如何写英语论文摘要

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毕业论文英文摘要格式（共10篇）

毕业论文英文摘要格式(共10篇)篇一:毕业论文英文摘要格式毕业论文摘要英文翻译求助我正在写毕业论文,要写英文摘要,就是把中文摘要翻译成英文,因为我英文不太好.自己已翻译一次,希望高手能帮我翻译一下,谢谢大家.！摘要内容如下：农村居民点土地整治是解决我国农村居民点用地浪费、居住环境差和增加耕地面积的重要措施，然而土地整治模式的选择和土地整治潜力分析与计算是农村居民点整治规划的基础。

本研究以赤峰市喀喇沁旗为例，以乡镇为单位，在社会经济条件和农村居民点用地调查分析的基础上，通过政策分析法、文献研究法对农村居民点整治的相关理论、政策和制度进行分析总结，并借助实地调研、GIS技术、统计分析等手段，从自然地理条件、社会经济条件以及土地利用结构等方面介绍浙江省吴兴区概况，并对喀喇沁旗农村居民点用地整治模式及整治潜力进行分析和测算，得到各镇农村居民点整治潜力及潜力系数。

将喀喇沁旗农村居民点整治模式划分为城镇化引领型模式、建设中心村模式、内部整治型模式和整搬迁型模式，并将整治模式具体落实到行政村。

关键词：农村居民点整治；整治潜力；整治模式；喀喇沁旗；土地整治规划翻译软件翻出来的你也要啊？Ruralresidentiallandreclamationistosolvethewasteofruralresidentialland,poorlivingenvironmentandtheimportantmeasurestoincrease theareaof cultivated land,butland management modechoiceandland reclamation potential analysis and calculation isthe foundation oftherural residential renovation plan.This studyinchifengcity kaLaQinQi, for example,inthevillages and towns,inthesocialand economicconditions andrural residential land,onthebasisof investigation and analysis, throughpolicy analysis, literature researchonrural residential renovation relatedtheory,policyandsystem analysis,andwiththeaidofon-the-spot investigation, statistical analysisandGIS,fromthenatural geographical conditions, socialeconomic conditions andlanduse structure in zhejiang province were introduced fromthe aspects suchasWuXing area,andthe kaLaQinQipatternsofruralresidentiallandregulationandcontrolpotential analysisandcalculation,fortownsofrural settlements renovation potentialandpotential coefficient.WillkaLaQinQiruralresidentialrenovationmodeisdividedintothemodelofurbanizationleadZhongXincunmode,constructiontype,。

英文摘要的时态、语态问题

英文摘要的时态、语态问题一、本文概述本文旨在探讨英文摘要写作中时态和语态的使用问题。

英文摘要作为学术论文的重要组成部分，其撰写质量直接关系到论文的国际传播和学术影响力。

在英文摘要中，正确的时态和语态使用能够清晰、准确地传达研究的核心内容和成果。

本文将首先简要介绍英文摘要的基本结构和功能，然后重点分析时态和语态在英文摘要中的应用，以及常见的错误和避免方法。

通过本文的阐述，读者将能够更好地掌握英文摘要写作中的时态和语态问题，提高英文摘要的撰写水平。

二、英文摘要的时态问题英文摘要的时态运用对于准确地传达研究内容和成果至关重要。

通常情况下，英文摘要主要使用一般现在时，因为摘要旨在描述研究的核心内容、方法、结果和结论，这些都是不受时间影响的客观事实。

例如，当描述研究方法时，可以使用“This study employed a quantitative approach to investigate…”（本研究采用定量方法调查…）。

在描述研究结果时，则可以使用“The results indicate that…”（结果表明…）。

然而，如果摘要中涉及到具体的研究过程或背景信息，可能需要使用其他时态。

例如，对于过去进行的研究活动，可以使用一般过去时，如“Previous studies have shown that…”（以前的研究已经表明…）。

对于未来的研究方向或建议，可以使用将来时，如“Future research could focus on…”（未来的研究可以集中在…）。

英文摘要中还应避免使用过于复杂的语态结构，以免增加读者的理解难度。

一般来说，主动语态更为常见且更直接，能够清晰地表达研究的主体和动作。

但在某些情况下，为了强调研究的对象或突出动作的承受者，也可以使用被动语态。

英文摘要的时态运用应根据具体语境和内容来选择，既要确保准确传达研究信息，又要考虑读者的阅读体验。

在撰写英文摘要时，作者应仔细考虑时态和语态的选择，以确保摘要的准确性和可读性。

英语论文摘要

英语论文摘要
英语论文摘要通常包括以下方面的内容：
1. 研究背景：简要介绍研究领域的背景和相关研究的现状。

2. 研究目的：说明研究的目的、目标或问题。

3. 研究方法：概述研究所采用的方法、实验设计或数据收集方式。

4. 研究结果：列出主要的研究结果或发现。

5. 结论/意义：总结研究的主要结论，并指出对学术领域或实
践的重要意义。

6. 展望：提出未来研究的方向或建议。

整体上，英语论文摘要应该清晰、简明地呈现研究的核心内容，以激发读者的兴趣，并使其能够快速了解论文的主要贡献和结论。

因此，摘要的内容应该具有逻辑连贯性，并尽量避免使用过多的专业术语和复杂的句式。

关于论文的英语摘要作文

关于论文的英语摘要作文标题，An Exemplary English Abstract on Academic Paper Writing。

Abstract:This essay serves as an in-depth exploration of academic paper writing, focusing on the pivotal component of the English abstract. By delving into the essential elements, structure, and strategies for crafting an effective abstract, this paper aims to equip readers with the necessary knowledge and skills to produce high-quality abstracts for their research papers. Drawing from the most downloaded samples available online, this essay provides comprehensive guidance and practical insights into the art of abstract writing in English. 。

Introduction:Academic paper writing is a fundamental aspect ofscholarly communication, enabling researchers todisseminate their findings and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in their respective fields. Within the realm of academic writing, the abstract plays a crucial role in summarizing the key points of a research paper and attracting potential readers. Despite its brevity, an effective abstract should encapsulate the essence of the study, entice readers to delve deeper into the paper, and adhere to specific conventions of language and style. Inthis essay, we will explore the intricacies of crafting an exemplary English abstract, drawing inspiration from the most widely downloaded samples available online.Key Elements of an Abstract:The first step in writing an exceptional abstract is understanding its key elements. A well-constructed abstract typically consists of four essential components: background, objective, methods, results, and conclusions. The background provides context by outlining the research problem or question, while the objective elucidates the purpose of the study. The methods section describes themethodology employed to address the research question, followed by a concise summary of the results and their implications. Finally, the conclusions highlight the significance of the findings and their potential implications for future research or practical applications.Structural Guidelines:In addition to incorporating the key elements, a well-written abstract should adhere to certain structural guidelines to ensure clarity and coherence. The abstract should be concise, typically ranging from 150 to 250 words, and written in a single paragraph. It should be informative yet succinct, avoiding unnecessary details or jargon that may obscure the main points. Furthermore, the abstract should follow a logical flow, moving seamlessly from the background to the objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. By adhering to these structural guidelines, writers can ensure that their abstracts effectively communicate the essence of their research to readers.Strategies for Effective Abstract Writing:Crafting an effective abstract requires careful attention to language, style, and presentation. To engage readers and convey the significance of the research,writers can employ various strategies, including the use of clear and concise language, active voice, and strategic placement of keywords. Additionally, writers should tailor the abstract to the intended audience, ensuring that it is accessible to both specialists and non-specialists in the field. By highlighting the novelty and significance of the findings, writers can capture the interest of readers and compel them to explore the full paper. Moreover, proofreading and editing are essential to ensure accuracy, coherence, and adherence to formatting guidelines.Conclusion:In conclusion, the English abstract is a vital component of academic paper writing, serving as a concise summary of the research and a gateway to the full paper. By incorporating the key elements, adhering to structural guidelines, and employing effective writing strategies,researchers can craft abstracts that effectively communicate the essence of their work and attract readers' attention. Drawing inspiration from the most downloaded samples available online, this essay has provided comprehensive guidance and practical insights into the art of abstract writing in English. By mastering the skills outlined in this essay, researchers can enhance the impact and visibility of their research in the academic community.This essay offers a comprehensive guide to writing an exemplary English abstract for academic papers, drawing inspiration from the most downloaded samples available online. It covers key elements, structural guidelines, and effective writing strategies, providing readers with the necessary knowledge and skills to craft high-quality abstracts for their research papers. Through careful attention to language, style, and presentation, researchers can create abstracts that effectively communicate the essence of their work and attract readers' attention. By mastering the art of abstract writing, researchers can enhance the impact and visibility of their research in the academic community.。

