chapter_02
02-2晶体结构参数
（a）
（b） （c） （d） 旋转反映轴的图解
（e）
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3. 群和群阶 晶格对称性的精确数学描述，采用群论的方法。 群的概念—— 群代表一组具有特殊运算规则的数学‚元素‛ 的集合，G {E, A ,B, C, D ……} ，这些‚元素‛被赋予一定 的‚乘法法则‛，群中元素的个数，称作群阶。群满足下列性 质：100] ⊥（100）
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立方晶系中的｛100｝、｛111｝晶面族
• 立方晶系中的｛100｝、｛111｝晶族
晶面族指数：用晶面族 中某个最简便的晶面指 数填在大括号{ } 。
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(5) 晶面间距 一般是晶面指数数值越小，其面间距较大，并且其阵点越密
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（2）对称面
概念：一个通过晶体中心的假想平面，能将晶体平分为 互为镜象的两个相等部分，以符号m表示。
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对称面的特点： ● 垂直于对称面作任意直线，位于直线两侧等距离的两点 是性质完全相同的对应点； ● 晶体中如果存在有对称面，则必定通过晶体的几何中心 并将晶体分为互成镜像反映的两个相同部分； ● 晶体上可没有对称面，也可有一个或几个m，最多有9 个，写作9m。
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A: [100] B: [111] C: [1 2 2]
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(4) 晶面指数的确定： 用（hkl）来表示一组平行晶面，称为晶面指数，数字hkl是 晶面在三个坐标轴上截距（r, s, t)倒数的互质整数比。 确定步骤： ● 按晶体定向原则进行晶体定向； ● 求待标晶面在X、Y、Z轴上的截距pa、qb、rc，得截距 系数p、q、r ； ● 取截距系数的倒数比1/p：1/q：1/r = h：k：l（为最小整 数比）； ● 写为(h k l)。
chap02
Purpose–thorough requirements analysis and structuring Deliverable–functional system specifications Analysis Analysis
Logical Design Physical Design
Planning
Analysis
Logical Design
Purpose–develop technology and organizational specifications Deliverable–program/data structures, technology purchases, organization redesigns
Database activity–Thorough and integrated conceptual data modeling
Implementation Maintenance
Chapter 2
18
Systems Development Life Cycle (see also Figures 2.4, 2.5) (cont.)
Chapter 2
4
Information Systems Architecture (ISA)
• Conceptual blueprint for organization’s desired information systems structure • Consists of
Chapter 2
Planning
Purpose–information requirements elicitation and structure Deliverable–detailed design specifications
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
2.1 How Speech Sounds Are Made? The Nasal Cavity（鼻腔）
●When the vocal cords are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is said to be voiceless. e.g. [p, s, t ] ●When they are close together, the airstreams cause them to vibrate and produces voiced sounds. e.g. [b, z, d] ●When they are totally closed, no air can pass between them, then produce the glottal stop [?]none in En.
2.1 How Speech Sounds Are Made? The Oral Cavity（口腔）
The oral cavity provides the greatest source of modification. Tongue: the most flexible Uvula, the teeth and the lips, Hard palate, soft palate (velum) Alveolar ridge: the rough, bony ridge immediately behind the upper teeth
H456运营管理-13_Case Analysis(1)
Case 01麦当劳抓住了快餐的要旨——快与餐（for chapter 01、02）梁女士拉着5岁女儿的手迈出了车门。
正要走进超市，孩子突然说“我要吃麦当劳！”梁女士下意识地看了一下表，现在还不到11点钟。
不到吃午餐的时间呀。
顺着女儿手指的方向，梁女士看到了麦当劳标志性的黄金双拱门标志。
这时，梁女士明白了，孩子一定是回忆起了上次在麦当劳儿童乐园的愉快经历。
麦当劳是总部设在美国的一家快餐连锁企业，提供以汉堡包食品为主的标准菜单。
自1955年雷•克洛克（Ray Kroc）开设第一家餐馆以来，麦当劳餐馆迅速向国内外扩张。
到目前为止，在121个国家拥有超过30 000家餐厅，每天为4 600万顾客提供服务。
麦当劳的愿景就是成为世界上最好的快餐厅。
其使命植根于以下三个方面：（1）成为全世界每个社区中的最佳雇主；（2）每家餐厅都为顾客提供最卓越的服务；（3）通过品牌扩张，借助创新及技术优势，实现利润的持久增长。
那么，麦当劳如何通过运营战略来兑现其使命和愿景呢？人们可能并不认为麦当劳提供的食物是世界上最好的，但都认为它是世界上最好的快餐店。
万变不离其宗，作为快餐，最为核心的一定是“快”与“餐”。
而麦当劳就牢牢地抓住了这两个要旨。
1、快假设中午你想到快餐店就餐，而不是去通常的饭店或自己烧菜。
最主要的动因是什么？那一定是想省点时间。
（1）一切从选址开始科学的选址加上醒目的标志让顾客很快就可以找到周围最近的麦当劳。
在你生活和工作的地区，你肯定知道离你最近的麦当劳在哪里。
当你到了一个陌生的城市，随便问一下周围的居民，他们准会指给你周围麦当劳的位置。
麦当劳在选址时主要考虑以下因素：1）居民的收入水平及消费习惯；2）已有餐饮网点的布局；3）大型商场或超市、娱乐场所的分布；4）大型企事业单位、住宅小区的分布；5）公交线路、人流量和停车场的面积；6）厨余垃圾处理的便利性；7）地价与房租；8）社区治安和消防。
事实上，经营餐饮的公司，都会考虑这些因素。
I_E_11e_Ch_02
CHAPTER 2—FOUNDATIONS OF MODERN TRADE THEORY: COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGEMULTIPLE CHOICE1. The mercantilists would have objected to:a. Export promotion policies initiated by the governmentb. The use of tariffs or quotas to restrict importsc. Trade policies designed to accumulate gold and other precious metalsd. International trade based on open marketsANS: D PTS: 12. Unlike the mercantilists, Adam Smith maintained that:a. Trade benefits one nation only at the expense of another nationb. Government control of trade leads to maximum economic welfarec. All nations can gain from free international traded. The world's output of goods must remain constant over timeANS: C PTS: 13. The trading principle formulated by Adam Smith maintained that:a. International prices are determined from the demand side of the marketb. Differences in resource endowments determine comparative advantagec. Differences in income levels govern world trade patternsd. Absolute cost differences determine the immediate basis for tradeANS: D PTS: 14. Unlike Adam Smith, David Ricardo's trading principle emphasizes the:a. Demand side of the marketb. Supply side of the marketc. Role of comparative costsd. Role of absolute costsANS: C PTS: 15. When a nation requires fewer resources than another nation to produce a product, the nation issaid to have a:a. Absolute advantage in the production of the productb. Comparative advantage in the production of the productc. Lower marginal rate of transformation for the productd. Lower opportunity cost of producing the productANS: A PTS: 16. According to the principle of comparative advantage, specialization and trade increase a nation'stotal output since:a. Resources are directed to their highest productivityb. The output of the nation's trading partner declinesc. The nation can produce outside of its production possibilities curved. The problem of unemployment is eliminatedANS: A PTS: 17. In a two-product, two-country world, international trade can lead to increases in:a. Consumer welfare only if output of both products is increasedb. Output of both products and consumer welfare in both countriesc. Total production of both products, but not consumer welfare in both countriesd. Consumer welfare in both countries, but not total production of both productsANS: B PTS: 18. As a result of international trade, specialization in production tends to be:a. Complete with constant costs--complete with increasing costsb. Complete with constant costs--incomplete with increasing costsc. Incomplete with constant costs--complete with increasing costsd. Incomplete with constant costs--incomplete with increasing costsANS: B PTS: 19. A nation that gains from trade will find its consumption point being located:a. Inside its production possibilities curveb. Along its production possibilities curvec. Outside its production possibilities curved. None of the aboveANS: C PTS: 1Table 2.1. Output Possibilities of the U.S. and the U.K.Output per Worker per dayCountry Tons of Steel TelevisionsUnited States 5 45United Kingdom 10 2010. Referring to Table 2.1, the United States has the absolute advantage in the production of:a. Steelb. Televisionsc. Both steel and televisionsd. Neither steel nor televisionsANS: C PTS: 111. Referring to Table 2.1, the United Kingdom has a comparative advantage in the production of:a. Steelb. Televisionsc. Both steel and televisionsd. Neither steel nor televisionsANS: A PTS: 112. Refer to Table 2.1. If trade opens up between the United States and the United Kingdom,American firms should specialize in producing:a. Steelb. Televisionsc. Both steel and televisionsd. Neither steel nor televisionsANS: B PTS: 113. Referring to Table 2.1, the opportunity cost of producing one ton of steel in the United States is:a. 3 televisionsb. 10 televisionsc. 20 televisionsd. 45 televisionsANS: A PTS: 114. Refer to Table 2.1. Mutually advantageous trade will occur between the United States and theUnited Kingdom so long as one ton of steel trades for:a. At least 1 television, but no more than 2 televisionsb. At least 2 televisions, but no more than 3 televisionsc. At least 3 televisions, but no more than 4 televisionsd. At least 4 televisions, but no more than 5 televisionsANS: B PTS: 115. Referring to Table 2.1, the United Kingdom gains most from trade if:a. 1 ton of steel trades for 2 televisionsb. 1 ton of steel trades for 3 televisionsc. 2 tons of steel trade for 4 televisionsd. 2 tons of steel trade for 5 televisionsANS: B PTS: 116. Concerning international trade restrictions, which of the following is false? Trade restrictions:a. Limit specialization and the division of laborb. Reduce the volume of trade and the gains from tradec. Cause nations to produce inside their production possibilities curvesd. May result in a country producing some of the product of its comparative disadvantageANS: C PTS: 117. If a production possibilities curve is bowed out (i.e., concave) in appearance, production occursunder conditions of:a. Constant opportunity costsb. Increasing opportunity costsc. Decreasing opportunity costsd. Zero opportunity costsANS: B PTS: 118. Increasing opportunity costs suggest that:a. Resources are not perfectly shiftable between the production of two goodsb. Resources are fully shiftable between the production of two goodsc. A country's production possibilities curve appears as a straight lined. A country's production possibilities curve is bowed inward (i.e., convex) in appearanceANS: A PTS: 119. The trading-triangle concept is used to indicate a nation's:a. Exports, marginal rate of transformation, terms of tradeb. Imports, terms of trade, marginal rate of transformationc. Marginal rate of transformation, imports, exportsd. Terms of trade, exports, importsANS: D PTS: 120. Assuming increasing cost conditions, trade between two countries would not be likely if theyhave:a. Identical demand conditions but different supply conditionsb. Identical supply conditions but different demand conditionsc. Different supply conditions and different demand conditionsd. Identical demand conditions and identical supply conditionsANS: D PTS: 1Table 2.2. Output possibilities for South Korea and JapanOutput per worker per dayCountry Tons of steel VCRsSouth Korea 80 40Japan 20 2021. Referring to Table 2.2, the opportunity cost of one VCR in Japan is:a. 1 ton of steelb. 2 tons of steelc. 3 tons of steeld. 4 tons of steelANS: A PTS: 122. Referring to Table 2.2, the opportunity cost of one VCR in South Korea is:a. 1/2 ton of steelb. 1 ton of steelc. 1 1/2 tons of steeld. 2 tons of steelANS: D PTS: 123. Refer to Table 2.2. According to the principle of absolute advantage, Japan should:a. Export steelb. Export VCRsc. Export steel and VCRsd. None of the above; there is no basis for gainful tradeANS: D PTS: 124. Refer to Table 2.2. According to the principle of comparative advantage:a. South Korea should export steelb. South Korea should export steel and VCRsc. Japan should export steeld. Japan should export steel and VCRsANS: A PTS: 125. Refer to Table 2.2. With international trade, what would be the maximum amount of steel thatSouth Korea would be willing to export to Japan in exchange for each VCR?a. 1/2 ton of steelb. 1 ton of steelc. 1-1/2 tons of steeld. 2 tons of steelANS: D PTS: 126. Refer to Table 2.2. With international trade, what would be the maximum number of VCRs thatJapan would be willing to export to South Korea in exchange for each ton of steel?a. 1 VCRb. 2 VCRsc. 3 VCRsd. 4 VCRsANS: A PTS: 127. The earliest statement of the principle of comparative advantage is associated with:a. Adam Smithb. David Ricardoc. Eli Heckscherd. Bertil OhlinANS: B PTS: 128. If Hong Kong and Taiwan had identical labor costs but were subject to increasing costs ofproduction:a. Trade would depend on differences in demand conditionsb. Trade would depend on economies of large-scale productionc. Trade would depend on the use of different currenciesd. There would be no basis for gainful tradeANS: A PTS: 129. If the international terms of trade settle at a level that is between each country's opportunity cost:a. There is no basis for gainful trade for either countryb. Both countries gain from tradec. Only one country gains from traded. One country gains and the other country loses from tradeANS: B PTS: 130. International trade is based on the notion that:a. Different currencies are an obstacle to international tradeb. Goods are more mobile internationally than are resourcesc. Resources are more mobile internationally than are goodsd. A country's exports should always exceed its importsANS: B PTS: 1Figure 2.1. Production Possibilities Schedule31. Referring to Figure 2.1, the relative cost of steel in terms of aluminum is:a. 4.0 tonsb. 2.0 tonsc. 0.5 tonsd. 0.25 tonsANS: C PTS: 132. Referring to Figure 2.1, the relative cost of aluminum in terms of steel is:a. 4.0 tonsb. 2.0 tonsc. 0.5 tonsd. 0.25 tonsANS: B PTS: 133. Refer to Figure 2.1. If the relative cost of steel were to rise, then the production possibilitiesschedule would:a. Become steeperb. Become flatterc. Shift inward in a parallel mannerd. Shift outward in a parallel mannerANS: A PTS: 134. Refer to Figure 2.1. If the relative cost of aluminum were to rise, then the production possibilitiesschedule would:a. Become steeperb. Become flatterc. Shift inward in a parallel mannerd. Shift outward in a parallel mannerANS: B PTS: 135. When a nation achieves autarky equilibrium:a. Input price equals final product priceb. Labor productivity equals the wage ratec. Imports equal exportsd. Production equals consumptionANS: D PTS: 136. When a nation is in autarky and maximizes its living standard, its consumption and productionpoints are:a. Along the production possibilities scheduleb. Above the production possibilities schedulec. Beneath the production possibilities scheduled. Any of the aboveANS: A PTS: 137. If Canada experiences increasing opportunity costs, its supply schedule of steel will be:a. Downward-slopingb. Upward-slopingc. Horizontald. VerticalANS: B PTS: 138. If Canada experiences constant opportunity costs, its supply schedule of steel will be:a. Downward-slopingb. Upward-slopingc. Horizontald. VerticalANS: C PTS: 139. The gains from international trade increase as:a. A nation consumes inside of its production possibilities scheduleb. A nation consumes along its production possibilities schedulec. The international terms of trade rises above the nation's autarky priced. The international terms of trade approaches the nation's autarky priceANS: C PTS: 140. In a two-country, two-product world, the statement "Japan enjoys a comparative advantage overFrance in steel relative to bicycles" is equivalent to:a. France having a comparative advantage over Japan in bicycles relative to steelb. France having a comparative disadvantage against Japan in bicycles and steelc. Japan having a comparative advantage over France in steel and bicyclesd. Japan having a comparative disadvantage against Japan in bicycles and steelANS: A PTS: 141. Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage was of limited real-world validity because it wasfounded on the:a. Labor theory of valueb. Capital theory of valuec. Land theory of valued. Entrepreneur theory of valueANS: A PTS: 142. Assume that labor is the only factor of production and that wages in the United States equal $20per hour while wages in the United Kingdom equal $10 per hour. Production costs would be lower in the United States than the United Kingdom if:a. U.S. labor productivity equaled 40 units per hour while U.K. labor productivity equaled 15units per hourb. U.S. labor productivity equaled 30 units per hour while U.K. labor productivity equaled 20units per hourc. U.S. labor productivity equaled 20 units per hour while U.K. labor productivity equaled 30units per hourd. U.S. labor productivity equaled 15 units per hour while U.K. labor productivity equaled 25units per hourANS: A PTS: 143. According to Ricardo, a country will have a comparative advantage in the product in which its:a. Labor productivity is relatively lowb. Labor productivity is relatively highc. Labor mobility is relatively lowd. Labor mobility is relatively highANS: B PTS: 144. The Ricardian model of comparative advantage is based on all of the following assumptionsexcept:a. Only two nations and two productsb. Product quality varies among nationsc. Labor is the only factor of productiond. Labor can move freely within a nationANS: B PTS: 145. The writings of G. MacDougall emphasized which of the following as an explanation of acountry's competitive position?a. National income levelsb. Relative endowments of natural resourcesc. Domestic tastes and preferencesd. Labor compensation and productivity levelsANS: D PTS: 146. The introduction of community indifference curves into our trading example focuses attention onthe nation's:a. Income levelb. Resource pricesc. Tastes and preferencesd. Productivity levelANS: C PTS: 147. Introducing indifference curves into our trade model permits us to determine:a. Where a nation chooses to locate along its production possibilities curve in autarkyb. The precise location of a nation's production possibilities curvec. Whether absolute cost or comparative cost conditions existd. The currency price of one product in terms of another productANS: A PTS: 148. In the absence of trade, a nation is in equilibrium where a community indifference curve:a. Lies above its production possibilities curveb. Is tangent to its production possibilities curvec. Intersects its production possibilities curved. Lies below its production possibilities curveANS: B PTS: 149. The use of indifference curves helps us determine the point:a. Along the terms-of-trade line a country will chooseb. Where a country maximizes its resource productivityc. At which a country ceases to become competitived. Where the marginal rate of transformation approaches zeroANS: A PTS: 150. With trade, a country will maximize its satisfaction when it:a. Moves to the highest possible indifference curveb. Forces the marginal rate of substitution to its lowest possible valuec. Consumes more of both goods than it does in autarkyd. Finds its marginal rate of substitution exceeding its marginal rate of transformationANS: A PTS: 151. Trade between two nations would not be possible if they have:a. Identical community indifference curves but different production possibilities curvesb. Identical production possibilities curves but different community indifference curvesc. Different production possibilities curves and different community indifference curvesd. Identical production possibilities curves and identical community indifference curvesANS: D PTS: 152. Given a two-country and two-product world, the United States would enjoy all the attainablegains from free trade with Canada if it:a. Trades at the U.S. rate of transformationb. Trades at the Canadian rate of transformationc. Specializes completely in the production of both goodsd. Specializes partially in the production of both goodsANS: B PTS: 153. John Stuart Mill's theory of reciprocal demand best applies when trading partners:a. Are of equal size and importance in the marketb. Produce under increasing cost conditionsc. Partially specialize in the production of commoditiesd. Have similar taste and preference levelsANS: A PTS: 154. The equilibrium prices and quantities established after trade are fully determinate if we know:a. The location of all countries' indifference curvesb. The shape of each country's production possibilities curvec. The comparative costs of each trading partnerd. The strength of world supply and demand for each goodANS: D PTS: 155. "The equilibrium relative commodity price at which trade takes place is determined by theconditions of demand and supply for each commodity in both nations. Other things being equal, the nation with the more intense demand for the other nation's exported good will gain less from trade than the nation with the less intense demand." This statement was first proposed by:a. Alfred Marshall with offer curve analysisb. John Stuart Mill with the theory of reciprocal demandc. Adam Smith with the theory of absolute advantaged. David Ricardo with the theory of comparative advantageANS: B PTS: 156. Which of the following terms-of-trade concepts is calculated by dividing the change in acountry's export price index by the change in its import price index between two points in time, multiplied by 100 to express the terms of trade in percentages?a. Commodity terms of tradeb. Marginal rate of transformationc. Marginal rate of substitutiond. Autarky price ratioANS: A PTS: 157. The best explanation of the gains from trade that David Ricardo could provide was to describeonly the outer limits within which the equilibrium terms of trade would fall. This is because Ricardo's theory did not recognize how market prices are influenced by:a. Demand conditionsb. Supply conditionsc. Business expectationsd. Profit patternsANS: A PTS: 158. Under free trade, Sweden enjoys all of the gains from trade with Holland if Sweden:a. Trades at Holland's rate of transformationb. Trades at Sweden's rate of transformationc. Specializes completely in the production of its export goodd. Specializes partially in the production of its export goodANS: A PTS: 159. Because the Ricardian trade theory recognized only how supply conditions influenceinternational prices, it could determine:a. The equilibrium terms of tradeb. The outer limits for the terms of tradec. Where a country chooses to locate along its production possibilities curved. Where a country chooses to locate along its trade triangleANS: B PTS: 160. The terms of trade is given by the prices:a. Paid for all goods imported by the home countryb. Received for all goods exported by the home countryc. Received for exports and paid for importsd. Of primary products as opposed to manufactured productsANS: C PTS: 1Table 2.3. Terms of TradeExport Price Index Import Price IndexCountry 1990 2004 1990 2004Mexico 100 220 100 200Sweden 100 160 100 150Spain 100 155 100 155France 100 170 100 230Denmark 100 120 100 12561. Referring to Table 2.3, which countries' terms of trade improved between 1990 and 2004?a. Mexico and Denmarkb. Sweden and Denmarkc. Sweden and Spaind. Mexico and SwedenANS: D PTS: 162. Referring to Table 2.3, which countries' terms of trade worsened between 1990 and 2004?a. Spain and Mexicob. Mexico and Francec. France and Denmarkd. Denmark and SwedenANS: C PTS: 163. Referring to Table 2.3, which country's terms of trade did not change between 1990 and 2004?a. Spainb. Swedenc. Franced. DenmarkANS: A PTS: 164. Given free trade, small nations tend to benefit the most from trade since they:a. Are more productive than their large trading partnersb. Are less productive than their large trading partnersc. Have demand preferences and income levels lower than their large trading partnersd. Enjoy terms of trade lying near the opportunity costs of their large trading partnersANS: D PTS: 165. A terms-of-trade index that equals 150 indicates that compared to the base year:a. It requires a greater output of domestic goods to obtain the same amount of foreign goodsb. It requires a lesser amount of domestic goods to obtain the same amount of foreign goodsc. The price of exports has risen from $100 to $150d. The price of imports has risen from $100 to $150ANS: B PTS: 166. A term-of-trade index that equals 90 indicates that compared to the base year:a. It requires a greater output of domestic goods to obtain the same amount of foreign goodsb. It requires a lesser amount of domestic goods to obtain the same amount of foreign goodsc. The price of exports has fallen from $100 to $90d. The price of imports has fallen from $100 to $90ANS: A PTS: 167. The theory of reciprocal demand does not well apply when one country:a. Produces under constant cost conditionsb. Produces along its production possibilities curvec. Is of minor economic importance in the world marketplaced. Partially specializes the production of its export goodANS: C PTS: 168. The terms of trade is given by:a. (Price of exports/price of imports) - 100b. (Price of exports/price of imports) + 100c. (Price of exports/price of imports) ÷ 100d. (Price of exports/price of imports) ⨯ 100ANS: D PTS: 169. If Japan and France have identical production possibilities curves and identical communityindifference curves:a. Japan will enjoy all the gains from tradeb. France will enjoy all the gains from tradec. Japan and France share equally in the gains from traded. Gainful specialization and trade are not possibleANS: D PTS: 170. A rise in the price of imports or a fall in the price of exports will:a. Improve the terms of tradeb. Worsen the terms of tradec. Expand the production possibilities curved. Contract the production possibilities curveANS: B PTS: 171. A fall in the price of imports or a rise in the price of exports will:a. Improve the terms of tradeb. Worsen the terms of tradec. Expand the production possibilities curved. Contract the production possibilities curveANS: A PTS: 172. Under free trade, Canada would not enjoy any gains from trade with Sweden if Canada:a. Trades at the Canadian rate of transformationb. Trades at Sweden's rate of transformationc. Specializes completely in the production of its export goodd. Specializes partially in the production of its export goodANS: A PTS: 1Figure 2.2 illustrates trade data for Canada. The figure assumes that Canada attains international trade equilibrium at point C.Figure 2.2. Canadian Trade Possibilities73. Consider Figure 2.2. In the absence of trade, Canada would produce and consume:a. 8 televisions and 16 refrigeratorsb. 12 televisions and 16 refrigeratorsc. 8 televisions and 12 refrigeratorsd. 12 televisions and 8 refrigeratorsANS: C PTS: 174. Referring to Figure 2.2, Canada has a comparative advantage in:a. Televisionsb. Refrigeratorsc. Televisions and refrigeratorsd. Neither televisions nor refrigeratorsANS: B PTS: 175. Consider Figure 2.2. With specialization, Canada produces:a. 16 televisionsb. 12 televisions and 8 refrigeratorsc. 8 televisions and 16 refrigeratorsd. 24 refrigeratorsANS: D PTS: 176. Consider Figure 2.2. With trade, Canada consumes:a. 12 televisions and 8 refrigeratorsb. 12 televisions and 16 refrigeratorsc. 8 televisions and 16 refrigeratorsd. 24 refrigeratorsANS: B PTS: 177. According to Figure 2.2, exports for Canada total:a. 16 refrigeratorsb. 8 refrigeratorsc. 12 refrigeratorsd. 16 refrigeratorsANS: B PTS: 178. According to Figure 2.2, imports for Canada total:a. 6 televisionsb. 8 televisionsc. 12 televisionsd. 16 televisionsANS: C PTS: 179. Concerning possible determinants of international trade, which are sources of comparativeadvantage? Differences in:a. Methods of productionb. Tastes and preferencesc. Technological know-howd. All of the aboveANS: D PTS: 180. Ricardo's model of comparative advantage assumed all of the following except:a. In each nation, labor is the only inputb. Costs do not vary with the level of productionc. Perfect competition prevails in all marketsd. Transportation costs rise as distance increases between countriesANS: D PTS: 181. Ricardo's model of comparative advantage assumed all of the following except:a. Trade is balanced, thus ruling out flows of money between nationsb. Firms make production decisions in an attempt to maximize profitsc. Free trade occurs between nationsd. Labor is immobile within a country, but is incapable of moving between countriesANS: D PTS: 182. The dynamic gains from trade include all of the following except:a. Economies of large-scale production resulting in decreasing unit costb. Increased saving and investment resulting in economic growthc. Increased competition resulting in lower prices and wider range of outputd. Increasing comparative advantage leading to specializationANS: D PTS: 183. All of the following may be exit barriers excepta. Employee health benefit costsb. Treatment, storage and disposal costsc. Penalties for terminating contracts with raw material suppliersd. Increasing opportunity cost of productionANS: D PTS: 184. Incomplete specialization may be caused bya. Increasing opportunity costb. Unrestricted tradec. Constant opportunity costd. Decreasing opportunity costANS: A PTS: 185. Improvements in productivity may lead to decreasing comparative costs ifa. The assumption of fixed technologies under constant costs is relaxedb. Technologies available to each nation is allowed to differc. Resource endowments are allowed to varyd. All of the aboveANS: D PTS: 186. Adam Smitha. Was a leading advocate of free tradeb. Developed the concept of absolute advantagec. Maintained that labor costs represent the major determinant of production costd. All of the aboveANS: D PTS: 187. Modern trade theory contends that the pattern of world trade is governed bya. Differences in supply conditions and demand conditionsb. Supply conditions onlyc. Demand conditions onlyd. None of the aboveANS: A PTS: 188. When nations are of similar size, and have similar taste patterns, the gains from tradea. Are shared equally between themb. Are impossible to determinec. Are too small, so that trading is not beneficiald. Are determined by the nation that has comparative advantage in the more essential productANS: A PTS: 189. The commodity terms of trade measuresa. The rate at which exports exchange for importsb. The influence trade has on productivity levelsc. The effect on income of the trading nationd. The improvement in a nation's welfareANS: A PTS: 1TRUE/FALSE1. According to the mercantilists, a nation's welfare would improve if it maintained a surplus ofexports over imports.ANS: T PTS: 12. The mercantilists maintained that a free-trade policy best enhances a nation's welfare.ANS: F PTS: 13. The mercantilists contended that because one nation's gains from trade come the expense of itstrading partners, not all nations could simultaneously realize gains from trade.ANS: T PTS: 1。
