托福00年1月TOEFL语法笔记分析解析

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TOEFL语法笔记

TOEFL语法笔记王海波代词95%为错，情态动词永远不错，first 划线永远对，虚拟语气不考。

填空的基本做法：1 先找句子的分段点（即连词，分词，介词和标点符号）将句子分成记几段，选择要看的那部分句子，即只关注与空格相关的那部分句子。

句法：{①简单句： S+V②并列句：分句+并列句子+；句子+。

并列句划为简单句：句子，and/all/but+句子。

③复合句：主句+从句划为简单句2 简化句子简化原则：①adv/数/冠可以划掉②介词短语可以划掉③修饰名词的adj/n可以划掉④做状语的分词短语可以划掉⑤与空格无关的句子可以很划掉 p65-5/83 分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分。

捷径：可直接套用句型和结构 p53-14 ，倒装句答案的首字母为系动词或助动词p92-14 * ——+n为There be 句型p210-74 区分四选项，结合句意和语感确定答案。

句子→简单句→主干→判断→选答案主语，——，谓宾。

100%考↓插入语定语从句或省略的定语从句定语从句中主和系可以同时省略which+be/that+be/who+be 可以省略①定语从句②n③adj短语/分词短语/介词改错做题要点：1 语法与句意并重，一定要通读全句（做题思想）。

2 一边读句意，一边思考划线部分的语法知识点是否正确。

3 熟悉掌握各种错误类型。

4 做题 ABCD要看全，选择一个最明显的错误，最好有明确的理由。

填空的固定句型和结构一主句专一结构 1-2※句子，句子。

为错任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词。

※任何从句都是正常语序。

二谓语专一结构 3-4任何一个句子只有一个谓语，谓语动词之间一定要有连词连接。

※主谓……谓……错主谓……，谓……。

错三平行结构 5-6X and YX ，Y and Z 各元素必须一致 to do ，do and do 。

be done ，done and done。

※——，——，and——。

四 what 结构 7-8缩合连接代词（1）what =the thing that =all that thing 由句意定7 中what =the corp that 8 中what =the place that（2）what 在前后句中必须同时做成分 what =the thing that（3）n+what 错 n+the thing that √※prep+what+SVO 错 what →which√（4）what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以做主语，宾语，表语。

TOEFL 语法考点分析与思路

TOEFL 语法考点分析与思路对于每个考点，我做了简要的讲解。

如果想了解关于考点更多的知识，请大家查阅相关的语法资料。

注意：有的朋友基础扎实，思路清晰，也许不喜欢那么多考点，那么多套路，对他们来说，简单思维，快速解答是首选。

那么，这样的朋友可以参考一下所谓的“黄金规则”，这在解答填空题时非常管用。

在附录里面附有由弓定天下归纳的“填选之黄金规则”TOEFL 语法考点分析与思路一．选择填空部分填空部分做题要点（一）句子结构考点1：主语单一原则考点2：谓语单一原则考点3：主谓结构（句子基本结构）考点4：宾语成份考点5：定语成份考点6：表语成份考点7：状语成份考点8：同位语（二）名词性从句考点9：主语从句考点10：宾语从句考点11：表语从句（三）词的用法考点12：关系词用法考点13：连词用法（四）特殊结构考点14：省略结构1. 定语从句省略结构2. 状语从句省略结构3. 形容词最高级省略结构考点15：平行结构考点16：比较结构考点17：倒装结构考点18：独立主格结构（较少考到）（四）特定句型考点19：强调句型考点20：虚字句型考点21：应变句型考点22：make句型二．改错部分改错部分做题要点考点21：冠词用法考点22：名词单复数考点23：代词用法考点26：介词用法考点27：动词不定式考点28：动名词用法考点29：分词结构考点30：动词的语态考点31：动词的时态考点32：主谓一致考点33：平行结构考点34：成分多余考点35：词的误用三. 下面是两部分都有的考点考点36：语序考点37: 固定搭配四. 附录：填选之“黄金规则”一．选择填空部分语法部分前15题是选择句子残缺成份填空，以组成完整句子的题型。

这一部分侧重的是句子成份的划分和句子结构的分析，要求考生能从整个句子的角度来把握，分离出主干成分和修饰成分并判断相应的符合语态和时态的选项。

因此简单来说，第一部分考的是应试者对句法的掌握程度，包括主、谓、宾、定、状、补各个部分在句子中的分布和顺序。

新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）1（5）

k）定语从句的省略结构：(讲义 26 27)1．如果that / which在定从中作obj，可以省略.sub+vt+n+(which / that)+sub+vt→s+vt+n+s+v　s+vt+n1+n2+vt*当做题时，若发现两个名词在⼀起，但是似乎连不上，则⼀定省略that / which，则动词为vt，做谓语。

2．定从的特殊省略（新题 P92 13）the way (in which) + 句⼦the reason (why that)+句⼦均为完整句the time (that / when)+句⼦I do remember the first time (that省) I ever heard the sweatest voicein the world.By the time省that+句⼦，句⼦。

3．定从的主系省略（主+系可同时省）即：which be , who be , that be可同时省（讲义P7 17）*在新题中难题常与which be的省略有关（新题 P196 15）l）状语从句的省略结构：（讲义 P8 28 29）Although (it is)native to Europe, svo.Although (she was) affluted by…svo.Even though (it is) costly,svo.省略条件：1）特定的状语从句引导词：although　though　even though　when　while　if　as2）从句为主系表结构3）从句主语与主句主语⼀致。

Alought (主+系)+表，主谓宾。

省略⽅式：a）可以同时省略主+系→连词+表语（a. 分词 svo）b）主系必须同时省c） Alough / Thouth / While / If / As / When +（系表）+a./分词，svo√ ⼀定是答案m）doing结构：（讲义 30 31）doing现在分词→ a./ad.作定于/状语动名词→ n. 作主语/宾语eg：1）Stranving troop have to surrender.现在分词修饰n.，翻译为“…的”2）Transforming faw materials into useful products is called maufacturing.　（Transforming：动名词）具有动词特征的n做主语或者宾语，但同时⼜可接宾语，动名词与n为动宾关系，中⼼词为v-ing，翻译为“…的⾏为”。

托福考试语法结构知识点

托福考试语法结构知识点托福考试是一个评估非英语母语者英语能力的标准化测试，其中语法结构是考试的一个重要部分。

掌握语法结构的知识点对于正确理解和运用英语语言至关重要。

本文将介绍托福考试中常见的语法结构知识点，帮助考生更好地备考。

一、动词时态和语态1. 一般现在时：用于陈述普遍事实、经常重复的动作或客观真理。

例如：Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.2. 一般过去时：用于过去发生的动作或状态。

例如：I watched a movie yesterday.3. 现在进行时：表示正在进行的动作或现阶段的状态。

例如：She is reading a book now.4. 过去进行时：表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

例如：They were studying when I called them.5. 将来时态的使用：用于表示将来的动作或状态。

例如：I will go to the party tomorrow.6. 被动语态：用于强调动作的接受者而不是执行者。

例如：The book was written by Mark Twain.二、主谓一致1. 单复数主谓一致：主语是单数时，谓语动词要用单数形式；主语是复数时，谓语动词要用复数形式。

