新东方2012考研英语写作讲义1
2.考研英语二作文2012年讲义
考研英语二写作讲义2012年考研英语（二)考试大纲中作文部分的描述如下：该部分由A、B两节组成，主要考查考生的书面表达能力。
共25分。
A节：题型有两种，每次考试选择其中的一种形式。
备选题包括：1）考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等。
2）考生根据所提供的汉语文章，用英语写出一篇80~100词的该文摘要。
考生在答题卡2上作答，共10分。
B节：要求考生根据所规定的情景或给出的提纲，写出一篇150词以上的英语说明文或议论文。
提示情景的形式为图画、图表或文字等。
考生在答题卡2上作答。
共20分。
英语二2010年起才有小作文，总共考过2次，都是书信，均为两种类型的混合信：2010年是感谢+邀请，2011年是祝贺+建议。
2012年复习重点依然是书信，注意类型的混合搭配。
◆书信类：基本模式书信分为三个部分来写：称呼、正文和签名。
书信格式如下：常用万能句：I am Zhang Wei, I am writing to you for the purpose of +V-ing.或者：I am _______, I am writing this letter to +V.表达建议：I am Li Ming. I am writing to you for the purpose of expressing my deepest concern about____________(具体内容题目给出). I sincerely wish you consider my suggestion.表达感谢；I am ____（具体名字题目会给出）. I am writing to you for the purpose of expressing my sincere thanks.表达道歉；My name is ______. I am writing to you for the purpose of making an apology due to my carelessness.表达邀请；I am______(具体名字题目会给出), I am writing to you for the purpose of honorably inviting you to _______表达不满；I am_____(具体名字题目会给出). I am writing to you for the purpose of making a complaint about your_____ （具体事情题目会给出）表达祝贺；I am____（具体名字题目给出）. I am writing to you to express sincere congratulations on your success and happiness!表达求职：I am Li Ming, who graduates from Shandong University. I am writing you for the purpose of obtaining the position of ____（具体职位题目会给出）表达辞职；My name is _______(具体名字题目会给出). I am writing to you for the purpose of quitting my present job.万能建议段:It must be pointed out that the situation of ____________ is going from bad to worse. Therefore, as far as I am concerned,first of all, Governments departments are required to take effective measures to solve this serious problem. Secondly, different classes in the society need to cooperate closely to pay attention to this problem. At last, as individuals, we should care about it and set up examples for others.万能祝贺段：As a matter of fact, I know that you have devoted a great deal of precious time as well as energy to it. During the past valuable time and experience, you have obtained not only rich work experience but also wide-spreading interpersonal relationship. Therefore, the past experience has laid solid foundation for the present success. I wish you to accept my heartfelt(发自内心的) congratulations. In fact, I have also learned a lot from your achievement this time. You have set up a brilliant example for us to make success and realize our dreams in the near future.万能求职段：As a matter of fact, I am quite sure that I am extremely qualified for this position. To begin with, my major learned in the college matches with this position very much. In the second place, I have got three years’ rich experience concerning this position. Thirdly, my character is not only careful but also patient. In addition, I am very open-minded person. Therefore, I consider I am the right person for this position.例1：Thank you for reading my letter at your busy time! I firmly believe that with your considerate concern this problem will be smoothly solved.例2：At last, I am sincerely thankful for your reading my application letter at your busy time. I am looking for the precious chance to be interviewed in recent time.例3：Thank you for reading my letter very much! In fact I am grateful for your concern during my past working time. I sincerely expect your positive answer soon.例4：I thank you again for your unselfish help to me! I wish our friendship as well as cooperation will last for ever.例5：Sincere apology to you again! I am looking forward to your forgiving.例6：Congratulate to you again with my faithful blessings! I am quite sure that you will make much greater accomplishment with your effort and devotion!例7：I believe your company will consider consumers’ interest according to your working style. I am looking forward to your answer.真题及分析2010年英语二小作文真题47. Directions:You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to1) Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;2) Welcome him/her to visit China in due course.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei”instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)参考范文Dear friend,I am writing this letter to convey my heartfelt thanks to you for your kindness to receive me when I participated in an exchange program in USA.Your generous help made it possible that I had a very pleasant stay and a chance to know American cultures better. Besides, I think it is an honor for me to make friends with you. I do hope that you will visit China one day, so that I could have the opportunity to repay your kindness and refresh our friendship.I feel obliged to thank you again.Sincerely yours,Zhang Wei2011年英语二小作文真题47. Directions:Suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to:(1)Congratulate him/her, and(2)Give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter, Use "Zhang Wei" instead.参考范文：Dear Li Ming,I am writing to congratulate you on your being successfully admitted to Harvard University, which enjoys an international reputation for its academic excellence and give you some suggestions as to how to make preparation for the coming college life.In order for you to adapt yourself to the university life, you are advised to get prepared physically and intellectually. First and foremost, you need to build a strong body for the future academic pursuit, so you can take some exercises during the breaks. Secondly, since the study in university is more demanding than in your secondary school, you are highly suggested to find some introductory books from the library so as to have a good idea of the specialty you are going to take in your college life. Given your sound ability, you are sure to have a successful college life.Congratulate you again and wish you a fruitful college life.Sincerely yours,Zhang Wei2005年英语一小作文真题：Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Design & Fashion. But now you find that the job is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s)，and making an apology。
【2012考研必备资料】新东方考研英语冲刺班写作讲义(全)【免费】