fluent-tut-02
Chapter 2: Parametric Analysis in ANSYS Workbench Using ANSYS FLUENTThis tutorial is divided into the following sections:2.1. Introduction2.2. Prerequisites2.3. Problem Description2.4. Setup and Solution2.1. IntroductionThis tutorial illustrates using ANSYS Workbench to set up and solve a three-dimensional turbulent fluid flow and heat transfer problem in an automotive heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) duct system using an ANSYS FLUENT fluid flow system. ANSYS Workbench uses parameters and design points to allow you to run optimization and what-if scenarios.You can define both input and output parameters in ANSYS FLUENT that can be used in your ANSYS Workbench project.You can also define parametersin other applications including ANSYS DesignModeler and ANSYS CFD-Post. Once you have defined parameters for your system, a Parameters cell is added to the system and the Parameter Set bus baris added to your project.This tutorial is designed to introduce you to the parametric analysis utility available in ANSYS Workbench.The tutorial starts with a Fluid Flow (FLUENT) analysis system with pre-defined geometry and mesh components.Within this tutorial, you will redefine the geometry parameters in ANSYS DesignModelerby adding constraints to the input parameters.You will use ANSYS FLUENT to set up and solve the CFD problem.While defining the problem set-up, you will also learn to define input and output parametersin ANSYS FLUENT.The tutorial will also provide information on how to create output parameters in ANSYS CFD-Post.This tutorial demonstrates how to do the following:•Add constraints to the ANSYS DesignModeler input parameters.•Create an ANSYS FLUENT fluid flow analysis system in ANSYS Workbench.•Set up the CFD simulation in ANSYS FLUENT, which includes:–Setting material properties and boundary conditions for a turbulent forced convection problem.–Defining input and output parameters in FLUENT•Define output parameters in CFD-Post•Create additional design points in ANSYS Workbench.•Run multiple CFD simulations by updating the design points.•Analyze the results of each design point project in ANSYS CFD-Post and ANSYS Workbench.Chapter 2: Parametric Analysis in ANSYS Workbench Using ANSYS FLUENT2.2. PrerequisitesThis tutorial assumes that you are already familiar with the ANSYS Workbench interface and its project workflow (e.g., ANSYS DesignModeler, ANSYS Meshing, ANSYS FLUENT, and ANSYS CFD-Post).This tu-torial also assumes that you have completed Introduction to Using ANSYS FLUENT in ANSYS Workbench: Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in a Mixing Elbow (p.1), and that you are familiar with the ANSYS FLUENT graphical user interface. Some steps in the setup and solution procedure will not be shown explicitly. 2.3. Problem DescriptionIn the past, evaluation of vehicle air conditioning systems was performed using prototypes and testing their performance in test labs. However, the design process of modern vehicle air conditioning (AC) systems improved with the introduction of Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM).The AC system specification will include minimum performance requirements, temperatures, control zones, flow rates etc. Performance testing using CFD may include fluid velocity (air flow), pressure values, and temperature distribution. Using CFD enables the analysis of fluid through very complex geometry and boundary conditions.As part of the analysis, a designer can change the geometry of the system or the boundary conditions such as the inlet velocity, flow rate, etc., and view the effect on fluid flow patterns.This tutorial illustrates the AC design process on a representative automotive HVAC system consisting of both an evaporator for cooling and a heat exchanger for heating requirements.Problem Description Figure 2.1 Automotive HVAC SystemChapter 2: Parametric Analysis in ANSYS Workbench Using ANSYS FLUENTFigure 2.2 HVAC System Valve Location DetailsFigure 2.1 (p.79) shows a representative automotive HVAC system. In this tutorial, the system has three valves (as shown in Figure 2.2 (p.80)), which control the flow in the HVAC system.The three valves control:•Flow over the heat exchanger coils•Flow towards the duct controlling the flow through the floor vents•Flow towards the front vents or towards the windshieldAir enters the HVAC system at 310 K with a velocity of 0.5 m/sec from the air inlet and passes to the evaporator and the heat exchanger depending upon the state of the valve controlling flow to the heat exchanger. Depending upon the cooling and heating requirements, either the evaporator or the heat exchanger would be operational, but not both at the same time.The position of the other two valves controls the flow towards the front panel, the windshield, or towards the floor ducts.Problem Description The motion of the valves is constrained.The valve controlling flow over the heat exchanger varies between 25° and 90°.The valve controlling the floor flow varies between 20° and 60°.The valve con-trolling flow towards front panel or windshield varies between 15° and 175°.The evaporator load is about 200 W in the cooling cycle.The heat exchanger load is about 150 W.Figure 2.3 Location of Evaporator Coils and Heat ExchangerThis tutorial illustrates the easiest way to analyze the effects of the above parameters on the flow pat-tern/distribution and the outlet temperature of air (entering the passenger cabin). Using the parametric analysis capability in ANSYS Workbench, a designer can check the performance of the system at various design points.Chapter 2: Parametric Analysis in ANSYS Workbench Using ANSYS FLUENTFigure 2.4 Flow Pattern for the Cooling Cycle2.4. Setup and SolutionThe following sections describe the setup and solution steps for this tutorial:2.4.1. Preparation2.4.2. Step 1: Adding Constraints to ANSYS DesignModeler Parameters in ANSYS Workbench2.4.3. Step 2: Setting Up the CFD Simulation in ANSYS FLUENT2.4.4. Step 3: Defining Input and Output Parameters in ANSYS FLUENT and Running the Simulation 2.4.5. Step 4: Postprocessing in ANSYS CFD-Post2.4.6. Step 5: Creating Additional Design Points in ANSYS Workbench2.4.7. Step 6: Postprocessing the New Design Points in CFD-Post2.4.8. Step 7: SummarySetup and Solution 2.4.1. PreparationTo prepare for running this tutorial, set up a working folder on the computer you will be using.Youcan also download some files from the ANSYS Customer Portal web page, which you can reach viathe Customer Portal link on the ANSYS Website at .1.Obtain the Tutorial Inputs Archive from the ANSYS Customer Portal.a.On the Customer Portal Home page, click Download Software.This takes you to the ANSYSDownload Center Wizard.b.Click Next Step.c.Choose a Download Type. Select the Current Release and Updates radio button.d.Click Next Step.e.Choose the Hardware Platform you are using.f.Click Next Step.g.At the bottom of the page, under the heading ANSYS Documentation and Examples, check thebox next to ANSYS Fluid Dynamics Tutorial Inputs.h.Click Next Step.i.Click the ANSYS Fluid Dynamics Tutorial Inputs link to download the ANSYS_Fluid_Dynam-ics_Tutorial_Inputs.zip file.j.Save and extract the .zip file to any convenient location.Tutorial mesh and solution files for each of the ANSYS Fluid Dynamics products are located in v140\Tutorial_Inputs\Fluid_Dy-namics\<product>.2.Copy the workbench-parameter-tutorial.zip file from the FLUENT sub-folder of the AN-SYS_Fluid_Dynamics_Tutorial_Inputs.zip archive.3.Unzip workbench-parameter-tutorial.zip to your working folder.The .zip file contains a folder (workbench-parameters-tutorial) that in turn contains anANSYS Workbench project file (fluent-workbench-param.wbpj) and a corresponding projectfolder (fluent-workbench-param_files) that contains supporting files for the project.Thisproject is the starting point for this tutorial.There is an additional folder called final-project-files that contains the final version of this ANSYS Workbench project with ANSYS FLUENT and ANSYSCFD-Post settings and all design points already defined (all that is required is to update the designpoints in the project to generate corresponding solutions).NoteANSYS FLUENT tutorials are prepared using ANSYS FLUENT on a Windows system.The screenshots and graphic images in the tutorials may be slightly different than the appearance onyour system, depending on the operating system or graphics card.2.4.2. Step 1: Adding Constraints to ANSYS DesignModeler Parameters in ANSYS WorkbenchIn this step, you will start ANSYS Workbench, open the project file, review existing parameters, createnew parameters, and add constraints to existing ANSYS DesignModeler parameters.Chapter 2: Parametric Analysis in ANSYS Workbench Using ANSYS FLUENT1.Start ANSYS Workbench by clicking the Windows Start menu, then selecting the Workbench optionin the ANSYS14.0 program group.Start¡All Programs¡ANSYS 14.0¡Workbench 14.0This displays the ANSYS Workbench application window, which has the Toolbox on the left and the Project Schematic to its right.Various supported applications are listed in the Toolbox, and the components of the analysis system are displayed in the Project Schematic.NoteWhen you first start ANSYS Workbench, the Getting Started pop-up window is dis-played, offering assistance through the online help for using the application.You cankeep the window open, or close it by clicking the red ’X’ icon in the upper right-handcorner. If you need to access the online help at any time, use the Help menu, or pressthe F1 key.2.Open the project file for this tutorial.File¡OpenThe project (fluent-workbench-param.wbpj) already has a FLUENT-based fluid flow analysis system that includes the geometry and mesh, as well as some predefined parameters.You will firstexamine and edit parameters within Workbench, then later proceed to define the fluid flow model in ANSYS FLUENT.Setup and Solution Figure 2.5 The Project Loaded into ANSYS Workbench3.Review the parameters that have already been defined in ANSYS DesignModeler.a.Click the Parameter Set bus bar in the ANSYS Workbench Project Schematic.b.Select the Outline option under the View menu.View¡OutlineThis displays the Outline of All Parameters view in ANSYS Workbench, where you can viewan outline of all parameters associated with the current project.c.Select the Properties option under the View menu.View¡PropertiesThis displays the Properties view in ANSYS Workbench, where properties of objects selectedin the Project Schematic are displayed.d.Select the Files option under the View menu (optional).View¡FilesThis displays the Files view in ANSYS Workbench, where you can view the files associatedwith the current project.Figure 2.6 The Project Loaded into ANSYS Workbench Displaying ParameterOutline, Properties, and Files ViewNote the types of files that have been created for this project. Also note the states of the cells for the Fluid Flow (FLUENT) analysis system. Since the geometry and mesh have already been defined, the status of the Geometry and Mesh cells is Up-to-Date (). Also, since the ANSYS FLUENTsetup is not complete, the Setupcell's state is Refresh Required (), and since the simulation hasyet to be performed, with no corresponding results, the state for the Solution and Results cellsis Unfulfilled (). For more information about cell states, see Understanding Cell States.e.In the Outline of All Parameters view, review the parameters that have already been defined inANSYS DesignModeler (see Figure 2.7 (p.87)).Chapter 2: Parametric Analysis in ANSYS Workbench Using ANSYS FLUENTFigure 2.7 Parameters Defined in ANSYS DesignModelerThe parameter hcpos represents the valve position that controls the flow over the heat exchanger.When the valve is at an angle of 25°, it allows the flow to pass over the heat exchanger.When theangle is 90°, it completely blocks the flow towards the heat exchanger. Any value in between allows some flow to pass over the heat exchanger giving a mixed flow condition.The parameter ftpos represents the valve position that controls flow towards the floor duct.When the valve is at an angle of 20°, it blocks the flow towards the floor duct and when the valve angle is 60°, it unblocks the flow.The parameter wsfpos represents the valve position that controls flow towards the windshield and the front panel.When the valve is at an angle of 15°, it allows the entire flow to go towards thewindshield.When the angle is 90°, it completely blocks the flow towards windshield as well as the front panel.When the angle is 175°, it allows the flow to go towards the windshield and the front panel.4.Create three new input parameters.In the row that contains New input parameter, click the parameter table cell under the Parameter Name column (the cell with New name) to create a new named input parameter. Create three new parameters named input_hcpos,input_ftpos, and input_wsfpos. Please note the ID of the parameter that appears in column A of the table. For the new input parameters, theparameter IDs would be P4,P5, and P6, respectively. In the Values column, enter values for each new parameter of 15, 25, and 90, respectively.Figure 2.8 New Parameters Defined in ANSYS Workbench5.In the Properties view, change the value of the hcpos parameter from 90 to the expressionmin(max(25,P4),90).This puts a constraint on the value of hcpos that is passed to ANSYS DesignModeler.The value always remains between 25° and 90°. Alternatively the same constraint can also be set using the expression max(25, min(P4,90)). After defining this expression, this para-meter is now dependent on the value of the