例如：She walks to school every day. They walk to school every day.2. 近距离主谓一致：当主语和谓语之间有介词短语或从句时，要根据主语而不是介词短语或从句来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。

例如：The book, along with its companion, is on the shelf.三、条件句1. 第一型条件句：表示真实条件和其可能的结果。

例如：If it rains,I will stay at home.2. 第二型条件句：表示对现在或未来假设的不太可能或不可能的条件及其可能的结果。

托福语法笔记(1)

托福语法笔记(1)填空题的作题方法：(1)先看句子的分界点(即连词，介词，分词和标点符号)选择要看的句子内容，即只关注空格所在句子(2)简化句子：简化原则：a-副词adv. b-介词短语(句首除外)c-作定语的形容词 d-作定语或者壮语的分词短语e-与空格无关的句子(3)分析句子结构，判断空格中所缺的句子成分捷径：可套用固定结构或句型(4)区分选项，结合句意和语感--------->确定答案填空分类：简单句，主从句(状语从句，定语从句)，倒装句，平行结构，同位语结构填空的固定结构一、主句专一结构任何句子只有一个主句，句子之间必须有连词连接*句子，句子永远错二、谓语专一结构任何句子只有一个谓语，应受谴责之间必须有连词连接*主谓，谓错三、平行结构A，B，or/and CA, B，C三个元素必须对应四、宾语从句结构宾从：S+Vt+(that + SVO)*看到这些Vt后，第一反应找thatindicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate,show,hold,insist,say,tell,believe,think,learn宾语从句中，that在下列词后可省：believe,think,suppose,presume,say,see,hniw,hear,propose,understand,be told五、what结构(A) what=the thing that=all that,thing由句意决定(B) what必须在前后句中都作成分(C) noun.+what 永远错(D) what 引导的句子等于一个名词，可以用作介词或者动词的宾语what+V=the thing that +Vprep. + what + VVt + what + V(E) what的出题方法(1) prep___________V(2) Vt ___________V(F)*what is now 永远对where + V 永远错，因为where是adv. 【。

