商务英语中的委婉表达与翻译-34页精选文档

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商务英语邮件常用语中英对照

商务英语邮件常用语中英对照一、称呼语 (Greeting)1. 尊敬的… (Dear...)例：尊敬的Mr. Smith，Dear Professor Johnson，2. 亲爱的… (Dear...)(针对较亲近的对方)例：亲爱的Susan，Dear John，3. 先生/女士(以对方姓氏) (Mr./Ms./Mrs. + 姓氏)例：Mr. Anderson，Ms. Lee，4. 先生/女士 (Sir/Madam)例：Sir，Madam，5. 尊敬的先生们/女士们 (Gentlemen/Ladies)例：Gentlemen，Ladies，6. 美好的一天 (Good day)例：Good day，7. 你好 (Hello)例：Hello，二、引言 (Introduction)1. 我写信是因为... (I am writing to...)例：I am writing to inquire about...I am writing to confirm the details of...2. 我写信是要告知您... (I am writing to inform you...)例：I am writing to inform you that the shipment has been delayed...I am writing to inform you of the change in schedule...3. 请问您是否能... (I would like to ask if you could...)例：I would like to ask if you could provide me with more information...I would like to ask if you could extend the deadline...4. 非常感谢您的... (Thank you for...)例：Thank you for your prompt response...Thank you for your attention to this matter...三、表达意图 (Stating the Purpose)1. 我想要... (I would like to...)例：I would like to schedule a meeting with you...I would like to request a quotation for the products...2. 我需要... (I need...)例：I need your assistance with the project...I need to reschedule the appointment...3. 我希望能得到... (I would appreciate it if...)例：I would appreciate it if you could send me the contract by tomorrow...I would appreciate it if you could provide me with the necessary documents...四、解释和询问 (Explanation and Inquiry)1. 由于... (Due to...)例：Due to unforeseen circumstances, we have to cancel the event...Due to a technical issue, the website is currently not accessible...2. 是否可能... (Is it possible...)例：Is it possible to receive a refund for the damaged goods?Is it possible to schedule a conference call to discuss the project?3. 请您确认... (Could you please confirm...)例：Could you please confirm the delivery date?Could you please confirm the total cost of the order?五、给予回应 (Response)1. 我们会尽快处理... (We will process...)例：We will process your request and get back to you as soon as possible...We will process the payment and send you a confirmation email...2. 抱歉给您带来不便 (Apologies for the inconvenience caused)例：Apologies for the inconvenience caused. We are working to resolve the issue...We sincerely apologize for the delay in response...3. 确认收到 (Confirming receipt)例：I confirm that I have received the documents...We acknowledge receipt of your email...六、结束语 (Closing)1. 谢谢您的理解和合作 (Thank you for your understanding and cooperation)例：Thank you for your understanding and cooperation in this matter...We appreciate your understanding and cooperation...2. 如果您有任何问题，请随时与我联系 (If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me)例：If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me at any time...Please do not hesitate to contact me if you have any further inquiries...3. 祝您一切顺利 (Best regards)例：Best regards,Sincerely,以上是商务英语邮件常用语中英对照，希望对您有所帮助。

在合作原则与礼貌原则视觉下的英语委婉语

在合作原则与礼貌原则视觉下的英语委婉语
在商务合作中，合作原则与礼貌原则是非常重要的。

为了在日常工作和生活中有效地与人交流，需要使用一些委婉语。

下面列出了一些常用的英语委婉语及其中文翻译。

1. Excuse me, but...（请问……）
这是一种礼貌委婉的表达方式，通常用于询问或请求对方的意见或帮助。

例句：Excuse me, but could you please help me find the file I’m looking for?
2. Would you mind...?（请问你介意……吗？）
这是一种委婉的请求方式，通常用于请求对方做某件事，了解对方的意愿，并避免过于直接的表达方式。

5. I was wondering if...（我在想，如果……）
6. If it’s not too much trouble, could you...?（如果不会麻烦你太多，能不能……？）
9. I don’t suppose you...?（我不认为你会……，但是……）
总而言之，在商务合作中，使用委婉语可以帮助你更有效地与人交流，并表现出良好的礼貌和尊重。

使用这些委婉的表达方式可以帮助消除不必要的紧张和冲突，并为大家创造更愉快和高效的工作环境。

BEC委婉语表达

1.虚拟语气If it were not for the larger orders we receive formal number of our regular customer，we could not have quoted for supplies even at that price．(返还盘)要不是我们接到许多老客户的大量订单，我们尚不能给这些货物报如此低的价格。

比较：If it is not for the larger orders we receive from a numbe r of Our regular customer，we cannot quote for supplies even at that price ．2. 否定语气弱化1)Sorry，I don’t think we can offer you more than 500 cases this year．抱歉，我想今年我们的供货量不会超过500箱。

2)I’m afraid that it is impossible for US to entertain your counter offer．我们恐怕不能接受你们的还盘。

3．肯定语气弱化1)I hope you will effect a settlement of our claim Soon．希望你方对我们提出的索赔尽快予以解决。

2)But I think the annual sale of 300 pianos for a sole distributor ship in Canada is rather conservative．不过我们以为作为整个加拿大地区的独家代理，300架钢琴的年销售量未免太保守了。

(1)You have evidently sent us the wrong goods. Such trouble should be not repeated in future delivery.( 很明显你发错了货。

商务英语信函礼貌与非礼貌用语

商务英语信函礼貌与非礼貌用语商务英语信函是商业交流中非常重要的一种沟通方式，因此在使用语言时需要注意礼貌和避免使用非礼貌用语。

下面我将从礼貌和非礼貌的角度给出一些例子。

礼貌用语：1. 开头问候语，Dear Mr./Ms./Mrs. [姓氏]，或者Dear [职位]，。

2. 表达感谢，Thank you for your prompt response.（感谢您的迅速回复。

）。

3. 提供帮助，If you need any further assistance, please feel free to contact me.（如果您需要任何进一步的帮助，请随时与我联系。

