环境工程专业英语课文翻译

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环境专业英语翻译(中英对照)

Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes: 这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。

这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able toquantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollutionproblems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of thecomplex interactions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of currenttechnology，but which are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。

环境科学与工程专业英语翻译

第四单元阅读材料：Reading Material : Analytical Technique and Methodology第八单元：空气污染物的来源和类型第八单元Reading Material : Type and Sources of Air Pollutants [ II J阅读材料：空气污染物的类型和来源（Ⅱ）What are PCBs?什么是多氯联苯？There are 209 possible chlorinated biphenyls, ranging in physical characteristics. 大概有209种氯化联苯，其物理性质不同。

The mono-and dichloro biphenyls ( 27323-18-8), ( 25512-42-9) are colorless crystalline compounds that when burned in air give rise to soot and hydrogen chloride. 一氯联苯和二氯联苯（27323-18-8），（25512-42-9）是无色晶体的化合物，当它们在空气中燃烧会产生烟尘和氯化氢。

The most important products aretri-chlorobiphenyls,tetrachlorobiphenyls, pentachlorobiphenyls and/ or hexachlorobiphenyls. 最重要的产品是三氯化联苯，四氯联苯，五氯联苯和/或六氯联苯。

Chlorinated biphenyls are soluble in many organic solvents and in water only in the ppm range. 多氯联苯可溶于有机溶剂和仅在水的百万分之一ppm（part per million）的范围内溶解。

环境工程专业英语翻译(1)

环境工程专业英语翻译(1)Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。

这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able to quantify them 理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex interactions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。

(完整版)(整理)环境工程专业英语翻译(中英对照)

Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。

这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able toquantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complexinteractions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，butwhich are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。