论文英文摘要格式

重庆科技学院高等教育自学考试本科毕业论文英文摘要Ⅱ 宋体五号 The Title of the thesis空一行 ABSTRACT Times New Roman 三号加粗，居中空一行Due to lack of effective ways to utilize the bottom ashes of circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFB ashes), it is difficult to use widely the advanced technology of circulating fluidized bed combustion and defulfurization. In this paper, the properties of the CFB ashes are systematically analyzed and then a series of methods are proposed to evaluate the reactivity of CFB ashes. Meanwhile, the factors influencing and the method activating the reactivity of CFB ashes, and the expansion properties are investigated experimentally. The spontaneous setting, and the mechanism of activation of reactivity of CFB ashes and its expansion are investigated by XRD and SEM. Finally, the utilization in building materials of CFB ashes is studied.The properties of CFB ashes show it is difficult to utilize CFB ashes in building materials, however reasonable using its properties is possible in building materials. As concrete fine aggregate, it can improve structure of interface between aggregates and cement paste for its reactivity, then can increase the concrete flexural strength. As concrete additive can fully activate the reactivity, and can partly compensate the concrete shrinkage. Because of performance of the fresh concrete and durability, it is better to use it with FA. They both influence performance of the fresh concrete. It can produce CFB ashes-fly ash mortar used indoors and CFB ashes-fly ash-clinker mortar used outdoors with low shrinkage by using the cement and expansion of CFB ashes. CFB ashes mixed with lime, FA or cement, can be used for roadbed mixture in road engineering. Keywords ： Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion, CFB Ashes, Reactivity, Expansion, Times New Rom 小四号Times New Roman 加粗小四号Times New Roman 小四号。

英语论文摘要的写法

• 1） Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息)．
• 2） Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用教学题ppt 目或题目的一部分)。12
• 摘要的作用：不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息；关键的创新点、结果和意义。
• 摘要应包含以下内容：
①研究的主要内容，指明采用怎样的方法完成了哪些工作；
②获得的基本结论和新见解。
• 摘要必须十分简炼，内容亦需充分概括，一般不超出 300字。但英文摘要提倡扩展。
教学ppt
3
摘要的注意事项
➢ 应该用第三人称； ➢ 不加注释和评论； ➢ 不宜举例，不用引文； ➢ 不宜与其它研究工作比较； ➢ 不应用图表、公式、化学结构式等； ➢ 摘要中第一句话的注语，如“本文－－－”、“作
教学ppt
7
关键词
• 关键词是为了文献索引工作而从论文中选取出来、用以表示全文主要信息单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3-5个词作为关键词。
• 关键词应该是能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇，这些信息或词汇可以从论文标题中选，也可从论文内容中去找。
• 关键词的作用： 1）提炼主题； 2）方便他人检索，提高检索效率和论文引用率。
• Key words: lexical variation; lexical sophistication; lexical error • 中图分类号:H319 文献标识码:B 文章编号:1004-
5112(2010)01-0040-07

英语论文摘要怎么写

英语论文摘要怎么写，并附上范例一则，希望对大家的英语论文摘要写作有所帮助。

英语专业本科毕业论文论文摘要格式中英文摘要对应，内容要基本保持一致;中文在前，英文在后。

字数为300-500字左右。

1.中文摘要①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)②下空一行居中打印摘要二字(宋体小四号加粗)，字间空一字符。

③摘要二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。

④摘要内容后下空一行打印关键词三字(宋体小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个，宋体小四号)，各关键词之间用逗号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

2.英文摘要①首行居中打印论文英文标题(Times New Roman四号加粗)②下空一行居中打印英文单词Abstract (Times New Roman 小四号加粗)。

③下空一行打印摘要内容(Times New Roman小四，1.5倍行距，两端对齐)④摘要内容后下空一行打印Key Words ( Times New Roman 小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词，Times New Roman小四号)。

除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写。

各关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。

⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。

Self-Knowledge of Emma(空1行)Abstract(空1行)Emma lives in a quite simple environment. When she is a little child, her mother dies and she is spoiled by her father. Having such a background, Emma is dominant, aggressive and imaginative. After she experiences the two major affairs in her life----the relationship with Harriet and her emotion towards Mr. Knightley, she realizes her own faults and acquires self-knowledge of both moral faults and emotion.After Emma fails to be a match-maker of Harriet and Mr. Knightley, she comes to know that feelings can not be imagined and that she should not force her own idea on others mind. And this is the very beginning of Emma s self-knowledge.(空1行)Key Words: Emma; characters; match-making; self-knowledge范例：A Brief Discussion on Cultural Difference between Chinese and EnglishAbstractWord is the product of society,which is the history of mankind and which is the crystallization of history and culture.It embodied a nation's social consciousness from generation to generation, history, culture, and other areas all the features of human society. The essence of which is dependent because of their different cultural background, language background and traditional factors above. chinese and english are quite different.such as mode of living,values,atandard of behavior,formality,customs. Language is is both the carrier and the product of culture, the cultural enrichment of information is an important part ofculture, Language reflects the culture of development and changes, but also a direct reflection of the cultural differences.As we all know china and english has different cultural atmosphere .china has a long history and rich culture. English in the contemporary world political, economic, cultural and other fields to play with temporary no other language can replace the role of English in a number of countries in addition to the mother tongue but also as a second language or foreign language in common use in many countries. As a symbol system, English is a kind of language, on their use, in today's world there are all sorts of English and English is in fact the name of a simple terms, we can not hope that justice Literal It is a single, homogeneous phenomenon it is all around the world and under different circumstances the use of the many variants of the English pool. However, due to geographical, historical, cultural, and social customs of different factors such as the impact of today's visit to English furniture has evolved into a wider impact on the two variants of the worldwide English, which is British English and American English. With the development of their own language, their own characteristics of the formation, and there are differences between. In American English and British English, is concernedabout the characteristics of the norms word. In this paper, the British and American English in origin and development of a simple introduction, the United Kingdom and the United States in terms of language study and to explore differences in the two English-speaking characteristics and differences, the right to express and enrich the relevant knowledge of English, improve application English ability.Key word: dependent; culture; atmosphere中西方文化差异摘要词是社会的的结晶，是人类历史和文化的结晶。

英语专业学术论文写作：摘要

英语专业学术论⽂写作：摘要学术论⽂写作：摘要⼀、摘要的写作⽬的和结构要素摘要简要地概述论⽂的内容, 拥有与正⽂同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全⽂，就能获得必要的信息。

其结构要素是：(1) 主题阐述（Topic specification）；(2) 研究⽬的陈述（Purpose statement）；(3) 理论指导（Theory/Perspective）(3) 研究⽅法(Methodology and Data)；(4) 研究结果/发现（Results/Findings）；(5) 研究结论/启⽰（Conclusions/Implications）。

