上海第二医科大学2001年生理学考博试题
考博生理各校试题
2007首都医科大学考博生理题一、名字解释：1.EPSP2.Decerebrate Rigidity （去大脑强直，大脑切除后僵硬，去大脑僵直）3.Ascending Reticular Activating System （上行网状激活系统）4.REM5.应激系统6.腱反射7.允许作用8.肺泡通气量9.波尔效应10.胃容受性舒张11.肠-胃反射12.渗透性利尿13.血浆清除率14.泊肃叶定律15.IP3受体16.局部反应17.递质的量子释放18.超射19.促红细胞生成素20.Rh血型二、简述1.简述皮肤痛、内脏痛、快痛、慢痛、牵扯痛？传导痛觉的纤维有2类：有髓鞘的，传递速度较快的A delta类和无髓鞘的，传递速度较慢的C类纤维。
快痛指的是由A delta 类传递到皮层后引起的痛觉，其特点是感觉敏锐、定位明确、痛发生得快，消失也迅速，一般不伴有明显的情绪变化。
慢痛指的是由C类纤维传递到皮层痛觉，其特点是感觉比较模糊，定位不精确，痛发生的比较缓慢，持续时间较长，往往伴有明显的情绪反应。
内脏痛的特点：定位不准确；发生缓慢，持续时间长；中空的内脏器官对扩张和牵拉刺激敏感，而对烧灼、切割等引起皮肤痛的刺激不铭感；往往伴有明显的情绪反应和一些自主神经反应。
牵涉痛：某些内脏器官的疾病引起一些特定体表部位感觉疼痛或痛觉过敏的现象成为牵涉痛。
2.试述突触传递全过程3.肾脏的血液循环有何特点及意义。
1）量大，占心输出量近22% 2）有2套毛细血管网3）肾小球毛细血管的压力较高，有利于血浆滤过4）肾小管周围毛细血管内血液的胶体渗透压较高，有利于肾小管的重吸收5）直小血管的形态有利于肾髓质高渗透压的维持和尿液的浓缩6）肾血流量有明显的自身调节机制，并接受神经和体液的调节。
4.简述基本电节律概念、产生机制、生理学意义。
基本电节律就是慢波电位，指的是消化道平滑肌可发生节律性的自发性去极化。
慢波电位并不是动作电位，而是静息电位发生的缓慢的波动。
全国医学博士统一考试2001
2001part III vocabulary(15%)1.we are all overwhelmed with more facts and information than we can possibly____A.feedB.maintainC.absorbD.consume2.pleasure,or joy, is vital to ____health.A.optimisticB.optionalC.optimalD.operational3.A ____ effort is required to achieve health.mittedB.restrictedposedD.sophisticated4.A person’s belief ____ and colors his experience.A.contradictsB.shapesC.summarizesD.exchanges5.Many professors encourage students to question and ____ their idearsA.conveyB.voiceC.challengeD.conform6.Y ou are healthy when are ____ your outer and inner environments.A.in relation toB.with regard toC.in contrast withD.in harmony with7. Good health is a spirited____ of energy ,smooth skin,strong,supple limbs,and a positive joy inlife.A.textureB.mixC.burstD.peak8.The ____of emotional and psychiatric disorders that can prompt person to seek therapy is wide.A.formulaB.coverageC.intervalD.spectrum9.Work is a ____ of satisfaction.A.measurB.terminalC.sourceD.resource10.If you ____ a heart-attack or stroke victim who needs your assistance,your first responseshould be to stay calm and urge by standers to call for an ambulance.A.find outB.go intoC.pass bye across11.Today people still don’t make health a(n) ____ because they have no time.A.privilegeB.issueC.principleD.priority12.Mental exercise can favorably ____ the structure of the brain just as physical exercise can change one’s bodily proportions.A.modifyB.adjustC.developD.contrast13.The distinctions between the different schools and approaches are often very____A.subtleB.sufficientC.superficialD.superior14.Despite the limitations of a standard CT,it does a ____ job of picture the internal anatomy of the body.A.supremeB.superbC.sufficientD.superfluous15.The city government is getting its residents to properly ____ their garbage.A.break upB.dispose ofC.check outD.hand outPart B同意替换16. The recent deterioration in the economy is of great concern to the government.A.depressionB.deficiencyC.degenerationD.deformity17.A substantial hike in the top rate of income tax would not solve this problem but merely aggravate the nation’s already waning support.A.depreciatingB.warningC.decliningD.startlingl18.He was not conspicuously hairy nor shiny-bald,but his hair was graying and receding tactfully in keeping with his age.A.prominentlyB.warilyC.consciouslyD.conventionally19.The water company is obliged to maintain a supply of wholesome waterA.availableB.hydraulicC.balancedD.hygienic20.Smoking makes one six times more likely to get oral cancer partly because the smoke constantly assaults the tissues that line the mouth and throat.A.detectsB.contaminatesC.occupiesD.attacks21.Most organisms must fit in with their surroundings because their skills to alter their environment are restricted and highly specialized.A.attach themselves toB.succumb toC.lean onD.adapt themselves to22.Instead of being recycled,garbage is left to accumulate in insanitary heaps which attract flies and spread infectious diseases.A.innocuousB.gatheringC.filthyD.inflammable.23.The prevalence of highly intelligent devices has elininated the handicaps associated with most disabilitiesA.disadvantagesB.dispositionsC.disappointmentD.discomforts24.In general,lasers operate by creating an intense amount of light and energy which is then converted into heat and used to control bleeding or destroy diseased tissue.A.developedB.reducedC.transformedD.decoded25.Shyness,the most common form of social anxiety,occurs when a person’s apprehensions are so great that they inhibit his making an expected or desired social response.A.dischargeB.triggerC.restrainD.defer vi26.The secret to turning a daily stroll into a meaningful form of exercise is to pick up the pace.A.dilateB.multiplyC.accelerateD.enlarge27.How many people know that the term”arthritis” may refer to dozens of defferent types of joint involvement?A.disorderB.knuckleC.dislocationD.therapy28.Amokers are more prone to osteoporosis,a major cause of fractures in old people, particularly post-menopause women.A.reliableB.liableC.reasonablepatible29.The project was hampered by a constant stream of visitors.A.held upB.cut offC.carried outD.given up30.During the summe r session there will be a revised schedule of services for the university community.A.termB.climateC.heatD.portionPart IV cloze (15%)Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds,while during the fifteenth century the term “reading” undoubtedly meant reading aloud.Only during the nineteenth century 31 silent reading become commonplace.One should be 32,however,of assuming that silent reading came about 33 because reading aloud is a distraction to others. Examination of factors related to the historical development of silent reading reveals that it became the usual 34of reading for most adult reading tasks mainly because the tasks themselves changed in character.The last century 35 a steady gradual increase in literacy, and thus in the number of readers,Asreaders increased,so the number of potential listeners declined and 36 there was some reduction in the need to read aloud.As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common,37 came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries,railway carriages ans offices,38reading aloud would cause distraction to other reders.Towards the end of the century there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully, and 39whether the reading of material such as newspapers was in 40 way mentally weakening.Indeed this argument remains with us still in education. However,41its virtues,the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialized readership42. By the end of the century students were being recommended to 43 attitudes to books and to use skills in reading them which were inappropriate,44not impossible ,for the oral reader.The social,cultural,and technological changes in the century had greatly altered 45 the term“reading”implied.31.A. would B.should C.did D.could32.A.wary B.aware C.sick D.thought33.A.correctly B.somply C.amply D.directly34.A.mode B.model C.mould D.mood35.A.saw B.watched C.experienced D.concluded36.A.ever B.thus C.even D.for37 .A. however B. as C. so D.since38.A.which B.whose C.where D.there39.A.of B.in C.against D.over40.A.no B. any C.one D.some41.A. whever B.whoever C.whatever D.whichever42.A.on the other B.in the secind place C.on the contrary D.in hand43.A.adapt B.adopt C.consume D.condemn44.A.whether B.though C.if D.unless45.A.that B.what C.how D.whyPart Vpassage oneDuring the past 30 years or so,health care has increasing become a form of business.In addition , the environment surrounding health care has been greatly altered by the advent of more sophisticated medical technologies and increased specialization.It is no longer true to say that all doctors regard their profession as a sacred calling,and while the doctor-patient relationship still remains,it is not the relationship based solely on trust which it used to be. Of course there are many doctors who have endevored to increase the transparency of their behavior as medical professionals,and patients can receive effective treatment when such doctors work closely together and share notes.An example of such cooperation can be found in the field of remote health care,which has been introduced on an experimental basis in several regions. Since most medical specialists live in cities,patients who live in the country have to travel a long distance to consult a specialist.This is especially