）。

4. 表达善意，I hope this email finds you well.（希望您一切顺利。

）。

5. 结尾问候语，Best regards,（最好的问候。

）。

非礼貌用语：1. 直接命令，Do this immediately.（立即做这件事。

）。

2. 不礼貌的批评，Your work is completely unacceptable.（你的工作完全不可接受。

）。

3. 威胁或强迫，You must comply with our demands.（你必须遵守我们的要求。

）。

4. 侮辱性言辞，You are incompetent.（你无能。

）。

5. 粗鲁的结尾，Whatever.（随便。

）。

在商务英语信函中，礼貌和尊重对于建立良好的商业关系至关重要。

使用礼貌用语可以展示你的专业素养和尊重他人的态度，而避免使用非礼貌用语可以避免引起误解或者冲突。

因此，在撰写商务英语信函时，请确保使用得体的语言，避免使用冒犯或不尊重他人的用语。

商务英语中委婉语的表达与翻译

英国著名作家ＧｅｏｒｇｅＢｌｕｎｔ将委婉语定义为：号，在促销连裤袜（ｐａｎｔｙｈｏｓｅ）时，ｑｕｅｅｎｓｉｚｅ一词Ｅｕｐｈｅｍｉｓｍｉｓａｇｏｏｄｏｒｆａｖｏｒａｂｌｅｉｎｔｅｒｐｒｅｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆａ比“ 特大号 ” 更为委婉，更能让一些肥胖女士接
其意为 “ 动听的话 ” 。简而言之，就是用那些能让拉近与客户的心理距离，激发他们强烈的购买欲
人心情愉悦，又无刺激且有善意的词来替代那些望，同时还能抵消客户的反感情绪。比如，ｑｕｅｅｎｉｚｅ一词是由ｋｉｎｇｓｉｚｅ引申而来的，其意为特大能引起不适感的词。早在１６世纪８０年代后期，ｓ
有升调和降调两种基本语调，降调多用于陈述、命忌讳“ 死” 这个字，在封建社会，不同等级的人死
令，表达“ 完整 ” “ 肯定” 的意思，而升调多用于疑亡，有不同说法：天子死日崩，诸侯死日薨，大夫死
问，表达 “ 不肯定 ”“ 礼貌 ”和 “ 委婉 ”，再加上时日卒，士日不禄，庶人日死。而在当代，则会用态、语态等方式，英语的委婉表达比汉语在形式上 “ 离开了我们 ” “ 走了” 等来表达。英语语境中也

委婉语在商务英语中的应用

委婉语在商务英语中的应用委婉语是指在表达不愉快、尴尬、敏感等话题时使用的客气、委婉的用语。

在商务英语中，委婉语的应用广泛。

正常情况下，商务英语都强调直截了当地表达意思，但有时我们需要使用委婉语来使对方更舒适，避免冲突和误解。

委婉语的应用主要有以下几个方面：1. 请求帮助或提问当需要请求帮助或提问时，使用委婉语可以表达出礼貌和尊重。

例如：Could you possibly help me with this problem? （你能帮我解决这个问题吗？）Do you have a moment to spare? （你有时间吗？）May I ask a quick question about the project? （我能问一个有关项目的快速问题吗？）2. 谈到个人观点有时候我们需要表达个人观点，但又不希望引起对方的反感或争议，这时使用委婉语是非常必要的。

例如：In my opinion, I think we could consider… （我认为，我们可以考虑一下……）It seems to me that there might be a better way of doing this. （在我看来，也许有更好的方法做这件事。

）3. 询问或提出建议在商务英语中，询问或提出建议时，也需要使用委婉语。

例如：Perhaps we could consider… （也许我们可以考虑……）Would it be possible to…？（能够……吗？）I think it might be a good idea to… （我认为……可能是个好主意。

）4. 给予批评或拒绝在商务英语中，给予批评或拒绝时，使用委婉语可以让对方更容易接受。

例如：I appreciate your proposal, but unfortunately we have decided to go in a different direction. （我感谢你的提议，但不幸的是，我们决定采取不同的方向。

商务英语中的委婉表达与翻译

（3）酌情使用一些常用套语，如：贵，乞谅，承蒙，为盼，赐复等。Dear Sir(s)/ Madam尊敬的阁下 /先生/女士/谨启者/执事先生/台鉴
Yours faithfully /truly/sincerely
谨上、敬上、顺致敬意
汉语常用敬辞有： “贵方、贵公司、阁下、惠请、惠顾、奉告、
is doubtlessly a pride of your family.

We are very happy for you and wish to
extend to you our utmost congratulations. I believe
that the knowledge ha has acquired will enable
世界。在未来的岁月里，让我们在记忆的彩虹里永远珍藏着对他的怀念。
确实，没有他的生活无论如何都不会再是
原样，但我们一定要尽可能努力地生活下去，并期望在天国有重逢的一天。

爱你的，

邦妮
4）商务信函的常用翻译技巧：
（1）重复、省略、否定、转换等技巧的灵活使用。
（2）掌握分寸，体现原文文体，尽力保持“公事公办”的慎重态度
敬礼！

ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
你诚挚的

奥尔登.艾德
Dear Mrs. Taylor,

We hear that your son Paul has graduated
from the notable M.I.T with honors. You must be
quite happy with his splendid accomplishment. He