环境工程英语原文对照翻译

Reducing the Heavy Metal Content of Sewage Sludge by Advanced Sludge Treatment MethodsABSTRACTWaste-activated sludge (WAS) processes are key technologies to treat wastewater: their effluents can meet stringent discharge standards, thus ensuring a minimum residual impact on the aquatic environment. The presence of heavy metals in the excess sludge poses, however, serious problems, and considerably hampers the final disposal alternatives, especially in the agricultural use (soil improvement/amendment). This article studies the effect of thermal hydrolysis and Fenton’s peroxidation on the heavy metal content of the dewatered sludge. Acid thermal hydrolysis reduces the heavy metal content in the filter cake except for Cu, Hg, and Pb. Alkaline thermal hydrolysis releases Cu, Pb, and Cr. Fenton’s peroxidation transfers Cd, Cu, and Ni from the filter cake into the filtrate. Land application of the residual cake can hence be reconsidered.INTRODUCTIONWASTE-ACTIV ATED SLUDGE (WAS) processes are key technologies to treat wastewater: their effluents can meet stringent discharge standards, thus ensuring a minimum residual impact on the aquatic environment. Through their microbial activity, these biological processes produce huge amounts of WAS, now commonly called biosolids. This excess sludge is an inevitable drawback inherent to the WAS process. Increasing amounts of WAS have to be dealt with dueto (1) the higher wastewater collection rates, (2) the reliability and efficiency of wastewater treatment plants, and (3) the widespread application of denitrification and dephosphatation. The presence of heavy metals in the excess sludge poses, however, serious problems, since they are among the most important factors in assessing the final disposal alternatives of the sludge, for example, they will accumulate in the fly ash in the event of incineration, can be released through leaching in landfills, or may prevent land application.Many countries have imposed legal restrictions concerning the heavy metal content, when using the sludge for land application (e.g., agricultural use as fertilizer or soil amendment), since high concentrations in the sludge may result in heavy metal accumulation in cultivated soils. In the European Union, the maximum acceptable concentrations are fixed by the Directive 86/278/EEC of the European Commission (Commission of the European Communities, 1986). Most countries apply, however, a more stringent legislation. In Flanders, the standards are described in VLAREA (Flemish Government, 1997). Both European and Flemish legal standards, as well as the average concentrations of heavy metals in municipal sewage sludge in Flanders(Aquafin, 2004), are presented in Table 1. Some metals present in the WAS do not comply with these legal standards, thus necessitating the application of less sustainable and more expensive disposal routes.Heavy metals in sludge cannot be removed by common sludge treatment methods such as aerobic or anaerobic digestion.Some advanced sludge treatment processes (AST) were recently confirmed as having the potential to enhance the dewaterability of the sludge. The most promising techniques include acid and alkaline thermal hydrolysis (Neyens and Baeyens, 2003a; Neyens et al., 2003a, 2003b) and the peroxidation of the sludge (Neyens and Baeyens, 2003b; 2003c; Neyens et al., 2002). In addition, Dewil et al. (2005) demonstrated an increase of the thermal conductivity of peroxidated sludge, hence improving its drying characteristics. Neyens et al. (2004) concluded that these techniques enhance the dewaterability of the sludge by degrading the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) structures. Since a large part of the heavy metals are bound to these EPS, the AST processes are supposed to also release heavy metals from the sludge to the water phase, thusreducing the heavy metal concentration in the residual sludge cake after dewatering. In doing so, the water phase needs a traditional treatment for metal removal (settling, flotation, etc.) prior to being recycled to the plant influent. This article studies the effect of thermal hydrolysis and Fenton’s peroxidation on the heavy metal content of the dewatered sludge.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURESludges usedThe experiments make use of thickened activated sludge samples, taken from the full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Leuven (located in Flanders, Belgium).The WWTP of Leuven is a high-load WAS plant having a sludge ODS/DS (organic fraction of the total amount of dry solids) fraction of 67%. No primary sedimentation is present.The activated sludge was collected and settled in the laboratory for about 4 h. The supernatant was thereafter poured off. The resulting dry solids content was about 3 wt.%.HydrolysisHydrolysis (acid or alkaline) of the sludge implies a treatment at moderate to high temperature. Acid thermal hydrolysis at low pH requires sulphuric acid (from a solution containing 1.75 kg H2SO4/L), whereas alkaline thermal hydrolysis occurs athigh pH, obtained by adding Ca(OH)2 (from a suspension containing 50 g Ca(OH)2/L). After reaction, the sludge is neutralized by adding Ca(OH)2 or H2SO4 for, respectively, acid or alkaline thermal hydrolysis. Ciba® ZETAG 7878 FS40 polyelectrolyte is thereafter added before dewatering the sludge.The experiments were carried out in a reactor, constructed as a pressure vessel with an electrically heated shell. The temperature of the sludge is kept constant. Samples of 10 L sludge were batch treated. Table 2 summarizes the operating conditions of the different treatment methods, previously determined to be optimal conditions (Neyens et al., 2003a, 