hard on the elderly, both financially and physically. Through a computer network,patients who live in the country can consult a medical specialist in the city,tell him their symptoms,and receive advice without the need for a journey to the specialist’s office. Also,withseveral doctors being assigned to a single patient,the transparency of each doctor’s behavior is further ensured.On the other hand,however,it is also true that remote health consultation is not generally regarded as a form of medical treatment.For any sort of consultation to be regarded as medical treatment,most people feel that the patient must actually visit the doctor,and undergo an examination by the doctor in person.Remote health care is essentially a means for doctors to work as a team.In order for this to be practicable,it is important to establish a system wherebyfinancial support can be extended to a doctor who,as a member of a medical team,provides only information. Establishment of such a system will further advance the cause of “free accessto information” in the health care field.46.Where is the best title for the passage?A.Doctors:Patients’ Reliable FriendsB.Health Care in a Dilemarmation Technology Applied to Medical ServicesD.Doctors-patient Relationship47.As a result of the altered environment surrounding health care,medical practice____A.has experienced great changesB.has changed its natureC.has abolished the doctor-patient relationshipD.has lost its trust on the part of doctors and patients48.When they work closely together and share notes, doctors can ____A.work in a remote areaB.transparentize their behaviorC.set up a relationship with patientsD.treat financially and physically disadvantaged patients49.The writer urges that ____A.remote health care be implementedB.doctors be sent to the countryC.people turn down trational medical treatmentD.a system offering doctor’s financial aid be set up50.It can be concluded that ____rmation will play an important part in the field of medical treatmentB.medical professionals will be more specializedC.the difference between cities and the country will never be eliminatedD.it is impossible for patients to be treated without seeing doctors themselvespassage 2For months Gins Cruz,a Manila grandmother,played Pepsi Cola’s “Numbers Fever” promotion lottery,buying several bottoles a day and saving the caps ,in the hope that one of the numbers imprinted inside them would win her a 1 million peso (＄40,000) prize.When the magic number,349,was announced in May 1992,Cruz was overjoyedto find she has not one,but two caps bearing the winning digits.She promptly fainted.“My blood pressure shot up,”she explained later,“probably from drinking too much Pepsi.”Then she learned that her son also had a 349 cap---and she nearly collapsed again.Cruz’s indignation after discovering the next day that she was not,after all,a double millionaire,is shared by thousands of contests who feel equally cheated. Instead of marking out 18 winning numbers,on which Pepsi had planned,a computer had wrontgly generated 800,000.The cmpany explained that it simply did not have the＄32 billion it would take to pay all claimants.The real winners,it said,would be identified by a security codes that had been placed on caps;the losers were offered apologies.When Pepsi’s explanation was not accepted ,a promotion that initially boosted the company’s market share by 5% turned into a mightmare.The winners felt like losers of a second,surprise lottery:the security code had been publicized as an authentication tool,not as a necessary second winning number.Feeling hoodwinked,the players have banded together in protest groups,fanning anti-Pepsi flames at frequent demonstrations and marches. More than 22,000 people holding the 349 number have filed 689 civil suits seeking damages,as well as 5,200 criminal complaints alleging fraud and deception.Some Pepsi employees have received death threats and now change their daily routines to avoid being attacked.Explosives have been thrown at Pepsi plants and offices,and 37 of the companby’s delivery trucks have been stoned,overturned or set on fire.In the worst incident,a school-teacher and a five-year-old girl were killed last February when a grenade pitched at a Pepsi truck bounced off and exploded in front of a store.51.The lottery winners expected to ____A.gain ＄400.000B.earn 800,000 pesoC.win a substantial prizeD.become double millionaires52.The lottery turned into a nightmare when ____A.the number of winners was miscalculated by a computerB.the winners discovered that they had the wrong numberC.the company chganged the winning number to avoid cheatingD.the company failed to pay che winners the prize the deserved53.What did the angry winners do when they felt they were cheated by Pepsi?A. they resorted to law for helpB.they attacked Pepsi employersC.they robbed Pepsi vegicles and storesD.they killed the customers of Pepsi Cola54.It can be inferred from the passage that Pepsi lost ____ in the pomotion lottery.A.5% of its annual profitsB.its market verseasC.its good reputation at homeD.the trust of some of its customerspassage 3Y oung discoverers need not despair---though there are few blanks left on today’s map of the world,there are still unexplored realms to be charted in the depths of the oceans,the most remote recesses of the rain forests and the furthest reaches of outer space.Some scientists speculate there may be 10 million species---perhaps even 100 million----living on the ocean floor that are yet to be discovered.Recent research suggests that all told some 90% of the world’s plants and animals still remain to be described and named (that is ,if their habits are not destroyed before they are even found).Given these remarkable statistics,it’s clear that the physical world still offers intrepidexplorers new frontiers of discovery.In this section on recent discovers of the world around us,TIME travels 500m beneath the surface of the Pacific Ocean with Bruce Robison as he encounters a new species of luminous “jelly,”we make our way deep into the worls’s tropical rain forests,where more than half of all life-forms on the planet live;we look into outer space to examine the role asteroids may have played in mass extinctions of the past and the potential threat they pose to our own civilization;and we ask whether there is life ---intelligent of otherwise ---elsewhere in the universe.John Hemming,former director of London’s royal Geographical Society,arguably the world’s epicenter of exploration,defines an explorer as someone “who goes to the edge of knowledge and brings back something new.” The people profiled in this section fit that description perfectly. The discoveries they have brought back from their explorations form new pieces in the puzzle of how the world works.As the pieces fit together,we get a glimpse of what a strange and beautiful mosaic it is.55.What is implied in Paragraph 1 of this passage?A.Each new discovery offers young explorers new hopeB.All plants and animals must be found before their habitats are destroyedC.Scientists have found more than 100 million species on the earthD.These is still much for young discoverers to explore in the world56.The word “intrepid” in Paragraph 1 most likely means ____A.marineB.professionalC.couageousD.experienced57.What new disvovery is probably presented in the section that follows this passage?A.A rare species of plant in the rain forestsB.a primitive form of life on a remote planetC.a technique of developing steroidsD.A laboratory approach f cultivating marine lives58.The last paragraph tell us____A.what an explorer doesB.why exploration are carried outC.how scientists study the universeD.the effects of scientific discoveries on manpassage 4“Back in the Victorian era,seven out of ten ulcer sufferers were women. By the 1950s ,the trend had reversed,nine of ten were men.Now,the trend is shifting back,ulcer cases are only four times as frequent among men.This may be a consequence of the changing roles of women in the labor market, ”writes Philip Goldberg in Executive Health.Ulcer have long been linked to stress and particular kind of frustration that stems from dissatisfaction with one’s work performance or one’s life.Digestive enzymes gnaw awayat the stomach lining,causing painful sores,or ulcers,which are found mainly in the lining of the stomach or the small intestine.The acids which cause ulcers are triggered by the vagus nerve,which is linked to the brain,Under stress,the brain may stimulate the release of a hormone called gastrin, which ,in turn,stimulatesthe acid secretions.