论商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译

二、委婉语的构造手段
二 0 语异，小撒用piss-piss”替 pass-w 音化如孩尿 ‘ 代 “ a0 ter"。词汇委婉手段是指用悦耳的不伤对方面子的八如以 `claim 年词语，前用‘ department"来指负责客户的
投诉和索赔的部门，现在用“ customer service"(客户
境，达到交易双方各自预期的目为此目商务的。的，从业人员时常需要运用的武器是热情友好的礼遇、委婉客气的话语、措辞得当的函电或谨慎严密的条一、什么是委婉语款，从而形成了英语的商贸一个鲜明特色。委婉语存在于各种语言中，是语言的一种普遍委婉语和委婉表达法在商务英语中的应用十很早就引起人们的注意和研究。英语中的委分广泛，几乎涉及到商业活动的各个领域和交易过现象，
潘丽红/ 论商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译
婉语(Euphem )一来自腊前 ism 词希语的缀eu=w 和 ell
advance shipment.
词根phem e=speaking，思说听话。据语意是好用无害的或
悦耳的词语替代那些较直接的、唐突的言词，用善意的话语把事实掩盖起来的修饰手段。最初，人们对委婉语的研究主要集中在词汇层次，如谈及死亡，人们
2.动词
总是尽量避免使用die 或death，而是用pass way,be
with God, to breathe one' s last,one' s heart stop-
ped beating 来替; 用The big ‘” 替 cancer; 代 ℃ 代
social disease 代替aids。事实上，通过语法和语用手

商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译

本文从委婉语功能出发，分析了商务信函和商务洽谈中的委婉表达及其翻译，从而论证
委婉语从构造手段来看，主要通过语音手段、词汇手段、语法手段、语用手段等手段。在商务英语信函中的委婉语以语法和语用手段为主，主要包括语气虚拟法、词句否定法、语气弱化法等几种方法。１．语气虚拟法
பைடு நூலகம்
是我们接到许多老客户的大量订单，我们尚不能给这些货物报如此低的价格。
比较：ｏｒｔｅｌｇｒｏｄｒＩｉｉｎｔｏｒｅｒｅｓｆｔｓｆｈａ
ｗｅｒｃｉｅｆｏａｎｍｂｒｏｕｅｕａｅｅｖｒｍｕｅｆＯｒｇｌｒｒｃｓｏｅ，ｗｅｃｎｏｕｔｏｕｐｉｓｕｔｍｒａｎｔｑｏｅｆｒｓｐｌｅ
一
、
引言
（ｍｅＷｏｎ’８ａａｏｙ）被称作Ｌａｙ’ ｌｖｔｒｄ８，Ｍｒ．Ｊｎｓｓｏｅ。假如在开会中，某人要中途上厕所，大庭广众之下，说出
“ｏｒＳｒｙ！Ｉｈｖｏｇｏｔｅｔｉｔ”这ａｅｔｏｔｈｏｅ．ｌ
是极不礼貌，不适宜的。可以说 “ ｒｏｙ，ＩＳｒ
ｈａｅｔｉｅｍｙｅｆｅｓ ” ｖｏｇｖｓｌａｅ。
（）礼貌功能三委婉语的另一个功能是在交际中避免
ｓｐｌｓｅｅｔｔａｒｅ（还盘）不ｕｐｅｖｎａｈｔｐｃ．ｉｉ返要
ｅｅｔｔａｒｃ．ｖｎａｈｔｐｉｅ

论商务英语翻译与委婉表达

论商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译刘万军10英语本科（2）班学号：1003154ABSTRCT:Euphemism is an important part of our daily communication in Chinese, so is the English language. Obviously, euphemism is to express your ideas or opinions by the way that the listener can accept comfortably and easily. In business English, euphemism plays a key and irreplaceable role. That is to say, for us English major students, if we want to know the language better and do well in translation, we ought to or maybe must learn euphemism. Because the differences between English and Chinese demand us know almost every part of the western culture, euphemism is one of that. However, there are thousands of expressions of euphemism, I cannot write them down here all, so the purpose of this paper is to introduce you the common skills of the translations of euphemism.KEY WORDS: euphemism, business English, translation, skills1、前言关于委婉语的定义有两种比较流行的说法：1、"用一种不明说的，能使人感到愉快的含糊说法，代替具有令人不悦的含义不够尊重的表达方法。

商务英语中的委婉表达

１０８
表达不仅要礼貌,而且意味着在商务英语中要十分巧妙的表达真诚的友谊、诚恳的感谢、诚挚的问候和由衷的尊敬. 因此,商务中委婉表达的运用能够最大限度地达到贸易交际的和谐增进.在商务英语中运用被动语态,可委婉地强调了按照合同、协议所承诺或规定的双方职责和义务,更加符合国际贸易惯例.在商务活动中,当双方的建议不合或索赔不公平而出现矛盾时,就要非常注意礼节礼貌,避免冒犯性、偏激性的言辞.为了避免说到动作执行者,没有责备对方的意思,或者为了含蓄不愿说出动作的施动者,用被动语态能够弱化执行者,把重心放在事件的本身,而不必提到施动者,对方也比较能够接受.虽然商务英语中的主动语态可以直截了当地表达贸易双方的意思,可是在表示批评、建议、要求时主动语态却无法传递那样的作用.被动语态使用的可以突出在对外商务函电与单证中经常使用的句式,可以委婉的告知对方要做的事情,主动语态好像是在用命令的口吻显得很冒犯,也不适合.在商务信函中,当写信者要向对方提出建议、要求或者批评时,写信人可以运用疑问句式将那些不好意思又必须直接提到的问题问得委婉而又不伤大雅.这样既不让对方觉得没面子或感觉己方太冒犯失礼,也为自己可以更好地争取对对方的了解机会,从而软化了语气,表现出礼貌和委婉.
在商务英语函电或洽谈中,有些时候我们必须避开那些正面直接的语言表达,这时我们就需要使用虚拟语气的修辞手法来委婉的表达自己的意见或个人观点及相关要求,有助于合作双方缓和气氛并建立长期友好的商务合作关系.商务人员常运用should＋动词原形的一些形容词和动词过去分词等词汇,为避免可能发生不礼貌的行为或者双方意见不合时所引发的矛盾,所以常用虚拟语气来委婉地表达自己的意思.也正是因为这些因素,以 could,would,should等情态动词与其他动词原形相结合,既充分维护了对方的面子,为接下来的往来留下想象的空间,又可以进一步促进贸易的建立与往来.虚拟语气用委婉的方式向对方提出要求,既表达了己方的要求,又兼顾了对方的面子,较好地完成交际目的, 从对方的角度看问题,理解对方的困难,在尊敬对方感情和利益的同时获得对方的好感 ,促进合作的成功 .