2003b).Fenton’s treatment of the sludgeNeyens et al. (2002, 2003c) showed that the optimum activity for the peroxidation is reached under the following conditions: (1) addition of 25 g H2O2 kg-1DS, (2) the presence of 1.67 g Fe2+kg-1DS, (3) at pH 3 and (4) at ambient temperature and pressure.This treatment was carried out by first adjusting the pH of the sludge to 3 using H2SO4·Fe2+(i.e., FeSO4) was added at the given concentration and H2O2 was thereafter added at the required amount from a solution containing 390 g H2O2/L solution.The mixture was stirred at 200 rpm. The oxidation releases reaction gases (mostly CO2, H2O, and small organic molecules), and the time of reaction was considered as the time until the gas production was stopped. This time was about 60 min. After reaction, the sludge mixture was neutralized with Ca(OH)2 and polyelectrolyte (PE) was added. The PE used was Ciba® ZETAG 7878 FS40. The tests were performed in a batch reactor of 10 L.DewateringThe sludge was dewatered using a vacuum-assisted Buchner filtration at a vacuum pressure of 0.5 bar, assessed for a 100-mL sample during a set time of 5 min. The filter cake was analyzed for heavy metals.Heavy metal analysisCr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb were measured by ICPOES. Hg was determined by cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Prior to the analysis, the sludge samples were submitted to a microwave destruction method. Approximately 0.2 g was introduced in a Teflon tube. Two milliliters of HNO3 (65 wt.%)6 mL of HCl (fuming), and 2 mL of HF were added. The tubes containing the mixture were inserted in a microwave oven, applying a power of 400 W for 20 min. Thereafter, 22 mL of 4wt.%boric acid was added to neutralize the remaining (hazardous) HF.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONGeneralitiesHeavy metals in sewage are concentrated in the sludge through two treatment steps (Brown and Lester, 1979): (1) primary settling removes a proportion of metals which is either insoluble or adsorbed onto particles (Oliver and Cosgrove, 1974), and (2) additional metal removal occurs in the WAS process by the adsorption (biosorption) of dissolved or finely suspended metal compounds onto sludge flocs (Oliver and Cosgrove, 1974; Yoshizaki and Tomida, 2000). Some authors report that the activated sludge process is more efficient in removing metals than the primary settling.Biosorption of the heavy metal ions in the WAS process seems to take place mainly by the rapid ion exchange reactions on cell surfaces (Yoshizaki and Tomida, 2000). The surfaces of the micro-organisms in the activated sludge are covered with EPS. The potential binding sites for heavy metals on the EPS include carboxylates, amines, thiols, phosphates, and other functional groups (Seki et al., 1998). EPS hence act as ion exchangers which combine cationic and anionic exchange functions, and this action seems to facilitate the combination of sludge with various metal cations and metal complex anions. By degrading the EPS, it was assumed possible to release heavy metals from WAS.The treatment of the sludge with AST methods affects the extractability of the heavy metals present in the thickened sludge by two possible mechanisms: (1) the EPS mechanism or biological mechanism, and (2) the physicochemical mechanism.The high molecular weight EPS of the Biofloc includes polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and other polymeric compounds, and provide many functional groups that may act as binding sites for the metals (Forster and Lewin, 1972; Cheng et al., 1975; Brown and Lester, 1979; Liu et al., 2001). The AST methods have the potential to degrade the EPS, thus destroying the binding sites. Heavy metals are thus released. The process of destroying the EPS by AST methods is described in detail by Neyens et al. (2004).Physical and chemical factors affecting metal removal are temperature, pH, duration of acidification, presence of an oxidant, concentration of complexing agents, WAS floc size, etc.Heavy metals occur in different forms: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to iron and manganese oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual (Naoum et al., 2001). The exchangeable fraction is likely to be affected by changes in water ioniccomposition, as well as by sorption and desorption processes. The carbonate fraction is sensitive to changes in pH, while the reducible fraction, which consists of iron and manganese oxides, is thermodynamically unstable under anoxic conditions. The organic fraction can be degraded, leading to a release of soluble metals in an oxidizing environment. The residual fraction, containing mainly primary and secondary minerals, holds metals within its crystal structure. The metals that are associated with the residual fraction are normally not expected to dissolve.Sludge hydrolysisAcid thermal hydrolysis. In comparison with the untreated sludge, the heavy metal content in the filter cake of acid hydrolyzed sludge is significantly reduced for most of the heavy metals, with the exception of Pb, Cu, and Hg. From the results in Table 3, the order of metal removal is: Zn=Ni>Cd>Cr>Pb> Cu>Hg.This order of removal roughly follows the general pattern of the Irving-Williams series (Irving and Williams, 1948), which describes the relative order of metal–organic chelate bond strengths. Often used in describing the soil chemistry of metals, the series predicts that metal–organic bond strengths are in the order Cu >Ni> Zn>Cd; and that the greater the organic bond strength, the less soluble the complex. This series predicts that cadmium is the most soluble metal, followed by zinc, then nickel, with copper being the least