“Although there is no clear-cut ulcer personality,thereis no doubt that emotional tension ,acting through the vagus nerve,can precipitate an ulcer.A person who is under constant strain ,who is anxious,worried,frustrated---regardless of his or her station in life or apparent demeanor---is more apt to develop an ulcer, ”writes Jane Broky in her guide to personal health,adding,“Seemingly calm,relaxed people are as prone to ulcers as the hard-driving,high-pressure kind.Ulcers occur as often in bus drivers,farmers,and construction workers as in business executives and writers with deadlines.It is not the existence of stress,but how a person reacts to stress,that seems to make the difference.”Some women appear to “inherit” ulcers but they also can be caused by aspirin, alcohol, coffee, and cigarette smoking(which may account for the increase of ulcers among women,since smoking among women is on the rise.)It is important to see a physician if an ulcer is suspected,since ulcers can eat through the stomach lining into other organs and occasionally be fatal.Doctors will usually recommend a number of treatments,including emotional counseling and diet changes.Stress-reducing techniques also have been successful in treating ulcers.59.With a quotation from Goldberg,the author is trying ____A.to clarify how ulcers afflict men and womenB.to warn us of the dangers of ulcers in womenC.to explain why ulcer cases have increased again in womenD.to tell us that women have traditionally been more prone to ulcers60.When you are under stress,you will____A.be dissatisfied with your work performanceB.find a painful sore in the lining of your stomachC.have your secretion of digestive enzyme stimulatedD.get your digestive enzymes to release gastrin61.According to Broky,your proneness to ulcers lies in____A.your stressB.your occupationC.your social positionD.your reaction to stress62.It can be inferred from the passage that____A.ulcers are preventableB.early ulcers are hard to detectC.nobody is born with a susceptiable to ulcersD.an ulcer is suspected in any smoking womanpassage 5In a seeming contradiction,the growth of cumputer-augmented work will probably create a need for less-skilled workers rather than the reverse.While early computers required much knowledge and skill to operate,comprehensive software packages have virtually eliminated the requirement for technical knowledge.Indeed,advanced software may lead to a decreased need for certain job-related skills.For example,word processing has reduced the need for secretarial typing accuracy, since mistakes can be corrected quickly and easily with no trace of correction.Spell-checking programs can be relied on to prevent common mistakes,thus decreasing the need for that language skill.We have already encountereed cashiers who have no need to compute a customer’s change. Instead, they merely enter the purchase amount and the the amount offered in payment.The machine calculates thechange and ,in some cases,automatically dispenses it.This effect is seen in more complex jobs,too.Nurses in intensive-care units often monitor several patients from a central station.Digital readouts continuously report patients’vital signs.Alarms sound if values exceed an expected range.Despite the obvious advantages computerization has brought to both patient and staff,some health-care professionals are concerned that they may be losing important“soft”skills.The most important of these may be the intuition born of experience acquired in personally observing hundreds or thousands of patients.The look in a patient’s eyes,the coloring of skin,and the appearance of pain or restlessness are among many indicators used by medical personnel to anticipate changes in patient condition.These cannot be captured on a digital display.It cannot be denied that computers have made great contributions to productivity,nor would any reasonable person encouage scrapping the technology.However,we must pay more attention to human needs,and to the long-range effects of making jobs less interesting and decreasing skill requirements.63.In the first paragraph,the author is talking about____A.the wide use of computersB.the contradictory issue of computersC.the effects of computer-augmented workD.the technical skills to operate computers64.As the author illustrates ,the secretary and cashier____A.become slaves to computersB.enjoy doing computer-assisted workC.do not have to be smart and efficient at workD.do not need to master as many job-related skills as they used to65.As a result of the decreased need for job-related skills in the hospital ,we may ____A.change the nature of medicineB.lose many health-care professionalsC.believe not in patients but in computersD.lose the intuition derived from experience66.It can be concluded that from the passage that the computers’ contributions to productivity are undeniable,____A.and more contributions are expectedB.so is the human dependence on themC.but their consequence effects are worth consideringD.but we can abandon them for the sake of human needspassage 6I was invited to present a lecture to a class of graduate nurse who were studying the “Psychosocial Aspects of Aging.”I started my lecture with the following case presentation:The patient is a white female who appears her reported age.She neither speaks nor comprehends the spoken word.Sometimes she babbles incoherently for hours on end.She disoriented about person,place,and time.She does,however,seem to recognize her own name.I have woked with her for the past 6 months,but she still does not recognize me.She shows complete disregard for her physical appearance and makes no effort whatsoever toassist in her own care. She must be fed,bathed,and clothed by others.Because she is edentulous,her food must be pureed,and because she is incontinent of both urine and stool,she must be changed and bathed often.Her shirt is generally soiled from almost incessant drooling .She does not walk.Her sleep pattern is erratic .Often she awakens in the middle of the night,and her screaming awakens others.Most of the time she is friendly and happy.However,several times a day she gets quite agitated without apparent cause.Then she screams loudly until someone comes to comfort her. After the case presentation,I asked the nurses how they would feel about taking care of a patient such as the one described.They used words such as “frustrated,”“hopeless,”“depressed,”and “annoyed”to described how they would feel.When I stated that I enjoyed taking care of her and that I thought they would too,the class looked at me in disbelief.I then passed around a picture of the patient:my 6-month-old daughter.After the laughter had subsided,I asked why it was so much more difficuylt to care for a 90-year-old than 6-month-old with identical symptoms.We all agreed that it is physically easier to take care of a helpless baby weighing 15 pounds than a helpless adult weighing 100,but the answer seemed to go deeper than that.The infant,we all agreed,represents new life,hope,and almost infinite potential.The dementedsenior citizen,on the other hand,represents the end life,with little potential for growth. We need to change our perspective.The aged patient is just as lovable as the child.Those who are ending their lives in the helplessness of old age deserve the same care and attention as those who are beginning their lives in the helplessness of infancy.67.The author’s case presentation implies that ____A.the patient is hopelessB.the patient is friendly and happyC.che physical problems of elders can be treatedD.the audience would care for the elders like the patient68.To the author,the nurses’s response to her detailed description are probably ____A.expectedB.unexpectedC.disregardedD.criticized69.The suthor passed around a picture of her daughter____A.to learn how to enjoy taking care of a babyB.to learn how to be a good parentC.to discuss infantile symptomsD.to further the topic70.According to the author,the aged patient should be taken care of ____A.if she is lovableB.to change his /her perspectiveC.to expand his/her