商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译【毕业论文】.doc

（20 届）英语商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译Euphemistic Expressions in Business English and TheirTranslation随着国际贸易的不断发展，商务英语作为一种特定的专门用途英语，也越来越重要。

为了建立良好的商务环境，树立尽可能完美的形象，给客户以满意和信心，达到预期的目的和效果。

因此商务英语屮的的委婉表达及其翻译是非常重要的。

本文介绍丫委婉语的定义、特征，以及交际功能，并从词汇、语法两个方面归纳分析了商务英语中的委婉表达方式，论文最后提出Y直译法、意译法和移植法三种翻译策略。

希望人们从屮丫解更多关于商务英语屮的委婉表达及其翻译的知识，并使这些知识服务于我国与各国的商务往来。

关键词：商务英语；委婉表达；翻译AbstractWith the development of international trade, Business English has become more and more important as a specially appointed English for Specific Purposes. In order to establish a good business environment, and establish a perfect image of as much as possible to give customers satisfaction and confidence in each of the parties to achieve the intended purpose of trade. This thesis first introduces the difinitions，characteristics and communicative functions of euphemism. The euphemistic expressions in business English are then analysed from lexical and grammatical prospectives. Finally three translation strategies are proposed: literal translation，free translation, transplanting. It is hoped that people can get more knowledge about translation of euphemism in business English and can make use of this knowledge to serve for foreign trade of our country.Key words：Business English; Euphemism ; TranslationContentsAbstract ......................................................................................................................................... I I1Introduction (1)1J Definition and Classification of Euphemism (1)1.2Characteristics of Euphemism (2)2Communicative Functions of Euphemism (2)The Function of Taboo (3)The Function of Politeness (4)The Function of Disguise (5)The Function of Elegance (5)3The Expression Forms of Euphemism inBusiness English (6)The Lexical Approach (6)Noun (6)Verb (7)Adverb (7)3J.4 Preposition and Preposition Phrase (7)()The Grammatical Approach (8)()Past Tense (8)()Passive Voice (8)33ood•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••t1•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••參•••••••••••••••••••• 104The Translation Strategies of Euphemism in Business English (10)si•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 114.2Free Translation (11)4.3Transplanting (12)5Conclusion (12)Bibliography (14)Acknowledgements (15)IntroductionlJ Definition and Classification of EuphemismEuphemisms have existed throughout recorded history. In early English poetry the heroes did not literally "die", but euphemistically "lay” or "fall"(George H.McKnight, 1923:268). Similar feature of language is familiar in modern language: ” we will have to let you go” replaces"you*re fired" in English;‟1人寿保险‟‟(life insurance) replaces "死亡保险"(insurance that is paid when you die) in Chinese. These are typical example of verbal euphemisms， namely, euphemisms in a narrow sense.Classification of euphemism is well manifested in the various definitions of euphemism， which reveal the nature, and the characteristics of euphemism from different perspectives.Euphemism, one rhetoric term in English，is "Euphemismos” in ancient westerm rhetoric. It is usually used ‟‟to pre serve decency when referring to unpleasant things n(Vickers，1988:407). In current English dictionaries，euphemisms are defined as follow:(1)"substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered blunt oroffensive".(2)‟‟word，etc. used in place of one avoided as e.g. offensive，indecent, oralarming‟‟.There are also other definitions:"Substituting an inoffensive or pleasant term for a more explicit，offensive one，therebyveneering the truth by using kind words.n(Nearman et al，1990:1 )H the conveying of a harsh or an unpleasant truth gently."(Zeiger，1978:355)All the euphemisms can be divided into two groups: conventionalized euphemisms and non-conventionalized euphemisms. The differences between these two groups lie in that those non-conventionalized euphemisms strongly depend on the particular context，and their rhetoric function may disappear or impossible to understand without the context while the conventionalized euphemisms have already been accepted so well that they are somewhat like idioms and people can understand them without referring to a particular context. For example， we all know what toilet means when one says he wants to go to the toilet. But in this sentence: ’’我浑身颤抖了一下，我害怕，我父亲会不会也打发我去'享福’ .We can hardly drag out the meaning of the euphemism ‟‟享福’’ without reading the sentence: ••哭啥子奥，死了，还不享福去了！"in the context.The thesis mainly deals with the translation of verbal euphemism because of its wider application and closer relationship with translation study. So the word ‟‟euphemism” in the following thesis refers specificallyto verbal euphemism.(1)Characteristics of EuphemismThe meaning of euphemisms cannot be understood if we take a direct inference to the object that the language refers to.It is the conversational implications conveyed by the language，taking such elements as the speakers and the contexts into consideration. When we come into a euphemism, we should not only understand what it refers to superficially but also understand the implied meaning and purpose generated from the context，or the environment. Euphemism is also active and elegant. To distinguish euphemisms from other figures of speech, we should judge whether the original expression is about sex，religion，crime，death， darkness, violence，mental health，excretion，fatal diseases etc. Which often embarrasses both the speakers and the listeners and as a result are often avoided. The mild substitution are not embarrassing and are intentionally avoided by the speakers. It is obvious that euphemism has the following characteristics:(1)Substitution is the base of producing euphemism;(2)An euphemism has two levels of meaning: a surface meaning and a deepmeaning, and the real meaning is the deep meaning;(3)Euphemisms are mild expressions which can alleviate the harshness of theoriginal expressions and can cover some of the original purposes of thespeaker.