals, students can approach their learning with intention and track their progress. The objectives may include developing effective communication skills, expanding vocabulary, improving reading and writing abilities, and enhancing overall language fluency.Section 3: Resources and MaterialsUnit 1 also provides an overview of the diverse resources and materials that students can utilize to enhance their language learning experience. This section may include references to textbooks, online platforms, language laboratories, and language exchange programs. By exploring and utilizing these resources, students can supplement their classroom learning and practice English in various contexts.Section 4: Learning Strategies and TechniquesThis section focuses on introducing effective learning strategies and techniques tailored to postgraduate students. Topics may include time management, note-taking skills, effective reading strategies, and ways to develop listening and speaking proficiency. By incorporating these strategies into their learning routine, students can optimize their language learning process and maximize their potential.Section 5: Assessments and FeedbackUnit 1 concludes by addressing the assessment and feedback mechanisms for the course. Students will receive regular evaluations togauge their progress and identify areas for improvement. Feedback from instructors and peers will provide valuable insights and guidance for further development. This section highlights the importance of active participation, engagement, and utilizing feedback constructively.Conclusion:Unit 1 of the English textbook for postgraduate students at Hohai University emphasizes the importance of English language learning in a higher education context. By setting clear objectives, providing resources and materials, introducing effective learning strategies, and emphasizing assessments and feedback, this unit aims to lay the foundation for a successful language learning journey. As students progress through the course, they will develop the necessary skills and confidence to excel in their academic and professional endeavors.Please note that the article provided is a general example, and specific details and content may vary depending on the actual textbook content. Feel free to add or modify the article as per your requirements.。
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示,特殊单词有注释)Unit 3 On Friendship-推荐下载
出现许多小仪式，并经常与一些个人承诺。
他们可能是孩子们的朋友的父母，邻居家里的客人，一个委员会的成员，从其他城市甚至另一个国家的商业伙伴。
作为进入美国的家里做客的到来，欧洲游客没有发现明显的地标。
气氛是轻松的。
大多数人，老的少的，被称为首先名字。
Who, then, is friend?Even simple translation from one language to another is difficult. " You see." a Frenchman explai ns, "if I were to say to you in France, 'This is my good friend, 'that person would not be as close to me as someone about whom I said only, 'This is my friend. 'Anyone about whom I have to say more is really less. " 使是简单的从一种语言翻译成另一种是困难的，“你看，”法国人解释说，“如果我说你在法国，这是我的好朋友，'这个人不会像我这样的人靠近约人我说的只是，这是我的朋友。
' 关于他我要多说任何人是真的少了。
In France, as in many other European countries, friends generally are of the same sex, and friend ship is seen as basically a relationship between men. Frenchwomen laugh at the idea that "wome n can' t be friends, "but they also admit sometimes that for women "it's a different thing. "And m any French people doubt the possibility of a friendship between a man and a woman. There is als o the kind of relationship within a group -men and women who have worked together for a long time, who may be very close, sharing gre at loyalty and warmth of feeling. They may call one another copains -a word that in English becomes "friends" but has more the feeling of "pals "or "buddies. "In Fren ch eyes this is not friendship, although two members of such a group may well be friends. 在法国，在许多欧洲国家，朋友一般都是同性，友谊是人与人之间的关系基本上是看到。