历年托福考试语法题汇编

2000年01月语法题16. The outer layer of the heart, called the pericardium, forms a sac in what the heart lies.17. Wood from the ash tree becomes extremely flexibly when it is exposed to steam.18. The ability to talk is one of the skill that make humans different from the rest of the animalworld.19. In plane geometry, the sum of the internal angles of any triangle has always equal to 180degrees.20. Polar bears are bowlegged and pigeon-toed, adaptations that enable this massive animalsto maintain their balance as they walk.21. Caves are formed by the chemical or action mechanical of water on soluble rock, byvolcanic activity, and by earthquakes.22. Celery, an edible plant is having long stalks topped with feathery leaves, grows best in coolweather.23. The first fiction writer in the United States to achieve international fame was WashingtonIrving, who wrote many stories, included “ Rip Van Winkle〞and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow〞.24. Three fundamental aspects of forest conversation are the protection of immature trees, theuse of proper harvesting methods, and provide for an environment that supportsreproduction.25. For each enzyme reaction there is an optimum temperature which maximum efficiency isachieved.26. Adolescence is a transitional stage in human development from the beginning of puberty tothe attainment of the emotion, social, and physical maturity of adulthood.27. The people native to the northwest coast of North American have long be known for woodcarvings of stunning beauty and extraordinary quality.28. Colonial efforts to manufacture glass at Jamestown---- and later attempts nearPhiladelphia and Boston---failed despite the abundant of fuel and good raw materials.29. The orbit of a celestial body is usually in the shape of ellipse.30. Chicago is the third largest publishing center in the United States, exceeding only by NewYork City and San Francisco.31. North American bison differ from domestic cattle in have 14 rather than 13 pairs of ribs.32. Female sea turtles, before laying her eggs, swim as much as 2,000 kilometers to return tothe beaches where they themselves were hatched.33. Water is the only substance that occur at ordinary temperatures in all three states of matter:solid, liquid and gas.34. Despite the growth of manufacturing and other industries, the economy of the state ofTexas has remained heavily dependence on oil and gas.35. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only United States President who oath of office wasadministered by a woman Judge Sarah Tilghman Hughes.36. It took more than fourteen years to carve the faces of four United States Presidents into thegranite cliffs to Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.37.Charles Bullfinch was the architect who design the original red brick core of the StateHouse in Boston.38.Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on as much aspects ofsocial, economic, and cultural development as the growth of electronics.39. Lowell, Massachusetts, known as the “Spindle City〞since 1822 when its first textile millswere built, attracted worldwide attention as textile center.40.Strange Victory, Sara Teas dale’s smallest and most perfect collection of poems, appear inprint in 1933.2000年05月语法题16.More and 90 percent of the calcium in the human body is in the skeleton.17. Perhaps the most popular film in movie history, Star Wars was written and direction byGeorge Lucas.18. Some animal activities, such as mating, migration, and hibernate, have a yearly cycle.19. Geographers were once concerned largely with exploring areas unknown to them and fromdescribing distinctive features of individual places.20. In his animated films, Walt Disney created animals that talk and act like people whileretaining its animal traits.21. The first city in the United States that put into effect major plan for the clustering ofgovernment buildings was Washington, D.C.22. In a microwave oven, radiation penetrates food and is then absorbed primarily by watermolecules, caused heat to spread through the food.23.The cultures early of the genus Homo were generally distinguished by regular use of stonetools and by a hunting and gathering economy.24. Dolphins are sleek and powerful swimmers that found in all seas and unlike porpoiseshave well defined, beaklike snouts and conical teeth.25. The velocity of a river is controlled by the slope, the depth, and the tough of the riverbed.26. The phonograph record was the first successful medium for capturing, preservation andreproducing sound.27. Generally, the pattern of open space in urban areas has shaped by commercial systems,governmental actions, and cultural traditions.28. A liquid that might be a poor conductor when pure is often used to make solutions thatreadily transmits electricity.29.The initial discovery by humans almost 10,000 years ago that they could exploit metallicmineral deposits was an important milestone in the development civilization.30. In 1989 Tillie Fowler a Republican, became the first member of her party to serving aspresident of the city council of Jacksonville, Florida.31. General anesthesia, which is usually used for major surgery, involves a complete loss ofconsciousness and a relaxed of the muscles.32. After first establishment subsistence farms along the Atlantic seaboard, European settlersin North America developed a maritime and shipbuilding industry.33.The legs of a roadrunner are enough strong that it can run up to 24 kilometers per hour tocatch lizards and small rodents.34. For the immune system of a newborn mammal to develop properly, the presence of thethymus gland is essentially.35. Physicians working in the field of public health are mainly concerned with theenvironmental causes of ill and how to eliminate them.36.By 1850, immigration from distance shores, as well as migration from the countryside, hadcaused New York City’s population to swell.37.By identifying similar words or structures in different languages, we find evidence that thoselanguages are related and may be derived from same ancestor.38. Astronomers use photography and sighting telescopes to study the motions of all of thebright stars and many of the faint one.39.In the nineteenth century a number of Native American tribe, such as the Comanche, liveda nomadic existence hunting buffalo.40. The average elevation of West Virginia is about 1,500 foot above sea level.2000年08月语法题16. Painters of the early twentieth century who were known primarily for they colorfullandscapes, the Group of Seven changed is name to the Canadian Group of Painters in 1933.17. Most animals have nervous systems, sense organs, and specialized modes of locomotion,and are capable of securing, ingesting, and to digest food.18. The cork oak tree has a layer of cork several inches thickness that can be stripped everyten years.19. Inflation, interest rates, and overall economic active can be governed by the United StatesFederal Reserve’s decision to adjust the supply of money to the economy.20. Free radicals of oxygen, which common by-products of metabolic processes in the body,are capable of causing tissue damage.21. By 1830 the glass industry in the United States had become too well established that thecountry no longer needed to depend on imported glass.22. Free land, cheaply transportation, and powerfully persuasive railroad advertising all helpedflood the western part of the United States with farmers in the nineteenth century.23. Coral formations have known as fringing reefs are located close to shore, separated fromland only by shallow water.24. For a seagoing, cargo-carrying sailing vessels, the clipper ship was remarkably fast.25. Visibly only through large telescopes, Pluto has a yellowish color, which indicates thatthere is very little atmosphere.26. Diamond is the hardest known substance, so diamonds can be cut only by anotherdiamonds.27. The International Monetary Fund was created in a effort to stabilize exchange rates withoutinterfering with the healthy growth of trade.28. Butterflies and moths undergo complete metamorphosis, them changing from caterpillar toadult via one intermediate stage, the pupa.29. Thousands of meteorite hit Earth each year, but most fall into the sea or in remote areasand are never recovered.30. Alaska become the forty-ninth state in 1959,and Hawaii became the fiftieth state lately thatyear.31. A sponge feeds itself by drawing water through tiny pores on its surface, filtering out foodparticles, and then expel the water through larger vents.32. Toward the end of his life, John Singer Sargent returned to the painting of landscapes andthe use of watercolors, of which he excelled.33. Pythons differ than most other snakes by having two well developed lungs rather than amuch smaller left lung or no left lung at all.34. Weighing among two to five kilograms in adults, the skin is the largest organ of the humanbody.35. Rodents dwell in various habitat, some species being aquatic, some terrestrial.36. The nectar of flowers are ingested by worker bees and converted to honey in special sacsin their digestive systems.37. Lucid dreaming, the ability dreamers to become aware of and to control their dreams whiledreaming, is the focus of some current psychological research.38. The sensation of sound is produced how vibrations transmitted through the air strike theeardrum.39. The musical tone of an electric guitar is created not by the resonance of the body of theguitar but by electronically amplification.40. Considered one of the most beautiful of the fine art, ballet is a combination of dance andmime performed to music.2000年10月语法题16．The pear tree has simple, oval leaves that are smoother and shinier than them of the apple.17．In the orbit of a planet around the Sun, the point closest to the Sun is called it the perihelion.18．In the early 1900’s, Roy Harris created and promoted a distinctly American style of classical music and greatly influenced a number of composer in the United States. 19．The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence of North American ports, particular Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, as major commercial centers within the Britishempire.20．Guitarlike instruments have exist since ancient times, but the first written mention of the guitar itself is from the fourteenth century.21．The law of biogenesis is the principle what all living organisms are derived from a parent or parents.22．Onyx is a mineral that can be recognized its regular and straight parallel bands of white, black, or brown.23．There are as many as 200 million insects for every human beings, and in fact their total number exceeds that of all other animals taken together.24．Native to South America and cultivated there for thousands of years, the peanut is said to have introduced to North America by early explorers.25．Originally canoes were made by the hollowing out of logs and used were for combat as well as transport.26．Among the symptoms of measles, which takes about twelve days to incubate, are a high fever, swelling of glands in the neck, a cough, and sensitive to light.27．Ice crystals in a glacier tends to melt and recrystallize within a brief moment of travel on a downhill glide.28．Photograph was revolutionized in 1851 by the introduction of the collodion process for making glass negatives.29．The piano is a stringed musical instrument in which the strings are strike by felt-covered hammers controlled by a board.30．The sounds used in human languages to create meaning consist of small variation in air pressure can be sensed by the ear.31．The mountains, especially the Rocky Mountains, formerly constituted a seriously barrier to east-west trade in British Columbia.32．Telescope are frequently used in astronomy to collect light from a celestial object, bring the light into focus, and producing a magnified image.33．Diamond is the hardest known substance, so diamond can be cut only by another diamonds.34．There are about 350 species and subspecies of birds in danger of become extinct, with a large number of them, 117 in all, found on oceanic islands.35．The nineteenth-century romantic movement in art was partially a reaction to what was perceived as overemphasis on reasonable and order in neoclassicism.36．Like triglycerides, cholesterol is a type of fat that is both consumed in the diet but manufactured by the body.37．Both the United States silver dollar and half-dollar, first minted in 1794, had a figure of Liberty on one side and a eagle on the reverse side.38．For an advertisement to be effective, its production and placement must to be based on a knowledge of human nature and a skilled use of the media.39．While photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.40．The Democratic Party, the most oldest existing political party in the United States, has played a vital role in the nation’s history.2001年01月语法题16. A variation of collodion photography was the tintype, which captured images on a black ordark brown metal plate instead from on glass.17. In cases of minor injury to the brain. Amnesia is likely to be a temporarily condition.18. The system of chemical symbols, first devised about 1800. gives a concise and instantlyrecognizable description of a element or compound.19. The fact that white light is light composed of various wavelengths may be demonstrating bydispersing a beam of such light through a prism.20. Over the course of history, much civilizations developed their own Number systems.21. In the United States during the Second World War, each trade unions and employersavoided federal limits on wages by offering employees Nontaxable medical benefits. 