(Wang Dechun 2001:98)Communicative Functions of EuphemismLanguage communication is an important way to maintain the social relationship among human beings. The use of euphemism avoids causing the unpleasantness of two communicative sides and damaging their relationship. Based on the implication of euphemism， the paper mainly explores the functions of taboo, politeness, disguise and elegance, which is helpful for our conscious and correct language use in business English.The Function of TabooIn the Anglo-Saxon countries，people widely believed in God. Out of fear of God，they dared not directly maintain the name of Lord God (Jehoval)，so a lot of euphemisms came into being，for example: theAlmighty，the Supreme Being, Holy one，the Eternal，the creator, the maker，the Savior，the Lord of Lords，the King of Kings.In the early human society, science underdeveloped, people can not know and explain the natural phenomena，so they always feel terrified with a mystery.n Death” is a taboo in a lot of countries，so people produce some euphemisms.For example:"pay one's debt to nature"--••还对自然的债务”‟‟go west‟‟--‟‟归丙""sleep the final sleep"--"睡最后一觉"‟‟be called to God"--"到上帝那儿去报到""go to heaven"--"去天堂""breathe the one's last"—"最后一次呼吸""pass away”--"永别了n"sleep with one's fathers"--‟‟与父亲睡在一起"” go to glory”--”去荣耀•’In addition, things related to death are beautified. For example ‟‟coffin” is replaced by ‟‟box” ；"grave-yard •‟ is replaced by "sleeping place‟‟；n funeral”is replaced by "memorial service‟‟.The Function of PolitenessPoliteness is the human civilization's tag. Politeness principle is an important principle in human society. In communication，people always pay attention to politeness to other people for avoiding conflict. There are many aspects about politeness function.Profession is a sensitive topic in society. According to Chinese‟s idea, all professions are equal. But as the manual worker or service personal，they don‟t like to hear the name of their prof ession by other people. So they choose a better name instead of them.For example:‟‟waiter，waitress"…n dinning-room attendants”H maid H—"domestic”‟‟garbage collector” ---H sanitary engineer”n scretary H ---H administrative assistant‟‟n harlot n…M street girl n or "member of the oldest profession11‟‟cook、-- "chef*‟‟housewife” --- "domestic engineer”Privation and unemployment are also sensitive topics in society. In communication, everyone wants to get respect from the other side. Even though people are poor，they would be angry when they discuss privation or about connection things. For example, in Chinese， people always say n手头紧"or "临时周转不灵” or "经济上有些困难” to mean "they are short of money”. In English, "penniless” is replaced by "out of pocket”；"poor” is replaced by ‟‟needy”；‟‟poor people” is replaced by ‟‟underprivileged people‟‟ or "to be down on one's luck' Unemployment is a common phenomenon, and people don‟t like to talk about it directly. So ‟‟unemployed workers” are replaced by "welfare workers H; "dismis s” is replaced by ‟‟lay off ‟‟in communication.When they speak of relieving the bowels，they use ‟‟ go to washroom‟1，"go to W.C.n，‟‟answer nature‟s call‟‟ . If you say H I have to go to the toilet.” when talking with others, that is very impolite. We shoul d say ‟‟May I leave the room?‟‟ or H Fm going to do my business.” There are other examples: Unfortunately we cannot meet your needs because you failed to send your check.We shall be glad to meet your needs as soon as we receive your check.In case (1)，the tone is very abrupt，too direct; while in case (2)，the euphemistic tone is much more polite. In addition, the politeness function emphasizes the sake of more for each other.()The Function of DisguiseIn English, euphemism is used to disguise some grave society problem, such as privation and crime. There are some examples:2.1‟‟in debt” …H cash advance11 or H in difficulties2.2‟‟unemployed mother” ---M welfare mother”2.3‟‟striking” …"industrial action” or ‟‟industrial dispute‟‟2.4‟‟economic recession” …"period of economic adjustment‟‟At present, crime rate is particularly high, so there are many related euphemisms, especially juvenile delinquency. For example, ‟‟delinquent1‟ is replaced by "problem children”. We can not say that their childrenare thrown in jail，otherwise they will be unhappy. So we can say that the children are in the set-up center. And the other parlance is that they enjoy the government‟s expenses. International relation‟s choice of words are more cautious，if we say that they are "poor and backward coun tries‟‟，both sides‟ relation will sink into impasse. Even though they are underdeveloped countries，they will be unhappy. But we use ‟‟developing countries‟‟ and "emerging countries”，they will feel better.()The Function of Elegance‟‟Using neutral or commendatory word to replace derogatory word or sentence's the euphemism‟s elegance function. In the Eastern and Western culture, some about disease，death, human excretion, the Health and body parts, sex, body shape and other things related to taboo, are often considered to be vulgar，indecent. So people will not bear to say that things directly， through the song words, taboo and the other meanings to beautify or dilute them, so that they are more gentle. English euphemism is a best case. Such as，"hairdresser is re placed by ‟‟beautician”；‟‟press man” is replaced by "press operator”.People always use the euphemism properly to avoid awkwardness, unhappyness，disgust. The use of euphemism is not only to win the other side enough reputations，but also reflects the speak er‟s status，graceful bearing. The use of elegant and subtle language is a kind of aesthetic needs of the people as well as the civilization needs.The Expression Forms of Euphemism in Business EnglishEuphemism expressions are commonly used in business correspondence and business negotiation. Which is not only a social language phenomenon, but it is also a cultural phenomenon. Business English has its own unique style, usual format, the professional vocabulary and expressions.Because the customer is their God. Euphemism implication is widely in business English, hardly penetrate every link of business affairs. For example，in international trade， establishing trade relations, inquiry, offer, counter offer, repulse，credit information, proforma invoice (P/I)，order goods, shipping，insurance, and so on，they exist in everywhere. Expression skills are flexible and ingenious. By making an analysis of euphemistic expressions used in business correspondences and business negotiations，it mainly discusses the fulfillment of euphemistic expressions in business English through the following four ways: the subjunctive mood, passive voice，past tense, tactful negative. So the business personnel can fully understand and appreciate the euphemistic expressions and achieve a success in the business competitions.3.1The Lexical ApproachNounIn business English, people always express negative by noun.‟‟We are extremely sorry for our inability to advance shipment.”This sentence avoid semantic strength consciously, using ‟‟inability” to express "we can not u implicitly. The meaning of "can not” is weakened by the writer，so it is easier to accept for the other party.VerbIn the business negotiation, we can use "think' "hope”，"regret' H please n to express subjective opinions and views. The expressed views and suggested request become not subjective and arbitrary, and the tone is tactful. But the view is distinct，and semantic is clear. There are some examples:1n We regret very much that it is necessary to complain about the non-delivery ofthe 10,000 tons of sugar under contract article 23.”2‟‟ We hope delivery will be made according to schedule.H3” Please make the shipment in May or early as possible.