potential for growthD.as a baby deserving of carepassage 7Some problems can be readily identified simply by looking around.These problems concern the pollution of our environment by technology as a result of sudden upsets in the physic al,economicand social balance.The most obvious of these are the general pollution of our physical environment and the destruction of irreplaceable natural resources.Not so obvious as these ,but juat as painfully significant to some,are the disappearing and changing of jobs which overnight often create large groups of jobless citizens.Can technology be used to undo what it has done,replace what it has destroyed or substitute for what it has caused to disappear?No one knows.Many wonder whether or not all of the sources of pollution have yet been identified,whether or not they are being arrested and whether or not they will be prevented from recurring.Another set of problems relates to what technological advancement has done to the quality of life.An improved social life has not been unfortunately,either the goal or the chief beneficiary of technological change.Rather,any improvements that have occurred have been more accidental than intended.Too much has happened too fast.The changes demanded of marriage and family relationships remain largly unexamined.It is often a matter of“put up or shut up”,and a person has to adapt his life-slyle to ever-changing conditions with little time for choice.The “no-move-no-advancement”type is an example of one such problem.Many people are coming to think that the reward is simply not worthy the struggle,and they are taking jobs with less responsibility and lower pay.71.In the first paragraph the author is mainly talking about____A.environment protectionB.environment and technologyC.technology producing obvious and insidious problemsD.the advantages and disadvantages of technology72.According to the passage,no one knows whether or not technologh____A.will solve the problems it has createdB.will continue to produce conveniencesC.will stop advancingD.will undo itself73.The author would say that technological advancement____A.has done nothing to the quality of lifeB.has improved the quality of lifeC.has harmed the quality of lifeD.has redefined the quality of life74.What do you learn from the “put up or shut up”____A.technology has put a great deal of stress on people’s livesB.People can’t live with the stress caused by technologyC.people are quite active in dealing with the stress caused by technologyD.people are quite passive in dealing with the stress caused by technology75．It can be concluded from the third paragraph that technological advancement has resulted in quick living pace which____A.is harmful to societyB.is socially rewardingC.leads to further improvementD.characterizes modern society。
历年生理学考研试题
历年生理学考研试题2006年大连医科大学生理学试题一、名词解释4分*15题=601.稳态2.神经分泌3.有效不应期4.动作电位5.脊休克6.红细胞比容7.钙触发钙开放8.管球反馈9.肺泡通气量10.非蛋白呼吸商11.黏液碳酸氢钠屏障12.血小板生成素（TPO）13.G蛋白14.雌激素15.暗适应二、简答7分*6题=421.易化扩散概念特点2.组织液形成受何影响3.激素间相互作用4.心肌代谢水平与冠状动脉5.NO传递途径6.举例神经递质失活三、论述12分*4题=481.突触前抑制突触后抑制区别2.快饮1000ml水尿变化为什么3.血糖受哪些激素调节如何调节4.心血管受哪些感受器调节首都医科大学2004年生理学考研试题一、A型题（每题2分）1.除感觉神经外，神经细胞兴奋时，action potential首先产生于A.树突B.轴突C.胞体D.轴突始段E.轴突末梢2.Secretion促进胰腺的分泌，其中A.含有大量水分和HCO3-，但含酶量少B.含有少量水分和HCO3-，但含酶量多C.含有大量水分，但含HCO3-和酶量少D.含有少量水分，但含HCO3-和酶量多E.含有大量水分，但含HCO3-和酶量多3.低氧时，吸入pure oxygen可引起A.血氧饱和度降低B.呼吸暂停C.动脉血PO2降低D.呼吸力加大E.氧离曲线左移4.影响神经系统发育最重要的hormone是A. growth hormoneB. T3、T4 C .Insulin D .AdrenalineE.糖皮质激素5.在tetanus contraction中，肌肉的动作电位A.幅值变大B.幅值变小C.频率变低D.幅值时大时小E.部发生重叠或总和6.人工增大离体神经纤维浸浴液中的K+离子浓度，静息电位绝对值将A.增大B.不变C.减少D.先减少后增大E.先增大后减少7.下列关于机体发汗的叙述正确的是A.大量出汗，可引起低渗性脱水B.大量出汗，可引起高渗性脱水C.大量出汗，可引起等渗性脱水D.支配小汗腺的神经是迷走神经E.主要发汗中枢位于延髓8.当一伸肌受到过度拉长时，其张力突然丧失，是因为A伸肌肌梭过度兴奋 B.屈肌肌梭过度兴奋 C.屈肌肌梭完全失负荷D.伸肌的腱器官兴奋E.伸肌的腱器官完全失负荷9.呼吸频率增加一倍，而潮气量减少一半A.肺泡通气量减少B.肺通气量减少C.肺泡通气量不变D.肺通气量增加E.肺泡通气量增加10.颈动脉窦受牵拉刺激时A.窦神经传入冲动减少B.心迷走神经传出冲动增加C.心交感神经传出冲动增加D.交感缩血管神经传出冲动增加E.血管升压素释放减少二、X型题（每题3分）1.正常人，cortisol有如下作用A.减少葡萄糖的氧化B.促进脂肪分解C.降低神经系统的兴奋性一起考研社区真情奉献D.抑制消化腺的分泌E.减少血中嗜酸性粒细胞的数量2.有关肌梭，以下论述正确的是A.肌梭受α神经元支配B.梭内肌兴奋时，梭内肌上的牵张感受器兴奋C.梭外肌兴奋时，梭内肌上的牵张感受器兴奋D.核链纤维对静态牵拉敏感E.核袋纤维对动态牵拉敏感3.有机磷农药中毒时可伴有以下表现A.心率增加B.支气管哮喘C.唾液分泌增加D.瞳孔开大E.多汗4.在排卵前，以下激素分泌增加A .GnRHB .TSH C. LH D.雌激素 E.孕激素5.β受体分布在，受体兴奋时。
上海西医综合《生理学》试题
上海西医综合《生理学》试题一、单项选择题（共27题，每题的备选项中，只有 1 个事最符合题意）1、室早夹在两个窦性心搏之间，其后无代偿间歇时称为__A．插入型室早B．偶发室早C．多源性室早D．RonT室早E．频发室早2、下列有关三原色学说的叙述，正确的是A．每个锥细胞内含有三种不同的视色素B．三种视锥细胞分别含有对红、黄、蓝三种光敏感的视色素C．三种视锥细胞分别含有对红、绿、蓝三种光敏感的视色素D．不能圆满解释色盲和色弱的发病机制3、心电图室性融合波的心律失常是__A．室性早搏B．阵发性室性心动过速C．房室交界性早搏D．阵发性室上性心动过速E．房室传导阻滞4、与视锥细胞相比，视杆细胞的特点是A．数量少B．对光敏感度高C．能产生色觉D．分辨能力强5、男性30岁，晚餐进食较多，餐后突然上腹刀割样疼痛迅速波及全腹，不敢直腰行走，2小时后急诊求治。
急性痛苦面容，腹式呼吸消失，腹肌强直，有腹膜刺激征，肝浊音界消失，肠鸣消失，最可能的诊断是A．阑尾炎穿孔B．溃疡病穿孔C．胆囊穿孔D．绞窄性肠梗阻E．急性胰腺炎6、男性，30岁。
原有风心病史，因持续性发热，乏力，纳差来诊。
经检查拟诊为亚急性感染性心内膜炎，体格检查时下列哪个体征不可能出现A．淤点B．环形红斑C．心脏杂音无变化D．心率40次/分，心电图示Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞7、在我国目前广泛使用大肠癌病理分期，哪一期是指穿透肌层，但无淋巴结转移的大肠癌A．B1 B．B2 C．C1 D．C28、患者，女，16岁。
外出郊游后出现头痛、咽痛，伴低热和肌肉酸痛。
3天后出现咳嗽和少量黏痰。
X线胸片检查结果：双肺下叶边缘模糊的斑片状阴影。
1周后查体发现鼓膜充血。
最可能的诊断是A．军团菌肺炎B．支原体肺炎C．浸润性肺结核D．厌氧菌肺炎9、关于耳蜗微音器电位的描述，哪项不正确?A．没有潜伏期B．有去极化电位，也有超极化电位C．波形与声波无关D．是多个毛细胞的感受器电位的复合表现10、下列不是典型心绞痛的表现的是A．常由劳累诱发B．为压榨性C．位于心前区或胸骨后D．可放射到左肩、左前臂内侧E．疼痛常持续15分钟以上11、甘氨酸不参与下列哪种物质的合成?A．胆红素B．谷胱甘肽C．儿茶酚胺D．肌酸12、表层肠黏膜坏死脱落后形成A．糜烂B．溃疡C．包裹D．瘘管13、关于AIDS患者淋巴结的病理变化特点，错误的是A．早期镜下可有淋巴小结明显增生B．早期髓质内浆细胞不增多C．中期滤泡外层淋巴细胞减少或消失，小血管增生D．晚期淋巴细胞几乎消失殆尽14、女性28岁，5个月来肥胖，出现痤疮、紫纹。
1-Toeful语法1-20
1. Remember that the following verbs require an infinitive in the complement.Agree Appear Arrange Ask Claim ConsentDecide Demand Deserve Expect Fail ForgetHesitate Hope Intend Learn Manage MeanNeed Offer Plan Prepare Pretend PromiseRefuse Seem Tend Threaten Wait Want1.He wanted speak with Mr. Brown.1.We demand knowing our status.2.I intend the inform you that we cannot approve yourapplication.1.They didn't plan buying a car.5.The weather tends improving in May.1.One of the least effective ways of storing information islearning _____________ it.How repeatRepeatingTo repeatRepeatOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.Representative democracyseemed evolve simultaneously during the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries in Britain, Europe, and the UnitedStates.2. Remember that the following verbs require an -ing form for a verb in the complement.Admit Appreciate Avoid Complete Consider DelayDeny Discuss Enjoy Finish Keep MentionMiss Postpone Practice Quit Recall RecommendRegret Risk Stop Suggest Tolerate UnderstandReview QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.She is considering not to go.1.We enjoyed talk with your friend.1.Hank completed the writing his thesis this summer.1.I miss to watch the news when I am traveling.5.She mentions stop at El Paso in her letter.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Strauss finished ____________ two of his publishedcompositions before his tenth birthday.WrittenWriteTo writeWritingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.Many people have stopped to smoke because they are afraidthat it may be harmful to their health.Grammar Lesson 4 - Verb Phrases that Require an -ing Form in the ComplementRemember that the following verb phrases require an -ing form for a verb in the complement.Approve of Be better off Can't help Count on Do not mindForget about Get through Insist on Keep on Look forward toObject to Think about Think ofAvoid using an infinitive after the verbs phrases listed. Avoid using a verb word after look forward to and object to (refer to Toeful Grammar Lesson 6 for more on verb words) Remember that the verb phrase BE likely does not require an -ing form, but requires an infinitive in the complement.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.She is likely knowing.1.Let's go to the movie when you get through to study.1.We can't help to wonder why she left.1.I have been looking forward to meet you.5.We wouldn't mind to wait.