英语语言学讲义Chapter2

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--studies speech production by the speech organs Auditory Phonetics:
--studies perception of speech sounds in the human auditory and cognitive system
whenever another dentel (
) immediately follows.
Allophone: It is a phonetic form in which a phoneme is realized.
2. Minimal Pairs
Minimal pairs refer to the pairs of words that differ in meaning because of minimal difference in sound. It is a useful technique for discovering what is a phonemic (音位)rather than a phonetic（语音） difference.
Classification of Consonants （辅音分类）
Consonants may be classified according to: 1． The State of Vocal Cords （声带的状态） 2. The Place of Articulation （发音的部位） 3. The Manner of Articulation （发音的方式）
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The [s] of seep and the [s] of soup are not identical. The phoneme /s/ has a plain, unrounded
allophone--- [s] in seep, and a rounded, or labialized allophone in soup. As we might expect, the rounded allophone is used when a rounded vowel follows, and the unrounded allophone elsewhere.
Further examples of phonemes and allophones:
The [ l ] of lip differ from the [ l ] of pill. In pill, the [ l ] is accompanied by a rising of the back of the tounge, this sound, known as "dark l ", and written , differs from the "clear l " of lip, usually writte simply as[ l ] . These two sounds are allophones of the phoneme /l /. There is a corresponding dfference of distribution: clear l occurs before a vowel, dark l after one.
Minimal pairs are two words which are identical in every way except for one sound segment that occurs in the same place in the string. So the minimal pair test in the first rule to determine the phonemes of any language.
Definition of Phonetics
•Prof. Hu Zhuanglin: Phonetics is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound-making, especially those sounds used in speech and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription
If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following rules:
The first phoneme must be / s /. phoneme must be / p / or / t / or / k /. The third phoneme must be / l / or / r / or / w /
3. Some Rules of Phonology
2. Sequential Rules
If a word begins with a [ l ] or a [ r ],then the next must be a vowel. That is why [lbik] is an impossible combination. It violates the restrictions on the sequencing of phonemes.
2. The Phoneme Theory 1) Phonetic contrast and complement 2) Phonetic similarity 3) Complementary distribution 4) Free variation, minimal pair and minimal set. 5) Supra-segmental Features and Distinctive Feature
Acoustic Phonetics: --studies physical properties of speech sounds
PhoneticΒιβλιοθήκη BaiduTranscription
2. The Organs of Speech（言语器官）
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1. Lips 2.Teeth 3. Teeth Bridge(Alveolus) 4. Hard Palate 5. Soft Palate(Velum) 6. Uvula 7. Tip of the Tongue 8. Blade of the Tongue 9. Front of the Tongue 10.Back of the Tongue 11.Vocal Cord 12.Pharyngeal Cavity 13.Oral Cavity 14.Nasal Cavity
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Classification of Vowels: Monophthongs
Monophthongs can be classified according to •The Highest Part of the Tongue （舌高） •The Opening of the Mouth （口腔张开度） •The Length of the Vowel （元音音长） •The Shape of the Lips （唇形）
Classification of Vowels: Monophthongs
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The Phoneme Theory
1. Phoneme and Allophone
According to which morphemes are pronounced, the linguist must : • First of all find out what these sounds are, and transcribe the native speaker's utterances in phonetic symbols. • After this, what has been transcribed must be examined in order to find a set of utterances that are different in meaning and differ from each other in only one aspect phonetically.
Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology
(语音学)
（音系学）
• Key points：
1. Phonetic theory 1) Phonetic Transcription 2) Speech Organs & Their Movement 3) Classification of Consonants. 4) Classification of Monophthongs 5) Classification of Diphthongs
The [n] of tenth differs from the [n] of ten; in tenth the sound is dentel , while in ten it is the
"ordinary" English alveolar [n]. [n] and are allophones of phoneme /n/. The dentel allophone is found
In determining the meaningful phonological elements of language two criteria are generally taken into consideration:
• The similarity of articulation; • The relationships between the significant elements. As a result of the work of some linguists, principles were developed to identify such significant element, known as phonemes. Phoneme is the abstract element of a sound, identified as being distinctive in a particular language.
Classification of Consonants 1. According to the Place of Articulation
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Classification of Consonants 2. According to the Manner of Articulation
Classification of Consonants
Phonetics (语音学) and Phonemics (音位学)
Linguistics:Basic Course Chapter 3: Phonetics
Phonetics (语 音 学 ) and Phonem ics (音 位 学 ）
Three Branches of Phonetics （语音学分类） Articulatory Phonetics:
Classification of Consonants
According to the State of Vocal Cords: English consonants are divided into two groups: Voiceless Consonants: Produced without the vibration（颤动）of the vocal cords, as [p],[k],[h] etc. Voiced Consonants: Produced with the vibration of vocal cords, as [b],[g],[m] etc.