‟•AdverbIn business negotiation or correspondence contract process, it is seem impolite if use the negative word directly to the other party‟s views，request and suggestion . It is easily to cause displeased and dislike for the the other of side. Even it get into trouble with the other side, affect the business‟ negotiation or disruption directly. It go against to establish good trade relations for both sides. So it is often to use one of the adverbs: unfortunately，scarcely, hardly，rather，almost，slightly. And it create the negotiation atmosphere of consultation on the basis of equality. For example:‟‟we appreciated the good quality of your products, but unfortunately your prices appear to be onthe high side even of this quality.”‟‟I am really sorry that our products can hardly satisfy your requirement.‟‟In the second example，"hardly” is the euphemism of ‟‟not' to avoid absolutization.Preposition and Preposition PhraseIn business English, sometimes the preposition and preposition phrase are often used, and the tone of negative would not be clear. So other people feel respected."As some items under your order are beyond our business scope, we can only accept your orderpartially.‟‟"As your counter bid is not up to the present market level，we are sorry that we have to give youa negative reply.”In the first sentence, ‟‟beyond our business scope‟‟ imply the negative.3.2 The Grammatical Approach(1)Past TenseWe sometimes push the time of verb backward in business negotiation and business letters. Such as use the past tense to substitute present tense. So that it can make the tone more politely and make it have more tone of negotiation. At last make it come to business successfully."Enclosed is a feature article from October 23 China daily which I thought you might find ininteresting.”‟‟We wanted to know whether you could effect shipment one month earlier.”"We want to know whether you can effect shipment one month earlier/1"We found the prices of your machines a little bit higher than acceptable.The first sentence, moreover，in order to make the tone tactfully，"hope，wonder，think，want” and s o on，their past tense also express the present tence.The two sentences in case (2)，second sentence is easier to accepted by the other side.The third sentence actually mean that: we found the price of your machines are so high that we can not accept. Speaker with comparative sentences, and compared with the a knockout level before to decorate.Among face to face business negotiation and business letters，when we express inquiry， request or express different opinion with the other side, sometimes use“Can you“will you...?‟‟，“I want".‟‟，“I wonder".‟‟，“I am sure.J‟wHl show crude and rude, confirm and absolute on the tone. When use “Could you...?”，“Would you...?”，“ I wanted...‟‟，“I wondered...‟‟，…… I was sure...”，it will become more subjunctive kind, gentle, decent and easily accepted by the other side.(2)Passive VoiceAmong business letters, we should use active voice in many conditions so that can express both opinions about trade explicitly. However，in other conditions, passive voice is adopted to make the toneimplicatively，and avoid aggressive. So it conformed to the characteristic of business English."Upon inspection, it was found that your last shipment is not up to theagreed standard. ” (Wang Hengen 2009:57-59)‟‟You should be informed that the shipment tim e is February or March at our optionand the goods will be shipped in one lot.”‟‟Since it is agreed that we have the right to reject the goods when they are disqualifiedupon examination by China Commodity Inspection Bureau at the port of destination，we regret to inform you that we have to return the goods to you at your expense/"As the date of delivery is approaching，you are requested to expedite theestablishment of the L/C?‟‟As the date of delivery is approaching，we request you to expedite the establishment of the L/C广As well-known to all，active voice emphasizes that it is an executive of actions. And passive voice emphasizes that it is an object of actions. In example three，‟‟to bestressed"，‟‟must be effected‟‟，such as ‟‟will not be considered” weaken the executors “we”，“you”. We want emphasize that according to the contract，agreement or the stipulation of obligations and responsibilities prescribed, and thus more accord with international business practices.(3)Subjunctive MoodIn our daily life，people usually use subjunctive to express our opinions. When we request somebody, adverse somebody and persuade somebody, we always use euphemistic and implicative manners. In Business negotiations and business letters, businessmen pay more attention to their tones，and always avoid to expressing directly and positively, and use subjunctive tone to express our opinions，requests or adverse. In this way, they can achieve both purposes in the atmosphere of equality and friendly. Also it will be helpful to establish long term business relationship.n If it were not for the regular orders we receive from a number of our customers, we could not have quoted for supplies even at these price.‟‟n We wish we could lower our price but unfortunately we cannot do so.”‟‟May we su ggest that you make some allowance on you quoted price so as to enable us to introduce your goods to our customers?"H I suggest you make a reduction in price, otherwise, we could hardly go on with ourdiscussion.”Among the above example sentences, because of adverb adopted Subjunctive tone, it eased the tones of both sides when they expressed their opinions, requested something，or confirmed price in the businessnegotiation. Avoided too absolute, leave more space to negotiation, and help to enter into and develop business relationship.