soluble. This is illustrated in Table 3, where the removal efficiencies of nickel, zinc, and cadmium are shown to be rather high due to the fact that acid thermal hydrolysis can break theNi, Zn, Cd–organic chelate bonds. Copper forms the highest fraction in the filter cake, since the acid treatment is not capable of releasing this metal from the Cu–organic structure. As in the case of acidification, neutral thermal treatment of sludge samples is also reported to result in a reduced heavy metal content in the filter cake and in the transformation of the remaining heavy metals from the mobile fractions to a more stable phase (Naoum et al., 1998, 2001).Heavy metals, incorporated in the sludge flocs, can only be transported from the flocs to the aqueous phase by diffusion. An elevated temperature could possibly increase the rate of extraction as the diffusivity of ions is promoted at high temperatures (Veeken and Hamelers, 1999). Conformational changes of sludge flocs could possibly contribute to an improved transport of metal ions within the sludge flocs or an enhanced accessibility of the acid anion. The increased rate of extraction of heavy metals at higher temperatures confirms the hypothesis that the rate of extraction is controlled by diffusion of metal ions from the sludge flocs to the bulk solution (Veeken and Hamelers, 1999).Alkaline thermal hydrolysisThe results in Table 3 show the following order of removal efficiency from thesludge phase: Cu>Pb>Cr>Zn>Cd=Hg=Ni. This is the same order as found by Hsiau and Lo (1997, 1998), who studied the leaching behavior of lime treatment. Lime treatment (Ca(OH)2) of sewage sludges is an alkaline treatment process which has been used for decades to reduce the odor generation and pathogen levels of biological matter.Hsiau and Lo (1997) demonstrated that the higher affinity for organics the heavy metals had in unlimed sludge, the more unstable the heavy metals were in lime-stabilized sludge. As a consequence, the amounts of originally bound metals in unlimed sewage sludge and the percentage of heavy metals extracted from lime-stabilized sludge were in the same order. This result was suggested to be attributed to the reversible dissolution of some strongly organically bound metals (e.g., Cu) at very high pH. The higher percentage of Cu extracted from alkaline-treated sludge (Table 3) was consistent with the known affinity of Cu for organic ligands according to the Irving-Williams series (Irving and Williams, 1948).Worth mentioning is the fact that the hydroxyl ion concentration affects the equilibrium of metal ions in solution, acting as a ligand with an affinity for the central metal ion and competing with other ligands. When the pH is increased to a level at which other ligands can no longer successfully compete with the hydroxyl ion, the metal will precipitate from the solution as an insoluble metal hydroxide (Cheng et al., 1975).Fenton’s peroxidationThe experimental results when applying Fenton’s peroxidation are presented in Table 4. The extractability of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn is increased using peroxidation in an acid environment. The removal of copper rapidly increases in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (Yoshizaki and Tomida, 2000): copper is an element having a strong affinity for organics (Wozniak and Huang, 1982; Naoum et al., 2001), and is released when the Fenton’s reagent degrades the organic matter.The removal efficiency of zinc is also enhanced. This release of zinc into the water phase is caused by a decrease in the proportion of organic and sulphidic phases (Brennan, 1991). The organic matter is degraded by the oxidative treatment and the zinc ions are, hence, released (as in the case of Cu). The peroxidation also transforms the insoluble zinc sulphides into soluble sulphates. The increased removal of zinc is enhanced by the increase in the carbonatic phase, which is solubilized into the water phase at pH 3.Cadmium is also mobilized into solution. Cadmium has been found to have a high affinity for chloride ions (Brennan, 1991).As far as other heavy metals are concerned, the efficiency of releasing the heavymetals does not significantly alter by addition of hydrogen peroxide. In the case of lead, however, oxidation may have caused the rapid degradation of organic matter (lead has a high affinity for organics) and the dissolution of sulphides (as sulphates), releasing lead which is subsequently precipitated as lead sulphate, carbonates, or adsorbed onto iron or manganese oxides (Brennan, 1991).It should be remembered that to prevent problems with heavy metals in the biological treatment facility, the sludge filtrate will need to be subject to metal precipitation and separation prior to being recycled to the WWTPinfluent. Fortunately, the filtrate recycle stream represents 2.5% only of the WWTP influent, thus facilitating this additionally required treatment step.CONCLUSIONSThis paper studied the effect of advanced sludge treatment methods on the heavy metal content of the dewatered sludge. As a result of the different treatment methods, the concentrations of several heavy metals in the sludge cake are significantly lower than in the untreated sample. It is, therefore, more likely that the residual cake can be used for land application. Acid thermal hydrolysis significantly reduces the heavy metal content in the filter cake except for Cu, Hg, and Pb. Alkaline thermal hydrolysis releases Cu, Pb, and Cr, whereas peroxidation releases Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn from the filter cake and transfers these heavy metals into the filtrate.用高级污泥处理技术减少污泥中重金属的含量摘要活性污泥处理是污水治理的关键技术：其排出污水可以满足严厉的标准，从而保证对水生环境的残留影响减到最小。