22. Philosophy is the study of the nature of reality, knowledge, existent, and ethics by meansof rational inquiry.23. Poems vary in length from brief lyric poems to narrative or epic poems, which can be asbroad in scope than a novel.24. The population of California more than doubled during the period 1940-1960, creatingproblems in road-building and provide water for its arid southern section.25. Although based it on feudal models, the colony of Pennsylvania developed a reputation fora progressive political and social outlook.26. Hard and resistant to corrosion, bronze is traditionally used in bell casting and is thematerial used widely most for metal sculpture.27. The Appalachian Mountains formation a natural barrier between the eastern seaboard andthe vast lowlands of the continental interior of North America.28. The United States census for 1970 showed that the French-speaking residents ofLouisiana were one of the country’s most compact regional linguistic minority.29. When used as food additives, antioxidants prevent fats and oils from become rancid whenexposed to air, and thus extend their shelf life.30.liquid will flow and take the shape of their container.31. Copper was the first metallic used by humans and is second only to iron in its utility throughthe ages.32. Despite the fact that lemurs are general nocturnal, the ring-tailed lemur travels by day inbands of four to twelve individuals.33. The Western world is beset with the range of problem that characterize mature,postindustrial societies.34. Acrylic paints are either applied using a knife or diluted and spreading with a paintbrush.35. Some marine invertebrates, such as the sea urchin and the starfish, migrates from deepwater to shallow during spring and early summer to spawn.36. Marshes, wetland areas characterized by plant grassy growth, are distinguished fromswamps, wetlands where trees grow.37. Wampum, beads used as a form of exchange by some Native Americans, was made ofbits of seashells cut, drill, and strung into belts.38. Kangaroos use their long and powerful tails for balance themselves when sitting upright orjumping.39. Proper city planning provides for the distribution of public utilities, public buildings, parks,and recreation centers, and for adequate and the inexpensive housing.40. Most traditional dances are made up of a prearranged series of steps and movements, butmodern dancers are generally free to move as they choice.2001年05月语法题16. A gene is a biological unit of information who directs the activity of a cell or organism duringits lifetime.17. The flowering of African American talent in literature, music, and art in the 1920’s in NewYork City became to know as the Harlem Renaissance.18. The symptoms of neumonia, a lung infection, include high fever, chest pain, breathingdifficult, and coughing.19. The rapid grow of Boston during the mid-nineteenth century coincided with a large influx ofEuropean immigrants.20. In 1908 Olive Campbell started writing down folk songs by rural people in the southernAppalachian mountains near hers home.21. The thirteen stripes of the United States flag represent the original thirteen states of theUnion, which they all were once colonies of Britain.22.In 1860, more as 90 percent of the people of Indiana lived rural areas, with only a few citieshaving a population exceeding 10,000.23.Gravitation keeps the Moon in orbit around Earth and the planets other of the solar systemin orbit around the Sun.24.Photograph was revolutionized in 1831 by the introduction of the collodion process formaking glass negatives.25. After flax is washed, dry, beaten, and combed, fibers are obtained for use in making fabric.26. A fever is caused which blood cells release proteins called pyrogens, raising the body’stemperature.27. Because of various gift-giving holidays, most stores clothing in the United Sates do almostas much business in November and December as they do in the other ten monthscombined.28. The United States National Labor Relations Board is authorized to investigation allegationsof unfair labor practices on the part of either employers or employees.29. The Great Potato Famine in Ireland in the 1840’s caused an unprecedented numbers ofpeople from Ireland to immigrate to the United States.30.The particles comprising a given cloud are continually changing, as new ones are addedwhile others are taking away by moving air.31. Political parties in the United States help to coordinate the campaigns of their membersand organizes the statewide and nationa conventions that mark election years.32. The lemur is an unusual animal belonging to the same order than mon’s and apes.33. Cheese may be hard or soft, depending on the amount of water left into it and thecharacter of the cuting.34. The carbon-are lamp, a very bright electric lamp used for spotlights, consists of two carbonelectrodes with a high-current arc passing between it.35. At first the poems of E.E. Cummings gained notoriety to their idiosyncratic punctuation andtypography, but they have gradually been recognized for their lyric power as well.36. The mechanism of human thought and recall, a subject only partly understood by scientists,is extraordinary complicated.37. While the process of photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used toconvert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and organic compounds.38.The globe artichoke was known as a delicacy at least 2,500 years ago, and records of itscultivation date from fifteenth century.39. Humans do not constitute the only species endowed with intelligence: the higher animalsalso have considerably problem-solving abilities.40. Many of species of milkweed are among the most dangerous of poisonous plants, whileothers have little, if any, toxicity.2001年08月语法题16. Modern societies are such complex that they could not exist without a well-developedsystem of law.17. Altitude, climate, temperature, and the length of the growing season both determine whereplants will grow.18. The bathyscaphe, a free-moving vessel designed for underwater exploration, consists of aFlotation compartment with a observation capsule attached underneath it.19. Water constitutes almost 96 percent of the body weight of a jellyfish, so if a jellyfish were todry out in the sun, it would virtually disappeared.20. The most important parameters affecting a rocket’s maximum flight velocity is therelationship between the vehicle’s mass and the amount of propellant it can carry.21.There were once only eight major lakes or reservoirs in Texas, but today there are over 180,many built to storing water against periodic droughts.22. All harmonized music that is not contrapuntal depends from the relationship of chords,which are either consonant or dissonant.23. Expressionist drama often shows the influence of modern psychology by reflecting thefrustrations inner of the dramatist.24. It is the number, kind, and arrange of teeth that determine whether a mammal is classifiedas a carnivore not the food that the animal actually eats.25. The sea otter is well adapted at its marine existence, with ears and nostrils that can beclosed under water.26. Petroleum, which currently makes up about four-tenths of the world’s energy production,supplies more commercial energy than any another source.27. Someone may refuse to recognize the seriousness of an emotionally threatening situationand perceive as less threatening.28. Through experiments with marine organisms, marine biologists can increase ourknowledge of human reproductive and development as well as our understanding of the nervous system.29. When swollen by melting snow or heavy rain, some rivers routinely overflow its banks.30. In 1884 Belva Lockwood, a lawyer who had appeared before the Supreme Court, becamethe first woman was nominated for President of the United States.31. The taller of all animals, a full-grown giraffe may be eighteen feet or more high.32. Physicists have known since the early nineteenth century that all matter is made up of tinyextremely particles called atoms.33. Rain is slight acidic even in unpolluted air, because carbon dioxide in the atmosphere andother natural acid-forming gases dissolve in the water.34. In a stock company, a troupe of actors performs in a particular theater, presenting playsfrom its repertory of prepare productions.35. Established in 1860, the Government Printing Office prints and binds documents for alldepartment of the United States government.36. Ethnology, usually considered a branch of cultural anthropology, is often defined as thescientifically study of the origin and functioning of humans and their culture.37. The one-fluid theory of electricity was proposing by Benjamin Franklin, a man famous forhis wide interests and great attainments.38. Probably not speech of so few words has ever been as celebrated as Lincoln’s GettysburgAddress.39. Generally, Abstract Expressionist art is without recognizable images and does not adherethe Limits of conventional form.40. Although complete paralysis is rare with neuritis, some degree of muscle weaknesscommon.2001年10月语法题16．By the end of the nineteenth century, organic chemistry had develop new methods for the synthesis of dyes, perfumes, explosives, and medicines.17．The Dinee, a Native American people of the southwestern United States, were once seminomadic hunters who practiced a few agriculture.18．The earliest successful sewing machines were powered by turn a hand crank.19．Early signs characteristic of the acute phase of viral hepatitis in adults are abdominal pain, nausea, and feverish often accompanied by chills.20．The Guggenheim Museum in New York City is one of the major center for the collection and display of works of abstract art in the United State.21．With the discovery of gold in the Klondike in Canada’s Yukon Territory in 1896, people flocked soon there from all parts of the world.22．The right side of the brain is mostly concerned with pictorial, intuitive, musically and spatial ablilities.23．A uniform mingling of molecules, which it occurs in homogeneous chemical compounds, results from the chemical constituents melting, dissolving, or diffusing into one another.24．Many dinosaurs were so much heavy that they spent most of their lives in swamps and shallow lakes where water could support them.25．With little nor no mass and no electric charge, neutrinos can penetrate a solid object such as the Earth as if it were not there.26．Georgia O’Keeffe is known for hers use of organic, abstract forms painted in clear, strong colors.27．Until the George Washington Bridge was built, modern suspension bridges were stiffened with steel trusses and beams to limited their motion in traffic and wind.28．First reported by Spanish explorers in 1796, the asphalt in California’s La Brea Tar Pit was mined commercial for many years.29．Independence political of newspapers became a common feature of journalism in the United States of the 1840’s and 1850’s.30．Transistors exhibit a high amplification factor, operate without distorted over a wide frequency range, and can be made extremely small.31．In most cases of epilepsy, cerebral electrical activity, also known as brain waves, demonstrates a characteristically abnormal rhythms.32．New York City’s theatrical district was concentrated the Bowery from 1860 to 1875, and around 1900 the avenue became a center for the Yiddish theater.33．Most female lizards lay eggs, but the females of a number of lizard species bear her young alive.34．Recently archaeologists have strived to develop theories, based on archaeological evident, that explain societal changes such as the development of farming..35．One of the most impressive cultural achievements of the United State during the 1920’s was a vastly outpouring of serious literature.36．The chemical element chlorine is a corrosive, greenish-yellow gas that has sharp odor and has 21/2 times heavier than air.37．Hair grows more quickly in summer than in winter and more slowly at the night than during the day.38．Different fourteen crops were being grown 8,600 years ago by some of the wo rld’s earliest farmers.39．Between 1905 and 1907, floodwaters from the Colorado River poured into a salt-covered depression and creating the Salton Sea.40．Saturn takes almost 30 Earth years to make one trip around the Sun, during Jupiter takes about twelve Earth years to complete one solar revolution.2002年01月语法题16.Fog and mist, like clouds, can formed only in the presence of dust particles.17.The Spanish claiming title to all of North America and established the oldest city in theUnited States, St. Augustine, Florida, in 1565.18.The federal system of government in Canada is similar to it of the United States.19.It may be argued that genetics, the study of heredity and variation, underwent the mostrapid development of any science biological in the twentieth century.20.Music involves the interaction of three elements: rhythm, melodic, and harmony.21.The Medicare program was established in 1965 to helping elderly United States citizenspay the increasing cost of health care.22.Researchers have found subtle neurological differences between the brains of men andwomen either in physical structure and in the way they function.23.Scientists have traditionally classified plants by grouping them according to similarities intheir overall appear, their internal structure, and the form of their reproductive organs. 24.Geometric figures first appeared more than 15,000 years ago in both practically anddecorative forms, such as shapes of buildings,cave paintings, and decorations on pottery.25.In the early nineteenth century, the Cherokee nation of American Indians was adopted awritten constitution based on that of the United States.26.The able of writers to precisely record observations made about others enables them toinclude in their work a great deal of material outside their own experience.27.In Connecticut, hundreds of houses dating from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuriesare preserved by more as 100 local or national historical societies.28.In 1899 Mary Elizabeth Brown donated hers collection of over 200 musical instruments tothe Metropolitan Museum of art.29. Four different types of remembering are ordinarily distinguished by psychologists:recollection, recall, recognize, and relearning.30.Harbors are protected areas of water that can be used the transfer of passengers andcargo between ships shore.。