练习1：就结构要素评析下⾯4个摘要（为判断⽅便，列汉语标题）Sample 11. Introduction2. Translation Activity in New Century2.1Definition and Purpose of Translation Activity2.2 Translation Activity under the Background of Cross-culture Communication2.2.1The Trend of Cross-culture Communication2.2.2 New Requirements for Translation Activity3. The Trend of Cross-culture Communication3.1 Definitions of Cultural Symbols3.2 The Formation of Characteristic Cultural Symbols3.3Main Categories of Cultural Symbols4. Strategy in Dealing with Cultural Symbols Translation4.1 Comparison between Domestication and Foreignization4.2 Nida Eugene. A and Dynamic Equivalence Translation4.3 Translation Studies School and Foreignization4.4 Two Strategies in Text Analysis5. Conclusion1. Introduction2. The Rhetorical Motivation in Trade Name2.1 Rational Needs and Rational Needs2.1.1 Rational Needs2.1.2 Emotional Needs2.2 Cultural Factors2.2.1 Ethnic Culture2.2.2 Regional Culture2.2.3 Religious Culture2.2.4 Culture of Place and Person3. The Rhetorical Approaches to Trade Name 3.1 Homophone3.1.1 Homophone in Chinese3.1.2 Homophone between Chinese and English 3.1.3 Homophone in English3.2 Onomatopoeia3.2.1 Emotional onomatopoeia3.2.2 Rational onomatopoeia3.3 Rhyme3.3.1 Alliteration3.3.2 The Ending of Lines of Verse3.3.3 Assonance3.4 Reduplicated Sound4. The Translation of Trade Names4.1 Transliteration4.2 Variant Translation4.3 Phonological and Semantic Combination5. Conclusion附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1 Rational and Objective of the Study1.2 Organization of the Paper2.Theoretical Foundation of Verbal Irony Study: A Pragmatic Approach2.1 Description of Verbal Irony2.2 Gricean Perspectives—Irony as Conversational Implicature2.3 Post-Gricean perspective—Irony as Echoic Mentioning3. Verbal Irony and the Responses in Public Debate3.1 Assumptions and Expectations3.2 Introduction to American Public Presidential Debate (APPD) and the Debate Extract Analyzed3.3 Analysis Based on EMT4. Conclusion4.1 Findings in EMT Application—Uncertainty4.1.1 Uncertainty in Identifying Verbal Irony4.1.2 Uncertainty in Justifying the Working Mechanism4.2 Tentative Suggestion—Pragmatics with Lights from the Rhetorical Perspective 4.3 Last Remarks附：该论⽂⽬录CONTENTS1. Introduction1.1Rationale1.2 Literature Review1.3 The Organization of the Thesis2. Theoretical F oundations of D omestication and F oreignization2.1 Domestication and Foreignization2.1.1 Definitions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2 Functions of Domestication and Foreignization2.1.2.1 Function of Domestication2.1.2.2 Function of Foreignization2.2 Political News2.2.1 Definition of Political News2.2.2 The Stylistic Features of Political News and Translated PoliticalNews3. Domestication and F oreignization in the T ranslation of P olitical N ews3.1 The Uniqueness of Domestication and Foreignizationin the Translation of Political News3.2 Three Factors Influencing the Choice of Domestication and Foreignization3.2.1 The Translator’s Subjective Factors3.2.2 The Reader3.2.3 The Political Ideology3.3 The Balance of Domestication and Foreignization4. Conclusion⼆、内容的注意事项1. 不要写成⽂献综述（?Sample 1）, 也不要说⼈所共知的话(? sample 5)2. 以上结构要素要有具体内容，不要空洞练习2：下⽂是从语⽤顺应理论出发对商务信函写作（sample 5）和商标翻译(Sample 6) 进⾏的研究, 请你（1）删掉⽆关的内容，（2）核对结构要素，（3）并判断哪个内容具体。

论文季Howtowriteanabstract如何写英文摘要

论文季Howtowriteanabstract如何写英文摘要Write an Abstract如何写英文摘要春暖花开，又到了写论文的季节。

没有时间踏青？还在为论文苦恼？本期我们就一起来学习一下如何写英文摘要吧！在这个春天，我们一起做灿烂的学术宅什么是摘要 What is an abstract?An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper or entire thesis.摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。

为什么要写摘要 Why write an abstract?Selection: Abstracts allow readers who may beinterested in the paper to quickly decide whether it is relevant to their purposes and whether they need to read the whole paper.Indexing: Most academic journal databases accessed through the library enable you to search abstracts. This allows for quick retrieval by users. Abstracts must incorporate the key terms that a potential researcher would use to search.允许读者进行快速筛选，检索，通过题目，关键词等方法判断他们是否需要阅读整篇文章。

What to include in an abstract1Reasons for WritingThe importance of the research and why would readers be interested in this large work?首先，摘要中应该包含本篇论文的重要性，言简意赅阐述清楚写作目的。

如何写英语论文摘要

如何写英语论文摘要
在撰写一个英语论文的摘要时，有几个关键要点需要考虑，以确保摘要的质量和信息量。

以下是撰写英语论文摘要的六个步骤。

1.确定摘要的类型：
-描述性摘要：简要概述论文的主要内容和结论。

-说明性摘要：除了提供主要内容和结论外，还解释研究的意义和方法。

-评论性摘要：除了提供主要内容和结论外，还对论文进行评估和批判。

2.单独撰写摘要：
摘要应该是一个独立的部分，不应与论文的其他部分混淆。

即使读者只阅读摘要，也应该能够理解论文的主要内容和结论。

3.按照一定的结构撰写：
摘要应该包括以下几个部分：
-引言：介绍研究的背景和目的。

-方法：简要描述研究所用的方法和研究对象。

-结果：总结研究的主要结果。

-讨论：讨论研究结果的意义和可能的局限性。

-结论：阐述研究的主要结论。

4.保持简洁：
摘要应该尽量精炼、简明扼要地表达论文的主要内容。

避免冗长的插入语和过多的细节。

5.不要引用：
6.仔细校对：
在撰写完摘要后，仔细校对并检查语法、拼写和语句结构。

确保摘要的清晰、准确和流畅。

总之，在撰写英语论文摘要时，应该多花时间思考和规划摘要的结构和内容。

通过提供简明的综述和清晰的结论，摘要应该能够吸引读者并引起他们对论文的兴趣。

2019年英文摘要的论文范文

英文摘要的论文范文有了英文摘要便方便了国际间的交流，取长补短，共同进步。

下面准备了几篇英文摘要的论文范文，欢迎欣赏!英文摘要的论文范文一Fortheviolationoflegitimaterightsandinterestsofconsumersava rietyofoffenses,howtoprovideforthecorrespondinglegalrespons ibilitiesandhowthelegalliabilitysystemreflectedthespecialpr otectionofconsumersshouldbe"ConsumerProtectionLaw"keysolved alegalissue.Tosolvethislegalproblem,itisnecessarytofurtherestablishareg ulatedmarketoperatingordertoprotectlegitimateinterestsofcon sumersandimprovingthelegalliabilitysystem.Ontheonehandistoestablishalegalsystemtheconceptofprotection ofconsumers;theotherhand,istoimproveconsumerprotectionlegalliabilitysys tem.对于侵犯消费者合法权益的各种违法行为，如何规定相应的法律责任以及在法律责任制度中如何体现对消费者的特别保护，应是《消费者权益保护法》重点解决好的一个法律问题。