环境工程专业英语翻译

Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。

这本书包括：Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able to quantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complex interactions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。

环境工程专业英语翻译

Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。

环境工程专业英语课文翻译

环境工程专业英语课文翻译14.What is physical-chemical treatment（什么是物理化学处理）S ome conjecture exists as to a precise definition for physical-chemical treatment(有人推测物理化学处理以一个确切的定义存在)Although other systems might be considered,the only one discussed here is chemical clarification followed bydissolved organic removal.( 虽然其他系统可能会考虑，在这里讨论的只有一个是化学澄清，然后溶解有机物的去除。

)T he first stage of treatment is designed to provide efficient suspended and colloidal solid removal along with phosphorus removal; the second operation removes a large percentage of the dissolved organic matter.( 第一阶段的处理目的是为市民提供暂性的高效率和胶体的固体去除附着的磷;第二阶段是消除了大比例的溶解有机质)A typical flow diagram of this basic system is shown in figure14-1.（这一基本制度的一个典型流程图表现在figure14 -1 。

）A number of variations exist for these two operations. In the clarification step there are two primary considerations:the choice of chemicals to be used and the choice of physical equipment.(这两个操作存在一些变异。

环境工程专业英语Unit19的翻译

Text:Everybody’s Problem—Hazardous Waste每个人的问题——危险废物Every year ,billions of tons of solid wastes are discarded in the United Stastes. 美国每年丢去10亿吨的固体废物。

These wastes range in nature from common household trash to complex materials in industrial wastes ,sewage sludge ,agricultural resideus ,mining refuse and pathological wastes from institutions such as hospital and laboratories.这些废物的变化范围在平常家庭产生的垃圾到工业废物的复合材料、污水、农业废渣、矿渣和像医院、实验室这种大型机构产生的病理废物。

The U.S Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) estimated in 1980 that at least 57 million metric tons of the nation‟s total waste load can be classified as hazardous. 1980年EPA估计一个国家负载的全部废物的至少5700 0000公吨会被列为危险废物。

Unfortunately,many dangerous materials that society has “throw away” over recent decades have endured in theenvironment-making household words of “Love Canal”and”Valley of the Drums.”不幸的是在最近几十年中社会持续扔掉了许多危险物，从而产生了“爱河”和“桶谷”的家用词。

环境科学与工程专业英语部分课文翻译

Unit 3 What is Waste Reduction/Waste Minimization?什么是废物减量化，废物最少化美国花费了大量的时间在讨论像资源减量化，废物最小化，循环和阻止污染这些术语上，EPA已经提供了以下的定义。

资源减量化：减少在于一个过程中的大量废物的任何行为。

它包括，例如，过程调整，原料调整，提高管理和回收内在循环。

废物最少化：产生的废物最大程度减少，然后处理，存储，或者处置。

它包括了被导致了只要减量化与现在或将来威胁到人类健康和环境的最小化的目标一致的总容量或废物数量的减少或者废物毒性的减少，或者两方面兼备的发生器承担任何资源减量化或循环的活动。