(4)Tactful NegativeIn Chinese, people always praise or criticize the nature of things，condition or the behavior of people，personality, appearance gently. If someone‟s appearance is not beautiful, we would use ‟‟ Can‟t say what beautiful' avoiding diction too straight and tone overweight. In business English, this euphemistic expression used in large amounts, in order to make statements view， request or suggestion whether is confirm or deny, agreement or disagreement, praise or criticism becoming more negotiable.For example:‟‟We feel that your quotation is not proper because the price for such material is on the decline at present.”In this sentence, "not proper” mean n improper n，but sounds much more polite，easily accepted by each other.The Translation Strategies of Euphemism in Business EnglishWith the economic globalization and China‟s entrance into WTO, translation of business English is acting a more and more vital role in our economic life. As an important communicative language, euphemistic expression is used frequently in business English .Therefore，it brings practical significance to study translation strategies of euphemistic expression in business English.Euphemism generally have original meaning and euphemistic meaning. Original meaning refer to the begining meaning when the word used in the euphemism, an implicit parlance. Euphemistic meaning refer to taboo content of the replaced word, a meaning of avoiding discussion. So there are three strategies in the translation of euphemism:Literal TranslationIn the English and Chinese, there are a lot of the same or similar euphemism expression. The words should be transliterated when we are translating. We should keep the original text structure form and verve style，simultaneously must deliberate carefully, strive to achieve the proper emotion appraise. Convey the originalmeaning and style faithful. For example:‟‟To open the window and say bright words””打开窗户说亮话”Chinese and English are two different language systems，but they have common attributes between the language. Language is the reflex of culture,and language‟s universality reflect the culture‟s universality. No matter what race, what color，they live in the same world. Their thinking mode，emotional standard and moral standards are coincident，and people‟s opinion to the objective world are also coincident.Free TranslationChinese and English belong to different languages, and the two languages have distinctive characteristics in forms，grammars and behavior habits. As a part of the language，euphemism is different to the same meaning of things because of regional difference, religion，custom and thinking mode. Translation must be considered these difference of aspects, and according to the context requirement use free translation. For example:"bus girr…"餐馆侍者女助手”"criminal lawyer” …”刑事律师n "at theeleventh hour‟‟ ---1•在危急时刻•’The meaning of "bus girl” is n巴士女郎‟‟；the meaning of "criminal lawyer'1 is "犯罪的律师‟‟；the meaning of "at the eleventh hour‟‟ is ” 丨1 点钟” in the beginning.Free translation is not optional translation，and should be avoid breaking away from text‟s content and metaphoric meaning.43 TransplantingTransplanting refer to borrow the original texts words directly. Transplanting has two forms: direct transplanting and transliteration. Direct transplanting refer to using original words directly. Some words transplanted into translation with enunciation; some words have changed enunciation，but they still belong to the category of borrowing from etymology. They are always used in science and technology translation or news media. For example: KTV， DISCO, IQ, EQ，AQ.Transplanting not only remain context‟s form completely，but also remain context‟s culturalcharacteristics.Transliteration is the other form of transplanting. Language is a symbol system. On the one hand，the text‟s symbol has vitality only in their system; on the other hand, they are not changeless，and they could accept eternal words on the certain condition. Chinese and English euphemism‟s mutual translatio n could borrow transliteration to translate some words that they could not be translated by literal translation and free translation. For example:"Sardine” …"沙丁鱼”"Pizza"…”披萨饼”"Champagne" 香槟酒"ConclusionEuphemism，from linguistic point of view, will definitely be widely touched upon as a more welcome way of communication than it is now. Euphemism for emotional communication is both a polite and elegant communicative strategies in international business English, and played the role of lubricant，greatly enhance flexibility and increases the chance of success in the business English.The progress of science, technology and the rapid development of economy, increasingly highlights the importance of international trade. But how we can get the preemptive opportunities in the fierce competition in the international market，a new force suddenly rising， successful business communication activity plays an important role. In the commodity propaganda，creating and expanding the market, foreign trade negotiation and business correspondence intercourse are particularly important. Polite and decent words, implicit expression of euphemism can help enterprise firmly seized commercial opportunities.In business contacts, under the market economy condition of the fierce competit ion ‟euphemism is one of the management guiding principles of business men, and is also one of the important methods to win customer in the competition. Thus，for a career in business and to obtain success in the business world，to understand and study the business English euphemism, its meaning is really cannot be ignored or undervalued.Therefore, in today‟s society，Business English expression of euphemism and its translation are very important. In the commercial activity，if expression and translation are improper, maybe it will cause both misunderstanding，down to cooperation failure. In interpersonal communication, everyone want to get other‟s respect，also needed in the business communication. Due attention and efforts should be given to the study of euphemism translation and more work needs to be done into this special filed. This is just an attempt into this filed and hope to shed some light into this special filed.In this paper, I introduced the history and definitions of euphemism, the four functions of euphemism, expression methods of Euphemism, translation stratigies of euphemism. Euphemism and euphemisticexpressions are very extensive in application of business English. Almost involve all fields and commercial activities of transaction process each link. For example，in international trade，from start to establish contact of inquiry，quotation, offer， counter-offer to shipment，insurance, credit investigation，payment etc，can use a large number of euphemistic expressions.BibliographyBaker ，mona .2000. In Other Words: A Course book on Translation [M]. Beijing: ForeignLanguage Teaching and Research Press.Enright ，D.J. 1985. Fair of speech: the Use of Euphemism [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. George H. McKnight. 1923. English Words And Their Background [M]. the United States ofAmerica: D. Appleton and Company.Leech, G. Principles of Pragmatics [M|. London: Long man Group Limited. Nearman, J.S. & Silver, C.G.1990. Kind Words . A Thesaurus of Euphemism [M].New York: Facts On.Inc.Vicker ，B .1988. In Defence of Rhetoric [M]. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Zeiger ，A.1978. Encyclopedia of English [M]. New York: Arco Publishing Company.Inc.程洁，1992，国际贸易交际技巧［M ］。