河海大学研究生英语一 Unit 11 ~ Unit 20、24 课文翻译(DOC)
河海大学研究生英语一Unit 11 ~ Unit 20、24 课文翻译by晴天学长Unit 11 The Iks (1)Unit 12 Thanksgiving (3)Unit 13 Nine Years for A and B (5)Unit 14 To Err Is Human (7)Unit 16 The Role of Science Fiction (9)Unit 17 Newspapers (12)Unit 18 Three Days to See (14)Unit 19 The Essayist (17)Unit 20 Culture Shock (19)Unit 24 The Cultural Patterning of Time (21)Unit 11 The Iks小部落伊克人，曾经在乌干达北部山谷里过着狩猎和采集的游牧民族生活，已变成名人，总体来说，成了最终命运沮丧的、无情的人的人文象征。
两件具有灾难性、决定性意义的事情发生在他们身上。
政府决定建一座国家公园，所以他们依法被迫放弃在山谷里的狩猎生活，而变成贫瘠的山坡地里的农民。
之后，一个憎恶他们的人类学家访问了他们两年，并写了一本关于他们的书。
书的主旨是说，伊克人已经将自己变成了无药可救的不友善的人渣，是独立的、野兽般的生物，完全的自私无情。
这是对他们分崩离析的传统文化所做出的反应。
此外，这也是我们内在本性的模样。
当我们的社会结构全部瓦解时，我们都将变成伊克人。
论点当然是建立在对人性的必要的推测性假设的基础上。
首先，你得同意人性本恶，所表现出的喜爱和同情的优雅，仅仅是学到的习性，并非与生俱来。
如果你持此观点，伊克人的故事就可以用来佐证。
这些人表面上生活在一起，群居在小而密集的村庄，但是他们真的是独立的、没有关联的、对别人毫无明显作用的个人。
他们聊天，但仅仅是提出坏脾气的要求，做出冷漠的拒绝。
他们毫无分享，从不唱歌。
他们将刚会走路的孩子赶出去寻找食物，将老人抛弃任由其饿死。
河海大学研究生英语课文及翻译(重点单词突出显示,特殊单词有注释)Unit 6 How to Read Body Language
心之所向，所向披靡All of us communicate with one another nonverbally, as well as with words. Most of the time we' re not aware that we're doing it . We gesture with eyebrows or a hand, meet someone else's eyes and look away, shift positions in a chair. These actions we assume are random and incidental. But researchers have discovered in recent years that there is a system to them almost as consistent a nd comprehensible as language. 我们所有人都会通过非语言的方式同其他人交流。
虽然很多时候我们并没有觉察到这一点。
我们通过手势和眉毛的变化来做敬礼的姿势，与其他人目光相遇再移开，在椅子上变换位置。
这些行为在我们看来都是随机无意的。
但研究者近年来发现这些肢体动作与语言一样，是一个连续一致且可以理解的系统。
Every culture has its own body language, and children absorb its nuances along with spoken lang uage . A Frenchman talks and moves in French. The way an Englishman crosses his legs is nothing like the way a male American does it. In talking, Americans are apt to end a statement with a dro op of the head or hand, a lowering of the eyelids. They wind up a question with a lift of the hand, a tilt of the chin, or a widening of the eyes. With a future - tense verb they often gesture with a f orward movement. 每种文化都有其独特的肢体语言，法国人以法语的方式来说话和行动。
河海大学研究生英语复习笔记
研一下英语期末复习笔记1966年10月1日，在天安门广场举行的建国十七周年大会上，由林副统帅发表讲话。
林彪在讲话中说：“在无产阶级文化大革命中，以毛主席为代表的无产阶级革命路线同资产阶级反对革命路线的斗争还在继续。
”陈伯达在起草讲话稿时本来写的是“资产阶级反革命路线”，但陶铸看了讲话稿，觉得“资产阶级反革命路线”用词太凶，容易等同于“反革命”，扩大打击面，于是向毛泽东建议为“资产阶级反对革命路线”，周恩来建议为“资产阶级反动路线”。
这时候，毛泽东用英语作了回答，说原来用Counter-revolutionary Line，后来改成Anti-revolutionary Line，最后还是用Reactionary Line好。
期末试卷题型及考试范围☆客观题（不用带耳机，但要涂卡，记得带2B铅笔及橡皮）①听力理解（1*20=20）：基本上都是听力课教材的原题（英语一、二）②词汇（0.5*20=10）：全部来自《研英》Unit11-14&16-20&24课后词汇题的原题（英语一）一半来自《研英》课后原题，一半来自《学英》Unit5-8原题（英语二）③完形填空（1*15=15）：从《研英》Unit11-14&16-20&24的某篇课文原文中挖空出题（英语一、二）④阅读理解（1*20=20）：两篇为《研英》Unit11-14&16-20&24课后原题，两篇为课外（英语一、二）☆主观题（注意把握时间，客观题可能的话尽量提前预记答案，留足够的时间给主观题）①翻译（10*2=20）：一段英译汉，一段汉译英，均与课文有一定的相关度（英语一、二）②写作（1*15=15）：一篇大作文（英语一、二）《研究生英语教程》Unit11-14&16-20&24词汇题释义（英语一、二）Unit11in response to作为对…的回应rest on/be based on基于core n.核心display v.展现出conform v.符合lag behind落后greed n.贪婪reveal v.使显露no wonder难怪despair n.绝望final/ultimate adj.最终的as a whole/at large总的来说dislike/detest v.憎恶theme/message n.主题思想change/transform v.