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Many modern architects insist on ____________ materialsnative to the region that will blend into the surrounding landscape.UseTo useThe useUsingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.During Jackson's administration, those who did not approveof permit common people in the White House were shocked by the President's insistence that they be invited into the mansion.Grammar Lesson 5 - Irregular Past FormsRemember that past forms of the following irregular verbs are not the same as the participles.Verb Word Past Form Participle Verb Word Past Form Participle Be Was/Were Been Hide Hid HiddenBeat Beat Beaten Know Knew Known Become Became Become Ride Rode RiddenBegin Began Begun Run Ran RunBite Bit Bitten See Saw SeenBlow Blew Blown Shake Shook Shaken Break Broke Broken Show Showed Shown Choose Chose Chosen Shrink Shrank Shrunk Come Came Come Sing Sang SungDo Did Done Speak Spoke SpokenDraw Drew Drawn Swear Swore SwornDrink Drank Drunk Swim Swam SwumDrive Drove Driven Take Took TakenEat Ate Eaten Tear Tore TornFall Fell Fallen Throw Threw ThrownFly Flew Flown Wear Wore WornForget Forgot Forgotten Weave Wove Woven Forgive Forgave Forgiven Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Freeze Froze Frozen Write Wrote WrittenGet Got Gotten or GotGive Gave GivenGo Went GoneGrow Grew GrownReview QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.They done it very well after they had practiced.1.Before she run the computer program, she had checked it outwith her supervisor.1.We eat dinner in Albuquerque on our vacation last year.1.My nephew begun working for me about ten years ago.5.I know that you been forty on your last birthday. Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Before the Angles and the Saxons ____________ to England,the Iberians had lived there.ComingComeCameDid comeOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.When Columbus seen the New World, he thought that he hadreached the East Indies by way of a new Western route. CanPossibility, ability, permissionCouldPossibility, ability in the pastMayProbability, permissionMightProbabilityMustNecessity, logical conclusionShallFuture with emphasisShouldAdvice, obligation, predictionWillFutureWouldConditionGrammar Lesson 7 - Logical Conclusions - Events in the Past Remember that must is a modal. Must followed by the verbword have and a participle expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that happened in the past.Remember that an observation in the present may serve as the basis for a conclusion about something that happened in the past. Forexample, "here's a message on my desk." It may be concluded that "my friend must have called last night."My friend must have called last nightSubject Must Have Participle Past TimeAvoid using should or can instead of must. Avoid using a verb word instead of have and a participle when referring to events in the past.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.The streets are wet; it should have rained last night.1.This pen won't write; it can have run out of ink (in thepast).1.The ring that I was looking at is gone; someone else mustbuy it.1.He doesn't have his keys; he must locked them in the car.5.I don't see Martha anywhere; she must be left early.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.The theory of Continental Drift assumes that there____________ long-term climatic changes in many areasduring the past.Must have beenMust beMust haveMustOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.When the weather becomes colder we know that the airmass must originated in the Arctic rather than over theGulf of Mexico.Grammar Lesson 8 - Logical Conclusions - Events in the Present Remember that must is a modal. Must followed by be and an -ing form or an adjective expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. the conclusion is about an event that is happening now.My friend must be calling nowSubject Must Be-ing form Present TimeHe must be upset nowSubject Must Be Adjective Present TimeAvoid using a verb word instead of an -ing form after must be. Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.The line is busy; someone should be using the telephone now.1.Bob is absent; he must have been sick again (now).1.He is taking a walk; he must have felt better now.1.She must be study at the library now because all of her booksare gone.5.Sarah must get a divorce (now) because her husband is livingin an apartment.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.The general public ___________ a large number of computersnow, because prices are beginning to decrease.Must buyMust have boughtMust be buyingMust buyingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.The American buffalo mustbe reproduce itself again because it has been removedfrom the endangered species list.Grammar Lesson 9 - Logical Conclusions - Events that Repeat Remember that must is a modal. Must followed by a verb word expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. the conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly.My friend must call oftenSubject Must Verb Word Repeated TimeAvoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after must.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.The light is always out in her room at ten o'clock; she musthave go to bed early every night.1.Our neighbors must having a lot of money because they arealways taking expensive trips.1.He can like his job because he seem s very happy.1.Her English is very good; she must spoken it very often.5.Carol always gets good grades; she should study a lot.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Since more than 50 percent of all marriages in the UnitedStates end in divorce, about half of the children in America must ___________ in single parent homes.Grow upTo grow upGrowing upHave grow upOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.Sheep must have mate in fall since the young are born inearly spring every year.Grammar Lesson 10 - Knowledge and Ability - Know and Know How Remember that know followed by a noun expresses knowledge.I know the answerSubject Know NounAvoid using an infinitive after know.Remember that know how followed by an infinitiveexpresses ability.I know how to answer the questionSubject Know How InfinitiveReview QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.If she knew to drive, he would lend her his car.1.I don't know to use the card catalog in the library.1.Until he came to the United States to study, he didn't knowto cook.1.Do you know to type?5.You'll have to help her because she doesn't know to do it.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.In a liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that graduateswill ___________ about English, languages, literature,history, and the other social sciences.KnowKnow howKnowledgeKnowingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.The impressionists like Monet and Manet knew to use colorin order to create an image of reality rather thanreality itself.Grammar Lesson 11 - Past Custom - Used to and BE Used to Remember that used to is similar to a modal. Used to with a verb word means that a custom in the past has not continued.He used to live in the countrySubject Used To Verb WordAvoid using a form of BE after the subject. Avoid using the incorrect form use to.Remember that BE used to with an -ing form means tobe accustomed to.He was used to living in the countrySubject BE Used TO-ing formAvoid using a form of BE after used to. Avoid using a verb word instead of an -ing form. Avoid using the incorrect form use to. Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the spaces provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using each modal from the material learned in this lesson.1.I used to was studying at the University of SouthernCalifornia before I transferred here.or1.We use to go to the movies quite frequently.or1.She was used to get up early.or1.He was used to drink too much.or5.She used to speaking in public.orMultiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Harvard ______________ a school for men, but now it iscoeducational, serving as many women as men.Was usedUsed to beWas used toWas used to beOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.As television images of the astronauts showed, even fortrained professionals who are used to move about in alessened gravitational field, there arestill problems.Grammar Lesson 12 - Advisability - Had BetterRemember that had better is similar to a modal.Although had appears to be a past form, had better expresses advice for the future.You had better take Chemistry 600 this semester Subject Had better Verb WordYou had better not take Chemistry 600 this semester Subject Had Better Not Verb WordAvoid using an infinitive or a past form of a verb instead of a verb word. Avoid using don't instead of not, in the negative. Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.You had better to hurry if you don't want to miss the bus.1.We had better made reservations so that we will be sure ofgetting a good table.1.We had better to check the schedule.1.You had better don't quit your job until you find anotherone.5.You had better don't go alone.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.To check for acidity, one had better _____________ litmuspaper.UseUsingTo useUsefulOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.In today's competitive markets, even small business hadbetter to advertise on TV and radio in order to gain ashare of the market.Grammar Lesson 13 - Preference - Would RatherRemember that the phrase would rather is similar to a modal. Although would rather appears to be a past form, it expresses preference in present and future time.I would rather driveSubject Would Rather Verb WordI would rather not driveSubject Would Rather Negative Verb WordAvoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word. Avoid using don't or no in the negative. Remember that would is often contracted to 'd.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.She told me that she'd rather not to serve on the committee.1.If you don't mind, I'd rather not going.1.He said that he's rather went to a small college instead ofto a large university.1.I'd rather writing this than print it because I don't printwell.5.Greg would rather has a Pepsi than a beer.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Rhododendrons would rather _____________ in shady places,and so would azaleas.To growGrowingGrownGrowOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.The Amish people. descended from the German and the Swiss,would rather using horses than machines fortransportation and farm work because they believe that a simple life keeps them closer to God.Grammar Lesson 14 - Preference for Another - Would Rather That Remember that when the preference is for another person or thing, would rather that introduces a clause. The other personor thing is the subject of the clause. Although the verb is a past form, the preference is for the present or future time.I would rather that you droveSubject Would Rather That Subject Past VerbAvoid using a present verb or a verb word instead of a past verb. Avoid using should and a verb word instead of a past verb.I would rather that you didn't driveSubject Would Rather That Subject Negative Past Verb WordAvoid using don't or doesn't instead of didn't when using the negative. This form still uses the past form - notice that it is now on DO,becoming didn't.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.I'd rather that you don't do that.1.Diane would rather that her husband doesn't working so hard.1.The dean would rather that studentsmake appointments instead of dropping by.1.My roommate would rather that I don't keep the light on after10 o'clock.5.We'd rather that you should come tomorrow.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.A good counselor would rather that the patient ____________his or her own decisions after being helped to arrive at a general understanding of the alternatives.MakesMakingWill makeMadeOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.It is said that the American flag has five-pointed starsbecause Betsy Ross told General Washington she wouldrather that he changing the six-pointed ones.Grammar Lesson 15 - Negative ImperativesRemember that an imperative is expressed by a verb word.Please don't tell anyonePlease Don't Verb WordAvoid using an infinitive instead of a verb word.Would you please not tell anyoneWould You Please Not Verb WordAvoid using an infinitive instead of a verb word. Avoidusing don't after would you please. Please is used for politeness. All the same rules apply without please.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.Would you please don't smoke.or1.Please don't to park here.or1.Would you please not to be late.or1.Please don't to go yet.or5.Would you please don't worry.orMultiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Please ___________ photocopies of copyrighted materialwithout the permission of the publisher.No makeDon't makeNot makeNot to makeOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.Please don't parking in those spaces that havesigns reserving them for the handicapped.Toeful Grammar - Patterns.Section: Problems with VerbsSubsection: Problems with CausativesCausatives are main verbs that cause people or machines to do things or cause things to change. They are listed below in order of themost forceful to the least forceful.∙Make∙Get∙Have∙Let∙HelpFor students doing the Grammar Lesson while connected to the Internet, an Online Dictionary link accompanies each lesson. Any hyperlinked words within the lesson will take you to the dictionary by clicking on them, so that the student can quickly find the definition of a new word. A student can also at any time, consult the Online Dictionary for words not linked by clicking on the link at the bottom of the lessons.Grammar Lesson 16 - Causative MAKERemember that MAKE can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. The person causes it to happen by forcing another person to do it.His mother made him take his medicineSubject MAKE Someone Verb WordI made the machine workSubject MAKE Something Verb WordAvoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after a person or thing in a causative with MAKE.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.She made the baby to take a nap.1.Professor Rogers didn't make us typed up our lab reports.1.Are you going to make your daughter to work part time in the storethis summer?1.I can't seem to make this dishwasher running.5.Patsy makes everyone doing his share around the house.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Psychologists believe that incentives ______________ to increaseour productivity.make us wantmake us to wantmaking us wantmakes us wantingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.Too much water makes plants turning brown on the edgesof their leaves.Toeful Grammar - Patterns.Section: Problems with VerbsSubsection: Problems with CausativesFor students doing the Grammar Lesson while connected to the Internet, an Online Dictionary link accompanies each lesson. Any hyperlinked words within the lesson will take you to the dictionary by clicking on them, so that the student can quickly find the definition of a new word. A student can also at any time, consult the Online Dictionary for words not linked by clicking on the link at the bottom of the lessons.Grammar Lesson 17 - Causative GETRemember that GET can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. GET has less force and authority than MAKE.Let's get Ralph to go with usSubject GET Someone InfinitiveLet's get our car fixed firstSubject GET Something ParticipleAvoid using a verb word instead of an infinitive after a person in a causative with GET. Avoid using a verb word instead of a participle after things in a causative with GET.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.Do you think that we can get Karen takes us to San Diego?1.I want to get the house paint before winter.1.Let's get some of our money exchange for dollars.1.Nora got her mother's wedding dress to alter so that it fitperfectly.5.We will have to get someone fixing the phone right away.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Lobbyists who represent special interest groups get ____________that benefits their groups.Congress to pass the legislationCongress passed the legislationthe legislation to pass by Congressthe legislation that Congress passingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.In order to receive full reimbursement for jewelry that might bestolen, the owner must get all pieces appraise.Toeful Grammar - Patterns.Section: Problems with VerbsSubsection: Problems with CausativesFor students doing the Grammar Lesson while connected to the Internet, an Online Dictionary link accompanies each lesson. Any hyperlinked words within the lesson will take you to the dictionary by clicking on them, so that the student can quickly find the definition of a new word. A student can also at any time, consult the Online Dictionary for words not linked by clicking on the link at the bottom of the lessons.Grammar Lesson 18 - Causative HAVERemember that HAVE can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. HAVE has even less force and authority than get.My English teacher had us give oral reportsSubject HAVE Someone Verb WordI want to have this book renewed, pleaseSubject HAVE Something ParticipleAvoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after a person in a causative with HAVE. Avoid using a verb word or an infinitive instead of a participle after things in a causative with GET.