托福阅读常见语法现象解读

托福阅读常见语法现象解读托福阅读常见语法现象解读不定式用法详细分析1. 动词不定式的否定式not toShe decided not to be late again.2. 动词不定式的完成式完成式表示的动作或状态发生在位于动词表示的动作或状态之前。

I am sorry to have kept you waiting.3. 在It is/was + 形容词+不定式的复合结构若形容词侧重于评价人物的特性、特征，则构成不定式复合结构的介词应为of。

常用形容词有：kind, nice, foolish, silly, stupid, rude, cruel, wise, clever, brace, selfish, crazy, good, careful, careless, impolite, right, wrong 等。

It is very kind of you to help me.区别It is important for us to learn English well.4. 在某些动词后，可用it做形式宾语，然后加宾语补足语，最后加不定式作真正的宾语。

常见的动词有find, think consider, feel, make等。

They find it difficult to repay the money.5. 动词+不定式作宾补ask, want, invite, get, force, expect, allow, persuade, order, warn, remind order, cause, permit, forbid, advise, teach等。

6. 在使役动词make, have, let和感官动词see, watch, notice, observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at等词后接不定式作宾补，不定式不带to，表示做某事的全过程。

托福00年1月TOEFL语法笔记

2000年1月TOEFL语法笔记编委：Maya审委：Xaosduck1. Amanda Way’s career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when, at an antislaverymeeting in Indiana, she called for a state woman’s rights convention.(A) begin(B) began(C) have begun(D) to have begunKey：B分析：考点是动词时态。

根据句中的时间状语in 1851可知,空格中的动词应用过去式,所以选B，began。

参考译文：作为一个社会改革者Amanda Way事业开始于1851年,在印第安拉州的一个反奴隶制的会议上,她为这个州妇女的权力的条约而呐喊.2. The celesta, on orchestral percussion instrument, resembles___(A) a small upright piano(B) how a small upright piano(C) a small upright piano is(D) as a small upright pianokey：A分析：考点是宾语成份。

句中的谓语是resemble, resemble是及物动词,其后应直接加名词做宾语.e.g.: He strongly resembles his father.参考译文：钟琴(发出如钟的声音的一种有键小乐器)是一种管弦乐打击乐器,酷似一个体型小巧的竖直钢琴.3. Thomas Paine, _____, wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the Americancolonies with the cause of liberty.(A) writer of eloquent(B) whose eloquent writing(C) an eloquent writing(D) writing eloquentkey：C分析：考点是同位语。