parameter input_hcpos having the parameter ID of P4.Figure 2.9 Constrained Parameter h cpos6.Create a similar expression for ftpos (min(max(20,P5),60)).Figure 2.10 Constrained Parameter f tpos7.Create a similar expression for wsfpos (min(max(15,P6),175)).Figure 2.11 Constrained Parameter w sfposNote the new status of the cells in the Fluid Flow (FLUENT) analysis system. Since we have changedthe values of hcpos,ftpos, and wsfpos to their new expressions, the Geometry cell now indicatesRefresh Required (), and the Mesh cell now indicates Input Changes Pending ().8.Refresh the Geometry and Mesh cells.a.Right-click the Geometry cell and select the Update option from the context menu.b.Likewise, right-click the Mesh cell and select the Refresh option from the context menu. Oncethe cell is refreshed, then right-click the Mesh cell again and select the Update option from the context menu.9.Save the project in ANSYS Workbench.Select the Save option under the File menu in ANSYS Workbench.File¡Save2.4.3. Step 2: Setting Up the CFD Simulation in ANSYS FLUENTNow that you have edited the parameters for the project, you will set up a CFD analysis using ANSYS FLUENT. In this step, you will start ANSYS FLUENT, and begin setting up the CFD simulation.1.Start ANSYS FLUENT.In the ANSYS Workbench Project Schematic, double-click the Setup cell in the ANSYS FLUENTfluid flow analysis system.You can also right-click the Setup cell to display the context menuwhere you can select the Edit... option.When ANSYS FLUENT is first started, FLUENT Launcher is displayed, allowing you to view and/orset certain ANSYS FLUENT start-up options.FLUENT Launcher allows you to decide which version of ANSYS FLUENT you will use, based on yourgeometry and on your processing capabilities.Figure 2.12 ANSYS FLUENT Launchera.Ensure that the proper options are enabled.ImportantNote that the Dimension setting is already filled in and cannot be changed, sinceANSYS FLUENT automatically sets it based on the mesh or geometry for the currentsystem.i.Make sure that the Display Mesh After Reading,Embed Graphics Windows, and WorkbenchColor Scheme options are enabled.NoteAn option is enabled when there is a check mark in the check box, and dis-abled when the check box is empty.To change an option from disabled toenabled (or vice versa), click the check box or the text.ii.Select Serial or Parallel from the Processing Options list.ImportantThe memory requirements of this tutorial exceed the 2 GB per process limitof 32–bit Windows platforms. If you are planning to run this tutorial on a32–bit Windows platform, it is necessary to enable parallel processing by se-lecting Parallel under Processing Options and setting Number of Processesto at least 2. Please note that you must have the correct license support inorder to use parallel processing.Parallel processing also offers a substantial reduction in computational time.Please refer to Parallel Processing (p.1113) in this manual and Starting ParallelANSYS FLUENT Using FLUENT Launcher in the User’s Guide for further inform-ation about using the parallel processing capabilities of ANSYS FLUENT.iii.Make sure that the Double-Precision option is disabled.b.Click OK to launch ANSYS FLUENT.Figure 2.13 The ANSYS FLUENT ApplicationNoteThe mesh is automatically loaded and displayed in the graphics window by default.2.Reorder the mesh.Mesh¡Reorder¡DomainThis is done to reduce the bandwidth of the cell neighbor number and to speed up the computations.This is especially important for large cases involving 1 million or more cells.The method used to reorder the domain is the Reverse Cuthill-McKee method.3.Set up your models for the CFD simulation.Modelsa.Enable heat transfer by activating the energy equation.Models¡Energy¡Edit...i.Enable the Energy Equation option.ii.Click OK to close the Energy dialog box.b.Enable the - turbulence model.Models¡Viscous¡Edit...i.Select k-epsilon (2 eqn) from the Model list.ii.Select Enhanced Wall Treatment from the Near-Wall Treatment group box.The default Standard Wall Functions are generally applicable when the cell layer adjacentto the wall has a y+ larger than 30. In contrast, the Enhanced Wall Treatment optionprovides consistent solutions for all y+ values. Enhanced Wall Treatment is recommendedwhen using the k-epsilon model for general single-phase fluid flow problems. For moreinformation about Near Wall Treatments in the k-epsilon model please refer to WallTreatment RANS Models in the User’s Guide.iii.Click OK to accept the model and close the Viscous Model dialog box.4.Set up your materials for the CFD simulation.Materials¡air¡Create/Edit...a.Set the air density to incompressible ideal gas using the Create/Edit Materials dialog box.i.Select incompressible-ideal-gas for the Density.ii.Click Change/Create.iii.Close the Create/Edit Materials dialog box.2.4.4. Step 3: Defining Input and Output Parameters in ANSYS FLUENT and Running the SimulationYou have now started setting up the CFD analysis using ANSYS FLUENT. In this step, you will define input parameters for the velocity inlet, set output parameters for the evaporator and heat exchanger volumes, define heat source boundary conditions for the evaporator and heat exchanger, then calculatea solution.1.Define an input parameter called in_velocity for the velocity at the inlet boundary.Boundary Conditions¡inlet-air¡Edit...This displays the Velocity Inlet dialog box.a.In the Velocity Inlet dialog box, select New Input Parameter... from the drop-down list forthe Velocity Magnitude.This displays the Input Parameter Properties dialog box.b.In the Input Parameter Properties dialog box, enter in_velocity for the Name, andenter 0.5 for the Current Value.c.Click OK to close the Input Parameter Properties dialog box.d.In the Velocity Inlet dialog box, select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the Specific-ation Method drop-down list in the Turbulence group box.e.Retain the value of 10 for Turbulent Intensity.f.Enter 0.061 for Hydraulic Diameter (m).2.Define an input parameter called in_temp for the temperature at the inlet boundary.a.In the Thermal tab of the Velocity Inlet dialog box, select New Input Parameter... from thedrop-down list for the Temperature.b.In the Input Parameter Properties dialog box, enter in_temp for the Name, and enter 310for the Current Value.c.Click OK to close the Input Parameter Properties dialog box.d.Click OK to close the Velocity Inlet dialog box.3.Set the turbulence parameters for backflow at the front outlets and foot outlets.Boundary Conditions¡outlet-front-mid-1¡Edit...a.In the Pressure Outlet dialog box, select Intensity and Hydraulic Diameter from the SpecificationMethod drop-down list in the Turbulence group box.b.Retain the value of 10 for Backflow Turbulent Intensity (%).c.Enter 0.044 for Backflow Hydraulic Diameter (m).These values will only be used if reversed flow occurs at the outlets. It is a good idea to set reas-onable values to prevent adverse convergence behavior if backflow occurs during the calculation.d.Click OK to close the Pressure Outlet dialog box.e.Copy the boundary conditions from outlet-front-mid-1 to the other front outlets.Boundary Conditions¡Copy...i.Select outlet-front-mid-1 in the From Boundary Zone selection list.Scroll down to find outlet-front-mid-1.ii.Select outlet-front-mid-2,outlet-front-side-left, and outlet-front-side-right in the To Boundary Zones selection list.iii.Click Copy to copy the boundary conditions.FLUENT will display a dialog box asking you to confirm that you want to copy the boundaryconditions.iv.Click OK to confirm.f.Repeat the preceding steps to set the following backflow turbulence conditions for outlet-foot-left and outlet-foot-right.ParameterValueSpecification MethodIntensity and Hydraulic DiameterBackflow Turbulent Intensity (%)100.052Backflow Hydraulic Diameter (m)4.Set the Solution MethodsSolution Methodsa.Select Coupled in the Scheme drop-down list.The pressure-based coupled solver is the recommended choice for general fluid flow simula-tions.b.Select First Order Upwind for Momentum and Energy in the Spatial Discretization groupbox.This tutorial is primarily intended to demonstrate the use of parameterization and designpoints when running FLUENT from Workbench.Therefore, you will run a simplified analysisusing first order discretization which will yield faster convergence.5.Initialize the flow field.Solution Initializationa.Retain the default selection of Hybrid Initialization.b.Click the Initialize button.6.Define an output parameter called vol_evap for the volume integral at the evaporator cell zone.Reports¡Volume Integrals¡Set Up...This displays the Volume Integrals dialog box.The value for the Total Volume of the evaporator will be used later in this tutorial.a.In the Volume Integrals dialog box, select fluid-evaporator from the Cell Zones list.b.Select the Volume option under Report Type.c.Click the Compute button.d.Click the Save Output Parameter button.This displays the Save Output Parameter dialog box.e.In the Save Output Parameter dialog box, keep the Create New Output Parameter optionselected, enter vol_evap for the Name, and click OK to close the dialog box.7.Define an output parameter called vol_heat_ex for the volume integral at the heat exchanger cellzone.a.In the Volume Integrals dialog box, deselect fluid-evaporator and select fluid-heat-ex-changer from the Cell Zones list.b.Select the Volume option under Report Type.c.Click the Compute button.d.Click the Save Output Parameter button.e.In the Save Output Parameter dialog box, keep the Create New Output Parameter optionselected, enter vol_heat_ex for the Name, and click OK to close the dialog box.8.Define a heat source boundary condition for the heat exchanger volume.Cell Zone Conditions¡fluid-heat-exchanger¡Edit...a.In the Fluid dialog box, select Source Terms.b.In the Source Terms tab, scroll down to Energy, and click the Edit... button.This displays the Energy sources dialog box.c.In the Energy sources dialog box, change the Number of Energy sources to 1.d.For the new energy source, select constant from the drop-down list, and enter 0.e.Click OK to close the dialog box.9.Define a heat source boundary condition for the evaporator volume.Cell Zone Conditions¡fluid-evaporator¡Edit...a.In the Fluid dialog box, select Source Terms.b.In the Source Terms tab, scroll down to Energy, and click the Edit... button.c.In the Energy sources dialog box, change the Number of Energy sources to 1.d.For the new energy source, select constant from the drop-down list, and enter -787401.6— based on the evaporator load (200 W) divided by the evaporator volume (0.000254 ) that was computed earlier.e.Click OK to close the dialog box.In the Cell Zones Conditions task page, click the Parameters... button to open the Parameters dialog box where you can see all of the input and output parameters that you have defined in ANSYS FLUENT. These parameters are also available in ANSYS Workbench.Figure 2.14 The Parameters Dialog Box in ANSYS FLUENTFigure 2.15 The Parameters View in ANSYS Workbench10.Run the simulation in ANSYS FLUENT.Run Calculationa.For Number of Iterations, enter 1000.b.Click the Calculate button.The solution converges within approximately 100 iterations.11.Close FLUENT.Select the Close FLUENT option under the File menu in FLUENT.File¡Close FLUENT12.Save the project in ANSYS Workbench.Select the Save option under the File menu in ANSYS Workbench.File¡Save2.4.5. Step 4: Postprocessing in ANSYS CFD-PostIn this step, you will visualize the results of your CFD simulation using ANSYS CFD-Post.You will plot vectors that are colored by pressure, velocity, and temperature, on a plane within the geometry. In ad-dition, you will create output parameters within ANSYS CFD-Post for later use in ANSYS Workbench. In the ANSYS Workbench Project Schematic, double-click the Results cell in the ANSYS FLUENT fluid flow analysis system.You can also right-click the Results cell to display the context menu where you can select the Edit... option.NoteThis displays the CFD-Post application with the automotive HVAC geometry alreadyloaded (displayed in outline mode). Note that ANSYS FLUENT results (that is, the caseand data files) are also automatically loaded into CFD-Post.Figure 2.16 The Automotive HVAC Geometry Loaded into CFD-Post1.Edit some basic settings in CFD-Post (e.g., changing the background color to white).Edit¡Options...a.In the Options dialog box, select Viewer under CFD-Post in the tree view.b.Select Solid from the Color Type drop-down list.c.Click the Color sample bar to cycle through common color swatches until it displays white.Tipfrom which you can choose an arbitrary color.d.Click Apply to set the white background color for the display.e.Click OK to close the Options dialog box.2.Create a plane parallel to the XY plane at 0.5 inches.a.Display the Insert Plane dialog box.Insert¡Location¡Plane。
Keegan_5e_02
Low-Income Countries
GNP per capita of $825 or less Characteristics
Limited industrialization High percentage of population involved in farming High birth rates Low literacy rates Heavy reliance on foreign aid Political instability and unrest Concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa India is the only BRIC country
2-5
Economic Systems
Resource Allocation
Market
Private
Market capitalism
Command
Centrally planned capitalism
Resource Ownership
State
Market socialism
Centrally planned socialism
2-6
Market Capitalism
Individuals and firms allocate resources Production resources are privately owned Driven by consumers Government’s role is to promote competition among firms and ensure consumer protection
2-4
The World Economy—An Overview
Lecture_02(CP1)
Chapter 1
02 Li Hongguang Automation Department Beijing University of Chemical Technology
Chapter Single-loop Feedback Control System
F1(s) U(s) F2 (s) Y(s)
Y(s)=GPC(s)U(s)+GPD1(s) F1(s) +GPD2(s) F2 (s)
1.3 Process Analysis & Manipulated Variables
Analysis of Effects of manipulated variable on system output (control signal path) & Effects of disturbances on system output (disturbance signal path)
1.3 Process Analysis & Manipulated Variables (2) Effects of Tf P12 in the textbook for detailed coverage
Concluding Remarks: Large value or big number of Tf will make less impact on the controlled variables, resulting in smaller dynamic offset and higher control quality.
