外文上名词解释

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英美文学术语大全

英美文学术语大全下面是店铺整理的一些英美文学术语大全，欢迎大家阅读!1.Atmosphere (氛围)The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work.2. Autobiography (自传)A person‘s account of his or her own life.3. Ballad (民谣)A narrative poem in short stanzas, with or without music,often of folk origin and intended to be sung. The term derives by way of French ballade from Latin ballare, "to dance," and once meant a simple song of any kind, lyric or narrative, especially one to accompany a dance. As ballads evolved, most lost their association with dance, although they kept their strong rhythms. Modern usage distinguishes three major kinds: the anonymous traditional ballad (popular ballad or folk ballad), transmitted orally; the broadside ballad, printed and sold on single sheets; and the literary ballad (or art ballad), a sophisticated imitation of the traditional ballad.4. Ballad Stanza (民谣诗节)A type of four-line stanza, the first and the third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses.5. Biography (传记)A detailed account of a person‘s life written by another person.传记：由他人篆写的关于某人生平的详细记录。

英美文学名词解释整理版

英美文学名词解释1. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.寓言：用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。

所有的寓言都是一个具有双重意义、文学内涵或象征意义的故事。

2.Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。

3.Allusion:A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.典故：文学作品中作家希望读者能够认识或做出反应的一个人物、地点、事件或文学作品。

典故或来自历史、地理、文学或宗教。

4. American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predecessors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.美国自然主义：美国自然主义是一种新的、更具批判性的现实主义。

外文名词解释

荷马史诗：包括《伊利昂纪》和《奥德修纪》，是古希腊最早的两部史诗，一般认为是吟颂诗人荷马所作，故称荷马史诗。

这两部史诗描写发生于公元前12世纪的特洛亚战争，各分二十四卷，反映了氏族制度趋于瓦解，向奴隶社会过渡时期广泛的社会生活，塑造了一系列英雄形象，具有很高的认识价值和艺术成就。

埃斯库罗斯：被誉为古希腊悲剧之父，是古希腊三大悲剧诗人之一。

相传他创作了70部悲剧，留存下7部，代表作为《被缚的普罗米修斯》。

他对希腊悲剧艺术做出了重大贡献，把演员从一个增加到两个，加强了对话部分，在演出技巧上也做了不少改革。

其悲剧风格庄严崇高，抒情气氛浓，但情节较简单，人物性格一般没有发展。

托尔斯泰主义：在托尔斯泰的思想中，除了对现实的无情批判以外，还热切鼓吹悔罪、拯救灵魂、禁欲主义、勿以暴力抗恶、道德自我完善等观点，宣扬一种属于托尔斯泰自己的宗教博爱思想，人们称之为托尔斯泰主义.托尔斯泰在作品中一方面对沙俄专制社会进行批判，一方面又宣扬悔罪、“勿以暴力抗恶”、“道德自我修养”、博爱等思想，这些思想被称为托尔斯泰主义。

多余人：出现在俄国文学中的一种艺术形象。

沙皇专制下的农奴制社会政治、经济、文化都很落后，优秀的知识分子受西欧启蒙思想的影响，试图有所作为，但又找不到出路，于是苦闷、彷徨、忧郁、痛苦。

他们大都富有才华，不满现状，愤世嫉俗，同时又性格脆弱，对人生采取消极态度。

他们有时寻找刺激，在伤害别人的同时也伤害自己，有时沉溺无奈的伤感情绪中不可自拔，成为社会的多余人.著名的形象有奥涅金、毕巧林等。

（1）多余人是十九世纪俄国文学中出现的一批贵族知识青年形象。

（2）他们接受了西方新思想，对俄国专制农奴制不满，试图有所作为。

但严重的贵族个人意识使他们不可能站到平民立场，不可能找到改革俄国社会的出路，因而成为谁也不需要的多余人。

（3）主要有奥涅金、毕巧林、罗亭等。

多余人赫尔岑在《往事与随想》中提出。

“多余人”是19世纪俄国文学中所描绘的贵族知识分子的一种典型。

外文名词解释

外国文学名词解释1、心灵辩证法：托尔斯泰善于通过描写心理变化的过程展示人物的思想性格的演变；他最感兴趣的是这种心理过程本身，是这种过程的形态和规律；它能描述出一些感情和心理怎样转变成另外一些感情和心理，展示心理流动形态的多样性与内在联系。

心灵辩证法是车尔尼雪夫斯基评价托尔斯泰心理描写技巧时所提出来的文学术语。

2、象征主义：从浪漫驻渝中分离出来的一个文学思潮和派别，也是现代主义文学产生最早、形象最大、波及面最广的一个文学流派。

19世纪及后期的象征主义也称为前期象征主义。

象征主义认为，现实世界是虚幻的，只有内心感受才是真实和美的；是个应摆脱描写外界事物的影响，努力写出“内心的感受”。

象征主义注重联想和暗示，讲究诗歌的神秘性、音乐性以及“交流”手法。

代表作家有兰波、魏尔伦、马拉美。

3、复调小说：是前苏联学者巴赫金在《陀思妥耶夫斯基的诗学问题》这一理论著作中提出的概念的概念。

“复调”也叫“多声部”，本为音乐术语。

巴赫金借用这一术语来概括托斯妥耶夫斯基小说的诗学特征，用来区别“那种基本上属于独白型（单旋律）的已经定型的欧洲小说模式”。

【巴赫金认为，“独白型”小说的一个突出特征，就是众多性格和命运构成一个统一的客观世界，在作者统一的意志支配下层层展开。

在这类小说中，全部事件都是作为客体对象加以表现的，主人公也都是客体性的人物形象，都是作者意识的客体。

虽然这些主人公也在说话，也有自己的声音，但他们的声音都是经由作者意志的“过滤”之后得以放送的，主人公的意志实际上统一于作者的意识，丧失自己独立存在的可能性】。

陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品中有众多各自独立而不融合的声音和意识，每个声音和意识都具有同等重要的地位和价值，这些多音调并不要在作者的统一意识下层层展开，而是平等地各抒己见。