要解决好这一法律性问题，就必须进一步建立起规范的市场经营秩序和完善保护消费者合法权益的法律责任制度。

一方面是建立消费者的法律体系保护观念;另一方面是完善消费者权益保护的法律责任制度。

英文摘要的论文范文二Titaniumore,electedfrommagiteorTitanmagite,iswidelyusedasth erawmaterialintheproductionoftitaniumdioxide.Titaniumqualit yanditsyieldconstraintsisoftenthebottleneckinthetitaniumind ustry.Thus,wecannotblindlyconsumealargeamountofcapitaltomaintaino rimproveitsqualityandyield.Thispapermakesanattempttoexplore sandoptimizethedevelopmentofthetitaniumindustry,throughinsi deandoutsideobservationandassociation.Inthispaper,flotation testsareconductedtoparetheoriginalpulptitaniumorewithPolyac rylamideandthatwithoutontheconcentrategradeyieldoftitaniumc oncentrates.Inthisprocess,theconsumptionofdrugs,therecoveryrateof,equip mentutilization,theamountandcostofpolyacrylamide(PAM)areall consideredtodeterminewhetheritisaptimizationprogramtoaddPol yacrylamidetotheoriginalflotationpulpoftitaniumore.Finally,wereachaconclusionthroughrelevantdata.Intheexperime ntalprocess,inprinciple,wedonotchangetheoriginalflotationprocessandtherelevantparam eters.Keywords:Titaniumore;Flotation;Polyacrylamide;quality;yield 英文摘要的论文范文三【ABSTRACT】Withthedeepeningoftheglobalization,newshasbeeanimportantpar tofinformationmunicationbetweendifferentcountries.WhetherEnglishnewstranslationisaccurateornotmaydirectlyaffe ctthequalityofourmunicationwithothercountries.InEnglishnews reportdiscourse,theuseofmetaphorexpressionsbeemoreandmore.DuetoEnglishnewsandotherstylisticdifferences,aswellastheEng lishandChineselanguages,ethnicdifferencesinideologyinthepro cessofcross-culturalmunication,makethetranslationofEnglishn ews,especiallyEnglishnewstranslationofmetaphorputforwardgreatch allengetotranslators.SohowtotranslatethemetaphorintheEnglis hnewsisthemutualconcernproblemfortranslationtheoristsandpra ctitionerstodiscuss,therefore,thispaperattemptstofromtheperspectiveofNida'sfunctionalequi valencetheorytodiscussthetranslationofmetaphorinEnglishnews .TheapplicationofmetaphorinEnglishnewsmakeseventsmoredistinc tandvivid,andalsomakeiteasierforEnglishreaderstoprehendandu nderstandthenewscontents.However,duetothedifferencesinEnglishandChineselanguages,the useofmetaphorsinEnglishnewsincreasesthedifficultyoftranslat ion.ThisarticleattemptsfromtheperspectiveofNida'sfunctionalequivalencetheorytodiscussthetranslationofmetaphorinEnglish news,inordertomakeChinesereadersbetterunderstandthesameresponsea ndsenseofbeautyandmeaningofmetaphorsinEnglishnewsastheorigi nalreaders.metaphorRhetoricisnotsimpleoftranslationintoChineseinEnglis hnewsfromtheliteraltransformation,althoughsomerhetoricorare totallythesameinformandcontent,whilethisisjustafew.ThereareculturaldifferencesinEnglishandChineselanguages,inf luencedbydifferentcultures.People'swayofthinkingandexpressi onhavedifferencesinevitably.Whenthetranslatorshouldfirstlyc onsciouslypondertheintentionoftheauthor,digthedeepmeaninghiddenbehindthemetaphorrhetoricofbackgroun d.Underthefunctionalequivalencetheoryregardthetranslatorast heguidance,conformtothelanguagehabitsofthetargetlanguagerea ders,makeChinesereaderscanbetterunderstandthetranslationofm etaphorinEnglishnews.KEYWORD：Englishnews;metaphor;functionalequivalencetheory;translation【中文摘要】随着全球化的深入，新闻成为不同国家之间交流的重要部分。

论文英文摘要写法

2
作者姓名与作者单位英译 1) 作者姓名中国作者的汉语拼音名字采用如下拼写方法：姓前名后，中间为空格，姓氏的全部字母均大写，复姓连写，名字的首字母大写，名字不缩写。如：ZHANG Zeduan SHANGGUAN Xuzhi
英语国家的作者，采用名前姓后的形式，
其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的罗马字母拼法拼写。
论文摘要写作
I：Introduction

英文摘要的构成摘要是原始文献(一次文献)的浓缩和代表,它本身给读者一个信息, 即该文献所包含的主要概念和讨论的主要问题,帮助读者决定此论文是否有用。由于英文摘要与中文摘要面向不同读者,所以对英文摘要要求较高的完整性,即读者不看中文原始文献,只读英文摘要就能对论文有较完整的了解。它包括介绍性内容和描述性信息,相对独立于正文。
（2）一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时
刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查等)。例如:The heat-pulse technique was applied to study the sternsapflow(树干液流) of two main deciduous broad-leaved tree species in July and August ,1996。需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程,也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
4
) 大小写科技论文英文摘要标题中字母大小写的情况分三种： (1)全部字母均大写。 (2)开头字母以及每个实词首字母大写, 虚词小写。 (3) 开头第一个字母和专有名词大写, 其余均小写。目前第2种形式较为普遍,第3种的使用似有增多趋势。