改变love/affection n.爱sympathy/compassion n.同情gather/cluster v.聚集obvious/evident adj.明显的lonely/solitary adj.孤独的search for/forage for v.寻找abandon/desert v.抛弃mean adj.刻薄的repellent/disgusting adj.令人厌恶的sense/feel v.感受到essence/nature n.本质bizarre/strange adj.怪异的unceasing/unremitting adj.坚持不懈的bawl v.号啕大哭signify/mean v.意味着Unit12the way+从句=as+从句就像…一样bear v.带有（某种标记或特征）individual n.个人wear out磨坏after all毕竟submerge v.完全掩盖credential n.文凭birth n.出身survival n.幸存abandon v.放弃put...into words用语言表达…denial n.否认callous adj.冷酷无情的reward v.报答interaction n.相互交流ruthless adj.残忍的lure/tempt v.引诱assemble/gather v.聚集fuss v.紧张不安in homage to/in honor of向…表示敬意acute/severe adj.严重的wrestle with绞尽脑汁处理struggle with艰难地做revolt/rebel v.反抗merit/worth n.价值fire/dismiss v.炒鱿鱼unsympathetic/callous adj.冷漠无情的Unit13vista n.前景skimp on吝惜notion n.看法indispensable adj.不可或缺的impart v.告知sneer at v.讥笑subscriber n.订阅者slippery adj.滑溜溜的contemplate v.考虑exactitude n.准确providence n.上天,天意coordination n.协作,协调falter v.停滞不前converge v.交汇inherit v.继承acknowledge v.承认gigantic adj.巨大的arduous adj.艰巨的triple adj.三重的courteous adj.彬彬有礼的Unit14suppose v.认为appeal n.恳请,呼吁error n.失误get in touch with sb.与某人联系sheer adj.完全的beat v.击败obscure adj.名不见经传的equivalent adj.相等的knack n.本领alternative n.可供选择的事物screw up搞砸base...on把…基于amiable adj.和蔼可亲的settle v.解决unique adj.独一无二的be bound to do sth.必然会做某事routine adj.常规的jumble n.一团乱clumsy adj.笨手笨脚的mimic v.模仿cluster/mass n.群flawless/faultless adj.无瑕可谪的wince/draw back退避random/aimless adj.漫无目的的stun/shock v.使震惊crucial/decisive adj.决定性的snatch/seize v.抓住debate/argue v.争论faculty/capability n.能力endowment/gift n.禀赋Unit16literally adv.[口语]简直open adj.（机会、选择等）可得到的stand out in the crowd鹤立鸡群rush n.匆忙come in for sth.遭到（责备）criticism of/over sth.对…的批评hectic adj.紧张忙碌的back up证实（某种说法）humanity n.人性,人道perturb v.使心烦意乱archaic adj.过时的;陈旧的sharply/swiftly adv.敏捷地guts/bravery n.勇气outrage/irritate v.激怒on...grounds/on the grounds of...以…为由lurk/hide v.潜藏badger/bother v.纠缠,烦扰violently/strongly adv.强烈地be/stand in awe of...对…敬畏have/show respect for...对…表示尊敬manful/brave adj.勇敢的gospel/creed n.信条Unit17transient adj.短暂的feature n.专题文章,专题报道readership n.读者人数The guardian英国《卫报》editorial n.社论commentary n.评论性文章或著作topical adj.热门话题的chop off砍掉Pulitzer Prize普利策新闻奖journalism n.新闻业headline v.以大字标题刊登;大肆宣传spectrum n.系列,范围inflexible/firm adj.坚定不移的the bulk of...主要部分review/comment v.评论arguably adv.可论证地,可以说demonstrably adv.可论证地,明显地gist/essence n.主旨,要点recapitulate/summarize v.总结sizable/considerable adj.相当大的furnish/provide v.提供upwards of/more than多于sequence/succession n.次序,连续Unit18characterize v.描述（人或物）的特征appreciate v.欣赏;感激cherish v.怀念（过去）convince v.使相信reveal v.透露not to speak of更不用说specify v.明确说明,具体指定embarrass v.使困难;使窘迫put emphasis on...把重点放在…上stretch v.延伸,绵延be worthy of...配得上…rest on/be based on依赖于,基于deny oneself to不会见,谢绝incredulous adj.表示怀疑的faculty n.官能convince sb.of...使某人相信…stroke n.（笔或刷子的）一笔;笔画doom sb.to a particular fatebe doomed to failure注定要失败sb.is destined to behave in a particular waybe destined to fail注定要失败impend v.悬挂tender n.投标all but/almost几乎(every)now and then/at times不时compassion/sympathy n.同情dormant adj.潜伏的,暂停活动的petty/unimportant adj.微不足道的let it go at that就此罢休cadre of long standing老干部circulate/go about流通listless/sluggish adj.无精打采的Unit19sustain v.支撑着inflict...on sb.使某人遭受…inflict A’s ideas on B把A的想法强加于B strike-struck-stricken v.一下子想起be content with...对…满意indulge v.纵容娇惯impose...on强加in a good mood心情不错egoist/egotist n.自我主义者fling v.猛掷;猛动fling the window open推开窗户amuse v.逗笑odor/odour n.气味durable adj.耐用的cling to紧贴detect v.察觉到likewise adv.同样地compelling adj.有说服力的down the line/fully完全地ramble/wander v.漫步undisciplined adj.无纪律的,没规矩的unrestrained adj.不受控制的gift/talent n.天赋ingredient/factor n.要素resort/recourse n.依靠,诉诸assume/suppose v.猜想downcast/depressed adj.沮丧的spell/period n.一段时间emerge/arise v.出现remark n.评论,意见nullify/cancel v.使无效,撤销tamper with/interfere with干预dwell/live v.居住Unit20result from由…引起depend on...for...Children depend on their parents for food and clothing.小孩依赖父母供给衣食。