每个声音都是主体，小说具有对话性，所以被称为“复调小说”。

4、战壕真实派：苏联当代军事文学的一个流派，出现于50年代末至60年代初，由亲身参加过卫国战争的一些青年作家组成。

英美文学术语解释

1. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.2. Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.3. Antithesis: (a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.5. Apostrophe顿呼法: A figure of speech in which an absent or a dead person, an abstract quality, or something nonhuman is addressed directly.6. Assonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.7. Atmosphere: The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate for the writers to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.8. Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.9. Character: Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament气质and motivation动机and is represented with subtle particularity.10. Characterization: the means by which a writer reveals that personality.11. Comedy: i n general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.12. Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things.13. Conflict: A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. Usually the events of the story are all related to the conflict, and the conflict is resolved in some way by the story’s end.14. Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.15. Elegy: A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.16. Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. 17. Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.18. Essay: A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view. An essay may be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional. The two general classifications of essay are the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal essay is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the reader about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tone. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style, and serious in tone.20 Figure of speech: A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in a literal sense. The most common kinds of figures of speech—simile, metaphor, personification, and metonymy—involve a comparison between unlike things.21. Foot: It is a rhythmic unit, a specific combination of stressed and unstressed syllables.22. Free Verse: Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.23. Iambic pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb—that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.25. Image: We usually think with words, many of our thoughts come to us as pictures or imagined sensations in our mind. Such imagined pictures or sensations are called images.26. Imagery: Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in the reader’s mind. Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell, and hearing.27. Kenning代称: In Old English poetry, an elaborate phrase that describes persons, things, or events in a metaphorical and indirect way.28. Lyric: A poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker’s personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode(颂诗), and sonnet are all forms of the lyric.29. Metaphor: A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar. Unlike simile, a metaphor does not use a connective word such as like, as, or resembles in making the comparison.30. Metaphysical poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other 17th century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial[kə'ləukwiəl] language(通俗语), elaborates imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.31. Meter音步: A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry.32. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which something very closely associated with a thing is used to stand for or suggest the thing itself.33. Multiple Point of View: It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. 多角度叙述法：威廉•福克纳经常使用的写作技巧之一，它展现了在同一个故事中人物是如何对同一个人或同一种情境做出不同的反应。

外国常见的外文名词解释

外国常见的外文名词解释随着全球化的不断发展和跨文化交流的日益增多，我们经常会接触到一些外国名词和术语。

这些外文名词的解释对于我们理解和适应国际社会具有重要意义。

在本文中，我将为大家解释一些外国常见的外文名词，帮助大家更好地理解和应用。

一、Brainstorming（头脑风暴）Brainstorming一词最早由美国广告从业人员Alex Faickney Osborn于20世纪40年代提出，指的是集体讨论解决问题的一种方法。

头脑风暴的目的是鼓励参与者尽可能多地寻找和提出各种各样的想法和解决方案，以激发创造力和创新思维。

二、Networking（社交网络）Networking是指通过建立和发展人际联系，寻找互助和合作机会的过程。

在全球化和信息时代的背景下，社交网络成为人们个人、专业和商业联系的重要途径。

通过社交网络，人们可以扩展人际关系，分享经验和资源，促进个人和职业发展。

三、Deadline（截止日期）Deadline是指完成某项任务或项目的最后期限。

这个词最早出现于美国内战时期的监狱，意味着“无法逾期”。

在现代社会，deadline用在工作、学习和生活中，强调了任务的紧迫性和时间的限制，提醒我们要及时完成工作，以避免不必要的麻烦。

四、Burnout（工作倦怠）Burnout是指由于长期的紧张工作和高度压力而导致身心疲惫、丧失工作情绪和动力的症状。

尤其在现代社会，工作节奏快、竞争激烈，很容易让人忽视自己的身心健康。

预防并处理工作倦怠非常重要，如学会合理规划和管理时间、培养兴趣爱好等。

五、Freelancer（自由职业者）Freelancer是指自由职业者，他们根据项目需求和个人能力，在不与特定雇主签订长期雇佣合同的情况下，为多个客户提供专业服务。

自由职业者通常拥有专业技能或特定领域的专长，他们以灵活自由的方式工作，从而获得更好的自我发展和掌握工作时间的权利。

六、Globalization（全球化）Globalization是指世界范围内各个领域的经济、文化、政治和社会联系的不断加深，国际间的相互依赖和关联程度不断增强的现象。

英语专业文学名词解释的单词

narrative [['nærətiv]]基本翻译n. 叙述；故事；讲述adj. 叙事的，叙述的；叙事体的deed [[di:d]]基本翻译n. 行动；证书；[法]契据vt. 立契转让epic [['epik]]基本翻译adj. 史诗的，叙事诗的n. 史诗；叙事诗；史诗般的作品transmitted基本翻译v. 传输；传送（transmit 的过去分词）adj. [医]透射的recitation [[,resi'teiʃən]] 基本翻译n. 背诵；朗诵；详述；背诵的诗romanticism[[rəu'mæntisizəm]]基本翻译n. 浪漫主义；浪漫精神idealization[[ai'diəlai'zeiʃən, -li'z-]]基本翻译n. 理想化；理想化的事物flourish [['flauriʃ]]基本翻译n. 兴旺；茂盛；挥舞；炫耀；华饰vt. 夸耀；挥舞vi. 繁荣，兴旺；茂盛；活跃；处于旺盛时期sentimentalize[[,senti'mentəlaiz]]基本翻译vt. 使感伤；为…而伤感vi. 感伤；流于感伤depict [[di'pikt]]基本翻译vt. 描述；描画emphasis [['emfəsis]]基本翻译n. 重点；强调；加强语气sordid [['sɔ:did]]基本翻译adj. 肮脏的；卑鄙的；利欲熏心的；色彩暗淡的soliloquy [[sə'liləkwi]]基本翻译n. 独白；自言自语extended [[ik'stendid]]基本翻译adj. 延伸的；扩大的；长期的；广大的v. 延长；扩充（extend的过去分词）delivered [[di'livəd]]基本翻译adj. 业已交货v. 递送（deliver的过去分词）reveal [[ri'vi:l]]基本翻译vt. 显示；透露；揭露；泄露n. 揭露；暴露；门侧，窗侧manifest [['mænifest]]基本翻译vt. 证明，表明；显示vi. 显示，出现n. 载货单，货单；旅客名单adj. 显然的，明显的；明白的clarity [['klærəti]]基本翻译n. 清楚，明晰；透明universal [[,ju:ni'və:səl]]基本翻译adj. 普遍的；通用的；宇宙的；全世界的；全体的n. 一般概念；普通性artists基本翻译n. 艺术家，设计师（artist 的复数）capture [['kæptʃə]]基本翻译vt. 俘获；夺得n. 捕获；战利品，俘虏complexity [[kəm'pleksiti]] 基本翻译n. 复杂，复杂性；复杂错综的事物confusion [[kən'fju:ʒən]]基本翻译n. 混淆，混乱；困惑reshape [[,ri:'ʃeip]]基本翻译vt. 改造；再成形discard [[dis'kɑ:d, 'disk ɑ:d]]基本翻译vt. 抛弃；放弃；丢弃vi. 放弃n. 抛弃；被丢弃的东西或人era [['iərə, 'εərə]]基本翻译n. 时代；年代；纪元indeed [[in'di:d]]基本翻译adv. 的确；实在；真正地；甚至int. 真的（表示惊讶、怀疑、讽rebirth [[,ri:'bə:θ,'ri:b-]]基本翻译n. 再生；复兴刺等）revival [[ri'vaivəl]]基本翻译n. 复兴；复活；苏醒；恢复精神；再生效stimulated [['stimjə,letid]]基本翻译adj. 受激的v. 刺激（stimulate的过去式和过去分词）feudal [['fju:dl]]基本翻译adj. 封建制度的；领地的；世仇的medieval[[,medi'i:vəl, ,mi:-]]基本翻译adj. 中世纪的；[贬]原始的；仿中世纪的；老式的corruption [[kə'rʌpʃən]]基本翻译n. 贪污，腐败；堕落Catholic [['kæθəlik]]基本翻译adj. 天主教的；宽宏大量的n. 天主教徒；罗马天主教devotion [[di'vəuʃən]]基本翻译n. 献身，奉献；忠诚；热爱keynote [['ki:nəut]]基本翻译n. 基调；主旨；主音vt. 给…定基调；说明基本政策vi. 作主旨发言sonnet [['sɔnit]]基本翻译n. 十四行诗；商籁诗Renaissance [[ri'neisəns;'renəsɔns; rəne'sɔŋs]]基本翻译n. 文艺复兴（欧洲14至16世纪）Elizabethan [[i,lizə'bi:θən]]基本翻译adj. 伊丽莎白一世时代的；英国女王伊莉莎白一世的n. 伊莉莎白女王一世时代的英国人（尤指文人）rhyme [[raim]]基本翻译n. 韵律；韵脚；韵文；押韵词vt. 使押韵；用韵诗表达；把…写作诗vi. 押韵；作押韵诗monologue [['mɔnəlɔɡ]]基本翻译n. [戏]独白imitate [['imiteit]]基本翻译vt. 模仿，仿效；仿造，仿制Joyce [[dʒɔis]]基本翻译n. 乔伊斯（女名）James [[dʒeimz]]基本翻译n. 詹姆斯（姓氏，男子名）；[圣]《雅各书》depict [[di'pikt]]基本翻译vt. 描述；描画distracted [[dis'træktid]]基本翻译adj. 心烦意乱的；思想不集中的v. 分心（distract的过去式）illusory [[i'lju:səri]]基本翻译adj. 错觉的；幻影的；虚假的；产生幻觉的mist [[mist]]基本翻译n. 薄雾；视线模糊不清；模糊不清之物vi. 下雾；变模糊vt. 使模糊；使蒙上薄雾William [['wiljəm]]基本翻译n. 威廉（男子名）；[常作W-][美俚]钞票，纸币Faulkner [['fɔ:knə]]基本翻译n. 福克纳（美国小说家，曾获1949年诺贝尔文学奖）plots基本翻译n. 情节；阴谋；小块土地（plot的复数）；平面图v. 划分；策划（plot的三单形式）；绘制…的地图narrator [[nə'reitə, næ-]]基本翻译n. 叙述者；解说员sequence [['si:kwəns]]基本翻译n. 序列；顺序；续发事件vt. 按顺序排好dislocate [['disləukeit]]基本翻译vt. 使脱臼；使混乱amicable [['æmikəbl]]基本翻译adj. 友好的；友善的consciousness[['kɔnʃəsnis]]基本翻译n. 意识；知觉；觉悟；感觉scheme [[ski:m]]基本翻译n. 计划；组合；体制；诡计vi. 搞阴谋；拟订计划vt. 计划；策划rhyme [[raim]]基本翻译n. 韵律；韵脚；韵文；押韵词vt. 使押韵；用韵诗表达；把…写作诗vi. 押韵；作押韵诗Renaissance [[ri'neisəns;'renəsɔns; rəne'sɔŋs]]基本翻译n. 文艺复兴（欧洲14至16世纪）。