托福考试中的常见语法知识点

托福考试中的常见语法知识点托福考试是全球范围内最为知名的英语语言水平测试之一。

语法是托福考试中的重要篇章之一，同时也是考生通过托福考试的关键所在。

在语法考试中，考生需要明确掌握一些常见的语法知识点，本文将为大家详细介绍。

一、语法的基石：句子结构英语语法的最基础也是最重要的一部分是句子结构。

在托福考试中，句子在很多题目的考点中都是基础的考查对象，因此考生有必要对句子结构的基本知识有所了解。

英语句子一般都是由主语、谓语和宾语组成的。

其中，主语是指句子中扮演行为者或者状态的角色，谓语则是主语执行的动作，宾语则是谓语动作的对象。

除了这三个基本要素，英语句子中还会有其他的成分，例如宾语补足语、介词短语等。

这些要素的掌握是语法基本功的重中之重，在托福考试中相关的考点也不容忽视。

二、主谓一致主谓一致指的是主语和谓语在时态和语态上相符合。

是托福考试语法考点中比较常见的一个难点。

在主谓一致中，时态一定要一致。

举个例子，如果主语是过去式的单数形式，谓语也应当是单数的过去时态，不可以混用。

而在语态上，则应当与主语相匹配。

例如，如果主语是被动语态，那么谓语也应当是被动语态。

尤其重要的是注意在长难句中的主谓一致问题，稍有不慎就会导致考试得分的下降。

三、时态时态是托福语法中比较重要的考点之一，要求考生具备良好的时态掌握能力。

在英语中，时态代表了动作发生的时间关系,包括过去时间、现在时间以及将来时间。

常见的复合时态如现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时等,也需要较高的掌握水平。

时态考试内容包括时态种类分类、时态形式变化规律、时态的用法以及时态的正确运用。

在原句子时态错误的基础上改正，也是托福考试中经常出现的题目类型，考生需要有足够的敏锐度以及语法知识处理。

四、动词形式在英语中，动词的形式会受到主谓一致以及时态等多种因素的影响，需要考生在语法掌握时进行注意。

英语动词一般分为不定式(Infinitive)、现在分词(Present participle)和过去分词(Past participle)三种形式。

老托福2000年1月阅读解析第二篇

2000年1月第二篇Questions 1-10Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continueto look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.Line When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the(5)nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portionof the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This(10)(15)In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrotsand incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat theeggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural(20)act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the woodenthe embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from(25)direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extremetemperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secureplace to rest.题目解析：11. What is the main idea of the passage?(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.解析：文章第一段说鸟商们一直在寻找更好的方法来提高蛋产量和幼鸟的存活率，第二段主要讲了在自然环境下的孵化，第三段主要讲了在人工孵化的时候应该注意的事项，创造一个接近自然孵化的环境，以此来提高孵化率和存活率。

托福句子结构完整语法解析

托福句子结构完整语法解析托福句子结构完整语法解析导语：句子结构完整语法是托福考试中最常考的语法方向，下面是YJBYS店铺整理的托福句子结构完整语法解析，希望对你有帮助!这是托福考试中最常考的语法方向。

句子结构完整指的是构成句子的基本组成部分完整且没有错误，一般来说，在一个完整的句子中，主语和谓语是唯一存在且是必不可少的.句子基本成份。

而其他的成分(如：宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语等)要视句子的具体结构和需要而定。

要特别注意的是：对于句子中套有从句的复合句子，首先考虑主句的完整性，然后再看从句的完整性。

还有就是当考试中遇到一个句子中出现两个主语和谓语时，必定要有连接词的出现。

当有连词连接的并列句时，也要对其并列的小分句逐一判断。

对于有些省略形式的从句结构，在分析考试题目时会有单独介绍。

只需记住“主谓唯一不可缺少”这一原则，很多的题目就可以直接解决掉了。

比如：例1: _______ Indiana, is in a rich farming and dairy area, it is primarily a diversified industrial center.(A) Fort Wayne(B) Although Fort Wayne(C) For Wayne is in(D) Fort Wayne, in例题分析：空格后分析主干有两个主语(Indiana和it)和两个谓语动词(两个is)，但中间没有连接词，违反了一句话中主谓唯一不可缺少的原则。

由此可知，空中需要填入连接词断成两个单句。

有四个选项中只有(B)中although是连词，故直接选(B)。

例2：William Walker's mural, “Wall of Respect,” ______an outdoor wall in Chicago, deals with social issues.(A) covers(B) covers it(C) which covers(D) which it covers例题分析：分析主干得知，William Walker’s mural肯定是主语了，而空格后的deals with 是谓语动词，根据一句话中主谓唯一不可缺少的原则，主句中不可能再有谓语动词出现，故A, B是谓语形式可先排除; CD表明所填的是从句，那么分析从句中的主干。

新东方TOEFL复习笔记(第二部分：语法笔记)2

新东方TOEFL复习笔记（第二部分：语法笔记）2在TOEFL中：____n.(pl.)+v.(sing)，一般空格内优先选doing （讲义 31）n）make结构：（讲义31 32）make+obj+宾补obj：n/代词宾补：n./adj.1） make+n1+n2 make the boy president (班长)2） make+n./代词+a. (新题 P78 11)make it unique it:真宾语3）make it possible to do it：形式宾语（讲义 33）that +句子4）make sth possible sht:短宾语 possible宾补make possible sth sth长宾语 possible宾补（新题32）o）the more…the more结构标准句式：the more sub+v1 the more sub+v2！）对称性：结构中的n.前必须有限定词the more the +n1 the more the +n22）省略性：结构中相同的谓语可省，尤其是be动词可省3）倒装性：The more svo , the more svo .是一个复合句。

条件状从主句因此从句不能倒装，而主句（第二个the more）可倒装。

p）表结果的伴随状语从句结构：（讲义 36 37）svo,doing….伴随状语表结果：thus / thereby → svo,thus / thereby +doing…*thus / thereby 后不一定加doing*as f ar / long / early as 出现即为答案/many / muchq）adj短语做后置定语结构：（讲义 38 39）*==等价于定从的省略a door (close to the window) 省略which bea distance (equal to twice)n1+(a.+prep+n2) adj短语foods (high in fat) √leaves (rich in suger) √n1+which be（比较级+than+n2）相当于从句的省略a temperature (highter than 50C)r）adj最高级的省略结构：（讲义 40 41）the most improtant of all booksthe most elaborate of all birdneststhe+a.最高级+单数n. X +of 复数n. 一样错*单数n.必须省略，则the+a.最高级+of+n.(pl.)n.(可代替)→ ad. X / v.过去时Xa. n.(sing) of √ *the a.原级 of+ the restfulof Xthe poor of √s）不规则动词的过去式作谓语结构：（讲义 42 43）She set set-set-setIt cost cost-cost-costIt spread spread-spread-spreadt）规则动词的过去分词作后置定语结构（讲义 44-46）46条：Automatons programmed… 非谓语，整个句子少谓语lack a. be lack ofvi. be lack invt. Sub+lack+obj*如何判断n+v-ed是谓语还是非谓语？eg：n+called call-called-calledWe called him Bush. 主动，过去式，谓语He was called Bush. 被动，过去分词，谓语…a boy called Bush? 被动，过去分词，后置定语根据主/被动确定，主动语态为过去式，被动语态为过去分词，被动式中有be即是非谓语。