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.Tom had a tooth fill.1.Have you had your temperature taking yet?1.They had their lawyers to change their wills.1.I like the way you had the beautician done your hair.5.We are going to have our car fix before we go to Toronto.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.Like humans, zoo animals must have a dentist ____________ theirteeth.fillfilledfillingto be filledOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.Most presidential candidates have their names print on the ballotin the New Hampshire primary election because itis customarily the first one in the nation, and winning it can give them a good chance to be nominated by their parties.Toeful Grammar - PatternsSection: Problems with VerbsSubsection: Problems with CausativesFor students doing the Grammar Lesson while connected to the Internet, an Online Dictionary link accompanies each lesson. Any hyperlinked words within the lesson will take you to the dictionary by clicking on them,so that the student can quickly find the definition of a new word. A student can also at any time, consult the Online Dictionary for words not linked by clicking on the link at the bottom of the lessons.Grammar Lesson 19 - Causative LETRemember that LET can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. With LET, a person gives permission for another person to do something.His mother let him go to schoolSubject LET Someone Verb WordI am letting this machine coolSubject LET Something Verb WordAvoid using an infinitive or an -ing form instead of a verb word after a person or thing in a causative with LET.Review QuestionsEach sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly, using the material learned in this lesson.1.Professor Baker let us to write a paper instead of taking a finalexam.1.When I was learning to drive, my Dad let me using his car.1.Would you let us the borrow your notes?rry is so good-hearted, he lets people took advantage of him.5.Don't let that bothers you.Multiple choice. Mark the correct answer.1.The Immigration and Naturalization Service often _____________their visas if they fill out the appropriate papers.lets students extendlets students for extendletting students to extendlet students extendingOne of the four underlined words or phrases in the following sentence is incorrect. In the space provided, rewrite the sentence correctly.1.The National Basketball Association will not let any athlete tocontinue playing in the league unless he submits voluntarily to treatment for drug addiction.Toeful Grammar - PatternsSection: Problems with VerbsSubsection: Problems with CausativesFor students doing the Grammar Lesson while connected to the Internet, an Online Dictionary link accompanies each lesson. Any hyperlinked words within the lesson will take you to the dictionary by clicking on them, so that the student can quickly find the definition of a new word. A student can also at any time, consult the Online Dictionary for words not linked by clicking on the link at the bottom of the lessons.Grammar Lesson 20 - Causative HELPRemember that HELP can be used as a causative. In a causative, a person does not perform an action directly. With HELP, a person assists another person to do something.He is helping me type my paperHe is helping me to type my paper Subject HELP Someone Verb Word or Infinitive。
病理生理各校考博真题
本人在网内收集各校考博真题,全是园子里的,以利考生复习用,如果能加分,希望加分,谢谢! 2005年中山医大病生试题：一，名词解释：1。
肺性脑病(英文)2。
非少尿型ARF3。
凋亡(英文)4。
过热(英文)二，问答题1。
试述应激反应时下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺激活的生物学效应(利与敝)2。
述肝性脑病时氨基酸失衡的原因和引起肝昏迷的机制。
3。
为何革兰氏阴性菌感染易引起DIC4。
晚期休克引起呼吸衰竭的机制2007交名解1.saline responsive alkalosis2.hypotonic hypoxia3.hypokalemia4.fever5.no reflow6.functional shunt7.hepatorenal syndrome8.CARS简答1、劳力性呼吸困难的原因、机制2、缺血再灌注组织局部白细胞增多、聚集的机制3、CDI？CDI失活与癌细胞发生的关系4、ARF时GFR下降的原因、机制问号这个地方有三个字当时抄的潦草，不认识了。
2007山东大学病生试题：非病理生理专业做1-10题。
病理生理专业做3-12题1. 请列举基因突变的类型；2. 信号转导发生的机制及环节；3. 缺血再灌注损伤时自由基生成增多的主要机制；4. 血液性缺氧的原因及血氧参数变化；5. 发热的时相及各相热代谢的特点；6. 应激与心脑血管疾病的关系；7. 代谢性碱中毒时机体的代偿机制及血气变化的特点；8. 低钠血症的病因和发病机制；9. 心力衰竭时心肌代谢障碍的主要机制；10.休克缺血缺氧期和淤血缺氧期血压变化的主要特点和机制；11.简述肺通气血流比值失调时血气变化及呼吸衰竭的发病关系；12.肾功能衰竭时肾脏内分泌功能的改变及机制1.2006博士全国统考病生试题（回忆版选择题40分单选30分Ｂ型选择4分Ｘ型选择6分简答题20分1.影响组织液生成的影响因素2.急性肾衰出现什么类型的钾代谢紊乱，为什么？3.肝功能受损，激活的星形细胞的变化？4.为什么弥散功能障碍时只有PaO2的降低，PaCO2无变化？论述题40分1.急性肾衰少尿的机制2.长期高血压导致心衰的机制3.严重感染导致ＤＩＣ的机制协和医科大学2005年病理生理学（博士）一、名词解释：每题3分，共30分。
病生考博真题
中国医科大学2004年病理生理学（专基）（博士）发布时间：2005-01-14 21:39:46 浏览次数:635供内科、儿科、妇产科使用，部分试题如下一、选择题15分：略二、判断：5分1.人体一次急性失血超过总血量的百分之十五以上，可引起休克2.通气/血流比值大于0.8可致静脉血搀杂3.水可在肾小管髓袢升支粗段与钠离子一起吸收入间质4.血液性缺氧时吸氧效果最好5.甲状腺素抵抗综合征是G蛋白异常性疾病6.动脉粥样硬化时血管平滑肌细胞凋亡和增殖均有增加，以增殖占主要地位7.引起DIC的原因中，血小板黏附聚集不受重视8.脂质A是外毒素致热的主要成分9.应激时胃黏膜蛋白分泌减少10.GFR下降是ARF的最重要机制三、填空10分1.低镁时，腺苷酸环化酶活性（）CAMP（）PTH分泌（）肾小管重吸收钙（），可导致低血钙症（）2.心室顺应性是指心室在（）变化下引起的（）改变，其倒数为（），反映心室顺应性的指标是（）3.病因是引起某一疾病的（）因素，它决定疾病的（）性四、概念10分1、SB2、发热3、全身适应综合征4、健康5、细胞凋亡五、简答40分1.简述ARI时肾脏细胞的损伤情况2.简述GABA在肝性脑病发病中的作用3.呼吸衰竭引起心功能衰竭的病因4.心性哮喘的发病机制5.DIC引起出血的原因6.缺血再灌注损伤时氧自由基生成增多的机制7.血栓调节蛋白的抗凝血作用8.急性期反应蛋白的生物学功能六、论述20分1.为什么说混合性拮抗反应综合征是MSOF发生发展的基础2.试述血管内皮细胞损伤后，血小板的黏附激活过程中国医科大学2003年病理生理学（硕士）概念题（每题2分共1 4分） 1 分子病 2 缺氧 3 应激原 4 心肌抑制因子5 膜信号转导 6 细胞凋亡 7 心肌向心性肥大简答题（每题7分共5 6分）1 简述血栓调节蛋白使凝血酶由促凝转向抗凝的机制。
2 简述ⅱ型糖尿病发病机制中与信号转导障碍相关的机制。
3 简述氧化应激引起细胞凋亡的机制。
考博题
上海第二医科大学2000-2002年博士入学考试生理试题上海第二医科大学2000-2002年博士入学考试生理试题2000年生理试题名词解释:1.肺扩散容量2.PO/AH（视前区－下丘脑前部preoptic-anterior hypothalamus area）p2243.三磷酸肌醇4.再生性除极5.行波理论6.异相睡眠7.球管平衡8.下丘脑调节肽问答:1.大脑皮层对躯体运动的调节2.兴奋由神经纤维到骨骼肌的传递3.心肌自身调节4.胃泌素（gastrin）的生理作用5.兴奋的变化及机理6.非突触连接的特点7.肾直小血管的作用2001年解释1，前馈2，最大复极电位3，抢先占领4，微胶粒问答1，内环境稳态的调节2，跨膜细胞信号传递的形式及特征3，植物神经对心脏电生理的调节4，肾小球滤过率的调节5，中枢性神经递质在脑内的分布及功能6，甲状腺激素的功能及其调节7，胸内负压的形成及其意义2002年名词解释1，电紧张扩布2，CI及其正常值3，降中峡4，通气血流比值5，比顺应性6，?B透性利尿7，IPSP8，应急9，旁分泌问答题1，钠钾泵及其生理意义2，影响心肌传导性的因素3，FRC（功能残气量）4，肾小球有效滤过压及其与其他毛细血管压的异同5，大脑皮层运动区的功能特征6，生长抑素的作用及其分泌的调节上海第二医科大学2003年博士入学考试生理学试题一、名词解释（3分X10）1。
细胞膜的液态镶嵌模型2。
逆向转运3。
内入性整流4。
心动周期心房C波5。
淋巴管泵6。
移动性复合运动7。
眼震颤8。
滤过系数9。
肺通气阻力10。
突触可塑性三、问答题（8分X7）1。
钠泵的本质和转运特点2。
心脏泵功能的影响因素3。
肺活量和时间肺活量的区别比较4。
影响胃液（酸）分泌的内源性物质及作用途径5。
肾糖阈和肾小管葡萄糖转运率的比较及糖尿病患者出现尿糖的机制6。
有机磷农药中毒的机制和治疗原则7。
长期大量服用某种激素出现疗效降低的机制上海交通大学医学院2006年生理学（博士）一.单选题20分略二.名词解释2*10 20分调定点、门控、非战栗性产热、非突触化学传递、应激顶体反应、感受器适应、搏出量贮备、非通气阻力、滤过平衡三、60分（有的6分有的8分，具体记不清楚了）1、心脏不停的兴奋和收缩，它是如何保证细胞内离子平衡的2、肺内不同部位存在通气/血流比例失调，正常情况下是否影响肺通气，为什么3、促进和抑制胃酸分泌的内源性物质，如何作用4、听觉为何分辨不同声音的频率、音色、强度5、内脏疼痛的两种类型及发生机制6、肾小管如何分泌NH3，与H+及HCO3-转运的关系7、简述脑干整合的姿势反射8、调节激素分泌的主要途径，并举例。
上海西医综合《生理学》考试试题
上海西医综合《生理学》考试试题一、单项选择题（共25题，每题2分，每题的备选项中，只有 1 个事最符合题意）1、生成原尿的有效滤过压等于A．肾小球毛细血管血压-血浆胶体渗透压+囊内压B．肾小球毛细血管血压-(血浆胶体渗透压+囊内压)C．肾小球毛细血管血压+血浆胶体渗透压-囊内压D．肾小球毛细血管血压-(血浆胶体渗透压-囊内压)E．肾小球毛细血管血压+血浆胶体渗透压+囊内压2、耳蜗底部病变时常导致A．高频听力受损B．低频听力受损C．感音性耳聋D．传音性耳聋3、ABO血型系统中，天然抗体的本质一般是A．IgM B．IgD C．IgC D．IgE4、患者，女，34岁。
阵发性腹痛伴呕吐3天，腹胀并停止排气排便2天，1天来腹痛加剧，疼痛变为持续性，2年前因阑尾穿孔行阑尾切除术。
查体：右侧腹部稍膨隆，右下腹有明显压痛，轻度肌紧张，肠鸣音减弱，偶闻气过水声。
可能的诊断是A．内疝致绞窄性肠梗阻B．粘连性不全性肠梗阻C．麻痹性肠梗阻D．阑尾残株炎5、急性腹膜炎病人的体位常为A．被动体位B．端坐位C．强迫仰卧位D．强迫侧卧位E．辗转体位6、Km值是指反应速度为1/2Vmax时的A．酶浓度B．底物浓度C．抑制剂浓度D．激活剂浓度7、现病史诊治经过应包括A．起病诱因B．主要症状C．持续时间D．在何处接受过治疗E．伴随症状8、当人体由蹲位突然站立时，通过压力感受性反射引起的反应是A．心迷走紧张性加强B．心交感紧张性减弱C．交感缩血管神经紧张增强D．肾小球入球小动脉扩张E．冠状动脉扩张9、男，30岁，两天前受凉后突然寒战、高热、胸痛，咳铁锈色痰。
若该患者出现感染性休克，会出现A．尿量增多B．体温下降C．咳嗽加剧D．血压下降，脉压减小10、第二度I型房室传导阻滞听诊特点是__A．第一心音减弱B．有第四心音C．有心音脱漏D．第一心音增强E．有第三心音11、下列哪项不是引起慢性腹痛的常见原因__A．肝癌B．克罗恩病(节段性回肠炎)C．肠蛔虫病D．溃疡穿孔E．肝淤血12、关于骨巨细胞瘤的叙述，不正确的是A．好发年龄20～40岁，女性多于男性B．X线片呈肥皂泡样改变C．常用手术方法是局部刮除，不易复发D．若有恶变应截肢13、男性，18岁。
2001年西医综合生理试题