回收：作为一个商业产品的代替品，或作为一个工业过程的原料的利用或再利用。

它包括了废物的有用的小部分或来自允许再用的去除了污染物的废物的在现场或离开现场的回收利用。

污染的防止：污染可能在生产过程之中产生，或者在当一个产品被用作商业用途或被消费者使用的时候产生。

这样可能在三个方式上被阻止：改变投入/减少依赖有毒物或有害的原材料；改变过程/增加效率/提高类似设备修改的维修保养，更好的管理，在过程中闭环循环；或者改变产出/减小对有毒或者有害产品的依赖。

随着1984年危险废物和固体废物修正案资源保护和恢复法的通过，美国国会建立一个国家政策来表明回收或消除危险废物的产生重要性。

美国国会宣称它是一项无论在美国哪里都可行的国家政策，要尽可能迅速地回收或消除危险废物的产生。

然而产生的废物还是应被处理、储存或处置，从而尽量减少现在和将来对人类健康和环境的威胁。

在1990年，美国国会通过污染防治法，建立了一个全国废物管理政策。

表明第一污染应该被预防或回收；;第二，废物应该用一种环保安全的方式进行循环利用；第三，废物应该被处理;最后，废物应该被除去或降解到环境。

在美国，随着这些和其他环境法规的通过，废物最少化成为一种重要的工作理念.废物回收/废物最少化技术同时，对于一些特定的工厂，废物最少化的当然是在具体的工厂或在实地，能用的技术能被分为以下主要几类：●product changes产品改变●process changes过程改变●equipment modifications设备改造●operating practices操作训练●recycling and reuse回收和再利用在实践中，尽量减少废物的机会是有限的，只有被工厂人员的聪明才智所利用. 这种技术已经被运用与大数量的工业和工业化生产过程，同时也被应用于有危险性和非危险性的废物。

《环境工程专业英语》马志毅编中文翻译

1. The Environment and Environmental Engineering环境和环境工程学Simply said, the environment can be defined as one's surroundings. In terms of theenvironmental engineer'sinvolvement, however, a more specific definition is needed. To the environmentalengineer,the word environment may take on global dimensions, m ay refer to avery localized area in which a specific problem must be addressed,or may, in the case of containedenvironments,refer to a small volume of liquid, gaseous,or solid materials within atreatment plant reactor.简单的说，环境可以定义为我们的周围。

但是就环境工程师参与的角度来说，需要一个更加明确的定义。

对于环境工程师来说，环境这个词可能包含全球范围；也可能专指非常局部的一个地区，在这个地区中涉及到一些具体要解决的问题；或者也可能在密闭的环境中，指处理厂反应器内的一小块液体、气体或固体。

The global environment consists of the atmosphere, thehydrosphereand the lithosphere inwhich the life-sustaining resources of the earth are contained. The atmosphere, a mixture of gasesextending outward from the surface o f the earth, evolved from elementsof the earth that weregasified during its formation and metamorphosis. The hydrosphere consists of the oceans,the lakesand streams and the shallow groundwater bodies that interflow with the surface water.Thelithosphere is the soil mantle that wraps the core of the earth.全球环境由大气圈、水圈和岩石圈所组成，其中包含了维系地球上生命的资源。

（完整版）（整理）环境工程专业英语翻译（中英对照）

（完整版）（整理）环境工程专业英语翻译（中英对照）Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。

这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and to be able toquantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air and pollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many of the complexinteractions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of current technology，but which are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。

环境工程专业英语第二版(化学工业出版社)umite 1 Studying the Environment

The Human
Condition
2

Most of the people who starve to death live in povertystricken developing nations. But now, at the end of the twentieth century, the wealthy nations are in trouble too. According to most estimates, the average standard of living in North America and Western Europe peaked in about 1967. Even the wealthiest nations are running out of fuel, hardwoods, and some minerals. As a result, necessities such as housing, food, and fuel are demanding more and more of the family budget, leaving less available for luxuries. Pollutants contaminate cities, towns, and even rural environments. Sewage of poisonous pesticides in waterways, smog-laden air, and garbage in streets of parks lower the standard of living of everyone, no matter how wealthy.