名词解释的英文

名词解释的英文在日常生活中，我们经常会遇到一些外文单词或短语，这让我们感到困惑。

为了更好地理解这些单词和短语，我们需要学会进行名词解释，即用简明扼要的语言来解释这些英文词汇。

本文将探讨名词解释的英文技巧和例子，希望能帮助读者更好地掌握这一技能。

1. 定义性名词解释定性名词解释是对某一概念、理论或事物进行准确和明确的解释。

例如，对于“气候变化”这个词汇，可以这样解释：Climate change refers to long-term shifts in weather patterns, including temperature, precipitation, and wind speed, often caused by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels.2. 分类性名词解释分类性名词解释是根据某种共同特征将事物或概念进行分类。

例如，对于“恐龙”这个词汇，可以这样解释：Dinosaurs are a group of reptiles that lived millions of years ago and are now extinct. They can be further classified into different types, such as carnivorous and herbivorous dinosaurs.3. 过程性名词解释过程性名词解释是对某种过程、方法或活动进行解释。

例如，对于“瑜伽”这个词汇，可以这样解释：Yoga is a physical, mental, and spiritual practice with origins in ancient India. It involves a combination of postures, breathing exercises, and meditation techniques to promote relaxation, flexibility, and well-being.4. 术语性名词解释术语性名词解释是对某种特定领域的专业术语进行解释。

英美文学名词解释

1. epic(史诗)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.2. Sonnet(十四行诗)It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.3. Blank Verse(无韵诗或素体广义地说)Blank verse is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the dominant verse forms of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.4. Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.5. Neoclassicism(新古典主义)In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.6. Sentimentalism(感伤主义文学)Sentimentalism is a pejorative term to describe false or superficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain,2> in literature it denotes overmuch use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by “pathetic” indulgence.7. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came toEurope and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.8. Gothic novel(哥特式小说)Gothic novel is a type of romance very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.2> Gothic novel emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying.3> Gothic, originally in the sense of “medic, not classical”, with its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.9. NarrationIt is a synonym for story-telling. 2> in fiction, narrative passages are to be distinguished from descriptions and scenes, in narrative passages the chronology is condensed so that relatively few words will encompass the events of an extended period of time. Most writers use narrative passages to fill in the links between events. There were two types of narration, first-person narration and third-person narration. 10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.。

英语语言学名词解释大全

英语语言学名词解释2009-09-30 13:54Synchronic: said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” in time. Diachronic: said of the study of development of language and languages over time. Arbitrariness: the absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer.Duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels; meaningful units and meaningless segments .Competence: unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. Performance: the language actually used by people in speaking or writing.Langue: the language system shared by a “speech community”.Parole: the concrete utterances of speaker.Morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Inflection: is the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes such as number, person, finiteness, aspect and cases to which they are attached.Root: refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. Stem:is any morpheme or combinations of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.Acronym:is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization,which has a heavily modified headword.Syntax: the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure. Subordination: the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. Denotation: denotation involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entities to which it refers.Connotation: properties of the entity a word denote.Synonymy: synonymy is the technical name for one of the sense relations between linguistic units, namely the sameness relation.Hyponymy: the technical name for inclusiveness sense relation, is a matter of class membership. Entailment: This a logic relationship between two sentences in which the truth of the second necessarily follows from the truth of the first, while the falsity of the first follows from the falsity of the second.Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is onlyone-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’ call.Critical Period HypothesisThe critical period for language acquisition语言获得的关键期 Eric Lenneberg was a major proponent.The critical period hypothesis关键期假设It refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction. It coincides with the process of brain lateralization. Prior to this period, both hemispheres are involved to some extent in language and one can take over if the other is damaged.「语言学习关键期」（the critical period）的争议。