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Structure and Elements Controlled Variable Process Analysis & Manipulated Variables Control Valve Measurement Device Controller Loop Interaction Implementation and Tuning
罗斯公司理财Chap002全英文试题库及答案
Chapter 02 Financial Statements and Cash Flow Answer KeyMultiple Choice Questions1.The financial statement showing a firm's accounting value on a particular date is the:A.income statement.B.balance sheet.C.statement of cash flows.D.tax reconciliation statement.E.shareholders' equity sheet.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: BALANCE SHEETType: DEFINITIONS2.A current asset is:A.an item currently owned by the firm.B.an item that the firm expects to own within the next year.C.an item currently owned by the firm that will convert to cash within the next 12 months.D.the amount of cash on hand the firm currently shows on its balance sheet.E.the market value of all items currently owned by the firm.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: CURRENT ASSETSType: DEFINITIONS3.The long-term debts of a firm are liabilities:A.that come due within the next 12 months.B.that do not come due for at least 12 months.C.owed to the firm's suppliers.D.owed to the firm's shareholders.E.the firm expects to incur within the next 12 months.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: LONG-TERM DEBTType: DEFINITIONS working capital is defined as:A.total liabilities minus shareholders' equity.B.current liabilities minus shareholders' equity.C.fixed assets minus long-term liabilities.D.total assets minus total liabilities.E.current assets minus current liabilities.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: NET WORKING CAPITALType: DEFINITIONS5.A(n) ____ asset is one which can be quickly converted into cash without significant loss in value.A.currentB.fixedC.intangibleD.liquidE.long-termDifficulty level: EasyTopic: LIQUID ASSETSType: DEFINITIONS6.The financial statement summarizing a firm's accounting performance over a period of time is the:A.income statement.B.balance sheet.C.statement of cash flows.D.tax reconciliation statement.E.shareholders' equity sheet.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: INCOME STATEMENTType: DEFINITIONS7.Noncash items refer to:A.the credit sales of a firm.B.the accounts payable of a firm.C.the costs incurred for the purchase of intangible fixed assets.D.expenses charged against revenues that do not directly affect cash flow.E.all accounts on the balance sheet other than cash on hand.Difficulty level: EasyTopic: NONCASH ITEMSType: DEFINITIONS8.Your _____ tax rate is the amount of tax payable on the next taxable dollar you earn.A.deductibleB.residualC.totalD.averageE.marginalDifficulty level: EasyTopic: MARGINAL TAX RATESType: DEFINITIONS9.Your _____ tax rate is the total taxes you pay divided by your taxable income.A.deductibleB.residualC.totalD.averageE.marginalDifficulty level: EasyTopic: AVERAGE TAX RATESType: DEFINITIONS10._____ refers to the cash flow that results from the firm's ongoing, normal business activities.A.Cash flow from operating activitiesB.Capital spending working capitalD.Cash flow from assetsE.Cash flow to creditorsDifficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIESType: DEFINITIONS11._____ refers to the changes in net capital assets.A.Operating cash flowB.Cash flow from investing working capitalD.Cash flow from assetsE.Cash flow to creditorsDifficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW FROM INVESTINGType: DEFINITIONS12._____ refers to the difference between a firm's current assets and its current liabilities.A.Operating cash flowB.Capital spending working capitalD.Cash flow from assetsE.Cash flow to creditorsDifficulty level: EasyTopic: NET WORKING CAPITALType: DEFINITIONS13._____ is calculated by adding back noncash expenses to net income and adjusting for changes in current assets and liabilities.A.Operating cash flowB.Capital spending working capitalD.Cash flow from operationsE.Cash flow to creditorsDifficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW FROM OPERATIONSType: DEFINITIONS14._____ refers to the firm's interest payments less any net new borrowing.A.Operating cash flowB.Capital spending working capitalD.Cash flow from shareholdersE.Cash flow to creditorsDifficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW TO CREDITORSType: DEFINITIONS15._____ refers to the firm's dividend payments less any net new equity raised.A.Operating cash flowB.Capital spending working capitalD.Cash flow from creditorsE.Cash flow to stockholdersDifficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW TO STOCKHOLDERSType: DEFINITIONS16.Earnings per share is equal to: income divided by the total number of shares outstanding. income divided by the par value of the common stock.C.gross income multiplied by the par value of the common stock.D.operating income divided by the par value of the common stock. income divided by total shareholders' equity.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: EARNINGS PER SHAREType: DEFINITIONS17.Dividends per share is equal to dividends paid:A.divided by the par value of common stock.B.divided by the total number of shares outstanding.C.divided by total shareholders' equity.D.multiplied by the par value of the common stock.E.multiplied by the total number of shares outstanding.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: DIVIDENDS PER SHAREType: DEFINITIONS18.Which of the following are included in current assets?I. equipmentII. inventoryIII. accounts payableIV. cashA.II and IV onlyB.I and III onlyC.I, II, and IV onlyD.III and IV onlyE.II, III, and IV onlyDifficulty level: MediumTopic: CURRENT ASSETSType: CONCEPTS19.Which of the following are included in current liabilities?I. note payable to a supplier in eighteen monthsII. debt payable to a mortgage company in nine monthsIII. accounts payable to suppliersIV. loan payable to the bank in fourteen monthsA.I and III onlyB.II and III onlyC.III and IV onlyD.II, III, and IV onlyE.I, II, and III onlyDifficulty level: MediumTopic: CURRENT LIABILITIESType: CONCEPTS20.An increase in total assets:A.means that net working capital is also increasing.B.requires an investment in fixed assets.C.means that shareholders' equity must also increase.D.must be offset by an equal increase in liabilities and shareholders' equity.E.can only occur when a firm has positive net income.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: BALANCE SHEETType: CONCEPTS21.Which one of the following assets is generally the most liquid?A.inventoryB.buildingsC.accounts receivableD.equipmentE.patentsDifficulty level: MediumTopic: LIQUIDITYType: CONCEPTS22.Which one of the following statements concerning liquidity is correct?A.If you sold an asset today, it was a liquid asset.B.If you can sell an asset next year at a price equal to its actual value, the asset is highly liquid.C.Trademarks and patents are highly liquid.D.The less liquidity a firm has, the lower the probability the firm will encounter financial difficulties.E.Balance sheet accounts are listed in order of decreasing liquidity.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: LIQUIDITYType: CONCEPTS23.Liquidity is:A.a measure of the use of debt in a firm's capital structure.B.equal to current assets minus current liabilities.C.equal to the market value of a firm's total assets minus its current liabilities.D.valuable to a firm even though liquid assets tend to be less profitable to own.E.generally associated with intangible assets.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: LIQUIDITYType: CONCEPTS24.Which of the following accounts are included in shareholders' equity?I. interest paidII. retained earningsIII. capital surplusIV. long-term debtA.I and II onlyB.II and IV onlyC.I and IV onlyD.II and III onlyE.I and III onlyDifficulty level: MediumTopic: SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITYType: CONCEPTS25.Book value:A.is equivalent to market value for firms with fixed assets.B.is based on historical cost.C.generally tends to exceed market value when fixed assets are included.D.is more of a financial than an accounting valuation.E.is adjusted to market value whenever the market value exceeds the stated book value.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: BOOK VALUEType: CONCEPTS26.When making financial decisions related to assets, you should:A.always consider market values.B.place more emphasis on book values than on market values.C.rely primarily on the value of assets as shown on the balance sheet.D.place primary emphasis on historical costs.E.only consider market values if they are less than book values.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: MARKET VALUEType: CONCEPTS27.As seen on an income statement:A.interest is deducted from income and increases the total taxes incurred.B.the tax rate is applied to the earnings before interest and taxes when the firm has both depreciation and interest expenses.C.depreciation is shown as an expense but does not affect the taxes payable.D.depreciation reduces both the pretax income and the net income.E.interest expense is added to earnings before interest and taxes to get pretax income.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: INCOME STATEMENTType: CONCEPTS28.The earnings per share will:A.increase as net income increases.B.increase as the number of shares outstanding increase.C.decrease as the total revenue of the firm increases.D.increase as the tax rate increases.E.decrease as the costs decrease.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: EARNINGS PER SHAREType: CONCEPTS29.Dividends per share:A.increase as the net income increases as long as the number of shares outstanding remains constant.B.decrease as the number of shares outstanding decrease, all else constant.C.are inversely related to the earnings per share.D.are based upon the dividend requirements established by Generally Accepted Accounting Procedures.E.are equal to the amount of net income distributed to shareholders divided by the number of shares outstanding.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: DIVIDENDS PER SHAREType: CONCEPTS30.Earnings per shareA.will increase if net income increases and number of shares remains constant.B.will increase if net income decreases and number of shares remains constant.C.is number of shares divided by net income.D.is the amount of money that goes into retained earnings on a per share basis.E.None of the above.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: EARNINGS PER SHAREType: CONCEPTS31.According to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, costs are:A.recorded as incurred.B.recorded when paid.C.matched with revenues.D.matched with production levels.E.expensed as management desires.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: MATCHING PRINCIPLEType: CONCEPTS32.Depreciation:A.is a noncash expense that is recorded on the income statement.B.increases the net fixed assets as shown on the balance sheet.C.reduces both the net fixed assets and the costs of a firm.D.is a non-cash expense which increases the net operating income.E.decreases net fixed assets, net income, and operating cash flows.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: NONCASH ITEMSType: CONCEPTS33.When you are making a financial decision, the most relevant tax rate is the _____ rate.A.averageB.fixedC.marginalD.totalE.variableDifficulty level: MediumTopic: MARGINAL TAX RATEType: CONCEPTS34.An increase in which one of the following will cause the operating cash flow to increase?A.depreciationB.changes in the amount of net fixed capital working capitalD.taxesE.costsDifficulty level: MediumTopic: OPERATING CASH FLOWType: CONCEPTS35.A firm starts its year with a positive net working capital. During the year, the firm acquires more short-term debt than it does short-term assets. This means that:A.the ending net working capital will be negative.B.both accounts receivable and inventory decreased during the year.C.the beginning current assets were less than the beginning current liabilities.D.accounts payable increased and inventory decreased during the year.E.the ending net working capital can be positive, negative, or equal to zero.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CHANGE IN NET WORKING CAPITALType: CONCEPTS36.The cash flow to creditors includes the cash:A.received by the firm when payments are paid to suppliers.B.outflow of the firm when new debt is acquired.C.outflow when interest is paid on outstanding debt.D.inflow when accounts payable decreases.E.received when long-term debt is paid off.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW TO CREDITORSType: CONCEPTS37.Cash flow to stockholders must be positive when:A.the dividends paid exceed the net new equity raised.B.the net sale of common stock exceeds the amount of dividends paid.C.no income is distributed but new shares of stock are sold.D.both the cash flow to assets and the cash flow to creditors are negative.E.both the cash flow to assets and the cash flow to creditors are positive.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW TO STOCKHOLDERSType: CONCEPTS38.Which equality is the basis for the balance sheet?A.Fixed Assets = Stockholder's Equity + Current AssetsB.Assets = Liabilities + Stockholder's EquityC.Assets = Current Long-Term Debt + Retained EarningsD.Fixed Assets = Liabilities + Stockholder's EquityE.None of the aboveDifficulty level: MediumTopic: BALANCE SHEETType: CONCEPTS39.Assets are listed on the balance sheet in order of:A.decreasing liquidity.B.decreasing size.C.increasing size.D.relative life.E.None of the above.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: BALANCE SHEETType: CONCEPTS40.Debt is a contractual obligation that:A.requires the payout of residual flows to the holders of these instruments.B.requires a repayment of a stated amount and interest over the period.C.allows the bondholders to sue the firm if it defaults.D.Both A and B.E.Both B and C.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: DEBTType: CONCEPTS41.The carrying value or book value of assets:A.is determined under GAAP and is based on the cost of the asset.B.represents the true market value according to GAAP.C.is always the best measure of the company's value to an investor.D.is always higher than the replacement cost of the assets.E.None of the above.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CARRYING VALUEType: CONCEPTS42.Under GAAP, a firm's assets are reported at:A.market value.B.liquidation value.C.intrinsic value.D.cost.E.None of the above.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: GAAPType: CONCEPTS43.Which of the following statements concerning the income statement is true?A.It measures performance over a specific period of time.B.It determines after-tax income of the firm.C.It includes deferred taxes.D.It treats interest as an expense.E.All of the above.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: INCOME STATEMENTType: CONCEPTS44.According to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), revenue is recognized as income when:A.a contract is signed to perform a service or deliver a good.B.the transaction is complete and the goods or services are delivered.C.payment is requested.D.income taxes are paid.E.All of the above.