河海大学研究生学术英语笔记加背诵段落
研一上英语期末复习笔记1961 年9 月23 日，毛泽东会见英国陆军元帅蒙哥马利，其中谈到了接班人的问题。
而在前一天，毛泽东和身边的工作人员就接班人的翻译问题进行了商谈。
毛泽东问英文里继承人是什么，熊向晖答是successor，并在一张纸上写了出来。
毛泽东看后说：“success 这个单词我背过，意思是成功，怎么加上or 就翻译成继承人了？”浦寿昌解释说：“在西方，成功意味着有财产，而财产则存在继承问题，需要指定继承人。
”毛泽东说：“这个名词不好，我一无土地，二无房产，银行里也没有存款，继承我什么呀？红领巾都唱，我们是共产主义接班人，还是叫接班人好，这才是无产阶级的说法。
”期末试卷题型及考试范围☆客观题（要涂卡，记得带2B 铅笔及橡皮）①听力理解（1*20=20）：基本上都是听力课教材的原题（英语一、二）②词汇（0.5*20=10）：全部来自《研英》Unit1-10 课后词汇题的原题（英语一）一半来自《研英》Unit1-10 原题，一半来自《学英》Unit1-4 原题（英语二）③完形填空（1*15=15）：从《研英》Unit1-10 的某篇课文原文中挖空出题（英语一、二）④阅读理解（1*20=20）：有两篇来自《研英》Unit1-10 课后原题，有两篇为课外（英语一、二）☆主观题（注意把握时间，客观题可能的话尽量提前预记答案，留足够的时间给主观题）①翻译（10*2=20）：一段英译汉，一段汉译英，英译汉与课文有一定的相关度（英语一、二）②写作（1*15=15）：一篇大作文，英语一不详，英语二确定为图表类作文（英语一、二）《研究生英语教程》Unit 1-10 词汇题释义（英语一、二）Unit 1[辨] view / scene / scenery / sightsale n. 出售[辨] thief / bandit / burglar / robberwind - wound - wound v. 缠绕visible adj. 看得见的grim adj. 不景气的with the result that 其结果是fiction n. 小说crawl v. 爬行a flock of birds 一群鸟儿stretch out 使能维持glide v. 滑翔slide v. 滑行lick / lap up 舔食isolate / separate v. 使隔离deferential / respectful adj. 恭敬的flash out at sb. 对某人勃然大怒地说creep vi. 爬行charge sb. with sth. / accuse sb. of sth. 指控a scattering of / a sprinkle of 寥寥无几的curl vi. 盘绕Unit 2appeal to 求助于stock-in-trade n. 惯用手段be capable of 能容纳下make contact with 接触in a word 总之be subject to 经受at one’s mercy 任其摆布know one’s business 胜任自己从事的工作have no use for 不喜欢without qualification 无条件地be characteristic of 为…所特有realistic / practical adj. 现实的chaotic / disordered adj. 混乱的liquidate v. 清除[辨] destroy / ruin / damagesymptom n. 征兆[辨] symbol / signal / signcharacteristic / attribute n. 特性extravagant / wasteful adj. 奢侈浪费的suspend / postpone v. 延迟fallacy / misconception n. 谬见rational / reasonable adj. 合理的Unit 3attachment n. 依恋honor one’s commitment 信守诺言endure v. 忍受draw on 利用intensify v. 加剧courteous adj. 彬彬有礼的take sth. into account 考虑be centered on 集中在be subject to 取决于fall into step with sb. 开始与某人步调一致raise / bring up 提出confidential adj. 保密的share secrets 分享秘密draw out / extract 提炼出band / group n. 团伙sentiment / emotion n. 情绪irrevocably / unchangeably adv. 不可改变地temporary / tentative adj. 暂时性的invoke / ask for 祈求similarity / resemblance n. 相似之处view / examine v. 观察Unit 4predetermine v. 预先决定cover up 掩盖acknowledgment n. 感谢rigorous adj. 严格的diffuse adj. 弥漫的；散漫芜杂的expound v. 解释highlight n. 突出之处spring from 源于instill v. 逐渐灌输acknowledge / recognize v. 承认peer / fellow n. 同伴breakdown / fail in 失败futile /useless adj. 无用的essential / fundamental adj. 基本的thorough / rigorous adj. 缜密的evade / avoid v. 逃避explicit / clearly-expressed adj. 表述清楚的diversion / distraction n. 令人分心的事物be detached from / be indifferent to 冷漠对待Unit 5afflict v. 折磨assimilatev. 同化prescribev. 规定incumbent n. 现任者exactitude n. 规规矩矩vague adj. 模糊的dismay n. 沮丧variable n. 变量by a narrow margin 悬而又悬地muddy the waters 把事情弄糟causality n. 因果关系chalk up 取得（胜利、分）scorn / contempt n. 藐视merit / value n. 价值virtually / almost adv. 几乎hazy / uncertain adj. 模糊的stark / harsh adj. 