英语词汇术语名词解释

第二部分名词解释1.English lexicologyEnglish Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the vocabulary of the English language in respect to words and word equivalents.2.w ordA word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.3.vocabularyAll the words in a language together constitute what is known as its vocabulary.4.native wordsWords of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are called native words.5.loan wordsWords borrowed from other languages are called loan words. They are also called foreign words and borrowed words.mon wordsCommon words are also called popular words. They are words connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to everyday life. Common words are neutral in style.7.literary wordsLiterary words are words chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. Literary words are formal in style.8.archaic wordsArchaic words are words no longer in common use, although retained for special purpose.9.poetical wordsPoetical words are words that are traditionally used only in poetry.10.colloquial wordsColloquial words are words or expressions mainly used in spoken English and informal writings.11.slang wordsSlang words are language, words or phrases of a vigorous, colorful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.12.technical wordsTechnical words are words used in various special fields.13.function wordsFunction words are usually short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries and so forth, which serve grammatically than anything else.14.content wordsContent words are words which are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning.15.basic word stockThe basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. These words have four obvious characteristics: national character, stability, word-forming ability and ability to form collocations. They are words which are most frequently used and which are essential to the construction of sentences and to life.16.neologismNeologisms are new words or new meanings for established words.17.obsolete wordsObsolete words are words completely out of current use.18.morphemeThe morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.19.allomorphAn allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.20.free morphemeA free morpheme is one which can be uttered alone with meaning. It can exist on its ownwithout a bound morpheme. A free morpheme is a word, in the traditional sense.21.bound morphemeA bound morpheme is one which cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance; it must appearwith at least one other morpheme, free or bound.22.rootA root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning ofthe word.23.free rootFree roots are free morphemes. They belong to the basic word-stock and provide the English language with a basis for the formation of new words.24.bound rootBound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root.Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. They were once words, yet in Modern English they are not words. They cannot exit on their own. Nor can they be used to form new words.25.affixAffix is a “collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.” They are considered bound morphemes.26.inflectional affixAffixes attached to the end of words to indicate such grammatical relationships as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree are inflectional affixes.27.derivational affixDerivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.28.prefixIn derivation, the affix added before the base is called prefix.29.suffixIn derivation, the affix added after the base is called suffix.30.hybridA hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more different languages.31.simple wordA simple word is a word consisting of one free root (or one morpheme).32.word-formation rulesWord-formation rules are the rules which define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.33.stemA stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have beenremoved.34.baseA base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added; it may also be defined as “aform to which a rule of word-formation is applied”.poundingCompounding or composition is a word formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new word.36. compoundWords formed through compounding are called compounds.36.string compoundWhen the first element of a noun compound is itself a compound, such a compound is called a string compound.37.derivationDerivation or affixation is a process of forming new words by addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form to an already existing word.bining formA combining form is a bound morpheme, which was originally a full word in Latin or Greek,but which now occurs only in derivatives.39.prefixationPrefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base.40. suffixationSuffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base.41. differentiating suffixesDifferentiating suffixes are those suffixes which convey subtle nuances of meaning.42. conversionConversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.43. functional shiftSince in conversion the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, conversion is called by some linguists “functional shift”.44. derivation by zero suffixSince the relationship between a base of one word-class and a corresponding derived word of another by suffixation is parallel to a shift of the same base from one word-class to another without suffixation, conversion is called by some linguists “derivation by zero suffix”.45. partial conversionSome adjectives are used as nouns when preceded by the definite article, yet these converted nouns take on only some of the features of the noun. Therefore, such adjective noun conversion is partial conversion.46. acronymyAcronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.47. initialismInitialism is a type of shortening, using the first letter of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase; an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.48. acronymAcronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms are pronounced as words.49. clippingClipping is a process of forming new words by the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.50. blendingBlending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.51. portmanteau wordThe result of blending is called a blend, or portmanteau word.52. back-formationBack-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.53. reduplicationReduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition (1) of one word; (2) of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels;(3) of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.54. words from proper namesThey refer to words which come from such proper nouns as names of people, names of places, names of books and trade names.55. neoclassical formationNeoclassical formation denotes the process by which new words are formed from elementsderived from Latin and Greek.56. conventionalityMost English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense. There is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other. Such a relationship between the linguistic symbol and its meaning is called conventionality.57. motivationMotivation refers to the connection between word symbol and its sense.58. phonetic motivationIn modern English, some words have sounds that suggest their meaning, for these words were created by imitating natural sounds or noise. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. Such a kind of connection between the word symbol and its sense is called phonetic motivation.59. morphological motivationCompounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of some are the sum of the morphemes combined. If one knows the meaning of each morpheme, one can figure out the meaning of the word. Such a kind of connection between the word symbol and its sense is called morphological motivation.60. semantic motivationSemantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and the figurative sense of the word.61. echoic word/onomatopoeic wordWords motivated phonetically are called echoic words or onomatopoeic words, whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.62. grammatical meaningGrammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as word-class, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.63. inflectional paradigmWhen used in actual speech, words appear in different forms. The set of grammatical forms of a words is called its inflectional paradigm.64. lexical meaningLexical meaning is the notion that the word conveys. It is constant in all the content wordswithin or without context.65. denotative meaningDenotative meaning is sometimes called the conceptual meaning. It is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all speakers of the same language.66. connotative meaningConnotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one‟s mind; it is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning ofa word.67. social or stylistic meaningSocial meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.68. affective meaningAffective meaning indicates the speaker‟s feeling and attitudes towards the person or thing in question.69. purr wordsPurr words are those used not as a mere statement of fact, but to express the speaker‟s approval of the person or thing he is talking about.70. snarl wordsSnarl words are those words which always show disapproval or contempt on the part of the speaker.71. componential analysisComponential analysis is the process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components.72. semantic features/sense componentsThe analysis of word meanings is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components, which are known as semantic features or sense components.73. polysemyPolysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages. There are words that have two or three senses, and the most commonly used ones can have as many as over a hundred.However, when a word is first coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings, the result is polysemy.74. primary meaningFrom the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. At the time when the word was created, it was endowed with only one meaning. This first meaning is the primary meaning.75. central meaningSynchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The central meaning of a word can be considered the most frequently occurring meaning.76. radiationRadiation is a semantic process in which the primary meaning or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays.77. concatenationConcatenation, meaning “linking together”, is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.78. homonymyHomonymy is the linguistic phenomenon that pairs or groups of words, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both.79. homonymHomonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning, but are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both.80. perfect homonymPerfect homonyms are words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning.81. homophoneWords identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.82. homographHomographs are words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning.83. synonymySynonymy is the semantic relation of similarity.84. synonymA synonym can be defined as one of two or more words in the English language which havethe same or very nearly the same essential meaning.85. complete synonymComplete synonyms, also known as absolute synonyms , are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual, associative meanings, etc.. Synonyms of this type are interchangeable in every way.86. relative synonymRelative synonyms, or more accurately quasi-synonymous words, are words similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality, or differences in affective meaning, in stylistic meaning or in collocation and distribution.87. the double scale pattern of synonymsThere are in English countless pairs of synonyms in which a native term exists side by side with the one borrowed from French, Latin, or Greek. This is called the double scale pattern of synonyms.88. the triple scale pattern of synonymsThe triple scale pattern of synonyms refers to a group of synonyms in which native, French and Latin or Greek words co-exist.89. antonymyAntonymy is the semantic relation of oppositeness.90. antonymAntonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.91. contrariesContraries or contrary terms are antonyms which can be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved. Antonyms of this kind form part of scale of values between two poles and can accommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other.92. complementariesComplementaries or contradictories are antonyms which represent a type of binary semantic opposition. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other. Another distinctive feature of this category is that such antonyms are non-gradable.93. conversivesConversives, also called relative terms, consist of relational opposites. The pairs of antonyms indicate such a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other. This type also includes reverse terms, which comprise adjectives and adverbs signifying a quality or verbs and nouns signifying an act or state that reverse thequality, action or state of the other.94. root antonymsAntonyms with different roots are called root antonyms.95. derivational antonymsDerivational antonyms are words with the same roots having negative affixes.96. marked member in an antonymous pairIn some antonymous pairs, one member is used more widely and can frequently be used to subsume the other but not vise versa. This member always carries a certain implication of distinctiveness. It is called the marked member.97. unmarked member in an antonymous pairIn some antonymous pairs, one member is used less frequently and is subsumed by the other.This member carries no particular implication. It is called the unmarked member.98. hyponymyHyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.99. hyponym/subordianteWhen two words have the relationship of semantic inclusion, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word. This specific word is known as hyponym or subordiante .100. superordiante term/upper termWhen two words have the relationship of semantic inclusion, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word. This general word is known as superordiante term or upper term.101. semantic fieldAccording to Jost Trier, the whole vocabulary of a given language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized meaning areas. These meaning areas are called semantic fields. Words in each field are semantically related and define one another.102. contextContext is used in different senses. In its narrowest sense, context refers to the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. In a broad sense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.103. linguistic contextThe lexical , grammatical, and verbal context in its broad sense are called linguistic context.104. lexical contextLexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemous word. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words.105. grammatical contextIn some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word is influenced by the syntactic structure in which it occurs. This is what we call grammatical context.106. verbal context in its broad senseThe entire passage, or even the entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting in which a word occurs is called the verbal context of the word in its broad sense.107. extra-linguistic context/context of situationIt refers to the actual speech situation in which a word (or an utterance, or a speech event) occurs and the entire cultural background against which a word or an utterance or a speech event has to be set.108. ambiguityAmbiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or group of sentences with more than one possible interpretation or meaning.109. lexical ambiguityLexical ambiguity is the ambiguity of meaning due to polysemy.110. structural ambiguityStructural ambiguity is the ambiguity of meaning arising from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or a phrase.111. historical cause of semantic changeIt often happens that though a word retains its original form, its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed. This is the historical cause of semantic change.112. social cause of semantic changeChange in word meaning resulting from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words is referred to as social cause of semantic change.113. linguistic cause of semantic changeThe change of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the language system. One type such change occurs when a phrase is shortened to one word which retains the meaning of the whole, e.g. gold is used for …gold medal”. The other type of such change occurs when new meanings developed in one part of speech are passed on to other parts of speech from the same lexical base.114. psychological cause of semantic changeThis is the change of word meaning owing to various psychological motives: love, respect, courtesy suspicion, pessimism, sarcasm, irony, contempt, hatred, etc. The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are due to psychological factors.115. euphemismPeople have a tendency to use mild, agreeable language when speaking of an unpleasant or embarrassing fact (such as death, disease, unfortunate events or crime), and of taboo subjects as sex and the excretive processes of the body. These mild, agreeable languages are euphemisms.116. grandiloquenceGrandiloquence refers to the use of long, important-sounding words for effect.117. cynicismCynicism is the desire to sneer and to be sarcastic.118. restriction of meaning/specializationRestriction of meaning means that a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the subjects it had previously denoted.119. extension of meaning/generalizationExtension of meaning means the widening of a word‟s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.120. degeneration of meaning/pejorationDegeneration of meaning is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.121. elevation of meaning/ ameliorationElevation of meaning refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance, or a word meaning takes a turn for the better in the course of time.122. metaphorMetaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another, a process which often results in semantic change or figurative extension of meaning.123. idiomAn idiom may be defined as a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning.124. phrase idiomPhrase idioms are those idioms which have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverb as the central word, and which correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable ofa given syntactic function.125. clause idiomClause idioms are those idioms containing a verb and an object and/or a complement.126. sentence idiomProverbs and typical conversational expressions are called sentence idioms.127. AmericanismA word, phrase, or usage originating in or peculiar to American English is calledAmericanism.128. big wordsBig words are “high-sounding, mouth-filling” words, or words seeming important oradmirable but often having no meaning.129. prescriptive dictionaryA prescriptive dictionary is one regarded as the norm of spelling, meaning, and usage ofEnglish words.130. descriptive dictionaryA descriptive dictionary is one which registers the language and bases standard of correctnesson usage.131. monolingual dictionariesMonolingual dictionaries are written in one language, that is, the headwords or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language. The monolingual dictionary is rather a late development because the earliest dictionaries were all bilingual.132. bilingual dictionariesBilingual dictionaries are the ones compiled in two languages.133. linguistic dictionariesLinguistic dictionaries aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language.They usually cover such areas as spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical function, usage and etymology, etc. These dictionaries can be monolingual and bilingual.134. encyclopedic dictionariesAn encyclopedia is not concerned with the language purpose but provides encyclopedic information concerning each headword. There the reader cannot find pronunciation or meanings or usages but other information. Encyclopedic dictionaries have the characteristicsof both linguistic dictionaries and encyclopedia. In such dictionaries one can find the general information as in a linguistic dictionary and limited encyclopedic information as well.135 unabridged dictionariesAn unabridged dictionaries is an unshortened dictionary. Theoretically, it is a complete record of all the words in use. But such a dictionary is the most complete description of words available to us. It provides a great quantity of basic information about a word. It should be large in scope and size, containing at least 200,000 headwords.136. desk dictionariesDesk dictionaries are medium-sized ones containing words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.As they are dictionaries that one finds most used on desks, they are called desk dictionaries.137. pocket dictionariesPocket dictionaries have about 50, 000 entries or fewer. Such a dictionary provides only the spelling and pronunciation of each word with a few most common meanings. They contain only a few or no examples. Their advantages are being inexpensive and easy to carry.138. specialized dictionariesSpecial dictionaries concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usages in language and a variety of other subjects. These dictionaries may not be very large in size, yet each contains much more detailed information on the subject than you can find in a general unabridged one.139. etymologyThe branch of linguistics that deals with the origin and historical development of a linguistic form as shown by determining its basic elements, earliest known use, and changes in form and meaning, tracing its transmission from one language to another, identifying its cognates in other languages, and reconstructing its ancestral form where possible.140. synchronic dictionariesSynchronic dictionaries describe the vocabulary of a certain period or at a certain period or at a certain stage of the development of the language, providing the form, meaning, usage, etc. of the words of the period.141. diachronic dictionariesDiachronic dictionaries show how the form, meaning, usage, etc. of words have developed throughout the history of the language.142. ideological dictionariesIdeological dictionaries are the ones which deal with ideas or concepts, not with words as such. Words expressing related ideas are grouped under separate heads which are in turn grouped into subclasses and classes. Taken together, a system is formed into which, theoretically, a word can be included and related to a number of other words.。