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: GAAP INCOME RECOGNITIONType: CONCEPTS45.Which of the following is not included in the computation of operating cash flow?A.Earnings before interest and taxesB.Interest paidC.DepreciationD.Current taxesE.All of the above are includedDifficulty level: MediumTopic: OPERATING CASH FLOWType: CONCEPTS capital spending is equal to: additions to net working capital.B.the net change in fixed assets. income plus depreciation.D.total cash flow to stockholders less interest and dividends paid.E.the change in total assets.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: NET CAPITAL SPENDINGType: CONCEPTS47.Cash flow to stockholders is defined as:A.interest payments.B.repurchases of equity less cash dividends paid plus new equity sold.C.cash flow from financing less cash flow to creditors.D.cash dividends plus repurchases of equity minus new equity financing.E.None of the above.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW TO STOCKHOLDERSType: CONCEPTS48.Free cash flow is:A.without cost to the firm. income plus taxes.C.an increase in net working capital.D.cash that the firm is free to distribute to creditors and stockholders.E.None of the above.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: FREE CASH FLOWType: CONCEPTS49.The cash flow of the firm must be equal to:A.cash flow to stockholders minus cash flow to debtholders.B.cash flow to debtholders minus cash flow to stockholders.C.cash flow to governments plus cash flow to stockholders.D.cash flow to stockholders plus cash flow to debtholders.E.None of the above.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOWType: CONCEPTS50.Which of the following are all components of the statement of cash flows?A.Cash flow from operating activities, cash flow from investing activities, and cash flow from financing activitiesB.Cash flow from operating activities, cash flow from investing activities, and cash flow from divesting activitiesC.Cash flow from internal activities, cash flow from external activities, and cash flow from financing activitiesD.Cash flow from brokering activities, cash flow from profitable activities, and cash flow from non-profitable activitiesE.None of the above.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWSType: CONCEPTS51.One of the reasons why cash flow analysis is popular is because:A.cash flows are more subjective than net income.B.cash flows are hard to understand.C.it is easy to manipulate, or spin the cash flows.D.it is difficult to manipulate, or spin the cash flows.E.None of the above.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW MANAGEMENTType: CONCEPTS52.A firm has $300 in inventory, $600 in fixed assets, $200 in accounts receivable, $100 in accounts payable, and $50 in cash. What is the amount of the current assets?A.$500B.$550C.$600D.$1,150E.$1,200Current assets = $300 + $200 + $50 = $550Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CURRENT ASSETSType: PROBLEMS53.Total assets are $900, fixed assets are $600, long-term debt is $500, and short-term debt is $200. What is the amount of net working capital?A.$0B.$100C.$200D.$300E.$400Net working capital = $900 - $600 - $200 = $100Difficulty level: MediumTopic: NET WORKING CAPITALType: PROBLEMS54.Brad's Company has equipment with a book value of $500 that could be sold today at a 50% discount. Its inventory is valued at $400 and could be sold to a competitor for that amount. The firm has $50 in cash and customers owe it $300. What is the accounting value of its liquid assets?A.$50B.$350C.$700D.$750E.$1,000Liquid assets = $400 + $50 + $300 = $750Difficulty level: MediumTopic: LIQUIDITYType: PROBLEMS55.Martha's Enterprises spent $2,400 to purchase equipment three years ago. This equipment is currently valued at $1,800 on today's balance sheet but could actually be sold for $2,000. Net working capital is $200 and long-term debt is $800. Assuming the equipment is the firm's only fixed asset, what is the book value of shareholders' equity?A.$200B.$800C.$1,200D.$1,400E.The answer cannot be determined from the information providedBook value of shareholders' equity = $1,800 + $200 - $800 = $1,200Difficulty level: MediumTopic: BOOK VALUEType: PROBLEMS56.Art's Boutique has sales of $640,000 and costs of $480,000. Interest expense is $40,000 and depreciation is $60,000. The tax rate is 34%. What is the net income?A.$20,400B.$39,600C.$50,400D.$79,600E.$99,600Taxable income = $640,000 - $480,000 - $40,000 - $60,000 = $60,000; Tax= .34($60,000) = $20,400; Net income = $60,000 - $20,400 = $39,600Difficulty level: MediumTopic: NET INCOMEType: PROBLEMS57.Given the tax rates as shown, what is the average tax rate for a firm with taxable income of $126,500?A.21.38%B.23.88%C.25.76%D.34.64%E.39.00%Tax = .15($50,000) + .25($25,000) + .34($25,000) + .39($126,500 - $100,000) = $32,585; Average tax rate = $32,585 $126,500 = .2576 = 25.76%Difficulty level: MediumTopic: MARGINAL TAX RATEType: PROBLEMS58.The tax rates are as shown. Your firm currently has taxable income of $79,400. How much additional tax will you owe if you increase your taxable income by $21,000?A.$7,004B.$7,014C.$7,140D.$7,160E.$7,174Additional tax = .34($100,000 - $79,400) + .39($79,400 + $21,000 - $100,000) = $7,160Difficulty level: MediumTopic: TAXESType: PROBLEMS59.Your firm has net income of $198 on total sales of $1,200. Costs are $715 and depreciation is $145. The tax rate is 34%. The firm does not have interest expenses. What is the operating cash flow?A.$93B.$241C.$340D.$383E.$485Earnings before interest and taxes = $1,200 - $715 - $145 = $340; Tax = [$198 (1- .34)] - $198 = $102; Operating cash flow = $340 + $145 - $102 = $383Difficulty level: MediumTopic: OPERATING CASH FLOWType: PROBLEMS60.Teddy's Pillows has beginning net fixed assets of $480 and ending net fixed assets of $530. Assets valued at $300 were sold during the year. Depreciation was $40. What is the amount of capital spending?A.$10B.$50C.$90D.$260E.$390Net capital spending = $530 - $480 + $40 = $90Difficulty level: MediumTopic: NET CAPITAL SPENDINGType: PROBLEMS61.At the beginning of the year, a firm has current assets of $380 and current liabilitiesof $210. At the end of the year, the current assets are $410 and the current liabilities are $250. What is the change in net working capital?A.-$30B.-$10C.$0D.$10E.$30Change in net working capital = ($410 - $250) - ($380 - $210) = -$10Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CHANGE IN NET WORKING CAPITALType: PROBLEMS62.At the beginning of the year, long-term debt of a firm is $280 and total debt is $340. At the end of the year, long-term debt is $260 and total debt is $350. The interest paid is $30. What is the amount of the cash flow to creditors?A.-$50B.-$20C.$20D.$30E.$50Cash flow to creditors = $30 - ($260 - $280) = $50Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW TO CREDITORSType: PROBLEMS63.Pete's Boats has beginning long-term debt of $ and ending long-term debt of $210. The beginning and ending total debt balances are $340 and $360, respectively. The interest paid is $20. What is the amount of the cash flow to creditors?A.-$10B.$0C.$10D.$40E.$50Cash flow to creditors = $20 - ($210 - $) = -$10Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW TO CREDITORSType: PROBLEMS64.Peggy Grey's Cookies has net income of $360. The firm pays out 40% of the net income to its shareholders as dividends. During the year, the company sold $80 worth of common stock. What is the cash flow to stockholders?A.$64B.$136C.$144D.$224E.$296Cash flow to stockholders = .40($360) - $80 = $64Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW TO STOCKHOLDERSType: PROBLEMS65.Thompson's Jet Skis has operating cash flow of $218. Depreciation is $45 and interest paid is $35. A net total of $69 was paid on long-term debt. The firm spent $ on fixed assets and increased net working capital by $38. What is the amount of the cash flow to stockholders?A.-$104B.-$28C.$28D.$114E.$142Cash flow of the firm = $218 - $38 - $ = $0; Cash flow to creditors = $35 - (-$69) = $104; Cash flow to stockholders = $0 - $104 = -$104Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW TO STOCKHOLDERSType: PROBLEMS66.What is the change in the net working capital from 2007 to 2008?A.$1,235B.$1,C.$1,335D.$3,405E.$4,740Change in net working capital = ($7,310 - $2,570) - ($6,225 - $2,820) = $1,335Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CHANGE IN NET WORKING CAPITALType: PROBLEMS67.What is the amount of the non-cash expenses for 2008?A.$570B.$630C.$845D.$1,370E.$2,000The non-cash expense is depreciation in the amount of $1,370.Difficulty level: MediumTopic: NONCASH EXPENSESType: PROBLEMS68.What is the amount of the net capital spending for 2008?A.-$290B.$795C.$1,080D.$1,660E.$2,165Net capital spending = $10,670 - $10,960 + $1,370 = $1,080Difficulty level: MediumTopic: NET CAPITAL SPENDINGType: PROBLEMS69.What is the operating cash flow for 2008?A.$845B.$1,930C.$2,215D.$2,845E.$3,060Operating cash flow = $1,930 + $1,370 - $455 = $2,845Difficulty level: MediumTopic: OPERATING CASH FLOWType: PROBLEMS70.What is the cash flow of the firm for 2008?A.$430B.$485C.$1,340D.$2,590E.$3,100Operating cash flow = $1,930 + $1,370 - $455 = $2,845; Change in net working capital = ($7,310 - $2,570) - ($6,225 - $2,820) = $1,335; Net capital spending = $10,670 -$10,960 + $1,370 = $1,080; Cash flow of the firm = $2,845 - $1,335 - $1,080 = $430Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW OF THE FIRMType: PROBLEMS71.What is the amount of net new borrowing for 2008?A.-$225B.-$25C.$0D.$25E.$225Net new borrowing = $8,100 - $7,875 = $225Difficulty level: MediumTopic: NET NEW BORROWINGType: PROBLEMS72.What is the cash flow to creditors for 2008?A.-$405B.-$225C.$225D.$405E.$630Cash flow to creditors = $630 - ($8,100 - $7,875) = $405Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CASH FLOW TO CREDITORSType: PROBLEMS73.What is the net working capital for 2008?A.$345B.$405C.$805D.$812E.$1,005Net working capital = $75 + $502 + $640 - $405 = $812Difficulty level: MediumTopic: NET WORKING CAPITALType: PROBLEMS74.What is the change in net working capital from 2007 to 2008?A.-$93B.-$7C.$7D.$85E.$97Change in net working capital = ($75 + $502 + $640 - $405) - ($70 + $563 + $662 - $390) = -$93Difficulty level: MediumTopic: CHANGE IN NET WORKING CAPITALType: PROBLEMS75.What is net capital spending for 2008?A.-$250B.-$57C.$0D.$57E.$477Net capital spending = $1,413 - $1,680 + $210 = -$57Difficulty level: MediumTopic: NET CAPITAL SPENDINGType: PROBLEMS76.What is the operating cash flow for 2008?A.$143B.$297C.$325D.$353E.$367Earnings before interest and taxes = $785 - $460 - $210 = $115; Taxable income = $115 - $35 = $80; Taxes = .35($80) = $28; Operating cash flow = $115 + $210 - $28 = $297Difficulty level: MediumTopic: OPERATING CASH FLOWType: PROBLEMS。
02Chapter 2_sound
The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream. 元音和辅音的根本区别在于气流是否受阻. As there is no obstruction of air in the production of vowels, the description of the consonants and vowels cannot be done along the same lines.
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
When they are totally closed, no air can pass between them. The result of this gesture is the glottal stop [?] 声门塞音.
1.2 The IPA 国际音标
In 1886, the Phonetic Teachers‟ Association was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods.
高中音乐(选择性必修1)《合唱》电子课本
进步和成就。
评价标准制定
02
根据活动目标和要求，制定科学合理的评价标准，包括音乐表
现、团队合作、创新精神等方面。
评价方式选择
03
采用评委评分、观众投票等多种评价方式，确保评价的公正性
和客观性。
成功案例分享与经验总结
成功案例分享
介绍一些成功的校园合唱活动案例，包括活动的策划、组 织、实施和评价等方面，为其他学校提供借鉴和参考。
流程和计划。
组织架构
成立活动筹备小组，明确分工 和职责，确保活动的顺利进行
。
活动宣传
通过海报、通知、社交媒体等 多种渠道进行活动宣传，吸引
更多的学生参与。
活动实施
按照活动计划进行排练和演出 ，确保活动的顺利进行和高质
量的呈现。
活动成果展示与评价标准制定
活动成果展示
01
通过音乐会、比赛等形式展示活动成果，让学生感受到自己的
合唱一般分为女高音、女中音、女低音、男高音、男中音和 男低音等声部。根据作品的需要，还可以增加童声、领唱等 声部。
角色定位
每个声部在合唱中都有特定的角色定位。例如，女高音通常 负责演唱旋律中的高音部分，男低音则负责低音部分的演唱 。各声部之间需要相互配合，共同表现音乐作品的整体效果 。
合唱作品欣赏与风格识别
指挥者应具备扎实的音乐理论知识和 指挥技能，不断学习新的知识和方法 ，提高自己的专业水平。
观摩优秀指挥家
通过观摩优秀指挥家的演出和排练， 学习他们的指挥技巧和艺术修养，借 鉴其成功的经验和方法。
参加专业培训
参加专业的指挥培训课程和研讨会， 接受系统的培训和指导，提高自己的 指挥水平和能力。
实践锻炼
通过不断的实践锻炼，积累指挥经验 和技巧，逐渐形成自己的指挥风格和 艺术特色。
Unity3D游戏场景设计实例教程CHAPTERUnityD引擎的系统功能
Unity3D提供了强大的场景编辑器，支持对场景 中的对象进行移动、旋转、缩放等操作，同时支 持多视角编辑。
场景资源管理
Unity3D的资源管理器可以对场景中使用的各种 资源进行统一管理，方便开发者进行资源的查找 、替换和删除。
物理引擎
刚体组件
Unity3D的物理引擎支持为游戏对象添加刚体组 件，实现物体的物理运动效果。
粒子效果
粒子系统支持自定义粒子效果，如火焰、烟雾等，提高游戏的视 觉体验。
动画系统
动画片段
Unity3D支持创建动画片段，对游戏对象进行动画编辑。
动画控制器
Unity3D提供了多种动画控制器，如状态机、混合树等，方便开发 者创建复杂的动画效果。
骨骼动画
Unity3D支持对游戏对象进行骨骼动画编辑，实现逼真的角色动画效 果。
室内场景设计
总结词
室内场景设计主要模拟室内环境，如房间、办公室、商场等，以提供给玩家一个温馨、舒适的游戏体 验。
详细描述
室内场景设计中，需要考虑室内的布局和家具摆放、灯光和色彩搭配等因素，以营造出温馨的室内氛 围。同时，室内场景设计还需要考虑游戏性和剧情需求，设置适当的任务和事件，引导玩家深入了解 室内环境和人物关系。
和沉浸感。
音效与音乐的层次感
03
合理安排音效和音乐的播放时间和音量，以营造出丰富的声音
层次感。
CHAPTER 03
Unity3D引擎系统功能
场景管理系统
1 2 3
场景导入导出
Unity3D支持导入导出多种格式的场景文件，如 FBX、3DS Max等，方便开发者在不同软件间进 行场景的迁移。
场景编辑
优化物理引擎性能
合理设置物理模拟的精度和范围，减少不必要的 物理计算。
化工热力学_Chapter3-02
Mar. 25, 2011主要内容3.1 热力学性质间的关系3.2 热力学性质的计算3.3 逸度与逸度系数3.4 两相系统的热力学性质及热力学图表关键：剩余焓H R和剩余熵S R的计算!计算方法：①根据p-V-T实验数据计算②状态方程法③普遍化关系法3.2.4 气体热力学性质的普遍化关系面临难题：实际工程计算中，如计算高压下热力学函数，通常缺乏所需的p-V-T实验数据及所需物质的热力学性质图表。
策略：借助近似的方法处理，即将压缩因子的普遍化方法扩展到对剩余性质的计算。
特点：¾对比态原理可以作为高压下的热力学函数的近似计算方法；¾根据具体条件，选择普遍化维里系数法或普遍化压缩因子法；¾普遍化方法适用性广，既可用公式计算，也可采用图表估算，但精度低。
（1）普压法1Z Z Zω=+要点：采用式（2-38）计算方法——普维法和普压法微分后代入普遍化式（3-57）、（3-58），整理后得到相关H R 、S R 计算式。
（3）注意点¾普遍化关系式（普维法，普压法）仅适用于极性较弱，非缔合物质，不适用于强极性和缔合性物质；¾选择算式之前，一定要进行判据，图2-9中曲线上方或Vr≧2用普维法，否则，需采用普压法。
()mol/J .HHHH H H R R v 3407685822056413402175421=−++=++−+==∗ΔΔΔ()()K mol /J .....SSSS S S R R v ⋅=−++=++−+==∗27883814142287210647921ΔΔΔ63340767100.28151032106/U H pV J mol−=−=−×××=例3-7 确定过热水蒸汽在473.15K 和9.807 ×105Pa时的逸度和逸度系数。
()1.9612879.0/9.652/ii p kPa H kJ kg S kJ kg K ∗∗∗===⋅解: 根据附表中473.15K时的最低压力，并假设蒸汽处于该状态时为理想气体，则从蒸汽表中查出如下的基准态值：例3-8 计算1-丁烯蒸气在473.15K,7MPa下的f 和φ。
02_Lecture_Presentation
Fig. 2-5
Cloud of negative charge (2 electrons)
Electrons
Nucleus
(a)
(b)
Atomic Number and Atomic Mass • Atoms of the various elements differ in number of subatomic particles • An element’s atomic number is the number of protons in its nucleus • An element’s mass number or Atomic mass, is the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus • Atomic mass, the atom’s total mass, can be approximated by the mass number
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Isotopes • All atoms of an element have the same number of protons but may differ in number of neutrons
Elements and Compounds • Matter is made up of elements • An element is a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions • A compound is a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio • A compound has characteristics different from those of its elements
统计学习题ch02