毕业论文英语摘要

毕业论文英语摘要关于《毕业论文英语摘要》，是我们特意为大家整理的，希望对大家有所帮助。

AbstractDuring the foreign language-learning, reading comprehension plays an important role of the four basiclearning skills. It is not only one of the standards to evaluate （the）whether the proficiency of Englishcomprehension is high. In the 1970s, Flavell put forward the concept the meta-cognitive, which couldstimulate many of the researchers to do the research. And it is also a heated topic in the fields of psychology,pedagogic, and linguistics. Accomplishing the reading task, the reader need combine their knowledge withtextual knowledge in the process of the planning, monitoring and evaluating. During the process, Onlythereaders actively can plan,regulate and evaluate as well as adopt proper strategies can they tackle the readingproblems efficiently. Therefore, meta-cognition plays an important role in accomplishing the readingcomprehension for those English learners.Through one year teaching experience for college students majoring in Art for nationalities, the authorfinds out that the proficiency of English of Art major students has the common character that is poor in basicskills, low activity and bad attitude, etc. Furthermore, most of them in English learning have no plans, andthey even do not know how to learn effectively. Some of the results are concluded by the factor that is loss ofthe effective strategies, such as, meta-cognitive strategies and other learning strategies. Therefore, accordingto the condition, the author bases on the meta-cognitive theory and take the two classes students majoringArt in Art college in Grade 2012 of Northwest University for Nationalities for example. And the authorconducted the meta-cognitive strategies training on them and the training content includes planning,monitoring and evaluating strategies. Meanwhile, through the training program, some of the questions willbe asked and answered: 1）Can the implication of the Meta-cognitivestrategy training improve the attitudetoward English reading comprehension of Art major students in Nationalities? 2）Can the implication of themeta-cognitive strategies improve the proficiency of English learning comprehension of Art major studentsin Nationalities? During the research, the author also adopts the questionnaire and reading test to get the data,which are analyzed by the SPSS. 17.0. Seventy-five students majoring Art participate in the experiment. Afterthe comparison between the T-test and paired sample test of the pre-experiment questionnaire andpost-experiment questionnaire, it indicates that the meta-cognitive awareness and learning attitude of EC andCC have improved a lot, but as for the comparison between the EC and CC, their awareness meta-cognitivestrategies have no significant differences. Then these students are required to have the reading test. Thecomparison between the T-test and Paired sample test has proved that the English reading comprehensionproficiency of EC and CC have made big progress individually. However, the comparison between the ECand CC shows that they have no significant changes.Accordingly, the author can conclude that meta-cognitivestrategies have no significant differences forimproving the English reading comprehension of Art major students of Northwest University forNationalities. As for the above conclusion, we can indicate that meta-cognitive strategies are supposed to addto the class for Art major students little by little, because most of them are unsuccessful English learners. Ofcourse, the author suggests that teacher may teach a small part of students how to use the meta- cognitivestrategies, but the teacher should make sure that the proficiency of English reading comprehension of thesesmall part of students is best of the class. At last, the thesis talks about the reason why meta- cognitivestrategies have no significant differences for Art major students of Northwest University for Nationalities.Then the author also gives the limitations and suggestions for further study.AbstractIn recent years, the South China Sea issue has become a hottopic, escalatingfrom bilateral disputes into the current situation of “six countries and eight parties”.Therefore, the issue has raised many concerns from the international community.China-Vietnam dispute over the South China Sea is particularly noticeable. Associalist countries, China and Vietnam have deep historical relations between them.We can even say that the China-Vietnam relations enjoy unique advantages. However,Vietnam has occupied most of the Chinese islands and reefs in the South China Sea.Different from other claimants in the South China Sea issue, Vietnam has declaredclaim to the entire Spratly and Paracel Islands, playing a leading role in the SouthChina Sea issue.Given the important influence of Vietnam on the South China Sea issue and theuniqueness of their bilateral relations, the China-Vietnam dispute has become themost complex dispute in the South China Sea issue; meanwhile, it is also a good pointto make abreakthrough from so as to solve the South China Sea issue. China andVietnam have successfully solved through bilateral consultations and negotiations theland border issue left over from the history. We have reasons to look forward to thepeaceful settlement of their dispute over the South China Sea issue.From the current perspective, the differences between China and Vietnam arevery big, and the United States and other outside powers have never stopped theirinterference in the South China Sea issue. Therefore, it will be difficult for China tosafeguard national interests in the South China Sea by peaceful means while ensuringsmooth relations with Vietnam. However, with China's comprehensive nationalstrength growing, the cost of interference for powers outside the region in the SouthChina Sea issue will be increasingly high, and the change in the balance of power willalso be in favor of China.The option of military means contains lots of risks, while the option ofinternational arbitration is undesirable. On this occasion, the present study holds thatthere remains a possiblypragmatic solution. This needs the non-interference of theUS on the China-Vietnam dispute. If China wants to reach this goal, China shouldtake the benefit-sharing with US to some content into full consideration. On this basis,China could regain its sovereignty over the Nansha islands through joint development,transfer of some economic benefits, increasing economic influence on Vietnameseeconomy, and widening the power gaps, etc.If China and Vietnam could successfully solve their maritime dispute, it wouldbe a very positive example to the final solution to the South China Sea issue.ABSTRACTPronunciation is an important criterion to test English proficiency. As the backboneof English phonetics, super-segmental factors play a key role in communication,realizing the functions of disambiguating, conveying information and expressing thespeaker's attitude. This study focuses on super-segmentalfeatures of senior Englishmajors in a public university in Zhejiang Province by means of ToBI labeling. Twentyeight senior English majors and three native English speakers are required to read aloudand record the same material. Five target sentences are extracted from each participant'srecording and with the help of PRAAT, the pitch contours of these five target sentencesread by each participant are produced, and after that, ToBI labeling is conducted.The super-segmental features are studied from the perspectives of prominence,phrasing and tunes. Results indicate Aat: （1）EFL learners use prominence morefrequently, but the distinction between prominent words and unprominent words are notquite obvious,which may blur the focus of information. （2）EFL learners tend tosegment the utterance into smaller chunks with fewer words in shorter time. （3）EFLlearners tend to use various types of tunes in the utterance but level and falling tones aretwo commonly used tune types. The pitch range of their tunes is narrow, withoutobvious undulations. Possible causes are negative transfer from mother tongue Chineseand a lack of phonetic knowledge.Pedagogical suggestions are made to improve phonetic instructions, i.e., increasingstudents' phonetic awareness, particularly their awareness of super-segmental features,and applying visual software to phonetic instructions. Limitations of andrecommendations for further studies are also presented.ABSTRACTDegree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.With the aid of AntConc 3.4.lw and based on the corpora of FROWN （TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English），FLOB （The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English）and CLEC （Chinese Learner English Corpus），the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosodybetween Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc 3.4.lw is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.The study has some implications for English language teaching, vocabularylearning, as well as the textbook and dictionary compiling.。