商务谈判中的英语委婉语的运用及其表达方法

商务谈判中的英语委婉语的运用及其表达方法Example:- Good morning/afternoon/evening. Thank you for agreeing to meet with me today.2. Soften demands or refusals: When making requests or refusing an offer, it is important to use gentle language to avoid appearing aggressive or confrontational. Use expressions that show flexibility and willingness to negotiate.Example:- I understand your perspective, but I was wondering if we could possibly explore alternative options.- Would you consider adjusting your proposal slightly to better align with our needs?Example:- I would like to propose an alternative solution to the issue at hand. How would you feel about...?- It might be beneficial for both parties if we were to consider...Example:- It seems to me that there might be some room for adjustment in our offer.- It may be worth considering the possibility of revising our terms.Example:- I believe that by working together, we can achieve both our objectives.6. Use conditional language: Utilize conditional statements to present options and possibilities rather than making direct statements or demands. This allows for a more flexible and open discussion.Example:- If we were able to find a middle ground, would you be open to considering our proposal?。

商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译【文献综述】

文献综述英语商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译一、前言部分（说明写作的目的，介绍有关概念，扼要说明有关主题争论焦点）委婉语是人类使用语言过程中的一种普遍现象, 它不仅是一种社会语言现象, 更是一种文化现象。

不管是在日常生活还是在涉外交际中, 我们都要进行语言交流。

委婉语实际上是语言常规的变异现象, 也是使用语言的艺术, 作为英语修辞重要手段之一的委婉语, 在商务英语中的表达形式多样、方法灵活、使用广泛, 是吸引客户、捕捉商机、促销产品、开拓市场的有效手段。

由于某些生活习惯或习俗差异, 以及不同文化背景的社会具有不同的忌讳, 我们必须学会使用委婉语以避免尴尬或不愉快。

所以只有了解委婉语在不同背景、不同环境下的使用方式, 才能达到成功的交际目的。

委婉语可以反映出各种各样的社会心理, 从而体现出了委婉语的各种社会交际功能。

委婉语在各个领域都有广泛的应用, 它对于我们学好英语, 进行有效的跨文化交际有很大的帮助。

语言交际是人类赖以维系社会和人际关系的重要手段,委婉语是人类使用语言过程中的一种普遍现象。

委婉语的使用有效避免了引起交际双方的不快从而损害双方的关系,因为委婉语具有避讳、礼貌、避俗、掩饰、劝诱等功能。

了解这些功能将有助于我们在跨文化交际中更加自觉和准确地使用语言,并且对于我们学好英语,进行有效的跨文化交际有很大的帮助。

商务英语是目前国际商务活动中一种特定的专门用途英语, 它所涉及的范围较广、且具备独特的表现内容和语言现象。

因此, 商务英语中的委婉表达和翻译更是最为关键的一个部分。

委婉语往往是一定文化的体现, 在理解与翻译委婉语时需要考虑其文化内涵。

从文化的视角, 从委婉语与文化、委婉语与禁忌语入手, 研究委婉语翻译遵循的原则, 探讨委婉语及其翻译问题。

分析商务英语委婉语的交际功能, 以及对商务英语中的委婉表达与翻译进行有效的探讨。

二、主题部分（阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述）在和平年代，社会稳定繁荣，人们倾向于使用礼貌的、优雅的词汇，委婉语的数量就随之增加。

商务英语中委婉表达的翻译原则

商务英语中委婉表达的翻译原则商务英语中委婉表达的翻译原则商务英语中委婉表达的翻译原则与商务函电不同，商务洽谈是面对面的交流，因而显得更直接，语气较函电而言也更随便，不拘泥于形式。

但委婉表达法在商务洽谈中的作用也十分广泛。

语气弱化法是较常用的一种。

在商务洽谈过程中，对对方的观点、要求或建议使用直接的否定有时显得不够礼貌，容易引起对方的不悦甚至反感，影响业务的顺利开展，也有碍与建立互信友好的贸易合作伙伴关系。

因此，常用各种方法弱化语气，创造良好的商谈气氛。

(一)“信”、“达”、“雅”的基本原则翻译界长期信奉的原则是“信”、“达”、“雅”三原则，当然在商务英语中也不例外，应该是要求更为严格。

如：have the low availability factor翻译成商品匮乏，downgrade economic readjustment /upward price readjustment翻译成商品降价/涨价，used car，garbage叫旧车，等。

如果对句子不理解，而用直译就改变了原句的意思容易造成误会或者分歧，尤其是在商务活动中，牵涉到合同、数字、法律、之类的问题，容易造成纠纷。

(二)信息对等商务英语翻译标准其实质上具有一致性，即：信息对等。

说到底，不管什么样的翻译标准，都离不开一个“真”字，换言之，译文应该是原文信息的真实反映。

商务英语的涵盖面较广，所以其翻译有特殊性，可以是原文与译文语义信息的对等;原文与译文风格信息的对等;原文与译文文化信息的对等。

1.原文与译文语义信息的对等。

例如：We“d like to inform you that our counter sample will be sent to you by DHL by the end of this week and please confirm it ASAPso that we can start our mass production.Payment will be made by 100% confirmed, irrevocable Letter of Credit available by sight draft。

英文商务信件礼貌用语

英文商务信件礼貌用语邮件的开头：感谢读者是邮件开场白的好办法。

感谢您的读者能让对方感到高兴，特别是之后你有事相求的情况下会很有帮助。

●Thank you for contacting us.如果有人写信来询问公司的服务，就可以使用这句句子开头。

向他们对公司的兴趣表示感谢。

●Thank you for your prompt reply.当一个客户或是同事很快就回复了你的邮件，一定记得要感谢他们。

如果回复并不及时，只要将“prompt”除去即可，你还可以说，“Thank you for getting back to me.”●Thank you for providing the requested information.如果你询问某人一些信息，他们花了点时间才发送给你，那就用这句句子表示你仍然对他们的付出表示感激。

●Thank you for all your assistance.如果有人给了你特别的帮助，那一定要感谢他们！如果你想对他们表示特别的感激，就用这个句子，“I truly appreciate …your help in resolving the problem.”Thank you raising your concerns.●就算某个客户或是经理写邮件给你对你的工作提出了一定的质疑，你还是要感谢他们。

这样你能表现出你对他们的认真态度表示尊重及感激。

同时，你也可以使用，“Thank you for your feedback.”在邮件的结尾：在邮件开头表示感谢一般是表示对对方过去付出的感谢，而在邮件结尾处表示感谢是对将来的帮助表示感谢。

事先表示感谢，能让对方在行动时更主动更乐意。

●Thank you for your kind cooperation.如果你需要读者帮助你做某事，那就先得表示感谢。

●Thank you for your attention to this matter.与以上的类似，本句包含了你对对方将来可能的帮助表示感谢。