2000年1月5月8月10月TOEFL托福语法题笔记

2000年01月语法题1. Amanda Way’s career as a social reformer____ in 1851 when, at an antislavery meetingin Indiana, she called for a state woman’s rights convention.(A) begin(B) began(C) have begun(D) to have begun2. The celesta, an orchestral percussion instrument, resembles___(A) a small upright piano(B) how a small upright piano(C) a small upright piano is(D) as a small upright piano3. Thomas Paine, _____, wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that identified the American colonies with the cause of liberty.(A) writer of eloquent(B) whose eloquent writing(C) an eloquent writer(D) writing eloquent4. Although beavers rarely remain submerged for more than two minutes, they can stay underwater___fifteen minutes before having to surface for air.(A) as long(B) as long as(C) so long(D) so long that5. Protein digestion begins in the stomach ____ends in the small intestine.(A) while(B) and(C) how(D) because6. When natural gas burns, its___ into atoms of carbon and hydrogen.(A) hydrocarbon molecules, breaking up(B) broke up by hydrocarbon molecules(C) hydrocarbon molecules break up(D) broken up hydrocarbon molecules7. _____ ballet dancers learn five basic positions for the arms and feet.(A) All of(B) Of every(C) All(D) Every8. Some colonies of bryozoans, small marine animals, form ___with trailing stems.(A) creeping colonies(B) which colonies creep(C) creeping colonies are(D) colonies creep9. Ruth Bader Ginsburg argued six women’s rights cases before the United States Supreme Court in the 1970’s,____(A) of five winning them(B) five winning of them(C) of them five winning(D) winning five of them10. Natural selection is defined as the process ___the course of evolution by preserving those traits best adapted for an organism’s survival.(A) to which directs(B) of which directs it(C) directs it(D) that directs11. ____ 363 miles between the cities of Albany and Buffalo in New York State, the Eric Canal helped link the Atlantic Ocean with the Great Lakes.(A) The extension of(B) The extension(C) Extending(D) Extends12.The chief sources of B12,a water-soluble vitamin ____ stored in the body, include meat, milk and eggs.(A) is not(B) that is not(C) not that is(D) that not13. ____ is rooted in experiments in iron and steel conducted in the nineteenth century.(A) While the history of twentieth-century architecture(B) The history of twentieth-century architecture(C) That the history of twentieth-century architecture(D) Both twentieth-century architecture and its history14.The primary source of energy for tropical cyclones is the latent heat released when ____(A) does water vapor condense(B) condensed water vapor(C) water vapor condenses(D) the condensation of water vapor15. Maufacturing is Canada’s most important economic activity, ____17 percent of the workforce.(A) engages(B) and to engage(C) that it engage(D) engaging16. The outer layer of the heart, called the pericardium, forms a sac in what the heart lies.17. Wood from the ash tree becomes extremely flexibly when it is exposed to steam.18. The ability to talk is one of the skill that make humans different from the rest of the animalworld.19. In plane geometry, the sum of the internal angles of any triangle has always equal to 180degrees.20. Polar bears are bowlegged and pigeon-toed, adaptations that enable this massive animals tomaintain their balance as they walk.21. Caves are formed by the chemical or action mechanical of water on soluble rock, byvolcanic activity, and by earthquakes.22. Celery, an edible plant is having long stalks topped with feathery leaves, grows best in coolweather.23. The first fiction writer in the United States to achieve international fame was WashingtonIrving, who wrote many stories, included“ Rip Van Winkle” and“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.24. Three fundamental aspects of forest conversation are the protection of immature trees, the useof proper harvesting methods, and provide for anenvironment that supports reproduction.25. For each enzyme reaction there is an optimum temperature which maximum efficiency isachieved.26. Adolescence is a transitional stage in human development from the beginning of puberty tothe attainment of the emotion, social, and physical maturity ofadulthood.27. The people native to the northwest coast of North American have long be known for woodcarvings of stunning beauty and extraordinary quality.28. Colonial efforts to manufacture glass at Jamestown---- and later attempts near Philadelphiaand Boston---failed despite the abundant of fuel and good rawmaterials.29. The orbit of a celestial body is usually in the shape of ellipse.30. Chicago is the third largest publishing center in the United States, exceeding only by NewYork City and San Francisco.31. North American bison differ from domestic cattle in have 14 rather than 13 pairs of ribs.32. Female sea turtles, before laying her eggs, swim as much as 2,000 kilometers to return to thebeaches where they themselves were hatched.33. Water is the only substance that occur at ordinary temperatures in all three states of matter:solid, liquid and gas.34. Despite the growth of manufacturing and other industries, the economy of the state of Texashas remained heavily dependence on oil and gas.35. Lyndon B. Johnson was the only United States President who oath of office was administeredby a woman Judge Sarah Tilghman Hughes.36. It took more than fourteen years to carve the faces of four United States Presidents into thegranite cliffs to Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.37.Charles Bullfinch was the architect who design the original red brick core of the State Housein Boston.38.Rarely has a technological development had as great an impact on as much aspects of social,economic, and cultural development as the growth ofelectronics.39. Lowell, Massachusetts, known as the “Spindle City” since 1822 when its first textile mills werebuilt, attracted worldwide attention as textile center.40.Strange Victory, Sara Teas dale’s smallest and most perfect collection of poems, appear inprint in 1933.2000年05月语法题1.From 1949 onward, the artist Georgia O’ Keeffe made New Mexico ______.(A) her permanent residence was(B) where her permanent residence(C) permanent residence for her(D) her permanent residence2. Just as remote-controlled satellites can be employed to explore outer space,_______employed to investigate the deep sea.(A) can be robots(B) robots can be(C) can robots(D) can robots that are3. In ______ people, the areas of the brain that control speech are located in theleft hemisphere.(A) mostly of(B) most(C) almost the(D) the most of4. Stars shine because of _______ produced by the nuclear reactions taking placewithin them.(A) the amount of light and heat is(B) which the amount of light and heat(C) the amount of light and heat that it is(D) the amount of light and heat5. ________ is not clear to researchers.(A) Why dinosaurs having become extinct(B) Why dinosaurs became extinct(C) Did dinosaurs become extinct(D) Dinosaurs became extinct6.Although many people use the word “milk” to refer cow’s milk, _______ to milkfrom any animal, including human milk and goat’s milk.(A) applying it also(B) applies also(C) it also applies(D) but it also applies7. The first transatlantic telephone cable system was not established _______ 1956.(A) while(B) until(C) on(D) when8. _______ no two people think exactly alike, there will always be disagreement,but disagreement should not always be avoided; it can be healthy if handled creatively.(A) There are(B) Why(C) That(D) Because9.Drinking water ________ excessive amounts of fluorides may leave a stained ormottled effect on the enamel of teeth.(A) containing(B) in which containing(C) contains(D) that containC 同B10. In the 1820’s physical education became_______ of the curriculum of Harvardand Yale Universities.(A) to be part(B) which was part(C) was part(D) partA 不定式不能做表语11. Pewter, _______ for eating and drinking utensils in colonial America, is aboutninety percent tin, which copper or bismuth added for hardness.(A) was widely used(B) widely used it(C) widely used(D) which widely used12.A moth possesses two pairs of wings _____ as single pair and are covered with dustlike scales.(A) function(B) are functioning(C) that function(D) but functions13.Soap operas, a type of television drama series, are so called because at first,they were ________.(A) often which soap manufacturers sponsored(B) sponsored often soap manufacturers(C) often sponsored by soap manufacturers(D) soap manufacturers often sponsored them14.The Woolworth Building in New York was the highest in America when _______ in1943 and was famous for its use of Gothic decorative detail.(A) built(B) it built(C) was built(D) built it15.Humans, ________, interact through communicative behavior by means of signs orsymbols used conventionally.(A) like other animals(B) how other animals(C) other animals that(D) do other animals16.More and 90 percent of the calcium in the human body is in the skeleton.17. Perhaps the most popular film in movie history, Star Wars was written anddirection by George Lucas.18. Some animal activities, such as mating, migration, and hibernate, have ayearly cycle.19. Geographers were once concerned largely with exploring areas unknown tothem and from describing distinctive features of individual places.20. In his animated films, Walt Disney created animals that talk and act likepeople while retaining its animal traits.21. The first city in the United States that put into effect major plan for theclustering of government buildings was Washington, D.C.22. In a microwave oven, radiation penetrates food and is then absorbedprimarily by water molecules, caused heat to spread through the food.23.The cultures early of the genus Homo were generally distinguished byregular use of stone tools and by a hunting and gathering economy.24. Dolphins are sleek and powerful swimmers that found in all seas and unlikeporpoises have well defined, beaklike snouts and conical teeth.25. The velocity of a river is controlled by the slope, the depth, and thetough of the riverbed.26. The phonograph record was the first successful medium for capturing,preservation and reproducing sound.27. Generally, the pattern of open space in urban areas has shaped bycommercial systems, governmental actions, and cultural traditions.28. A liquid that might be a poor conductor when pure is often used to makesolutions that readily transmits electricity.29.The initial discovery by humans almost 10,000 years ago that they couldexploit metallic mineral deposits was an important milestone in thedevelopment civilization.30. In 1989 Tillie Fowler a Republican, became the first member of her party toserving as president of the city council of Jacksonville, Florida.31. General anesthesia, which is usually used for major surgery, involves acomplete loss of consciousness and a relaxed of the muscles.32. After first establishment subsistence farms along the Atlantic seaboard,European settlers in North America developed a maritime and shipbuilding industry.33.The legs of a roadrunner are enough strong that it can run up to 24kilometers per hour to catch lizards and small rodents.34. For the immune system of a newborn mammal to develop properly, thepresence of the thymus gland is essentially.35. Physicians working in the field of public health are mainly concerned withthe environmental causes of ill and how to eliminate them.36.By 1850, immigration from distance shores, as well as migration from thecountryside, had caused New York City’s population to swell.37.By identifying similar words or structures in different languages, we findevidence that those languages are related and may be derived from same ancestor.38. Astronomers use photography and sighting telescopes to study the motions ofall of the bright stars and many of the faint one.39.In the nineteenth century a number of Native American tribe, such as theComanche, lived a nomadic existence hunting buffalo.40. The average elevation of West Virginia is about 1,500 foot above sealevel.2000年08月语法题1. 1.The gray scale, a progressive series of shades ranging from black to white, is used incomputer graphics _____ detail to graphical images.(A)(A)added(B)(B)to add(C)(C)are added(D)(D)and add答案：B分析：考察点为动词不定式做目的状语。