严酷的rigid / strict adj. 严格的assimilate / digest v. 消化吸收It is incumbent on sb. to do sth. 有责任做obligatory adj. 义务的switch / shift v. 转换transaction / deal n. 交易judicious / sensible adj. 明智的implement / carry out 实施Unit 6the pros and cons 赞成与反对者stretch v. 伸展soap bubble 肥皂泡minute adj. 极小的point out 指出back off 退缩be compatible with 相一致introverted adj. 内向的densely-populated adj. 人口密集的roundabout adj. 间接的incidentally / by chance 偶然地be consistent with 相一致droop / sag vi. 下垂wind up / end 结束tilted adj. 倾斜的crooked adj. 弯曲的pick up / identify / make out 识别vocal / voiced adj. 由嗓音发出的impact / effect n. 影响spell out 讲清楚potent drug 强效药avoid / dodge v. 躲避haughty / arrogant adj. 傲慢的blink v. 眨眼chatter v. 喋喋不休idle adj. 琐碎无聊的tense / nervous adj. 紧张的rage / fury n. 暴怒provocative / stimulating adj. 起激励作用的fire up 激起热情hot adj. 激动的spot / see v. 发现Unit 7enhance one’s reputation 提高名誉respiration n. 呼吸ignite vi. 燃烧cherish v. 珍爱distinguished adj. 卓越的minimize v. 作最低估计[辨] affect / influenceoriginal adj. 最初的be related to 有关recede v. 退去scrutiny / examination n. 审查severity / seriousness n. 严重性account for / explain 解释forecast / predict v. 预测verdict / decision n. 判决overcome / defeat v. 战胜dismal / melancholy adj. 忧郁的array / collection n. 陈列thrilled adj. 非常兴奋的be caught up in / be involved in 被卷入fascinating / entrancing adj. 使人入迷的cite / quote v. 引用ample / abundant adj. 充足的relieve / alleviate v. 减轻vital / important adj. 重要的heal / cure v. 治愈treatment / medical care n. 医治nursing n. 护理enlighten / inspire v. 启发negative / pessimistic adj. 消极的emotion / feeling n. 情感Unit 8anecdote n. 轶事proceed with 继续做boil down to 归结为account for 导致at any rate 无论如何assimilate v. 消化吸收preoccupied adj. 心事重重的fall into 分成in answer to 回答conceivable adj. 可想到的comment on sth. 发表看法blunder v. 因无知或粗心而犯错误commit murder 犯谋杀罪controversy / debate n. 争论comprise / constitute v. 构成originate / emerge v. 开始出现embrace / accept v. 接受component / constituent n. 构成部分outstanding / remarkable adj. 杰出的rigid adj. 严格僵化的fixed adj. 固定的category /group n. 类colleague / fellow worker 同事maze n. 迷宫network n. 网状系统bypath n. 旁道alley n. 小巷endow / provide v. 给予multiply v. 迅速增加duplicate / identical adj. 完全一样的remark / comment v. 说reliably / dependably adv. 可靠地synthetic / artificial adj. 人造的Unit 9discard v. 丢弃clever / skillful adj. 熟练的abandon v. 放弃purify v. 提纯pure iron 纯铁emit v. 放射eliminate v. 消除determine v. 决定check v. 抑制firmadj. 坚固的preserve / save v. 保存accent / stress v. 重读sniff / smell v. 闻consume v. 花费take up 占用manufacture / produce v. 制造endless / limitless adj. 无限的exhaustive / thorough adj. 详尽的worn out adj. 用坏的dispose / array v. 排列rusty adj. 生锈的oxidize v. 使生锈stack / pile v. 摞vicious / violent adj. 凶猛的cycle n. 循环sequence n. 连续fellowship n. 交情spoil / rot vi. 腐败变质stumble / trip v. 绊倒dump / unload v. 卸下deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺deny sb. sth. 拒绝给予explode / blow up 爆炸Unit 10wistful adj. 伤感的sobering adj. 令人警醒的crave for 渴望bold adj. 大胆的hero n. 英雄upbringing n. 接受的教养hijack v. 劫机galvanize v. 激励be thronged with 挤满contentious adj. 爱争论的potentially adv. 可能地hazardous / risky a dj. 冒险的call for / require 需要last / continue v. 持续trait /quality n. 特点stimulate / encourage v. 激发inherently / intrinsically adv. 本质上地likelihood n. 可能性predictability n. 可预测性trigger / set off 引起warrior / fighter n. 斗士determine / fix v. 确定urge / encourage v. 力劝varied / diversified adj. 多样化的contention / controversy n. 争论national anthem 国歌《学术综合英语》Unit 1-4 词汇题释义（英语二）Unit 1assertion n. 声明contrary to与…相反look up 查找implicit adj. 