File: ch02, Chapter 2: Visualizing the DataTrue/False1. A summary of data in which raw data are grouped into different intervals and the number of items in each group is listed is called a frequency distribution.Ans: TrueResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Easy2. A graphical representation of a frequency distribution is called a pie chart.Ans: FalseResponse: See section 2.3 Qualitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Easy3. If the individual class frequency is divided by the total frequency, the result is the median frequency.Ans: FalseResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium4. A cumulative frequency polygon is also called an ogive.Ans: TrueResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium5. A histogram can be described as a type of vertical bar chart.Ans: TrueResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium6. For any given data set, a frequency distribution with a larger number of classes will always be better than the one with a smaller number of classes.Ans: FalseResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium7. One advantage of a stem and leaf plot over a frequency distribution is that the values of the original data are retained.Ans: TrueResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium8. One rule that must always be followed in constructing frequency distributions is that the adjacent classes must overlap.Ans: FalseResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium9. For a company in gardening supplies business, the best graphical way to show the percentage of a total budget that is spent on each of a number of different expense categories is the stem and leaf plot.Ans: FalseResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Hard10. A cumulative frequency distribution provides a running total of the frequencies in the classes. Ans: TrueResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium11. The difference between the highest number and the lowest number in a set of data is called the differential frequency.Ans: falseResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium12. In a histogram, the tallest bar represents the class with the highest cumulative frequency. Ans: FalseResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium13. A scatter plot shows how the numbers in a data set are scattered around their average. Ans: FalseResponse: See section 2.4 Graphical Depiction of Two-Variable Numerical Data: Scatter Plots Difficulty: Medium14. A scatter plot is a two-dimensional graph plot of data containing pairs of observations on two numerical variables.Ans: TrueResponse: See section 2.4 Graphical Depiction of Two-Variable Numerical Data: Scatter Plots Difficulty: Medium15. A scatter plot is useful for examining the relationship between two numerical variables. Ans: TrueResponse: See section 2.4 Graphical Depiction of Two-Variable Numerical Data: Scatter Plots Difficulty: MediumMultiple Choice16. Consider the following frequency distribution:Class Interval Frequency10-under 20 1520-under 30 2530-under 40 10 What is the midpoint of the first class?a) 10b) 20c) 15d) 30e) 40Ans: cResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency Distributions Difficulty: Easy17. Consider the following frequency distribution:Class Interval Frequency10-under 20 1520-under 30 2530-under 40 10 What is the relative frequency of the first class?a) 0.15b) 0.30c) 0.10d) 0.20e) 0.40Ans: bResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency Distributions Difficulty: Medium18. Consider the following frequency distribution:Class Interval Frequency10-under 20 1520-under 30 2530-under 40 10What is the cumulative frequency of the second class interval?a) 25b) 40c) 15d) 50Ans: bResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium19. The number of phone calls arriving at a switchboard each hour has been recorded, and the following frequency distribution has been developed.Class Interval Frequency20-under 40 3040-under 60 4560-under 80 8080-under 100 45What is the midpoint of the last class?a) 80b) 100c) 95d) 90e) 85Ans: dResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Easy20. The number of phone calls arriving at a switchboard each hour has been recorded, and the following frequency distribution has been developed.Class Interval Frequency20-under 40 3040-under 60 4560-under 80 8080-under 100 45What is the relative frequency of the second class?a) 0.455b) 0.900c) 0.225d) 0.750e) 0.725Ans: cResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium21. The number of phone calls arriving at a switchboard each hour has been recorded, and the following frequency distribution has been developed.Class Interval Frequency20-under 40 3040-under 60 4560-under 80 8080-under 100 45What is the cumulative frequency of the third class?a) 80b) 0.40c) 155d) 75e) 105Ans: cResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium22. Consider the following stem and leaf plot:Stem Leaf1 0, 2, 5, 72 2, 3, 4, 43 0, 4, 6, 6, 94 5, 8, 8, 95 2, 7, 8Suppose that a frequency distribution was developed from this, and there were 5 classes (10-under 20, 20-under 30, etc.). What would the frequency be for class 30-under 40?a) 3b) 4c) 6d) 7e) 5Ans: eResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium23. Consider the following stem and leaf plot:Stem Leaf1 0, 2, 5, 72 2, 3, 4, 83 0, 4, 6, 6, 94 5, 8, 8, 95 2, 7, 8Suppose that a frequency distribution was developed from this, and there were 5 classes (10-under 20, 20-under 30, etc.). What would be the relative frequency of the class 20-under 30?a) 0.4b) 0.25c) 0.20d) 4e) 0.50Ans: cResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium24. Consider the following stem and leaf plot:Stem Leaf1 0, 2, 5, 72 2, 3, 4, 83 0, 4, 6, 6, 94 5, 8, 8, 95 2, 7, 8Suppose that a frequency distribution was developed from this, and there were 5 classes (10-under 20, 20-under 30, etc.). What was the highest number in the data set?a) 50b) 58c) 59d) 78e) 98Ans: bResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium25. Consider the following stem and leaf plot:Stem Leaf1 0, 2, 5, 72 2, 3, 4, 83 0, 4, 6, 6, 94 5, 8, 8, 95 2, 7, 8Suppose that a frequency distribution was developed from this, and there were 5 classes (10-under 20, 20-under 30, etc.). What was the lowest number in the data set?a) 0b) 10c) 7d) 2e) 1Ans: bResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium26. Consider the following stem and leaf plot:Stem Leaf1 0, 2, 5, 72 2, 3, 4, 83 0, 4, 6, 6, 94 5, 8, 8, 95 2, 7, 8Suppose that a frequency distribution was developed from this, and there were 5 classes (10-under 20, 20-under 30, etc.). What is the cumulative frequency for the 30-under 40 class interval?a) 5b) 9c) 13d) 14e) 18Ans: cResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium27. An instructor has decided to graphically represent the grades on a test. The instructor uses a plus/minus grading system (i.e. she gives grades of A-, B+, etc.). Which of the following would provide the most information for the students?a) A histogramb) A stem and leaf plotc) A cumulative frequency distributiond) A frequency distributione) A scatter plotAns: bResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium28. The following represent the ages of students in a class:19, 23, 21, 19, 19, 20, 22, 31, 21, 20If a stem and leaf plot were to be developed from this, how many stems would there be?a) 2b) 3c) 4d) 5e) 10Ans: bResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium29. A person has decided to construct a frequency distribution for a set of data containing 60 numbers. The lowest number is 23 and the highest number is 68. If 5 classes are used, the class width should be approximately _______.a) 4b) 12c) 8d) 5e) 9Ans: eResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Easy30. A person has decided to construct a frequency distribution for a set of data containing 60 numbers. The lowest number is 23 and the highest number is 68. If 7 classes are used, the class width should be approximately _______.a) 5b) 7c) 9d) 11e) 12Ans: bResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium31. A frequency distribution was developed. The lower endpoint of the first class is 9.30, and the midpoint is 9.35. What is the upper endpoint of this class?a) 9.50b) 9.60c) 9.70d) 9.40e) 9.80Ans: dResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium32. The cumulative frequency for a class is 27. The cumulative frequency for the next (non-empty) class will be _______.a) less than 27b) equal to 27c) next class frequency minus 27d) 27 minus the next class frequencye) 27 plus the next class frequencyAns: eResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Hard33. The following class intervals for a frequency distribution were developed to provide information regarding the starting salaries for students graduating from a particular school:($1,000s)18-under 21 -21-under 25 -24-under 27 -29-under 30 -Before data was collected, someone questioned the validity of this arrangement. Which of the following represents a problem with this set of intervals?a) There are too many intervals.b) The class widths are too small.c) Some numbers between 18,000 and 30,000 would fall into two different intervals.d) The first and the second interval overlap.e) There are too few intervals.Ans: cResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium34. The following class intervals for a frequency distribution were developed to provide information regarding the starting salaries for students graduating from a particular school:Salary Number of Graduates($1,000s)18-under 21 -21-under 25 -24-under 27 -29-under 30 -Before data was collected, someone questioned the validity of this arrangement. Which of the following represents a problem with this set of intervals?a) There are too many intervals.b) The class widths are too small.c) Some numbers between 18,000 and 30,000 would not fall into any of these intervals.d) The first and the second interval overlap.e) There are too few intervals.Ans: cResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Hard35. The following class intervals for a frequency distribution were developed to provide information regarding the starting salaries for students graduating from a particular school:($1,000s)18-under 21 -21-under 25 -24-under 27 -29-under 30 -Before data was collected, someone questioned the validity of this arrangement. Which of the following represents a problem with this set of intervals?a) There are too many intervals.b) The class widths are too small.c) The class widths are too large.d) The second and the third interval overlap.e) There are too few intervals.Ans: dResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Hard36. Abel Alonzo, Director of Human Resources, is exploring employee absenteeism at the Harrison Haulers Plant during the last operating year. A review of all personnel records indicated that absences ranged from zero to twenty-nine days per employee. The following class intervals were proposed for a frequency distribution of absences.Absences Number of Employees(Days)0-under 5 -5-under 10 -10-under 15 -20-under 25 -25-under 30 -Which of the following represents a problem with this set of intervals?a) There are too few intervals.b) Some numbers between 0 and 29, inclusively, would not fall into any interval.c) The first and second interval overlaps.d) There are too many intervals.e) The second and the third interval overlap.Ans: bResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium37. Abel Alonzo, Director of Human Resources, is exploring employee absenteeism at the Harrison Haulers Plant during the last operating year. A review of all personnel records indicated that absences ranged from zero to twenty-nine days per employee. The following class intervals were proposed for a frequency distribution of absences.Absences Number of Employees(Days)0-under 10 -10-under 20 -20-under 30 -Which of the following might represent a problem with this set of intervals?a) There are too few intervals.b) Some numbers between 0 and 29 would not fall into any interval.c) The first and second interval overlaps.d) There are too many intervals.e) The second and the third interval overlap.Ans: aResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium38. Consider the relative frequency distribution given below:Class Interval Relative Frequency20-under 40 0.240-under 60 0.360-under 80 0.480-under 100 0.1There were 60 numbers in the data set. How many numbers were in the interval 20-under 40?a) 12b) 20c) 40d) 10e) 15Ans: aResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium39. Consider the relative frequency distribution given below:Class Interval Relative Frequency20-under 40 0.240-under 60 0.360-under 80 0.480-under 100 0.1There were 60 numbers in the data set. How many numbers were in the interval 40-under 60?a) 30b) 50c) 18d) 12e) 15Ans: cResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium40. Consider the relative frequency distribution given below:Class Interval Relative Frequency20-under 40 0.240-under 60 0.360-under 80 0.480-under 100 0.1There were 60 numbers in the data set. How many of the number were less than 80?a) 90b) 80c) 0.9d) 54e) 100Ans: dResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium41. Consider the following frequency distribution:Class Interval Frequency100-under 200 25200-under 300 45300-under 400 30What is the midpoint of the first class?a) 100b) 150c) 25d) 250e) 200Ans: bResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency Distributions Difficulty: Medium42. Consider the following frequency distribution:Class Interval Frequency100-under 200 25200-under 300 45300-under 400 30What is the relative frequency of the second class interval?a) 0.45b) 0.70c) 0.30d) 0.33e) 0.50Ans: aResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency Distributions Difficulty: Medium43. Consider the following frequency distribution:Class Interval Frequency100-under 200 25200-under 300 45300-under 400 30What is the cumulative frequency of the second class interval?a) 25b) 45c) 70d) 100e) 250Ans: cResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency Distributions Difficulty: Medium44. Consider the following frequency distribution:Class Interval Frequency100-under 200 25200-under 300 45300-under 400 30What is the midpoint of the last class interval?a) 15b) 350c) 300d) 200e) 400Ans: bResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Medium45. Pinky Bauer, Chief Financial Officer of Harrison Haulers, Inc., suspects irregularities in the payroll system and orders an inspection of "each and every payroll voucher issued since January 1, 2000." Each payroll voucher was inspected and the following frequency distribution was compiled.Errors per Voucher Number of Vouchers0-under 2 5002-under 4 4004-under 6 3006-under 8 2008-under 10 100The relative frequency of the first class interval is _________.a) 0.50b) 0.33c) 0.40d) 0.27e) 0.67Ans: bResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Hard46. Pinky Bauer, Chief Financial Officer of Harrison Haulers, Inc., suspects irregularitiesin the payroll system and orders an inspection of "each and every payroll voucher issued since January 1, 2000." Each payroll voucher was inspected and the following frequency distribution was compiled.Errors per Voucher Number of Vouchers0-under 2 5002-under 4 4004-under 6 3006-under 8 2008-under 10 100The cumulative frequency of the second class interval is _________.a) 1,500b) 500c) 900d) 1,000e) 1,200Ans: cResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Hard47. Pinky Bauer, Chief Financial Officer of Harrison Haulers, Inc., suspects irregularities in the payroll system and orders an inspection of "each and every payroll voucher issued since January 1, 2000." Each payroll voucher was inspected and the following frequency distribution was compiled.Errors per Voucher Number of Vouchers0-under 2 5002-under 4 4004-under 6 3006-under 8 2008-under 10 100The midpoint of the first class interval is _________.a) 500b) 2c) 1.5d) 1e) 250Ans: dResponse: See section 2.1 Frequency DistributionsDifficulty: Hard48. The 1999 and 2000 market