外文名词解释

1. “二希”传统：古希腊-罗马文学与希伯来-基督教文学（简称“两希”）是欧洲文学的两大源头，文学史上称之为“两希”传统。

古希腊文学的文化内质呈“神-原欲-人”三位一体的结构框架；在希伯来-基督教文学中。

“灵”取代了“肉”，在关于“人”的理解上，与古希腊文学表现出了明显的分野，“神-理性-人”呈三位一体之势，其文化内质是宗教理性型的，体现的是宗教人本意识。

2. 奥林匹斯圣山上的十二主神：163. 斯劳克斯之谜：斯芬克斯是希腊神话中以隐谜害人的怪物，埃及最大的胡夫金字塔前的狮身人面怪兽就是他。

他给俄狄浦斯出的问题是：什么东西早晨用四只脚走路，中午用两只脚走路，傍晚用三只脚走路？俄狄浦斯回答：是人。

在生命的早晨，他是个孩子，用两条腿和两只手爬行；到了生命的中午，他变成壮年，只用两条腿走路；到了生命的傍晚，他年老体衰，必须借助拐杖走路，所以被称为三只脚。

俄狄浦斯答对了。

斯芬克斯羞愧坠崖而死。

“斯芬克斯之谜”常被用来比喻复杂、神秘、难以理解的问题。

4. 潘多拉的盒子：潘多拉是希腊神话中第一个尘世女子。

普罗米修斯盗天火给人间后，主神宙斯为惩罚人类，命令神用黏土塑成一个年轻美貌、虚伪狡诈的姑娘，取名“潘多拉”，意为“具有一切天赋的女人”。

并给了她一个礼盒，然后将她许配给普罗米修斯的弟弟埃庇米修斯（意为“后知”）。

埃庇米修斯不顾禁忌地接过礼盒，潘多拉趁机打开它，于是各种恶习、灾难和疾病立即从里面飞出来。

盒子里只剩下唯一美好的东西：希望。

但希望还没来得及飞出来，潘多拉就将盒子永远地关上了。

“潘多拉的盒子”被用来比喻造成灾害的根源。

5. “荷马问题”：①围绕荷马有无其人，他的生平以及两部史诗的形成等问题形成了一大门学问，这就是所谓的“荷马问题”。

②荷马：公元前9-公元前8世纪的人，一个年老的盲人歌手，过着流浪的生活，是《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》及其他许多诗歌的作者，行吟诗人。

6. “木马计”：战史中著名的智慧故事。

(完整word版)英美文学名词解释

英美文学名词解释（2011-01-04 17:02：14）转载▼分类：英国文学标签：文化01。

Humanism（人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2〉 it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life。

Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life， but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders。

02。

Renaissance(文艺复兴)The word “Renaissance"means “rebirth”， it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome。

2〉the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism。

Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation。

3〉 the real mainstream of the english Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03。

外文史名词解释：

二、名词解释：1 威塞克斯小说：是指19世纪末英国批判现实主义小说家和诗人哈代创作的一系列以英国西南部威塞克斯广大农村地区为背景的小说。

全部作品分为三大类，“罗曼史和幻想”、“爱情阴谋小说”、“性格和环境小说”。

这些小说反映了人与社会、性格与环境的对立，特别是通过对爱情、婚姻等问题的描写，表现了个人与社会的悲剧性冲突。

所以又被称为“性格和环境小说”。

代表作：《无名的裘德》《德伯家的苔丝》。

2 复调小说：（1）复调小说是前苏联学者巴赫金创设的概念。

"复调"也叫"多声部"，本为音乐术语。

巴赫金借用这一术语来概括托斯妥耶夫斯基小说的诗学特征，以区别于"那种基本上属于独白型（单旋律）的已经定型的欧洲小说模式"。

（2）陀思妥耶夫斯基是复调小说的首创者，他小说的基本特点是有着众多的各自独立而不相融合的声音和意识，由具有充分价值的不同声音组成真正的复调，他的作品里，不是众多性格和命运构成一个统一的客观世界，在作者统一的意识支配下层层展开；这里恰是众多的地位平等的意识连同它们各自的世界，结合在某个统一的事件之中，而互相间不发生融合。

他作品里出现的主人公对自己、对世界的议论，同一般的作者议论，具有同样的分量和价值。

3 自然主义文学：19世纪后期流行的，产生于批判现实主义之中的一个文学思潮和流派。

它的主要特征是：（1）再现自然，就是真实地而不是典型化地描写日常生活。

（2）强调客观性。

作家不是道德家，不要作任何价值评判，而是解剖家。

（3）突出的科学性。

认为人的性格、欲望、行为都受制于生物规律，尤其是遗传规律。

（4）求描写达到一种科学性的精确，认为创作就是一种实验的过程。

法国的莫泊桑等人集体发表的《梅塘之夜》是自然主义文学的宣言书。

左拉的《泰莱丝·拉甘》是第一部自然主义小说。

《卢贡—马卡尔家族》是左拉自然主义大型系列小说4心灵辩证法：这是车尔雪夫斯基对托尔斯泰创作中心理描写方式的一个概括，认为托尔斯泰“最感兴趣的是心理过程本身，它的形式，它的规律，用特定的术语来说，就是心灵的辩证法”。

英国文学名词解释大全(整理版)