含蓄的at hand 即将发生in the course of 在…过程中adapt v. 适应sustain v. 维持unbiased adj. 无偏见的rhythm n. 节奏clutter n. 杂乱metaphor n. 暗喻impromptu / unprepared adj. 即兴的sparingly / economically adv. 节约地credible / reliable adj. 可信赖的credential n. 证书paraphrase / restate v. 改述anecdote n. 轶事hypothetical / supposed adj. 假设的testimony / evidence n. 证明bolster / support v. 支撑juxtaposition / side-by-side position 并置impassioned adj. 充满激情的trigger v. 引发poignant adj. 令人心酸的be inundated 被淹没[usu passive] spawn v. 造成disruptv. 扰乱adverselyadv. 不利地localize v. 使局部化supplement v.补充identify v. 识别Unit 2contribute v. 投稿center on 集中在plausible adj. 看似合理的entail v. 导致consensus n. 共识liability n. 累赘menace n. 威胁triple vt. 使成三倍intractable adj. 难对付的massive adj. 大量的devastating adj. 毁灭性的pose v. 造成detract from / take away from 减损inadequacy / shortage n. 短缺on a par with / the same as 与…一样staggering / astounding adj. 令人惊愕的portend / predict v. 预示believable adj. 可信的augment v. 增加emergence / appearance n. 出现aggravating / annoying adj. 令人恼怒的pin down / discover 弄明确striking adj. 显著的resurgence n. 再度猖獗by virtue of 凭借equitable adj. 公平的implication n. 可能的结果mainstay n. 最基本组成部分thread n. 主线clear-cut adj. 清晰的virtually adv. 几乎mobility n. 社会地位或阶层升降的流动性viable adj. 可行的rife adj. 猖獗的Unit 3address v. 处理border on 近乎in other words 换句话说be involved in 被卷入enforce a ceasefire 执行停火协定be applied to 被应用于regardless of 不管conviction n. 判罪infraction n. 违犯suggest v. 暗示available adj. 可得的consistent adj. 始终如一的nail v. 逮住并证明…犯法whopping / huge adj. 巨大的sporadically / occasionally adv. 偶发地prod / urge v. 敦促fatality / death n. [C] 死亡turn up / find 发现prior to / before 在…之前on a whim 心血来潮地car crash / car accident 车祸subsequent / following adj. 接下来的indulge v. 纵情heed v. 注意听从issue v. 发布venture vi. 冒险accountability n. 应负责任give rise to 引起in place 到位predict v. 预测head for 前往Unit 4sumptuous adj. 豪华奢侈的prerogative n. 特权subtlety / delicacy n. 微妙ambiguity n. 模棱两可rapport n. 默契covert adj. 隐密的misinterpretation n. 误解subservience n. 恭顺pro forma adj. [拉] 形式上的be stricken by 受侵害national priority area 国家优先发展区域be labelled (as) 称…为[usu passive] account for 占get one’s way 为所欲为make mischief 挑拨离间frame v. 陷害debase v. 降低质量underhanded adj. 偷摸的do one’s bidding 听某人的吩咐portray v. 刻画disruptiveadj. 扰乱的stereotype n. 模式化形象trauma n. 精神上的创伤momentum n.势头flawed adj. 有瑕疵的innuendo n. 暗讽commit v. 拨款retribution n. 惩罚initiate v. 发起老师要求背诵段落翻译，红色为老师留过的作业第一课Cliffs stretched into the distance; sparking waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea. Just below, a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist.峭壁向远方伸展，海风激起的阵阵波浪泛着白花，冲上海滩。
河海大学出版社研究生英语学生用书课文翻译
Unit 11 The IksThe small tribe of Iks, formerly nomadic hunters and gatherers in the mountain valleys of northern Uganda, have become celebrities, literary symbols for the ultimate fate of disheartened, heartless mankind at large. Two disastrously conclusive things happened to them: the government decided to have a national park, so they were compelled by law to give up hunting in the valleys and become farmers on poor hillside soil, and then they were visited for two years by an anthropologist who detested them and wrote a book about them.小部落伊克人，曾经在乌干达北部山谷里过着狩猎和采集的游牧民族生活，已变成名人，总体来说，成了最终命运沮丧的、无情的人的人文象征。
两件具有灾难性、决定性意义的事情发生在他们身上。
政府决定建一座国家公园，所以他们依法被迫放弃在山谷里的狩猎生活，而变成贫瘠的山坡地里的农民。
之后，一个憎恶他们的人类学家访问了他们两年，并写了一本关于他们的书。