share data of the three competitors (A, B, and C) in an oligopolistic industry are presented in the following pie charts.Which of the following is true?a) Only company B gained market share. b) Only company C lost market share. c) Company A lost market share. d) Company B lost market share. e) All companies lost market shareAns: bResponse: See section 2.3 Qualitative Data Graphs Difficulty: Hard49. The 1999 and 2000 market share data of the three competitors (A, B, and C) in anoligopolistic industry are presented in the following pie charts. Total sales for this industry were $1.5 billion in 1999 and $1.8 billion in 2000. Company C’s sales in 2000 were ___________.a) $342 million b) $630 million c) $675 milliond) $828 million 2000A1999B2000A1999Be) $928 millionAns: aResponse: See section 2.3 Qualitative Data Graphs Difficulty: Hard50. The 1999 and 2000 market share data of the three competitors (A, B, and C) in anoligopolistic industry are presented in the following pie charts. Total sales for this industry were $1.5 billion in 1999 and $1.8 billion in 2000.Company B’s sales in 1999 were ___________. a) $342 million b) $630 million c) $675 million d) $828 million e) $928 millionAns: cResponse: See section 2.3 Qualitative Data Graphs Difficulty: Medium51. The 1999 and 2000 market share data of the three competitors (A, B, and C) in anoligopolistic industry are presented in the following pie charts.2000A1999BWhich of the following may be a false statement? a) Sales revenues declined at company C. b) Only company C lost market share. c) Company A gained market share. d) Company B gained market share.e) Both Company A and Company B gained market shareAns: aResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data Graphs Difficulty: Hard52. Each day, the office staff at Oasis Quick Shop prepares a frequency distribution and an ogive of sales transactions by dollar value of the transactions. Saturday's cumulative frequency ogive follows.The total number of sales transactions on Saturday was _____________. a) 200 b) 500 c) 300 d) 100 e) 4002000A1999BAns: bResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium53. Each day, the office staff at Oasis Quick Shop prepares a frequency distribution and an ogive of sales transactions by dollar value of the transactions. Saturday's cumulative frequency ogive follows.The percentage of sales transactions on Saturday that were under $100 each was _____________.a) 100b) 10c) 80d) 20e) 15Ans: dResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium54. Each day, the office staff at Oasis Quick Shop prepares a frequency distribution and an ogive of sales transactions by dollar value of the transactions. Saturday's cumulative frequency ogive follows.The percentage of sales transactions on Saturday that were at least $100 each was_____________.a) 100b) 10c) 80d) 20e) 15Ans: cResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium55. Each day, the office staff at Oasis Quick Shop prepares a frequency distribution and an ogive of sales transactions by dollar value of the transactions. Saturday's cumulative frequency ogive follows.The percentage of sales transactions on Saturday that were between $100 and $150 was_____________.a) 20%b) 40%c) 60%d) 80%e) 10%Ans: cResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Hard56. Each day, the office staff at Oasis Quick Shop prepares a frequency distribution and a histogram of sales transactions by dollar value of the transactions. Friday's histogram follows.On Friday, the approximate number of sales transactions in the 125-under 150 category was _____________.a) 50b) 100c) 150d) 200e) 85Ans: dResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium57. Each day, the office staff at Oasis Quick Shop prepares a frequency distribution and a histogram of sales transactions by dollar value of the transactions. Friday's histogram follows.On Friday, the approximate number of sales transactions between $100 and $150 was_____________.a) 100b) 200c) 300d) 400e) 500Ans: cResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium58. The staff of Mr. Wayne Wertz, VP of Operations at Portland Peoples Bank, prepared a cumulative frequency ogive of waiting time for walk-in customers.The total number of walk-in customers included in the study was _________.a) 100b) 250c) 300d) 450e) 500Ans: dResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium59. The staff of Mr. Wayne Wertz, VP of Operations at Portland Peoples Bank, prepared a cumulative frequency ogive of waiting time for walk-in customers.The percentage of walk-in customers waiting one minute or less was _________.a) 22%b) 11%c) 67%d) 10%e) 5%Ans: aResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium60. The staff of Mr. Wayne Wertz, VP of Operations at Portland Peoples Bank, prepared a cumulative frequency ogive of waiting time for walk-in customers.The percentage of walk-in customers waiting more than 6 minutes was ______.a) 22%b) 11%c) 67%d) 10%e) 75%Ans: bResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium61. The staff of Mr. Wayne Wertz, VP of Operations at Portland Peoples Bank, prepared a cumulative frequency ogive of waiting time for walk-in customers.The percentage of walk-in customers waiting between 1 and 6 minutes was ___.a) 22%b) 11%c) 37%d) 10%e) 67%Ans: eResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium62. The staff of Mr. Wayne Wertz, VP of Operations at Portland Peoples Bank, prepared a frequency histogram of waiting time for walk-in customers.Approximately _____ walk-in customers waited less than 2 minutes.a) 20b) 30c) 100d) 180e) 200Ans: dResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium63. The staff of Mr. Wayne Wertz, VP of Operations at Portland Peoples Bank, prepared a frequency histogram of waiting time for walk-in customers.Approximately ____ walk-in customers waited at least 7 minutes.a) 20b) 30c) 100d) 180e) 200Ans: bResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium64. The staffs of the accounting and the quality control departments rated their respective supervisor's leadership style as either (1) authoritarian or (2) participatory. Sixty-eight percent of the accounting staff rated their supervisor "authoritarian," and thirty-two percent rated him "participatory." Forty percent of the quality control staff rated their supervisor "authoritarian," and sixty percent rated her "participatory." The best graphic depiction of these data would be two ___________________.a) histogramsb) frequency polygonsc) ogivesd) pie chartse) scatter plotsAns: dResponse: See section 2.3 Qualitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Hard65. The staff of Ms. Tamara Hill, VP of Technical Analysis at Blue Sky Brokerage, prepared a frequency histogram of market capitalization of the 937 corporations listed on the American Stock Exchange in January 2003.Approximately ________ corporations had capitalization exceeding $200,000,000.a) 50b) 100c) 700d) 800e) 890Ans: bResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium66. The staff of Ms. Tamara Hill, VP of Technical Analysis at Blue Sky Brokerage, prepared a frequency histogram of market capitalization of the 937 corporations listed on the American Stock Exchange in January 2003.Approximately ________ corporations had capitalizations of $200,000,000 or less.a) 50b) 100c) 700d) 800e) 900Ans: dResponse: See section 2.2 Quantitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium67. The following graphic of PCB Failures is a _____________.a) Scatter Plotb) Pareto Chartc) Pie Chartd) Cumulative Histogram Charte) Line diagramAns: bResponse: See section 2.3 Qualitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium68. According to the following graphic, the most common cause of PCB Failures is a _____________.a) Cracked Traceb) Bent Pinc) Missing Partd) Solder Bridgee) Wrong PartAns: aResponse: See section 2.3 Qualitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Medium69. According to the following graphic, “Bent Pins” account for ____% of PCB Failures.a) 10b) 20c) 30d) 40e) 50Ans: bResponse: See section 2.3 Qualitative Data GraphsDifficulty: Hard70. The following graphic of residential housing data (selling price and size in square feet) is a _____________.a) scatter plotb) Pareto chartc) pie chartd) cumulative histograme) cumulative frequency distribuionAns: aResponse: See section 2.4 Graphical Depiction of Two-Variable Numerical Data: Scatter Plots Difficulty: Medium71. The following graphic of residential housing data (selling price and size in square feet) indicates _____________.a) an inverse relation between the two variablesb) no relation between the two variablesc) a direct relation between the two variablesd) a negative exponential relation between the two variablese) a sinusoidal relationship between the two variablesAns: c。
mankiw7e-chap02
and services.
G excludes transfer payments
(e.g., unemployment insurance payments), because they do not represent spending on goods and services.
total output
total expenditure
the sum of value-added at all stages
in the production of final goods
CHAPTER 2
The Data of Macroeconomics
19
Real vs. nominal GDP
CHAPTER 2
The Data of Macroeconomics
14
FYI: U.S. Government Spending, 2008
$ billions
Govt spending $ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ,882.4
% of GDP
20.2%
- Federal
Non-defense
1,071.9
337.0
Unsold output goes into inventory,
and is counted as “inventory investment”… …whether or not the inventory buildup was intentional.
In effect, we are assuming that
Chapter 2: The Data of Macroeconomics
struts02原理
9
RequestProcessor 类
方法 processLocale() processContent() processPopulate() processInclude() processActionCreate() processActionPerform() 说明 为请求选择一个语言环境 为所有响应设置默认的内容类型（如有必要） 填充与请求关联的 ActionForm 将调用路径的结果包括在请求中 实例化当前 ActionMapping 指定的类的实例 将调用 action 的 perform() 或 execute() 方法
1
ActionServlet
2 6
开发时只需关注： · 两个核心组件： ActionForm [Add]Action · 一个配置文件
AddForm， ActionMapping
4
JavaBean Model(模型)
数据库
[Add]Action
3
查找ActionMapping，找到正确的 JSP页面，并转发
processForward()
响应 处理 <action-mapping> 元素的 forward 以匹配当前的 请 已处理请求 求路径
调用 Form Bean 的 validate() 方法
processValidate()
processPreprocess() 告诉请求处理器调用此方法后是否应继续处理请求
7
Struts框架响应客户请求的流程
Servlet容器
ActionServlet的doGet()或doPost()方法 ActionServlet的process()方法 RequestProcessor的process()方法 Action的execute()方法
lecture02
CHAPTER 2
The Data of Macroeconomics
slide 7
Gdp的核算
一国一定时期内所生产的所有最终产品和
服务的市场价值
苹果和橘子如何相加？ 二手货 存货
CHAPTER 2
The Data of Macroeconomics
slide 8
Imputed Value（估算值）
事实上，我们假设企业购买自己的产品
In effect, we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output.
CHAPTER 2
The Data of Macroeconomics
slide 27
GDP: An important and versatile concept
包括: 企业固定投资 spending on plant and equipment that firms will use to produce other goods & services 住房固定投资 spending on housing units by consumers and landlords 存货投资 the change in the value of all firms’ inventories
slide 26
Why output = expenditure
没有售出的产出转为存货，并被算入存 货投资，无论该投资是有意的还是被迫 的Unsold output goes into inventory, and is
counted as “inventory investment”…whether the inventory buildup was intentional or not.
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12.3
复旦大学
资源的长期价格走势
现象
铜的消费在1880－1998年间增加了100倍。 但是铜的真实价格一直处于相对稳定的水平。
姜建强 2005 版权
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市场均衡变化
Price
S1900
S1950
S1998
长期的价格消费路径
D1900
姜建强 2005 版权 复旦大学
D1950
D1998
较高的收入可以购买较大的汽车，所以汽油的收入弹性会随着 时间的推移而越来越大。
其他产品（耐用品）
收入弹性在长期要比短期小
最初，消费者会倾向于更多地保有现有的汽车。 随着时间的推移，购买者最终要替代旧车。
复旦大学 46
姜建强 2005 版权
短期与长期弹性
对汽车和汽油的需求
汽车和汽油是互补产品
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
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市场均衡的变动
均衡价格由供给和需求的相对水平所决定
外生变量任何一个或者几个一起的变动都会导 致均衡价格和产量的变动。
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
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市场均衡的变动
原材料价格下降
P
D
S
S’
S 移动至 S’ 当 P1，过剩为 Q2 – Q1. 新均衡 P3, Q3
Qs Qs(P)
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
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供给
Price ($ per unit)
S
P2 P1
Q1
姜建强 2005 版权
Q2
复旦大学
Quantity
9
供给
（非价格）的外生变量
生产成本
劳动 资本原材料
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
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供给
供给变化
原材料价格下降
P
S
S’
第二章
需求与供给模型
本章结构
需求与供给 市场机制 市场均衡的变动 需求与供给的弹性 短期弹性与长期弹性 供需模型的分析与应用
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
2
需求
需求曲线
需求曲线是指，其他因素不变，消费者的意愿购买 量如何随着产品单位价格的变动而变动。 可以用数学表示为
QD QD(P)
最高限价：即市场的成交价格不能高于政府规定的 最高限价水平 最低限价：即市场的成交价格不能低于政府规定的 最低限价水平
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
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价格管制
Price S
如果价格被管制在不得 超过Pmax,水平上，则供 给量就会下降至 Q1 ，且 需求量降至Q2。产生短缺
P0
Pmax
D
过度需求
需求
需求的价格弹性一般会随着消费者对价格的反应时间 而变化。
对于大多数产品和服务
短期弹性要小于长期弹性（比如汽油）
对于其他产品（耐用产品）
短期弹性要大于长期弹性（比如汽车）
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
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汽油
Price
DSR
人们在长期会倾向于 买微型或更节油的汽车。
汽油
DLR
Quantity
姜建强 2005 版权 复旦大学 44
汽车
Price
DLR
人们会推迟当前消费，但旧 车最终需要被新车替换掉。
汽车
DSR
Quantity
姜建强 2005 版权 复旦大学 45
短期与长期弹性
收入弹性
收入弹性也会随着消费者针对收入变化反应的时间而 发生变化。 对于多数产品和服务
收入弹性在长期要大于短期。
29
Quantity
市场均衡变化
结论
生产成本的降低使得供给能力的增加幅度大于需求 的增加幅度。
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
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需求与供给弹性
一般地，弹性是度量一个变量相对于另外一个 变量的敏感程度。 它是指一个变量的百分比变动相对于另一个变 量百分比变动。
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
12
市场机制
Price ($ per unit)
S
P0
D Q0
姜建强 2005 版权 复旦大学
Quantity
13
市场机制
均衡的性质或市场出清价格：
QD = QS 没有短缺 没有过剩 价格没有变动的外在压力
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
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市场机制
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
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市场机制
Price
($ per unit)
S
过剩
假设价格为 P1 ,那么: 1) Qs : Q2 > Qd : Q1 2) 过度供给 Q2 – Q1. 3) 生产者降低价格 4) 供给量减少，需求量增加 5) 均衡位于 P2Q3
P1 P2
D Q1
姜建强 2005 版权
Price
($ per unit)
S 过剩
如果价格高于均衡: 1) 价格高于出清价格 2) Qs > Qd 3) 价格将回落至出清价格
P1
P0
D Q0
姜建强 2005 版权 复旦大学
Quantity
15
市场机制
过剩
市场价格高于均衡
存在过剩 生产降低价格 需求量增加，供给量减少 市场继续调整直至均衡出清价格
EP 0
Q*
姜建强 2005 版权 复旦大学
Quantity
38
需求与供给弹性
其他需求弹性
需求的收入弹性 度量的是收入百分之一变动 所带来的需求量百分比变动。
Q/Q I Q EI I/I Q I
姜建强 2005 版权 复旦大学 39
需求与供给弹性
其他需求弹性
交叉价格弹性 度量的是其他产品价格百分之一变动所 导致的需求量变动的百分比变动情况。
Quantity
姜建强 2005 版权 复旦大学 50
短期与长期弹性
二级铜：短期和长期供给曲线
SLR
Price
SSR
价格提高会激励将废铜 转变为新的供给。但是在 长期，废铜存量会开始减 少
Quantity
姜建强 2005 版权 复旦大学 51
价格管制
如果政府认为均衡价格不合理（或太高，或太 低），他们可能会对价格进行管制
因为价格和供给量是正相关的，所以供给弹性一般是正的。
较高的价格激励生产提高产量。
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
41
需求与供给弹性
供给的价格弹性
我们也可以将供给的价格弹性应用于利息率、工 资率、原材料成本等生产要素上，从而刻画各种 不同要素供给的价格弹性。
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
42
短期与长期弹性
需求曲线向右移动
任何价格水平上，D’要比 D购买的更多
P1
Q0
姜建强 2005 版权 复旦大学
Q1
Q2
Q
6
需求
需求 – 一个回顾
需求是由非价格变量（如收入、相关产品价格、偏 好等）所决定 需求的变动是指整个曲线的移动 需求量的变动
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
7
供给
供给曲线
是指，给定影响供给量的其他变量不变，在给定价 格条件下，生产者愿意提供多少产量。 数学表示
Ep = -1 2 线性需求曲线 Q = a - bP Q = 8 - 2P
Ep = 0
4
姜建强 2005 版权 复旦大学
8
Q
36
需求的价格弹性
Price
需求的价格弹性无穷大
P*
D
EP -
Quantity
姜建强 2005 版权 复旦大学 37
需求的价格弹性
完全没有弹性的需求曲线
Price
Qb/Qb Pm Qb EQbPm Pm/Pm Qb Pm
比如，替代产品咖啡和茶叶；互补产品咖啡和糖 通常，替代产品的交叉价格弹性是正的，而互补产品 的交叉价格弹性是负的。
复旦大学 40
姜建强 2005 版权
需求与供给弹性
供给的价格弹性
供给弹性 度量的是价格变动百分之一所导致的供给量的百分 比变化。
假设上海房子价格在2000－2005年间上涨 300%以上。 房屋供给的减少：土地面积、建造成本。
房屋需求的增加：外来人口流入等
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
26
房地产价格
(每平方米价格)
P
S2005
10000
S2000
3000
D2000
7.4
姜建强 2005 版权
D2005 Q (房屋总面积))
姜建强 2005 版权
复旦大学
48
短期与长期弹性
供给
对于大多数产品和服务:
长期供给的价格弹性要比短期的供给弹性大。
其他产品（耐用品、可回收品）：
长期供给的价格弹性要比短期的供给弹性小。