名词解释1.Epic(史诗)（appeared in the the Anglo-Saxon Period ）It is a narrative of heroic action, often with a principal hero, usually mythical in its content, grand in its style, offering inspiration and ennoblement within a particular culture or national tradition.A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Epic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad & Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simple, but full of magnificence.Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age & its people, are also called epic.E.g. Beowulf （the pagan（异教徒），secular(非宗教的) poetry）Iliad 《伊利亚特》，Odyssey《奥德赛》Paradise Lost 《失乐园》，The Divine Comedy《神曲》2.Romance （传奇）(Anglo-Norman feudal England)•Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.•Originally, the term referred to a medieval (中世纪) tale dealing with the love and adventures of kings, queens, knights, and ladies, and including supernatural happenings.Form:long composition, in verse, in proseContent:description of life and adventures of a noble heroCharacter:a knight, a man of noble birth, skilled in the use of weapons; often described as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments(骑士比武), or fighting for his lord in battles; devoted to the church and the king •Romance lacks general resemblance to truth or reality.•It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.•It contains perilous (dangerous) adventures more or less remote from ordinary life.•It lays emphasis on supreme devotion to a fair lady.①The Romance Cycles/Groups/DivisionsThree Groups●matters of Britain Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table （亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士）●matters of France Emperor Charlemagne and his peers●matters of Rome Alexander the Great and the attacks of TroyLe Morte D’Arthur （亚瑟王之死）②Class Nature (阶级性) of the RomanceLoyalty to king and lord was the theme of the romances, as loyalty was the corner-stone（the most important part基石）of feudal morality.The romances were composed not for the common but for the noble, of the noble, and by the poets patronized （supported 庇护,保护）by the noble.3. Alliteration（押头韵）: a repeated initial(开头的) consonant(协调,一致) to successive(连续的) words.e.g. 1.To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.2.Sing a song of southern singer4. Understatement（低调陈述）（for ironical humor）not troublesome: very welcomeneed not praise: a right to condemn5. Chronicle《编年史》（a monument of Old English prose）6. Ballads （民谣）（The most important department of English folk literature ）①Definition:A ballad is a narrative poem that tells a story, and is usually meant to be sung or recited in musical form.An important stream of the Medieval folk literature②Features of English Ballads1. The ballads are in various English and Scottish dialects.2. They were created collectively and revised when handed down from mouth to mouth.3. They are mainly the literature of the peasants, and give an outlook of the English common people in feudal society.③Stylistic （风格上）Features of the Ballads1. Composed in couplets （相连并押韵的两行诗,对句）or in quatrains （四行诗）known as the ballad stanza （民谣诗节）, rhyming abab or abcb, with the first and third lines carrying 4 accented syllables （重读音节）and the second and fourth carrying 3.2. Simple, plain language or dialect （方言，土语）of the common people with colloquial （口语的，会话的）, vivid and, sometimes, idiomatic （符合当地语言习惯的）expressions3. Telling a good story with a vivid presentation around the central plot.4. Using a high proportion of dialogue with a romantic or tragic dimension （方面）to achieve dramatic effect.④Subjects of English Ballads1. struggle of young lovers2. conflict between love and wealth3. cruelty of jealousy4. criticism of the civil war5. matters of class struggle7. Heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）（introduced by Geoffrey Chaucer）Definition:the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter; a verse form in epic poetry, with lines of ten syllables and five stresses, in rhyming pairs.英雄诗体/英雄双韵体：用于史诗或叙事诗，每行十个音节，五个音部，每两行押韵。

(完整word版)英语语言学部分名词解释(英文版)

1. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. general linguistics: The study of language as a whole.3. applied linguistics: the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.4. prescriptive: If linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, ,it is said to be prescriptive.( i.e. to tell people what they should and should not say).5. descriptive: If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.(09C)6. synchronic study: The description of language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study. (06C/ 04)7. diachronic study: It’s a historical study of language,it studies the historical development of language over a period of time. (06C)8. langue: Lange refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.9. parole :Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.10. competence : The ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.（08F/09C）linguistic competence: universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker.11. performance : The actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.12. language : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.13. design features : Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.14. arbitrariness: Arbitrariness refers to there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.(08C)15. productivity: Language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by it’s users.16. duality（double articulation）: Language consists of two sets of structure, with lower lever of sound, which is meaningless, and higher lever of meaning.17. displacement: Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker.( regardless of time or space) (04)18. cultural transmission: The capacity for language is genetically based while the details of any language system have to be taught and learned.( Language is culturally transmitted rather than by instinct).19.Sociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society from the core of the branch.20.Psycholinguistics: the study of language processing, comprehending and production, as well as language acquisition.municative competence:the ability to use language appropriately in social situations.Chapter 2: Phonology1. phonic medium : The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonetic medium of language.(and the individual sounds within this range are speech sounds)2. phonetics : The study of phonic medium of language and it is concerned with all sounds in the world’s languages. (06C)3. articulatory phonetics : It studies sounds from the speaker’s point of view, i.e. how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds. (03)4. auditory phonetics: The studies sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e. how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.5. acoustic phonetics: It studies the physical properties of the stream of sounds which the speaker issues.QR It studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another)6. voicing: the way that sounds are produced with the vibration of the vocal cords.7. voiceless: the way that sounds are produced with no vibration of the vocal cords.8. broad transcription: The use of letter symbols only to show the sounds or sounds sequences in written form.9. narrow transcription: The use of letter symbol, together with the diacritics to show sounds in written form.10. diacritics: The symbols used to show detailed articulatory features of sounds.11. IPA: short for International Phonetic Alphabets, a system of symbols consists of letters and diacritics, used to represent the pronunciation of words in any language.12. aspiration: A little puff of air that sometimes follows a speech sound.13. manner of articulation : The manner in which obstruction is created.14. place of articulation : The place where obstruction is created.15. consonant: a speech sound in which the air stream is obstructed in one way or another.16. vowel : a speech sound in which the air stream from the lung meets with no obstruction.17. monophthong : the individual vowel.18. diphthong : The vowel which consists of two individual vowels and are produced by moving one vowel position to another through intervening positions.(08F)19. phone: A phonetic unit,the speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.20. phoneme : An abstract phonological unit that is of distinctive value;it’s represented by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. (06F/ 04)或者The smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two sounds.21. allophone : the different phones which can represent the same phoneme in different phonetic enviroments are called allophones of that phoneme (07C/ 05)22. phonology : The description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds form patterns and function to distinguish and convey meaning.(06C)23. phonemic contrast : two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning,they form phonemic contrast.24. complementary distribution : allophones of the same phoneme and they don’t distinguish meaning but complement each other in distribution.25. minimal pair: two different forms are identical in every way except forone sound segment which occurs in the same position.26. sequential rules: The rules to govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.27. assimilation rule: The rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.28. deletion rule: The rule that a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.29. suprasegmental features: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments(syllable, word, sentence),including stress tone intonation.(08F)30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isola tion, they’re collectively known as intonation.32. nucleus: It refers to the major pitch change in an intonation unit.32. minimal set: sound combinations which are identical in form except for the initial consonant together constitute a minimal set.。

英语名词解释

英语名词解释英语名词解释1. Computer: A computer is an electronic device that is capable of receiving, processing, and storing data. It consists of hardware components such as a central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output devices, as well as software programs that enable the computer to perform various tasks.2. Globalization: Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries through the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas. It is driven by advancements in technology, transportation, and communication, allowing for the development of a global economy and cultural integration.3. Democracy: Democracy is a system of government in which power is vested in the people, who exercise it directly or through elected representatives. It is characterized by principles such as political equality, majority rule, individual freedoms, and respect for human rights.4. Climate change: Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in climate patterns, such as temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and sea levels, caused by human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels. It is a global issue that has far-reaching consequences for ecosystems, weather patterns, and human societies.5. Artificial intelligence (AI): Artificial intelligence refers to thedevelopment of computer systems that can perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as speech recognition, problem-solving, and decision-making. AI technologies include machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics.6. Cybersecurity: Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and data from unauthorized access, attack, or damage. It involves the implementation of security measures, such as firewalls, encryption, and user authentication, to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information.7. Renewable energy: Renewable energy refers to energy sources that can be naturally replenished, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy. Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and contribute to climate change, renewable energy is environmentally friendly and sustainable.8. Genetically modified organisms (GMO): Genetically modified organisms are living organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering techniques. GMOs are commonly used in agriculture to enhance crop yields, increase disease resistance, and improve nutritional content.9. Artificial insemination: Artificial insemination is a fertility treatment technique that involves the introduction of sperm directly into a woman's reproductive system to facilitate conception. It is used in cases of male infertility, single parenthood, same-sex couples, or when a partner has a genetic disorder.10. Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship refers to the process ofidentifying, creating, and managing a business or venture to gain profit. It involves taking risks, mobilizing resources, and innovating new products or services to meet market demands. These are just a few examples of English nouns and their definitions. English is a rich language with a wide range of words and meanings, and there are countless more nouns that can be explored and explained.。