2001年西医综合生理试题一．A型题（单选）1. 下列跨膜转运的方式中，不出现饱和现象的是(D) 2 2001A．与Na+偶联的继发性主动转运B．原发性主动转运C．易化扩散D．单纯扩散E．Na+—Ca2+交换2．神经纤维安静时，下面说法错误的是(C) 2 2001A．跨膜电位梯度和Na+的浓度梯度方向相同B．跨膜电位梯度和C1-的浓度梯度方向相同C．跨膜电位梯度和K+的浓度梯度方向相同D．跨膜电位梯度阻碍K+外流E．跨膜电位梯度阻碍Na+外流3. 细胞外液的K+浓度明显降低时，将引起(D) 2 2001A．Na+-K+泵向胞外转运Na+增多B．膜电位负值减小C．膜的K+电导增大D．Na+内流的驱动力增加E．K+平衡电位的负值减小4．在神经纤维，Na+通道失活的时间在(B) 2 2001A．动作电位的上升相B．动作电位的下降相C．动作电位超射时D．绝对不应期E．相对不应期D．绝对不应期E．相对不应期5. 下列有关神经－肌肉接点处终板膜上离子通道的叙述，错误的是(B) 2 2001A．对Na+和K+均有选择性B．当终板膜去极化时打开C．开放时产生终板电位D．是N—ACh受体通道E．受体和通道是一个大分子6．成人每天的淋巴液流量大约为(B) 4 2001 p131A．20－40mL B．2－4L C．200－400mL D．20－40mL E．2－4mL7. 动脉血压突然升高时，将引起(C) 4 2001A．左室射血速度增快B．心输出量增加C．左室收缩末期容积增加D．左室射血时达到最高室压的时间缩短E．左室射血时的最高室压下降8. 调节器官血流量的主要血管是(B) 4 2001A．毛细血管B．微动脉C．静脉D．动—静脉吻合支E．毛细血管后静脉9．心率减慢(其他形成血压的因素不变)时，将增加的是(E) 4 2001A．动脉舒张压B．动脉收缩压C．平均动脉压D．心输出量E．动脉脉搏压10．心室肌前负荷增加时，将出现(E) 4 2001A．心室舒张末期室内压下降B．心室收缩时最大张力下降C．心室开始收缩时的速度减慢D．心室收缩时达到最大张力的时间延迟E．心室收缩时最大张力增加11. 与CO2比较，O2在体内的扩散系数(B) 5 2001A．较大，因为O2与血红蛋白结合B．较小，因为O2的溶解度低C．较大，因为O2的分压梯度大D．较小，因为O2的相对分子质量小E．二者基本相同12. 吸气时厢肌收缩，胸内压将(C) 5 2001A．等于零B．负值减小C．更负D．等于肺泡内压E．等于大气压13. 潮气量增加(其他因素不变)时，下列项目中将增加的是(D) 5 2001A．死区通气B．机能余气量C．补吸气量D．肺泡通气量E．肺泡C02张力14．导致静脉02分压增高的情况有(A) 5 2001A．．氰化物中毒B．体育锻炼C．心输出量降低D．贫血E．CO中毒15．某物质的肾阈是指(C) 8 2001A．该物质的最大滤过率B．该物质的最大重吸收率C．该物质开始在尿中出现的血浆浓度D．该物质的最大分泌率E．该物质的最大分泌能力16. 血浆中肾素增加时，将引起增加的是(B) 8 2001A．血浆K+浓度B.细胞外液容积C．红细胞比容 D.血浆胶体渗透压E．血液中H+浓度17．下列消化系统的分泌物中，最依赖迷走神经的是(A) 6 2001A．唾液B．盐酸C．胃蛋白酶D．胰液E．胆汁18. 抑制胃液分泌的有(A) 6 2001A．生长抑素B．低张溶液C．高pH D．氨基酸E．AChB型题(单选）A、B、C、D、E是其下两道小题的备选项，每小题只能从中选择一个最符合题目要求的，每个选项可以被选择一次或两次。
上海交大考博2001-2013生化试题
上海第二医科大学2000年生物化学（博士）一、名词解释（24分）1、蛋白质变构作用2、非竞争性抑制作用3、糖异生4、Klenow酶5、外显子6、操纵子7、锌指8、结合胆红素二、试述下列生理作用（30分）1、单核苷酸2、酶原与酶原激活3、维生素B124、HDL5、酮体6、加单氧酶7、信号肽8、切除修复9、谷胱甘肽10、谷氨酰胺三、问答题（46分）1、试述TRNA的结构特点和功能的关系2、脂肪合成代谢旺盛的组织还有哪些代谢旺盛，为什么？3、干扰素抗病毒机理4、为什么Ca可作为第二信使5、试述二种分离的纯化蛋白质的方法，并简述其原理上海第二医科大学2000年生物化学（专业）（博士）一、名词解释1、限制性内切酶2、酮体3、联合脱氢4、氧化磷酸化5、增强子6、蛋白质变性7、第二信使8、糖异生二、简答题1、单核甘酸2、谷氨酰胺3、载体蛋白4、信号肽5、（gammA 后面那个罗马数字）因子辨认转录起始位点6、加单氧酶7、1，2-vit D3三、问答题：1、蛋白质定量测定及原理2、MTX叶酸的作用机理3、原核真核细胞RNA加工比较4、DNA复制保真机制5、血红素合成原料，调节过上海第二医科大学2002年生物化学（博士）一、名词解释1、糖异生2、呼吸链3、逆转录酶4、酮体5、氨基酸tRNA合成酶6、PCR二、简答1、简述2.6-二磷酸果糖在糖代谢中的调节作用2、区别甘油三脂脂肪和脂蛋白脂肪酶3、简述谷氨酰胺的生理作用4、简述加单氧酶系的组成及生理功能5、维生素K的主要功能三、问答1、乙酰CoA的来源，去路，并写一个来源代谢过程2、试述真核生物MRNA转录的加工3、原核生物，真核生物基因表达调控有何不同4、肝损伤出现肝肿，凝血障碍，血ALT活性升高，血氨升高，甚至肝昏迷，请解释原因5、己知目的基因为分隔基因，如何得到该基因指导合成的蛋白质基因工程产物。
上海第二医科大学2003年生物化学（博士）一、名词解释1.蛋白质的变构作用2.多功能酶3.载脂蛋白4.IP35.一碳单位6.切除修复7.反式作用因子8.转座二、简答1.酶原和酶原激活的生理功能2.谷胱甘肽的生理功能3.蛋氨酸循环的意义4.维生素K的功能5.DNA复制保真性的机制6.胆固醇可以生物合成哪些物质7.氨基甲酰磷酸的功能8.重组DNA的工具酶9.游离胆红素和结合胆红素的区别三、问答1. 蛋白质的氨基酸序列、核酸的核苷酸序列、以及他们和功能的关系，蛋白质氨基酸序列和其高级结构的关系2. 肝脏受到损害以后，可以出现血氨升高引起持昏迷，凝血功能障碍、黄疸，他们的机制3.为什么细菌在有葡萄糖存在时不能利用乳糖？用乳糖操纵子说明机制4 .基因转录后的加工方式，五种5.为什么说生命起源于RNA？上海第二医科大学2004年生物化学（博士）一、名词解释（每题3分，共8题24分）1、亚基2、转氨基作用3、凝血因子4、遗传密码的简并性5、ALA合成酶6、SH结构域7、Km 8、激素敏感脂肪酶二、简答题（每题6分）比较下列概念1、6－磷酸果糖激酶－1；6－磷酸果糖激酶－22、ApoCⅡ；ApoE3、游离胆红素；结合胆红素4、ρ因子；σ亚基5、核酶；限制性内切酶三、简答题1、试述DNA双螺旋结构模型提出的背景？（10分）2、A TP生成有哪几种方式？试述A TP生成的主要过程。
2001年医学博士外语真题试卷
2001骞村尰瀛﹀崥澹璇湡棰樿瘯鍗?/div>(鎬诲垎锛?08.00锛屽仛棰樻椂闂达細90鍒嗛挓)1.Section A__________________________________________________________________________________________锛堝垎鏁帮細6.00锛?/div>A.It' s a symbol of strength and courage.B.It' s a symbol of power and independence.C.It' s a symbol of competence and courage.D.It' s a symbol of strength and confidence.A.The polluted fish killed 3,000 of them.B.Insects poisoned so many of them.C.Pollution greatly reduced their number.D.Pesticides made them extinct.A.The bird is not adored any more.B.The bird does not eat the poisonous fish.C.The bird begins to lay fewer and fewer eggs.D.Measures are being taken to save the bird. Talk Two锛堝垎鏁帮細8.00锛?/div>A.To go sightseeing in the town-center.B.To lose his way intentionally.C.To pay a visit to the suburbD.To wander about the streetsA.To know more of the city.B.To practise the language.C.To get to know his way around the suburb.D.To while away the hours.A.He was unable to find his way back.B.A policeman could help him with his problem.C.He failed to communicate with the policeman.D.All of the above.A.The policeman showed him the railway station.B.He found the place where he lived.C.He was misled to a wrong place.D.He decided to stay in the country. Talk Three锛堝垎鏁帮細6.00锛?/div>A.A case of active euthanasia.B.A case of passive euthanasia.C.A case of prostate cancer.D.A case of community medical service.A.His prostate cancer.B.The right time.C.His wife' s idea.D.Three signatures.A.Painfully.B.Apathetically.C.Peacefully.D.Angrily.2.Section B锛堝垎鏁帮細16.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________ Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always銆怋1銆慱_____for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving aside the funds銆怋2銆慱_____by industry鈥攚hich is naturally far more concerned with銆怋3銆慱_____because these increase profits quickly鈥攖he funds the U. S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its over-all research and development funds. Unless adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to銆怋4銆慱_____Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out, " Development will銆怋5銆慱_____prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making 銆怋6銆慱_____will be lost. Unfortunately , pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon銆怋7銆慱_____science, tend to銆怋8銆慱_____the quality of the nation' s technology in the long run, rather than to improve it."Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always銆怋1銆慱_____for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. Leaving aside the funds銆怋2銆慱_____by industry鈥攚hich is naturally far more concerned with銆怋3銆慱_____because these increase profits quickly鈥攖he funds the U. S. Government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its over-all research and development funds. Unless adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to銆怋4銆慱_____Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out, " Development will銆怋5銆慱_____prematurely, career incentives will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making 銆怋6銆慱_____will be lost. Unfortunately , pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon銆怋7銆慱_____science, tend to銆怋8銆慱_____the quality of the nation' s technology in the long run, rather than to improve it."锛堝垎鏁帮細16.00锛?/div>(1).銆怋1銆戯紙鍒嗘暟锛?.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________(2).銆怋2銆戯紙鍒嗘暟锛?.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________(3).銆怋3銆戯紙鍒嗘暟锛?.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________(4).銆怋4銆戯紙鍒嗘暟锛?.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________(5).銆怋5銆戯紙鍒嗘暟锛?.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________(6).銆怋6銆戯紙鍒嗘暟锛?.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________(7).銆怋7銆戯紙鍒嗘暟锛?.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________(8).銆怋8銆戯紙鍒嗘暟锛?.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________ 涓夈€?Part鈪?Writing(鎬婚鏁帮細1锛屽垎鏁帮細2.00)3.Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 灏界鍐瀵掑喎锛屼絾鏄粛闇€杩涜蹇呰鐨勪綋鑲查敾鐐笺€傚瘨鍐风殑姘斿€欐潯浠朵笅杩涜浣撹偛閿荤偧锛屼竴瀹氳娉ㄦ剰鑷垜淇濆仴锛屽惁鍒欙紝浼氶€傚緱鍏跺弽锛屽喕鍧忚韩浣撱€傚啲瀛ｄ綋鑲查敾鐐奸」鐩富瑕佹湁婊戝啺銆佹粦闆€佹櫒缁冦€佸啲娉崇瓑锛屼笅闈㈢粨鍚堝啲瀛ｆ皵鍊欎綔浠嬬粛銆? 棣栧厛鏄潃瑁呴棶棰樸€傛湇瑁呯殑闅旂儹鍊煎繀椤讳笌杩愬姩涓寮虹殑浠ｈ阿浜х儹杩囩▼骞宠銆傚湪鍐峰ぉ涓绌胯。
上海第二医科大学博士入学考试病理学试题
上海第二医科大学1998年病理学（博士）1.试述高血压病人的细胞膜改变及功能障碍2.补体在细胞膜损伤种的作用3.生长因子的分类及其在肿瘤发生发展中的作用Receptor异常的基因图变型及分子结构5.何谓高凝状态及生理情况下的高凝状态6.内皮细胞损伤与动脉粥样硬化的关系7.肝内胆汁淤积症的发病机制8.消化性溃疡的发病机制缺乏引起溶贫的机制10.休克时细胞流态变化上海第二医科大学2003年博士入学考试病理学试题1. 名词解释10个：PH 染色体凋亡等；2 填空20个3 简答：（1）慢性肺心病的病理特点；（2）急性心梗的病理变化；（3）急性菌痢的病理；（4）血吸虫的虫卵结节；4 问答3个：结肠癌多步癌变的分子生物学机理；5 论述：（1）病理学研究的方法技术有哪些写出两种新技术的原理与步骤；（2）恶性肿瘤的生物学行为有哪些设计一个题目来证实其恶性行为，写出试验目的、方法步骤、结果。
上海第二医科大学2004年博士入学考试病理学试题一名词解释：1 透明血栓2 纤维素样坏死3 合杰金氏病4 镂空网状坏死5 假膜性炎6 萎缩性胃炎7 鳞状上皮化生8 稳定细胞9 矽结节10 恶性葡萄胎二简答题二简答题1 肉芽组织的结构几功能2 慢性萎缩性胃炎的病理改变三问答题1 门静脉高压的病理改变与临床症状之间的关系2 肺野内一结节，分析可能的病变上海第二医科大学2005年病理学（博士）一、名词解释（12*）1、炎性介质2、褐色硬化3、绒毛膜癌4、霍杰金淋巴瘤5、肉芽肿性炎6、粥瘤（artheromatous plaque)7、慢性阻塞性肺病（chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)8、革囊胃9、二、填空题（*20）1、ph1染色体，绿色瘤。
2、乙脑的病变有：3、梅毒的基本病变：闭塞性动脉内膜炎、血管周围炎，树胶肿。
4、阿尔姆兹病基本病变：5、阿米巴肿多见于脏，也见于肺与肠。
6、血吸虫病的急性病变是，慢性病变为结节。
同济医科大学生理学(博士)
同济医科大学2001年生理学（博士）一、试述神经-肌肉接头处兴奋的传递过程，并分析影响兴奋传递的因素（20分）二、以左心为例，试述心脏将血液泵入动脉的过程，并试述泵血过程中心室内压力、容积、瓣膜开关和血流的变化。
（20分）三、切断颈动脉体和主动脉体的传入神经前后，分别吸入5％的二氧化碳，对呼吸各有何影响？并分析其影响机制？（20分）四、刺激胃酸分泌的内源性物质有哪些？试述消化期间胃液分泌增加的调节及机制？（20分）五、正常人排出的终尿渗透压可以是高渗，也可以是低渗，阐明其变化机制。
（20分）同济医科大学2002年生理学（博士）一、名词解释（3分×5）1、阈电位2、静息心指数3、肾小球滤过率4、潮气量5、胃排空二、问答题1、以左心室为例，阐明心动周其中心室压力、容积、血流、房室瓣和动脉瓣的变化（20分）2、加大家兔呼吸道解剖无效腔后，对家兔呼吸有何影响，并分析其机制。
（20分）3、试述神经-肌肉（横纹肌）接头处兴奋的传递过程，并说明哪些因素影响传递的过程？（25分）4、一正常人一次大量出汗（约1000Ml）而没有饮水，问其尿量、渗透压有何变化？并分析其变化机制（20分）同济医科大学2003年生理学（博士）一、试述神经细胞静息电位产生的机制，并分析细胞外高钾和低钾分别对静息电位的影响其机制（20分）二、胰液的主要成分有哪？它们有何重要功能？（15分）三、影响心输出量（分输出量）的因素有哪些？并分析影响机制。
（20分）四、影响兴奋性突触后电位和抑制性突触后电位产生机制，比较两者有何不同（20分）五、影响肾小球滤过的因素有哪些？并分析它们对肾小球滤过率的影响及机制（15分）六、试述含氮类激素的作用机制，并举一例说明。
（10分）同济医科大学2006年生理学（博士）一、名词解释1.前负荷2.胃肠反射3.脊休克4.？二、简答1.人从坐位变为立位血压的改变。
2.什么是肺牵张反射。
麻醉家兔吸气末再注入20ML空气膈神经的传出冲动有什么变化。