The message of the book is that the Iks have transformed themselves into an irreversibly disagreeable collection of unattached, brutish creatures, totally selfish and loveless, in response to the dismantling of their traditional culture. Moreover, this is what the rest of us are like in our inner selves, and we will all turn into Iks when the structure of our society comes all unhinged.书的主旨是说，伊克人已经将自己变成了无药可救的不友善的人渣，是独立的、野兽般的生物，完全的自私无情。
河海大学研究生英语教程翻译(Unit11-20)
Unit 11 The IksIks 小部落从前是游牧的猎人，聚居在乌干达北部的山谷中，现在这个部落变得很有名，整体上是灰心沮丧的，残忍冷酷的人类的终极命运的文学象征。
两件确实是灾难的事发生在他们身上：政府决定拥有一个国家公园，所以他们被法律迫使放弃山谷中的打猎生活，在贫瘠的山坡的土壤上变成农民，然后一个讨厌他们，研究他们两年的人类学家写了一本关于他们的书。
这本书的主题是：由于传统文化的废除，IKs变成一群彼此毫无关系，残酷无情，而又绝对令人讨厌的人，他们完全的自私和冷酷。
此外，这些特征正像我们内心的自己，当我们的社会结构完全错乱时，我们也将全部变成Iks。
这篇论文依据某种关于人类本质的设想，这种设想必然是推测而来的。
你不得不预先同意人类从本质上讲是坏的，完全为了他自己，展现出来的例如爱和同情这样的美德仅仅是后天学到的习惯。
如果你采纳这个观点，Iks人的故事便可以证实它。
这些人似乎是一直生活在一起，聚居在拥挤的小村庄，但是他们都是一群真正的独居的无关联的个体，彼此间没有明显的好处。
他们说话，但是只是做一些坏脾气的要求和冷漠的拒绝。
他们不分享。
他们从不唱歌。
他们的孩子一能走路就被打发出去寻找食物，只要有可能他们便抛弃那些老人，使他们饿死，那些寻找食物的孩子从无助的老人口中抢夺食物。
它是一个不友好的社会。
他们养育子女，但是不是出于爱，甚至也不是出于偶尔的关心。
他们在彼此的台阶上随地大小便。
他们观察他们的邻居，以等待不幸的降临，而且只有那时他们才大笑。
在书中，他们经常笑，因为有太多厄运。
好几次，他们甚至嘲笑人类学家，使人类学家发现这种嘲笑尤其令人反感（读者在字里行间发现，学者本身不是这世界上最幸运的人）。
更糟糕的是，他们把他带到家中，抢夺他的食物，在他的台阶上大小便，并且呵斥人类学家。
他们给他糟糕的两年。
它是一本令人沮丧的书。
如果，正像他建议的那样，在我们每个人的心中只有IK人的特性，我们唯一的维系人性的希望，将是不断地修补我们社会的结构，然而我们的社会结构变得如此之快，如此之完全，以至于我们不能及时找到修补社会的方法。
Duanxx的河海研究生英语Unit1GhostsforTea(精)
Duanxx的河海研究生英语Unit1GhostsforTea(精)Duanxx 的河海研究生英语Unit1 Ghosts for Tea——Duanxx——2014-10-07原文及翻译Ghosts for Tea 喝茶？闹鬼？ ' Ten pence for a view over the bay' . said the old man with the telescope.'Lovely clear morning. Have a look at the old lighthouse and the remains of the great shipwreck of 1935.'“在如此可爱清爽的早晨，10便士即可享受海湾的风景，观赏古老的灯塔和19 35年失事的轮船的残骸”，一个拿着望远镜的老人吆喝着。
ten pence was sheer robbery, but the view was certainly magnificent.虽然要10便士简直就是赤裸裸的敲诈，但是这景色也的确算得上是蔚为壮观。
Cliffs stretched into the distance, sparkling waves whipped by the wind were unrolling on to the beach, and a few yachts, with creamy-white sails, were curving and dodging gracefully on the sea . Just below a flock of seagulls were screaming at one another as they twisted and glided over the water. A mile out to sea, the old lighthouse stood on a stone platform on the rocks, which were being greedily licked by the waves. In no way indeed did I grudge my money. As I directed the telescope towards the lighthouse, the man beside me tapped my wrist.峭壁，绵延的向远方伸展；浪花，在海风的吹拂下，波光粼粼。
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Unit 11 The IksIks 小部落从前是游牧的猎人，聚居在乌干达北部的山谷中，现在这个部落变得很有名，整体上是灰心沮丧的，残忍冷酷的人类的终极命运的文学象征。
两件确实是灾难的事发生在他们身上：政府决定拥有一个国家公园，所以他们被法律迫使放弃山谷中的打猎生活，在贫瘠的山坡的土壤上变成农民，然后一个讨厌他们，研究他们两年的人类学家写了一本关于他们的书。
这本书的主题是：由于传统文化的废除，IKs变成一群彼此毫无关系，残酷无情，而又绝对令人讨厌的人，他们完全的自私和冷酷。
此外，这些特征正像我们内心的自己，当我们的社会结构完全错乱时，我们也将全部变成Iks。
这篇论文依据某种关于人类本质的设想，这种设想必然是推测而来的。
你不得不预先同意人类从本质上讲是坏的，完全为了他自己，展现出来的例如爱和同情这样的美德仅仅是后天学到的习惯。
如果你采纳这个观点，Iks人的故事便可以证实它。
这些人似乎是一直生活在一起，聚居在拥挤的小村庄，但是他们都是一群真正的独居的无关联的个体，彼此间没有明显的好处。
他们说话，但是只是做一些坏脾气的要求和冷漠的拒绝。
他们不分享。
他们从不唱歌。
他们的孩子一能走路就被打发出去寻找食物，只要有可能他们便抛弃那些老人，使他们饿死，那些寻找食物的孩子从无助的老人口中抢夺食物。
它是一个不友好的社会。
他们养育子女，但是不是出于爱，甚至也不是出于偶尔的关心。
他们在彼此的台阶上随地大小便。
他们观察他们的邻居，以等待不幸的降临，而且只有那时他们才大笑。
在书中，他们经常笑，因为有太多厄运。
好几次，他们甚至嘲笑人类学家，使人类学家发现这种嘲笑尤其令人反感（读者在字里行间发现，学者本身不是这世界上最幸运的人）。
更糟糕的是，他们把他带到家中，抢夺他的食物，在他的台阶上大小便，并且呵斥人类学家。
他们给他糟糕的两年。
它是一本令人沮丧的书。
如果，正像他建议的那样，在我们每个人的心中只有IK人的特性，我们唯一的维系人性的希望，将是不断地修补我们社会的结构，然而我们的社会结构变得如此之快，如此之完全，以至于我们不能及时找到修补社会的方法。
同时，让我们独自一个人相处，我们也会变得同样没有快乐，没有激情，没有同情心的孤独的动物。
但是这个观点也许太狭隘。
首先，IKs人如此的不寻常，事实上，他们绝对令人震惊。
人类学家从没有在其他任何地方见过这样的人，我也是。
你们也许该想想，如果他们完全能代表人类的共性，那么他们似乎更加容易被辨认出来。
然而，他们既稀奇古怪又非同寻常。
我也知道一些古怪、执拗、神经质、自私的人，但是在我一生中，我从没有遇到真正的一直令人厌恶的人。