环境工程专业英语翻译(30页)

Unit one Environmental Engineering环境工程What is this book about？这本书是关于什么的？The objective of this book is to introduce engineering and science students to the interdisciplinary study of environment problems；their cause，why they are of concern，and how we can control them. The book includes:这本书的目的是使理工科的学生了解跨学科间的研究环境问题;它们的起因，为什么它们受到关注，以及我们怎样控制它们。

这本书包括：●Description of what is meant by environment and environmental systems描述环境和环境系统意味着什么●Information on the basic causes of environmental disturbances关于引起环境干扰基础原因的基本信息●Basic scientific knowledge necessary to understand the nature of environmental problems and tobe able to quantify them理解环境问题本质，并能够定量计算它们所必要的基本科学知识●Current state of the technology of environmental control in its application to water，air andpollution problems目前适用于水，空气和环境污染问题的环境控制技术的现状●Considerable gaps in our current scientific knowledge of understanding and controlling many ofthe complex interactions between human activities and nature我们目前的科学知识在理解和控制人类活动和自然之间复杂的相互作用的科学知识上存在相当大的缺陷●Many environmental problems which could be eliminated or reduced by the application of currenttechnology，but which are not dealt with because of society’s lack of will to do so，or in many instance because of a lack of resources to do so.许多环境问题可以应用现有技术消除或减少，但没有得到处理是因为社会缺乏这样做的意愿，或者像许多例子那样因为缺乏资源。

环境科学与工程专业英语翻译

of the core is allowed .除去核心没有维持工作涉及的是被允许的。
At the end of the transformers' useful life, it must be destroyed in an EPA-approved facility,
在变压器有效寿命的 or the transformer liquid must be incinerated and the carcass landﬁlled. 尽头，它会被环境保护局支持的设施销毁，或变压器的液体被焚烧和外壳被掩埋。The courts
例患者出现各种病态症状。 1000
A similar poisoning occurred in Taiwan in 1979. Causa ve
agents were considered to be coconaminants of PCBs such as poly- chlorinated dibenzofurans
在 Japan,accidental poisoning occurred by cooking rice in bran oil contaminated by PCBs. 1968
年，多氯联苯类化合物受到实质性的的关注和得到臭名，日本用受到多氯联苯污染的米糠油做饭的意外中毒事件。超过 Over 1000 pa ents suﬀered from various morbid symptoms.
PCB
多氯联苯变压器，多氯联苯含量在百万分之 transformers contain 500 or more ppm PCBs.
500
或超过百万分之一。They must be inspected quarterly for leaks, and detailed records must be

环境工程专业英语翻译15

15 Principles of biological reactions生物反应原则Biological reactions may be classified ad aerobic, anaerobic, or photosynthetic according to the predominate type of microbial activity and all three are of importance in biological processes used for wastewater treatment. there are several basic principles which are common to all three of these classifications. In each ease a source of cellular building blocks, such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,,nitrogen,and phosphorous as either organic or inorganic compounds must first be transported into the cell in a soluble form.生物反应，可分为好氧，厌氧，或光合，据该占优势类型的微生物的活动，所有三个因素是用于废水处理的重要的生物过程。

这里有所有上述3个类别的几个常见的基本原则.在每一个细胞质组成部分，如碳，氧，氢，氮，磷，因为无论是有机或无机化合物，必须先以一种可溶性形式运送到细胞中。

Rates of solution or mass transfer into the cell can therefore limit the overall reaction rate.（溶解速率，或大规模转移到细胞，因而可以限制总的反应速率。