最强大的英文论文摘要模板句子 Abstract Appendix

Appendix 1 - ConcordancesFrequent patterns in the concordance of paper (cf. MB Abstracts)In this paper we provide a ranking of European economics institutionsWe se a unique enterprise level random survey of 150 firmsWe study the effect of certain types of public compulsory insuranceWe present a summary of recent microeconometric resultsWe study renegotiation in procurement auctionsWe develop a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium modelWe consider the organisation of international antitrust as an issueThe authors examine whether homeowning benefits childrenThe author investigates J.C. Harsanyi’s utilitarianism aggregationThe authors show that a non-cooperative game with a finite set ofThe authors analyse the impact of uncertainty on the level andThe author considers the principal multiple agents problemThe authors use an implementation approach to see whetherThe authors test the effectiveness of the arbitrage pricingThe authors study a large market in which sellers competeThe authors question the validity of using TFP growth rates as aThis paper reviews the literature discussing historical patterns in defenseThis paper reviews estimators for multiple regime selection models, which inThis paper reviews and appraises UNCED and outlines some of the developments The paper reviews some recent theoretical contributions on the modelizationThis paper reviews existing studies of the role of emerging market businessThe paper reviews the main findings on individual decision making underThis paper summarises a few useful methods, and shows how they can be suggests a plausible microstructural connection betweenThis paper reports new estimates of the elasticity of substitution betweenThis paper reports an experiment designed to separate these considerations,This paper reports on an empirical examination of this proposition, by linking This paper reports the first analysis of the structure of Russian cities after 70This paper reports quarterly ex ante forecasts of macroeconomic activity forThis paper reexamines the popular assumption that real estate commissions This paper reexamines the empirical evidence on the degree of spatial spillover This paper revisits the proposal to use options in corporate bankruptcy thatThis paper reconciles the different results by showing that they depend in large This paper reconciles some conflicting interpretations of recent literature onThis paper studies a broad class of infinite-horizon economies that areA large class of bounded-rationality, probabilistic learningThe welfare effect of foreign investment into an economyThe effects of regional integration on the location of labourThe simplest formulation of the general screening modelThree price-based policies for solid waste reduction: (1)The impact of profit sharing and bonus payment onThe relationship between the degree of regional integrationWhether the price charged to a competitor for the use ofThe provision of environmental quality inThe intertemporal allocation of funds through demandThe implications of buyer’s liquidity constraintsCoverage extension in a simple general equilibrium modelthe paper shows that integration may turn an honest country into an evadingThis paper shows how the model can be solved and the optimal escape clauseThis paper shows generic determinacy of equilibria for sender-receiver cheap-This paper shows that if, the consumption good production function is alpha-this paper shows that it can be characterized in terms of restrictions on playThis paper shows that asymmetric information between lenders and borrowerThis paper shows that additive purchasing power parity (PPP) methods, suchThis paper starts by discussing the goals that should guide the design ofThis paper uses a dynamic agency model to offer a resolution of theA precise formalism to state and prove the following result:Census evidence from mid-nineteenth century France to investi-Uses the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to provide some ofA simultaneous model of census tract population and employmentFirm level date to examine the effectiveness of agreementsThis paper provides a motivation for public involvement in internal improvement This paper provides evidence that the common factor restrictions (CFR) playthis paper provides an introduction and overview on the economics of international This paper provides a utility-theoretic interpretation of "Don't-Know" (DK)This paper provides an axiomatic basis for a representation of personal preferThe paper provides a theoretical insight into the causes of a recession and aThis paper provides a theoretical model of waste management which is dynamicThis paper provides a theory of diversification and financial structure of banksThis paper provides a simple model to discuss the financing of networkThe paper proposes a new method for computing these probabilities, andThis paper proposes a signaling model that offers a new perspective on whyThis paper proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the effects ofThis paper presents an approach to such multilateral bargaining problems. AThis paper presents a model of the beef sector of the Greek economy.The paper presents an overview of state trading activities in Russia in light ofThe paper presents a new social accounting matrix (SAM) for Argentina andThis paper presents a data system that gives consistent, complete and detailedThis paper presents a general equilibrium model of a multi-city economy whereThe paper presents a model which allows identification of long-run responseThis paper presents a simple game-theoretic model in which players decideThis paper presents new evidence concerning the importance of poor relief asThis paper presents the first attempt to explore recent changes in office-comThe following paper presents a simple neoclassical growth model where corruption isThis paper presents an amenity-based theory of location by income.This paper presents the results of a political stock market in the NetherlandsThis paper presents a simple model of the links between education, democracyThis paper presents an extension of the Alesina and Drazen (1991. AmericanThis paper offers a model of the allocation of funds in Chinese state-ownedthe paper offers insights into the transition from a socialist economy into aThe paper offers a refined version of the procedure, and it also responds toThis paper offers a counter-argument to Friedman's (In: Essays in PositiveThis paper offers a short survey of recent contributions about the information-This paper offers an alternative analysis that relates voting outcomes to theThe main conclusion of the paper is that the Italian depression, comparable to that of other The main finding of the paper is that the desirability of an electoral area between twoThe hypothesis examined in this paper is that the greater the investor's flexibility, the easier it is forThe aim of this paper is to evaluate whether structural change is a key element in accoThe contribution of this paper is to identify the presence of a profit-sharing system and an infor The purpose of this paper is to consider what determines the differences between the combi The purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of the composition of economic activity o The objective of this paper is threefold. First, to estimate the productivity performances realizA further distinguishing aspect of the paper is its attempt to incorporate the impact of unobservableThe purpose of the paper is to reconcile the willingness to pay technique as a means of coll The novelty of this paper is twofold. First, it defines a range of competition policy implemen The purpose of this paper is to assess the importance of spatial variability in physical param The aim of this paper is to construct theoretical models which help to shed light on theThe purpose of this paper is to explain empirical observations concerning the impact of exch The objective of this paper is to use input-output analysis to examine the resource allocation This paper investigates the empirical significance of underwriter reputation caThis paper investigates the knowledge that people have of the spatial distribuThe paper investigates one aspect of party governance, namely the allocatioThis paper investigates the relationship between agglomeration and specializThis paper investigates the impact on company behaviour of increases in finaThe paper investigates the optimal provision of public goods in the presenceThis paper investigates institutional reasons for the soft-budget constraint proThis paper investigates convergence for a group of seven countries during theThe paper investigates the impact of financial integration on asset return, risThis paper explores the possibility of using the classical concept of 'civil sociThis paper explores the hypothesis that high tax rates can distort the decisioThis paper explores two sets of potential determinants of this decision. Onethis paper explores the connections between the distribution of land, factorThis paper explores some relationships between promotion of competition anThe paper explains why bank loans and grants coexist with self-financing, wThis paper examines the effect of the MFC rules adopted by Medicaid on botThis paper examines the quantitative effects of the transitional system of valueThis paper examines the intertemporal optimal consumption and investment This paper examines an evolutionary model in which the primary source of This paper examines the access of small private-sector firms in Hungary toThis paper examines the relationship between community-level exposure to a This paper examines issues that senior human resource management execuThe paper examines a local public goods economy where individuals' tastes This paper examines the effects of age, occupation, population size of place The paper examines a large population analog of fictitious play in which play This paper examines how profit maximizing fishers respond to different types This paper examines incentive and valuation effects of debt financing on land This paper examines some general notions relating to the comparison of Cou This paper examines how a public wastewater treatment plant balances obje This paper examines the empirical validity of this explanation using data on o this paper examines to what extent licence contracts can internalize the bus This paper examines the impact of the various reform measures on the produ This paper examines the hypothesis of Harold Innis (1894¯1952) that there is this paper examines the roles of transportation policy and demographic chan This paper examines the spatial evolution of computers across 317 metro are This paper examines the implications of tax evasion for fiscal competition an This paper examines the argument that the availability of collateral rules out This paper examines the effects on technology transfer and spillovers derivin This paper examines the consequences of falling transport costs for intermed This paper examines the evolution of the role of income distribution in the pro This paper examines how the presence of a non-negligible fraction of reciproc This paper discusses some analytical and practical questions raised by MCI This paper discusses the structure of the individual AMT and examines the lo This short paper discusses recent insights of multitask agency theory. It considers The paper discusses the history of the plans beginning in the Soviet period, t This paper discusses some problems posed by foreign currency debt for em This paper develops an estimable model of recreation behavior in which the r This paper develops an econometric model that incorporates all three compo the paper develops a housing search model and measures the cost of discri This paper develops a general-equilibrium model of a system of core-peripher This paper develops a positive theory explaining pollution tax policy outcome This paper develops a model of price determination in insurance markets. Ins The paper develops conditions under which clusters of activity emerge. Auth This paper develops an analytical framework to assess these effects. Circum This paper develops a model of regulated open access resource exploitation. This paper develops and discusses a two-sector general equilibrium growth This paper develops a model of corporate hierarchy in which workers accumu This paper develops a model of the choice between bank and market finance This paper develops a dynamically consistent model of search, matching and This paper develops a particular technique for extracting market expectations This paper develops an interpretation of the Asian meltdown focused on mora This paper develops a model of an unregulated banking system based around This paper deals with t he problem by specifying an endogenous regime-switch This paper deals with c ompany expectations for l997 with regard to employment this paper deals with those two issues. It will be argued in favour of an anti-infThis paper considers how cooperative solutions to games of sharing fish reso This paper considers the 'weak announcement proofness' criterion of S. A. M the paper considers dynamic allocation in an altruistic overlapping generatio This paper considers model worlds in which there is a continuum of individual this paper considers Australia's post-July 1997 regulatory regime for telecom The paper considers international per capita output and its growth using a pa This paper considers the optimal selling mechanism for complementary item The paper considers economic processes that may lead to the consolidation This paper considers a school choice plan, open enrollment, that allows stud This paper considers interjurisdictional tax competition in a two-period model This paper considers the implications of the decision of the Australian Industr This paper considers a smooth and noisy version of the statistical prediction This paper considers a fixed normal-form game played among populations of This paper considers why firms often ban monetary exchange between their This paper considers bidding behavior in a repeated procurement auction sett The paper concludes by examining welfare issues. This paper examines ho The paper concludes by explaining the relationship between the options appr This paper compares Bertrand and Cournot equilibria in a differentiated duopo This paper compares four equilibrium business cycle models with increasing This paper compares the two societies which have encouraged the study of e This paper combines statistical with economic equilibrium analysis in the co This paper attempts to show how the International Bank for Reconstruction a This paper attempts an analysis of the impact of migration on the scale and The paper attempts to reconcile some views on the Piccione-Rubinstein abs This paper argues