名词解释英文版

名词解释英文版1. Economy（经济）：指一个国家或地区在一定时期内生产、分配和消费商品和服务的总体活动。

2. Technology（技术）：指人类在改造自然和满足自身需求的过程中所创造的知识、方法和工具。

3. Environment（环境）：指人类生存和发展的自然条件和社会条件。

4. Education（教育）：指通过传授知识、培养能力和塑造人格，使个体和社会得到发展的过程。

5. Health（健康）：指个体在身体、心理和社会适应方面的良好状态。

6. Culture（文化）：指一个国家或地区在历史长河中形成的独特的生活方式、价值观念和艺术表现形式。

7. Politics（政治）：指国家或地区内部和外部权力关系的运作和管理。

8. Law（法律）：指由国家制定和实施的规范人们行为的规则和制度。

9. Society（社会）：指由一定数量的人组成的具有共同文化、价值观和生活方式的群体。

10. Art（艺术）：指人类在审美和情感表达方面所创造的各种形式的作品和活动。

这些名词涵盖了人类社会的各个方面，是我们理解和分析世界的重要工具。

通过学习这些名词的英文解释，我们可以更好地理解和参与国际交流与合作。

名词解释英文版11. Innovation（创新）：指在现有知识和技能的基础上，创造出新的产品、服务、流程或商业模式。

12. Leadership（领导力）：指引导和激励他人为实现共同目标而努力的能力。

13. Communication（沟通）：指通过语言、文字、符号等方式，在个体之间传递信息和建立联系的过程。

14. Sustainability（可持续性）：指在满足当代人类需求的同时，不损害后代满足其需求的能力。

15. Diversity（多样性）：指在人类社会中存在的不同文化、种族、性别、宗教等方面的差异。

16. Ethics（伦理）：指人们在社会生活中应当遵循的道德规范和行为准则。

17. Globalization（全球化）：指世界经济、文化、政治等方面的联系和交流日益紧密的过程。

必背-外文史主观题-名词解释(上)思维导图

名词解释35个知识点（35题）西方（一）1.骑士文学1.欧洲封建骑士制度的产物，世俗封建主的文学。

2.反映骑士与贵妇之间的“典雅的爱情”，肯定对现世生活的追求。

3.法国成就最高，有骑士抒情诗和骑士叙事诗两种。

2.“狂飙突进”运动1.德国启蒙运动达到高峰的标志。

2.主张个性解放，崇尚感情，提出“返回自然”，提倡民主意识。

3.青年歌德和席勒是代表。

3.多余人1.19 世纪俄国文学中贵族知识分子的一种典型。

2.大多具有较高的文化修养，接受启蒙思想的影响，厌倦上流社会的生活，渴望有所作为。

但这类形象往往以自我为中心，没有明确的生活目标，缺乏行动的能力和勇气。

因此在社会上无所适从，结局是悲剧性的。

3.代表人物有奥涅金、毕巧林、罗亭、奥勃洛摩夫等。

4.黑色幽默1.20世纪 60 年代美国兴起的一个小说流派。

2.受存在主义哲学思想影响，善于使用喜剧形式表现悲剧内容。

3.代表作家及作品有海勒《第二十二条军规》。

5.冰山原则1.“冰山原则”海明威在《死在午后》中提出的创作主张：冰山在海里移动很是庄严宏伟，是因为它只有八分之一露在水面上。

2.“冰山原则”是指写作中用语简洁、凝练，尽量避免过多描写和不必要的形容词，只需把人物的动作或简单的语言直接摆出来，只把“八分之一”露出来，让读者细细地品味这背后所蕴涵的丰富的心理变化与思想感情，品味埋藏在底下的“八分之七”。

3.创作风格简约、含蓄、凝练。

6.社会问题剧1.挪威作家易卜生创作的系列戏剧作品。

2.以日常生活为素材，从多方面剖析社会问题，层层揭开，使矛盾突出，启发观众思考，从而引导人们起来改革社会弊端。

2.代表作品是《玩偶之家》《群鬼》《社会支柱》《人民公敌》等。

7.三一律1.“三一律”是古典主义戏剧的创作规则。

2.要求一个剧本只能有一个情节线索，剧情只能发生在同一地点，时间不超过一昼夜，即 24 小时。

8.唯美主义1.19世纪兴起于法国，后流行于英国的一个文学思潮。

人文中的名词解释英语

人文中的名词解释英语在人文学科中，经常会涉及到许多具有特殊含义的术语和名词。

这些名词在英语中有着独特的起源和解释，研究人文学科的学者们一直对这些名词的含义和理解进行深入的讨论和研究。

本文将介绍一些人文学科中常用的名词，并解释其英语解释。

1. 意识形态（Ideology）意识形态是人文学科中一个非常重要的名词，它指的是一种关于社会、政治、文化和宗教等方面的信念和价值观体系。

在英语中，意识形态被翻译为“ideology”，这个词源自法语“idéologie”，起初被用来描述一种理论体系，后来逐渐演变成为描述人们的信仰和思想的术语。

2. 阶级（Class）阶级是社会学领域中一个重要的概念，指的是一种基于经济地位和社会地位的社会分层。

在英语中，阶级被翻译为“class”，这个词源自拉丁语“classis”，原本是用来描述罗马帝国中的属于某个等级的人群的。

3. 异化（Alienation）异化是文化研究和社会学中一个重要的概念，用来描述现代社会中人们与自身劳动、社会关系和社会价值观断裂的状态。

在英语中，异化被翻译为“alienation”，这个词源自拉丁语“alienatio”，意为“转让”或“转移”。

它既可以指个人与社会的脱节，也可以指个人与自身的脱节。

4. 文化霸权（Cultural Hegemony）文化霸权是文化研究领域中一个重要的概念，用来描述一个文化集团或国家通过其文化产品和价值观的传播而对其他文化产生影响和控制的现象。

在英语中，文化霸权被翻译为“cultural hegemony”，这个词组由意大利马克思主义者安东尼奥·格拉姆西（Antonio Gramsci）提出，强调了通过文化来实现对权力和控制的影响力。

5. 身份认同（Identity）身份认同是人文学科中非常重要的一个概念，它指的是个体或群体对自己所属社会、文化、性别、族群等方面的认可和归属感。

在英语中，身份认同被翻译为“identity”，这个词源自拉丁语“identitas”，意为“相同”或“一致”。

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必背-外文史主观题-名词解释(上)思维导图

人文中的名词解释英语

英语词汇术语名词解释