环境工程专业英语第二版重点课文翻译及复习

life expectancy ：耐用期限，平均寿命poverty-stricken ：贫穷的，贫困的，贫乏的smog-laden air ：烟雾弥漫的天空，烟雾缭绕的空气，阴霾天气global conditions ：全球状况haves and have-nots ：富人和穷人underprivileged ：社会地位低下的，相对贫困的，生活水平低下的，弱势的savanna ：热带大草原，稀树草原predator ：食肉动物，捕食者environmental disruptions ：环境破坏，环境失调农药—pesticide / agricultural chemicals (including: pesticide, germicide, herbicide)化肥—chemical fertilizer 有机废物—organic wastes微生物—microorganism / microbe 衰减—attenuation阻滞的—retardant / blocking 稀释—dilution添加剂—additive 合成塑料—synthetic plastic 再生—regenerationUnit 4Precision and accuracy 精确度和准确度bulk collection 大量的搜集matric material 基体材料ananlytical sequence 分析结果Multivariate statistics 多变量的统计interactive effect 相互间的影响insofar 在...的范围overall analytical scheme 整体分析计划灵敏度sensitivity 采样sample collection 真实时间real time样品欲处理pretreatment of the sample 稳定性stability曲线拟合curve-fitting 吸附adsorb adsorption 累积accumulate accumulation 分析评价analytical evaluation 物理分离physical separation因次图dimension graph 标准方差standard varianceUnit 5primary pollutant 一次大气污染物secondary pollutant 二次大气污染物air stagnation 空气流动停滞，大气停滞nitrous oxide 一氧化二氮(N2O)nitric oxide 一氧化氮(NO) nitrogen dioxide 二氧化氮(NO2)soot 煤烟dust 灰尘smog 烟雾ozone 臭氧herbicide 除草剂pesticide 杀虫剂/ 农药正常浓度normal concentration 严重污染的serious polluted / heavily polluted决定因素determining factor 光化学氧化物photochemical oxidant液体微滴liquid droplet 放射性物质radioactive substance不完全氧化incomplete oxidization / incomplete combustion含硫的sulfur-containing 风化wind erosion / weathering 汽车尾气automobile exhaustUnit 7出口outlet 多管高效旋风分离器multitube high-efficiency cyclone合成纤维synthetic fabric 捕集效率collection efficiency机械洗涤mechanical scrubbing 压力降pressure drop焚化炉incinerator 气体离子gas ion捕集板collection surface 碳黑carbon black尾气off-gas 可应用性applicability 工业规模full-scale 土壤床soil bed生物过滤器biofilter 固定资本fixed capital 易生物降解的easily biodegraded VOC 挥发性有机化合物APC 大气污染控制Regulatory program 调整项目Financial support 财政支持Operating cost 操作成本Biodegradation capacity 生物降解能力Environmental media 环境介质Biological 生物学的Technologies 技术、工艺Inorganic air pollutants 无机大气污染物Unit 10treatment facilities 处理设备municipality 市政当局, 自治市population equivalent 人口当量basement flooding 地下室浸水per capita per day 每人每天runoff 排水domestic sewage 生活污水type of terrain 地形种类Unit 12land disposal 掩埋处置fecal coliform 粪大肠菌群stringent effluent requirement 严格的废水排放要求assimilation capacity 同化能力practical outlets 可行的排出途径，现实出路aquatic life 水生生物detrimental to human health 对人体健康有害的endogenous phase 内源〔生长〕期Unit 13flow monitoring 流量监测equipment age and reliability 装备老化及其可靠性mechanistic facilities 机械设备microbial activity 微生物活性activated sludge 活性污泥controlling respiration 控制呼吸oxidation ditches 氧化沟on-line automation 在线自动〔监测〕手动控制operator control/ manual control 最优化minimize the effects微处理器microprocessor 统计分析statistical analysis质量衡算mass balance 动力学dynamics氧化还原oxidation and reduction /redox 停留时间residence time模拟simulation 参数parameter 水解hydrolysis 积分integralUnit 1 环境工程本书的内容：本书的目的是使工科和理科学生对环境问题的跨学科的研究有所了解：环境问题的起因，环境问题受关注的原因，如何控制环境问题。