that the analysis of these games involves a key technical i This paper argues that successful states in the ancient world depended on th This paper argues that while both technological opportunity and appropriabilit This paper argues that the way fiscal redistribution has managed to countera This paper argues that the sign of external effects of coalition formation provi The paper argues that in centrist parties, the high congruence of interest bet This paper argues that risk is related to long-run volatility of income and there This paper argues that the liberalisation of foreign direct investment (FDI) has This paper argues that unemployment insurance increases labor productivity This paper analyzes competitive allocations of an exhaustible resource in an the paper analyzes the role of crises and foreign assistance in bringing abo The paper analyzes the highlights of the country's economic recovery, explor The paper analyzes the effects of central bank independence on the position The paper analyzes a simple discrete-time noncooperative coalititional barga This paper analyzes the formation of trading groups in a bilateral market wher This paper analyzes repeated games with private monitoring where in each p This paper analyzes the relationship between unemployment duration and th This paper analyzes D. Pearce's (1984) notion of extensive form rationalizabil This paper analyzes the theory that Soviet farm marketing was so price unre The paper analyzes the institutional conditions under which policymakers ca This paper analyzes the effects of information on participation and time-of-usThis paper analyzes the deadweight loss of delegated auditing in a three-tierThis paper analyzes the deadweight loss of delegated auditing in a three-tierThis paper analyzes the optimal interest rate policy in currency crises. FirmsThe paper analyses the welfare effects of these taxes as well as to what extThis paper analyses the employment effects of revenue-neutral green tax refo. This paper analyses the impact of modifying this assumption by allowing forThe paper analyses the switch from pay-as-you-go to funded pensions ¯ penThis paper analyses the decision by firms under Cournot oligopoly as to recoThis paper analyses the factors determining the scale and location of Japanethis paper addresses the effect of rent control laws on two groups considereIn addition, the paper addresses the effects of open enrollment on competition betweenthis paper addresses the formalization and implications of the hypothesis thThis paper addresses two general questions. First, what is the effect of markPurposeThe purpose of this paper is to consider what determines the differences between the combinations of financial and labour systems observed in some large market economies. The purpose of this paper is to consider the effect of the composition of economic activity on innovation.The purpose of this article is to explain the major changes made by the Basle Committee to its previous set of proposals (Basle Committee 1995) which were outlined in Hall 1995. The purpose of the paper is to reconcile the willingness to pay technique as a means of collecting information, put forward in earlier studies, with the growth theoretical approachto social acThe purpose of this study is to compare the performance of the public sector with that of the private sector for the various sub-sectors of manufacturing in Turkey. The purpose of this paper is to assess the importance of spatial variability in physical parameters in the design of efficient pollution regulations. The purpose of this paper is to explain empirical observations concerning the impact of exchange rate changes on industrial prices.Framework1 The optimum currency area analysis is reexamined in a Mundell¯Fleming framework withlocal-currency pricing.2 The authors consider Amartya Sen's familiar paradox of the Paretian liberal in a frameworkwhere individual rights are represented as a game form.3 Using a three-period framework, we provide approximate solutions for optimal consumptionchoices4 This paper proposes a conceptual framework to investigate the effects of central bankindependence, of the degree of centralization of wage bargaining and of the interaction betweenthose institutional variables, on real wages, unemployment and inflation,5 The present paper extends the standard framework to cover the case of labour-augmentingtechnological progress.6 This paper develops an analytical framework to assess these effects.7 This paper applies this framework to an exchange-rate escape clause but is unable to solvehis model given a triangular distribution of the supply shocks.8 In order to understand how self-fulfillment can be realized in a dynamic framework, theauthors investigate the relationship between9 Using this bargaining framework, the paper analyzes the role of crises and foreign assistancein bringing about a settlement to the distributional conflict.10 Nonconvexities are not fundamental in this framework.11 We use a framework that nests an increasing returns model of economic geography featuringhome market effects' with that of Heckscher¯Ohlin.12 We introduce a framework that has known models of oligopolistic competition withdifferentiated products (the circle, the logit, and the CES) as limit cases.13 the pros and cons of these different approaches within a coherent conceptual framework thatapplies contract theory to the regulation of banking.14 Conversely, it is shown in a general framework that any convex (thus progressive) taxfunction satisfies the principle of equal sacrifice.15 o show that the most important predictions of the standard theory hold in the general finiteframework studied here.16 In this framework, prescription drug discounts appear to make some consumers (those in themanaged care sector) better off and other consumers (those outside the managed care sector)worse off.17 This paper analyzes the theory that Soviet farm marketing was so price unresponsive that rapidindustrialization within the framework of the NEP would have been choked off by rising farm prices and inadequate sales.18 We first point out that the current framework of public international law allows for widediscretion in the assertion of jurisdiction.19 The analysis is carried out in the framework of a general equilibrium model of a mixedeconomy with production.20 We find that in this framework, much of the scope for conflict disappears.21 Although seldom modeled outside the monopolistic competition framework, marketincompleteness and imperfect competition are central to the new growth theories.22 A simple game-theoretic framework is applied to analyse international cooperation byfocusing on the prisoner's dilemma on the one hand and bargaining in the Coasian sense on theother.23 The model provides a simple theoretical framework in which the level of corruption as well asthe effects of corruption on income, consumption, and growth are identifiable.24 This is modeled in the context of a political economy framework in which social cohesionreduces wasteful rent seeking, and thus strengthens incentives for investment in human captial.25 recently demonstrated a potential conflict between stability and efficiency in this framework.26 Based on the principal¯agent framework I develop a simple model of policy loans, which aregranted by the government on non-market terms, to formalize this important bankingphenomenon in both China and other developing countries.27 The model serves as the framework for an econometric study of participation in theConservation Reserve Program by Northeastern landowners.28 In the absence of an institutional framework facilitating more dispersed ownership,29 Studies of optimal growth in a multisector framework are generally addressed in reduced-form models, defined by an indirect utility function which summarizes the consumer'spreferences and the technologies.30 Instead, an incentive framework and legal environment should be created for the majornongovernment creditors to initiate restructuring.31 The authors develop this conceptual framework and assess the findings from three studies ofmajor commercial banks undergoing privatisationResult in (Vb)1 Ruggiero et al- (1997) argue that the 'Pythagorean Theorem' is an inappropriate basis forevaluating baseball managers and has an illogical arithmetic property that can result in amanager's evaluation being dependent upon the strength of his team.2 Olewiler (1993 and 1995) describe a model in which some competition can result insuboptimal Nash equilibrium.3 Rather, they may result in the formation of a megalopolis that consists of large core cities thatare connected by an industrial belt, i.e., a continuum of cities, where economic activities aredispersed over an interval on the location space.4 Violation of (ii) may result in cyclical behaviour of actions on each sample path.5 Violation of (i) may result in an 'anything is possible' result: any stochastic process of actions isconsistent with maximizing behaviour and Bayesian updating.6 and how the soft-budget constraint problem creates conditions which may result in a financialcrisis.7 empirical finding suggests that the missing common factor restrictions may result in a quitedifferent and perhaps misleading inference.8 In our benchmark, small reductions in working time, starting from the laissez-faire equilibriumsolution, always result in a small increase in the equilibrium employment, while largerreductions reduce employment.9 a one unit increase in (subsidized) free parking will result in more than one additional parker,adding to neighbourhood spillovers.10 says that the Board believes that this bill would improve the efficiency and competitiveness ofthe financial services industry and result in better service to consumers11 programs converge to a fixed point or to a cycle of finite period, and hence result in theconservation of the resource.As a result1 some of these payments are made purely as a result of asymmetry in bargaining power and havenothing to do with2 increased parcel sizes would be associated with lower unit prices as a result of the concavity ofthe land price function.3 1.8 million defense-related jobs in the private sector would be lost as a result of the actual andproposed cuts in spending4 yields the corresponding consistent bankruptcy rule as a result of a unique outcome of Nashequilibria.5 As a result, international bodies such as the EU, ITU, OECD and WTO are6 As a result, his finding undermines the credibility of the existing conclusion7 As a result, Geary¯Khamis comparisons tend to underestimateResult (N)1 The main result states that if the payoff functions are semicontinuous and strong2 The main result of this study is that a financial constraint may serve as a discipli3 The main result obtained from the simulation of the theoretical model is that, alt4 The main result is that regional integration, in the form of a reduction in transport5 The main result is that if we take a certain order is greater than or equal to6 The main result is convergence with probability one to a fixed pattern of pure7 This result is consistent with suggestions that agricultural districts where t8 This result is obtained by using martingale techniques to reformulate the in9 This result is applied to game theory to obtain a natural interpretation of co10 This result is shown to be consistent with available evidence on working11 This result has implications for empirical work. Moreover, this negative effect13 However, the fundamental reason for this result has nothing to do with vintages; rather,14 This result follows the presumption that women are poorly motivated by15 An example shows that this result does not carry over to stationary stochastic environments.16 Their result is robust to a variety of specification tests. Using panel data15The importance of the result is exemplified by the graduate tax.16The result holds for a large class of consistent and monotone rules, including17The result does not come from an effect of instability on investment.Evidence1. New evidence is presented that reaffirms the predominance of local-currency pricing2. Evidence is found of local spatial externalities between university research and3. Evidence is presented that it was the Ford Motor Company that first develope4. Evidence is presented showing that job-finding probabilities of the unemployed5. First, detailed historical evidence is studied. Second, Innis's ideas are translated into aformal6. Evidence is lacking on the extent to which groups facilitate rent-seeking or7. Evidence is then presented showing that inflation is positively correlated with8. Evidence is also lacking on the extent to which groups hamper the future deve9. Furthermore, quantitative evidence is presented supporting the view that Federal Reserve10. Empirical evidence is found in favour of a stable long-run M2 money demand function11. Evidence from the French experience Thomas Piketty* CEPREMAP, 142 ru12. It provides evidence from British and German data that is consistent with this view.13. Evidence from industrial and developing countries: Francesco Giavazzi,14. This paper uses census evidence from mid-nineteenth century France to investigate howand to15. Insider power and wage setting in transition: Evidence from a panel of large Polish firms,16. The effects of wage distortions on the transition: Theory and evidence from China RogerH.17. Our evidence supports the finding that the social security system has substantially18. The evidence suggests that migration between industry and agriculture was quite19. I then argue that the existing evidence suggests that the performance effects of groupaffiliation20. The evidence suggests that five price series exhibit stochastic trends, while the21. Empirical evidence strongly supports this finding for industrialized countries and Europe22. Evidence shows that firms build their market position by accumulating knowledge23. However, other evidence shows that general training is financed by firms, especially in24. The evidence provides considerable support for the diversity thesis but little support25. The evidence provides ways for the People's Bank of China to improve the effective26. There exists evidence of a sizable shift of elderly households away from homeownership.27. The author finds strong evidence of MAR (Marshall-arrow-Romer) (own industry, orlocalization)28. The model is consistent with the empirical evidence of SOEs restructuring in transition29. We find strong evidence of significant dynamic own industry externalities for single plantfirm30. Evidence of superior forecasting skill would imply that U.S. monetary authorities31. found to provide strong evidence of local spillovers at the state level. At the MSA level, a32. and little evidence of urbanization-Jacobs-knowledge type externalities. Corporate plant。