Iks人看上去更像是反常的，有病的人。
我不能接受这个观点。
我相信Iks人并不能代表孤立的，被揭示本性的人，社会习俗使人类的本质更加清晰分明。
我相信他们的行为是额外的，外加给他们的，不是天生的。
这种无休止的，强迫性的，令人讨厌的行为是一种复杂的仪式。
他们一定通过学习才这样做的，他们通过某种方式模仿学来的。
我有一种理论。
Iks人一定是疯了。
一个独处的Ik人，孤立于被土崩瓦解的文化废墟中，已经为自己建立起新的防御工事。
如果你居住在一个不用工作的社会，你也可以建立一个属于你自己的防御工事，这就是IKs人所做的。
每一个Ik人变成一个组织，独自一人的部落，一个选举区。
现在所有的事都开始明朗化。
对我们所有人来说，这就是为什么Ik人似曾相识的原因。
我们以前已经见过他们。
这恰恰是小到委员会大到国家的大小不等的组织的行事方式。
正是人性的这一方面落后于人类其他的进化，这是为啥Ik看上去原始的原因。
当Ik处于绝对的自私，无论什么东西都不给别人，他就是一个成功的委员会。
当他站在自家棚屋的门前时，长篇大论义愤填膺大声侮辱邻居时，他就是一个城市向另一个城市发表正式讲话的形式。
城市有所有Ik人的特征。
他们在自己的或者别人的台阶上向江河湖泊中排泄。
他们丢弃垃圾。
他们憎恨所有相邻的城市，不给予任何东西。
他们甚至建立机构把老人抛弃到看不见的地方。
国家是所有组织中最像Ik人的。
难怪Ik人看起来那么熟悉。
对于一个国家而言，除了彻底的贪心，贪婪，残忍和不负责任，没有什么能更加与之相配的了。
根据法律，国家是自成一体的，自我中心的，离群索居的。
在国家之间，没有像爱这样的东西，当然也从没有一个国家爱过另一个国家。
他们从门口大声侮辱别人，将粪便排进整个海洋，抢夺食物，靠仇恨生存，对别人的厄运幸灾乐祸，庆祝别人的死亡，把别人的死当做自己的生活目标。
这就是答案，我将不会担心这边书了。
它并不意外着人类在他的内心中是毫无关联的，无人性的。
人类是正常的。
它仅仅说出了我们一直都知道的却没有时间去担心的事情，那就是我们还没学会如何在群居的状态下保持人性。
Ik人在绝望中表现出这种失败的状态，或许我们应该给予更多的关注。
国家把自己变得如此面目可憎，以至于我们不能对之加以思考，但是我们或许通过这些人学到些什么吧~！Unit 14 To err is human到现在，每一个人一定至少都已经亲身经历过计算机的错误。
银行结余突然由379美元一下子蹦到上百万美元，各种收件姓名稀奇古怪的募捐信统统按你的地址寄过来，公用事业公司写到他们将切断一切供应，类似的事情不胜枚举。
如果你设法与某人取得联系并投诉，那么他们将这样说，“我们的电脑出现错误，您的账户正在调整中。
”计算机错误被认为是纯粹的无缘无故的偶然事件。
人们相信错误不属于一部好机器的正常行为。
如果出了错，一定是个人的认为的错误，例如，用手指乱敲，乱动，键盘被卡住，按错键。
计算机在出于正常的最佳状态时，是不可能犯错的。
我怀疑这是否正确。
归根结底，计算机的全部关键在于，电脑代表人脑的延伸，虽然大为改进，可依旧是人类的，或许是超人的。
一台好的计算机可以清楚快速地在国际象棋中打败你，他们中的一些甚至被设计写出晦涩的诗歌。
我们做的一切事情他们都可以做，甚至更多。
现在还不知道电脑是否有他自己的意识，也很难发现这一点。
当你步入装有巨型计算机的大机房时，站着倾听，不难想象那微弱的遥远的轰鸣声是思维的声音，转动的圆锥使他们看起来像野兽，不停滴转动眼睛，努力集中注意力，整理信息。
但是真正的思考和做梦是另外一回事。
另一方面，在邮件里有证据表明，到处都可以看见机器有相当于我们人类的无意识活动的东西。
作为人脑的延伸，他们在构造中具有同样的犯错的机能，这种机能是自发的不受控制的可能性繁多的。
错误正是人类思维的基础，深深地藏在人类思维之中，像根瘤一样滋养着人类的结构。
如果我们没有犯错的习惯，那么我们绝对做不成有用的事。
我们思维的途径就是一路在正确与错误的取舍之间做出选择，错的选择不得不和对的一样多。
在生活中，我们的日子就是这样过的。
我们生来就是犯错的，编好了码去犯错。
常言道，我们通过“尝试和犯错”学习。
我们为什么总是那样说？为什么不是“尝试和正确”或者“尝试和获胜”？老话这样说是因为在现实生活中，事情就是这样的。
一个好的实验室，就像一个好的银行，或者一家公司，或者政府，不得不像计算机一样运行。
几乎所有的事情都完美地去做，严格按照规章办事，并且所有的数字加起来的总和达到预期的总数。
时光流逝。
就这样，如果是幸运的一天，一个幸运的实验室，某个人犯了一个错误：用错减震器，填错空格，小数点错位，温室的温度低了一度半，老鼠溜出笼子，错读当天的日志。
不论是什么错误，当结果起作用时，很明显有些事出错了，然后开始行动。
误读不是一个重要的错误，但是它开辟了一条路。
下一步才是关键的一步。
如果研究员能让自己这样说:“尽管如此，看看那个结果。
”那么新的发现，不管它是什么，就可以被捕捉了。
为了取得进步，必须在错误的基础上迈步。
每当新想法新音乐完成之前，预先总是有争辩。
在我们的头脑里，双方为展开辩论，大摆道理，但是同时我们心存友好，因为我们知道一方是对的，另一方是错的。
事情迟早会定论，但是如果没有双方的辩论，就根本不可能有任何行动。
希望在于犯错的能力和犯错的倾向。
能够跨越信息的山峰，轻松地落在错的一边，代表人类天赋的最高境界。
它也许是人类独有的天赋，或许在我们的基因密码中规定好的。
其他生物似乎并没有注定要在日常生活中犯错的DNA序列，更加肯定没有以必然犯错为准则的DNA序列。
当有两个以上的选择时，我们处于我们最好的状态，思维活跃。
有时有十个甚至二十个不同的方式去做，所有这些只有一个注定是错误的，这种情况下的富裕选择，可以提升我们到一个全新的境界。
这个过程叫做探索，基于人类难免出错。
如果在我们的大脑中只有唯一的一个中心，只有做出正确的决定时才能得到响应，而不是一丛丛不同的，轻信的，容易受骗的神经元，足以把我们引进死胡同，抛到树梢上，带进末路，送上蓝天，转错弯，拐弯抹角，要不是这样的话，我们只能原地踏步，裹足不前。
比人类更加低级的动物没有这种可贵的自由。
他们中的绝大多数被限定于绝对不犯错。
例如，猫，尽管它们有好的方面，但是它们从不犯错。
我从来没有见过一只笨拙的，傻傻的或者容易犯错的小猫。
狗狗们有时是会犯错的，偶尔会犯一些可爱的小错误，但是它们这样做是在模仿它们的主人。
鱼类在它们所有的事情上都是不犯错的。
组织里的单个细胞是无思维的机器，在行动上完美无缺，像蜜蜂一样完全没有人的特性。
当我们依赖于更加复杂的机器来安排我们的事情的时候，我们应该记住这样的观点。
给这些计算机他们的大脑，我的意思是说，让他们走他们自己的路。
如果你学会去这样做，当工作进行时，把头偏向一边，皱着眉头，那么我们人类的未来和计算机类的未来将是无穷尽的。
你的普通的好的计算机，在一瞬间完成的计算，可能需要我们用算尺算一辈子的时间。
现今轻易能够获得的机器所造成的精确误算几乎是无穷无尽的，这样你就可以想象，从中我们能够得到多大的机会。
我们可以着手解决我们中一些棘手的问题。
例如说，现今生活的实际已经显然表明，全世界已经是单一的共同体，那么我们应该如何组织全球规模的社会生活呢？我们可以假定，作为一个工作设想，所有的正确的工作方式都行不通。
为了向前推进，我们所需要的是一整套错误的选择，而且必须比我们任何人所能想出的少数错误做法更为多样和有趣的多。
事实上，我们需要的是一张无限的清单，当它被打印出来时，我们需要一台计算机开机运作，随机选择下一个步骤。
如果这个错误足够大，我们就会发现自己登上新水平，并且完全不受任何限制，从头迈步，对此我们感到震惊。
Unit 16 The role of Science Fiction1972年以一本颇为争议的书的出版为标志。
这本书名为增长的极限。
有关世界的未来的研究，由一组麻省理工学院的科学家借助于模拟未来社会的计算机模型完成，预测了全球范围内的大灾难，除非人类迅速限制人口的增长和对自然资源的消费。
当这本书出版时，大多数人感到非常震惊。