TOEFL普林斯顿样题1语法笔记

TOEFL普林斯顿样题1语法笔记编委：Maya1. Simple photographic lenses cannot _____ sharp, undistorted images over a widefield.(A) to form(B) are formed(C) forming(D) formKey: D分析：考点是情态动词。

句子主语为simple photographic lenses,宾语为images，所以空格处应和情态动词cannot构成句子的复合谓语。

值得注意的是form是及物动词，其后要加宾语。

参考译文：简易的摄像机镜头不能捕捉住大范围的清晰而不失真的影像。

2. Of all the factors affecting agricultural yields, weather is the one ____ the most.(A) it influences farmers(B) that influences farmers(C) farmers that it influences(D) why farmers influence itKey: B分析：考点是定语从句逗号前是介词短语做状语，逗号后才是这句话的主句。

Weather is the one（factor），one代替前面的factor，句子已经完整。

则the one后的空格应修饰the one,选B，that引导定语从句。

参考译文：在所有影响农业的因素中，天气是对农民影响最大的因素之一。

3. Beverly Sills, ______ assumed directorship of the New York City Opera in 1979.(A) be a star soprano(B) was a star soprano(C) a star soprano and(D) a star sopranoKey: D分析：考点是同位语句子主语是BS，谓语是assumed，宾语是directorship，主语后的空格应该为主语的同位语，起解释说明的作用。

00年1月托福听力解析

Part B31-34 Two students meet in front of the library31 w hat the relationship betw een the speakers?I had to hand on my biology paper tomorrow.32 w hy was the man worried at first?Tomorrow? Oh, no. I thought it w asn’t due till Monday.33 acc ording to the man, how do some bees use the sense of smell?Yeah, I’m doing on bees and how they able to rec ognize other bees are related to them.How c an they tell?They use the sense of smell.34 w hat w as the man probably do over the weekend?因为他的paper还没有做完，而且要Monday交，所以he probably write his paper on the weekend.35-38 A c onversation between two students35 w hat’s the students mainly disc ussing?He is tell me about the new way of getting oil from the core36 how did the woman know about the proc esses she describes?Well, mind if I talk about some of in my c lass today.37 in the proc ess described by the woman, w hy is the c ore burned?I think sinc e about the c ore is be set on air and blasted w ith the mixture skim and oxygen, these processes produc e the gas made of hydrogen and oxygen.38 w hat does the woman mention as a disadvantage of the proc ess she describe?I doubt it. Prof says something about the price that is not been economic al enough to use in this country.Part C39-42 a part of talk in the music c lass, the Prof is disc ussing a music al theater production39 w hat is the talk mainly about?It may seems strange that we discuss for the Broadw ay produc tion in the c lass, the Lion King espec ially, sinc e it is the base of popular how it is movie40 w hat c an be inferred about the host of the music the students have studied in the course? Suc h as……, music developed outside the west in tradition, in European and Americ a41 w hy were Afric an w ords in some songs for the Lion King?The story take plac e in Afric a, so the some composers who write song distinctly Afric a songs 42 w hat w ill the Prof probably talk about next?Music based on the Indonesia music is sorter part of theater version.43-46 a part of talk in the c lass on the history assignment43 w hat is the talk mainly about?古希腊人是怎么判断地球是圆的44 acc ording to Prof, what is the… based on?观察。

2000年1月阅读解析第一篇

使用说明：本系列旧托福阅读（2000年——2005年）真题解析，每篇文章分为四个部分。

第一部分为原文，其中绿色背景表示的单词或短语如Philadelphia，是文中的生词，在最后会有生词解析；用蓝灰色背景表示的单词或短语如hinterland，是会在题目中出现的词；用淡黄色背景标识出的句子是文中较难理解的句子，在旁边方框里给出了注释。

第二部分是对于本篇文章的每道题的题目解析。

第三部分是原文的中文翻译。

第四部分是文中的生词难词整理。

2000Line(5)(10)Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the(15)differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in (20)addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth.cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the(25)capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the题目解析：1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia解析：根据文章首句As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland.可以得知本文主要讲的是费城作为贸易中心的发展历程，本题正确选项为B。

00年1月详解

• • • • •
at a loss 不知所措； on the ropes 岌岌可危； take sth. for granted 认为理所当然； quick-witted 机智的； think-tank 智囊团。
• ①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.
▲attribute... to...将……归功或归咎于……。 • △yield to是“向……屈服”，即“被取代”。
• executive （执行的；执行官）可看作 • exe+cut+ive，exe即“可执行文件”后缀名，cut切，-ive后缀， • “执行(exe)官的任务是——如果你不听话，就把你cut掉”。 • CEO
• • • •
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
impetus（n.推动；推动力） manifest （明白的；v.表明） withdraw（v.撤销；缩回；提取） ←with+draw，with-(=back, against)，draw 拉，“拉回来”。 • restructure （v.重组）←re+structure，re再=again，structure（v.n.构造）。 • yield to是“向……屈服”，即“被取代”。
• handicap （v.阻碍；使不利） • ←hand+i(n)+cap， • 据说源自古代一种赌博：将罚金置于帽子里，手进入帽子抽签，抽中者处不利地位。 • cultural handicap 文化障碍； • language handicap 语言障碍。