论文英文摘要要求与格式

这些常用句型一开头就用一个很长的名词短语来突出题旨。这种句型看来头重脚轻,结构上不平衡,但它符合文摘直截了当、开门见山的要求,有突出中心的优点,因此在论文摘要中经常采用。
随后作者要用几个句子进一步叙述文章的具体内容,常用的句式有:
1.
The aim of this study is to . . . ; 2. The study of . . . is based on . . . ; 3. The idea of our method of measurement is to analyze . . . ; 4. Comparison of our result s with .
一般来讲论文英文标题应和汉语标题相对应，但是由于科技英语本身的特点，英文标题也不是汉语标题的机械对译。汉语标题中修饰语在前，中心词（Head word）一般在后。英语标题往往先提中心词，修饰语在后。如：论计算机集成制造系统的数据管理，On Data Management of Computer Integrated Manufacturing System; 公路两侧土壤铅污染研究 A Study on Lead Pollution Along the Highway.

4、注意词的搭配
由于语言习惯的差异 , 汉英两种语言在词的搭配方面不尽相同 , 如“开机器” , 英语为 start a machine ;“开车”,英语为drive a car 。汉译英时应注意其不同之处 , 切勿生搬硬套。关于这个问题,请看关于词语搭配的论述。如何搭配汉英两种语言在长期使用的过程中形成了各自的固定词组和搭配用法。这些比较固定的表达 , 有时可以逐词译出 , 有时则不行 , 勉强译出 , 不是词不达意,就是不符合英语的习惯。因此,翻译时尤其要注意两者的不同。

怎么写英语作文摘要带翻译

怎么写英语作文摘要带翻译标题，How to Write an English Essay Abstract with Translation。

Abstract: 。

Writing an effective English essay abstract requires a clear understanding of the essay's content and main points. Start by summarizing the key arguments and findings in a concise and coherent manner. Use clear and precise language, avoiding unnecessary details. Ensure that the abstract reflects the structure and focus of the essay accurately. Finally, provide a translated version of the abstract inthe desired language to make the essay accessible to awider audience.Introduction:Writing an English essay abstract is an essential skill for students and scholars alike. Whether you're summarizingyour own work or providing an overview of someone else's essay, a well-written abstract can help readers understand the main points of the essay quickly. In this essay, wewill discuss the key steps to writing an effective English essay abstract and provide examples to illustrate each point.Key Steps to Writing an English Essay Abstract:1. Understand the Essay Content:Before you can write an abstract, it's crucial to fully understand the content of the essay. This involves reading the essay carefully and identifying the main arguments, key findings, and supporting evidence. Take note of the essay's structure and the flow of ideas to ensure that your abstract accurately reflects the content.明白文章内容，在撰写摘要之前，充分理解文章的内容至关重要。

英语论文摘要格式规范标准

英语论文摘要格式规范标准英语论文摘要格式规范标准摘要是一份文献内容的准确压缩,不加解释或评论。

下面是小编为你整理的英语论文摘要格式规范标准，欢迎阅读。

【英语论文摘要格式规范标准】1 摘要的定义与三类摘要的写法国际标准ISO214-1976指出：摘要是一份文献内容的准确压缩,不加解释或评论。

中国国家标准规定：摘要是报告、论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。

摘要是读者判断论文价值，判断论文是否值得阅读的依据。

会议所征摘要是决定是否录用全文的依据。

写好摘要是科技人员写作所必备的基本功。

如果一篇内容价值较高的英语论文,其摘要写得平平淡淡，不能体现论文的特点和学术价值，将带来一系列不利影响：失去被刊载的机会，需要本文的读者不会阅读全文,从而失去应有的学术影响;对中文期刊论文而言,难以进入国际检索系统等。

摘要分为报道性摘要、指示性摘要、报道—指示性摘要、结构性摘要等种类。

学术期刊多采用报道性摘要，特别是试验研究和有定量数据的论文。

对新内容较少，或数据少的论文用指示性摘要或报道—指示性摘要。

摘要的内容一般由3部分组成：研究目的,研究方法,研究结果或结论。

中文摘要一般200-300字,外文摘要字数不超过250个实词。

摘要的详简程度和篇幅大小根据具体情况及要求而定，如期刊论文摘要、会议征稿摘要、博士学位论文摘要的差别很大。

期刊论文摘要通常位于署名和单位地址之后。

1.1 报道性摘要报道性摘要要求反映作者的主要成果,提供比较完整的`定量及定性信息。

篇幅一般为200-300字。

示例如下：示例1： (题名：BiSrCaCuO高温超导纤维)采用激光加热小基座法(LHPG)成功地制备出BiSrCaCuO超导纤维。

它性能稳定,工艺可重复性高。

纤维最大长度达60mm，直径范围35-500um，其中细径纤维有挠性。

超导纤维的起始转变温度为118K,零电阻温度为87K，临近电流密度为2.5kA/cm2 (77K,H=0,直流电流量)。

论文英文摘要范文

英语论文摘要seems like we need to do some copy plus translation work.the differences in manners and customs between Chinese and western cultures.done. run your spell check please. I didnt pay any attention about spelling and the numbers of words while typing. add some words of your major couses.good luck and best wishes.求论文英文摘要Keywords: Awareness of their homes; Customs; Life forms; Value of life求毕业论文英文摘要,请大虾帮忙啊范文1. 碧绿的大海里，鱼儿在自由自在地遨游；蔚蓝的天空下，鸟儿在无拘无束地鸣唱，青翠的草地上，花儿在争先恐后地开放……整个世界，显得那么生机盎然！生命是什么，生命是风的轻盈岁月，生命是雨的淋漓尽致，生命是有着许多合音的交响，生命是有着一颗感恩而快乐的心，生命是能够每日快乐洋溢的幸福。

生命给予了我们无限多的东西，我们唯一能回报生命的只有珍爱生命。

我们要学会珍惜生命，理解生存的意义，善待自己，善待他人。

现代社会中，各种各样不珍惜生命的行为很多，比如犯罪，吸毒等等，许多同学对于毒品的危害认识不足，只是表面上知道毒品不好，但是会有多大危害呢？会产生什么样的后果不是很清楚。

现在许多同学对于生命没有一个完整正确的认识，不知道生命的含义，对于死亡没有基本的恐惧和严肃的态度。

往往因为一点小事，动不动就拿死来威胁，产生轻生的想法，甚至有一些同学真的去做，这种行为给社会和家庭带来了很大的损失，这是极不负责任的行为。