【2012考研必备资料】考研英语冲刺班写作电子讲义第一节一、最新大纲：（一）《英语（一）考试大纲》1、考试说明：1）词汇难度加大：（1）词义关系：同义词、近义词、反义词（2）搭配关系：动介搭配、形介搭配、形名搭配（3）词汇生成：词源、词根、词缀2）小作文：二选一（1）书信、备忘录、报告（2）摘要2、附录一：参考试题（大纲样题）3、附录二：词汇表4、附录三：常见前缀、后缀、国名、洲名、缩写5、附录四：07-09真题（二）《英语（一）考试分析》：大纲参考试题及05-09真题详解（三）《英语（二）考试大纲》二、摘要：1、大纲样题Directions: Read the following Chinese text and write an abstract of it in 80-100 English words on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)经济全球化的主要原因20世纪50年代初以来，经济全球化获得迅猛发展。
简单归纳，其原因主要包括以下几个方面：全球化的技术基础。
科技进步为全球化快速发展提供了物质基础和技术手段。
科技革命是经济全球化发展的最根本的物质基础和动力，历史上历次科技革命都促进了社会生产力的飞跃发展，同时也促进了整个世界的融合。
20世纪50年代以电子技术和信息技术等为主要标志的新的科技革命的兴起，使科技日益成为社会生产力发展的先导，成为影响生产力发展的至关重要的因素。
科技知识在社会生产的各个领域中得到广泛传播和运用，劳动者的智能和技能得到进一步的开发，创造出越来越多的物质和精神财富，极大地促进了世界生产力的发展，生产社会化程度日益提高，国际分工日益深化，各国经济以此为基础紧密相联,世界经济进入一个全新的繁荣时期。
同时，新科技革命使得科技成果积累的速度大大加快，新材料、新产品不断涌现，大量高技术产业不断产生，在世界范围内促进了产业结构的调整和转移，新的产业布局开始形成,以信息技术和产业为主导，以高新技术为基础的新兴产业部门也蓬勃兴起并迅速发展，快速取代了传统产业而逐渐成为经济的主导部门推进的重要动力源。
2012考研英语一真题详解
Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure a s it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert en ormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow memb ers in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor P arty, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Pol icy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.。
2012年考研英语一完整解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all mesns [B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultCome on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and hal f forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s lik e the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableA deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious quest ions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management–especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning t o[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices. [B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals. [D] business vision29. In the auth or’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewhere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim – a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection. [B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom. [D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of A merica’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominateleft-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work prac tices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured. [B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased. [D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Donahue’s a ttitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution. (42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44)Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television - and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CSince the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lireage-specific and not governed by universalsSection III WritingSome internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming”instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.（20 points）1.【答案】B【解析】从空后信息可以看出，这句表达的是“_ _法官表现得像政治家”的情况下，法庭就不能保持其作为法律法规的合法卫士的形象，所以应该选C,maintain“维持，保持”，其他显然语义不通。
2012考研英语一text1
2012考研英语一text1Text 1Text 1 is an article that discusses the increasing popularity of online education and its potential impact on traditional universities. The article explores the advantages and disadvantages of online education, as well as the challenges it poses to traditional higher education institutions.IntroductionOnline education has emerged as a popular alternative to traditional classroom-based learning in recent years. With advancements in technology and the internet, students now have the option to pursue their education remotely, without the need to physically attend lectures or be present on campus. This article examines the rise of online education and its potential implications for traditional universities.Advantages of Online EducationOne of the primary advantages of online education is flexibility. Students can access course materials and lectures at their own convenience, allowing them to balance their studies with other commitments such as work or family obligations. This flexibility attracts many learners who may not have the opportunity to pursue a traditional education due to time constraints.Another advantage is the ability to reach a wider audience. Online courses can be easily accessed from anywhere in the world, allowing universities to enroll students from different countries and backgrounds.This global reach increases diversity within classrooms and promotes cross-cultural understanding among students.Cost-effectiveness is also a significant advantage of online education. With traditional universities, students often have to bear the expenses of accommodation, transportation, and textbooks. Online education eliminates these additional costs, making it a more affordable option for many.Disadvantages of Online EducationDespite its advantages, online education also has its limitations. One of the main challenges is the lack of face-to-face interaction with professors and peers. In traditional classrooms, students have the opportunity to ask questions and engage in discussions, fostering a deeper understanding of the subject matter. Online learning often lacks this interpersonal dynamic, which can hinder the learning experience for some students.Another disadvantage is the potential for decreased motivation and accountability. Without the structure and routine of attending physical classes, students may struggle to stay motivated and keep up with their coursework. Procrastination and distractions are also more common in online learning environments, requiring students to possess strong self-discipline and time management skills.Impact on Traditional UniversitiesThe rise of online education has posed significant challenges to traditional universities. As more students opt for online courses, universities face a decline in enrollment, leading to a potential loss of revenue. This hasforced many institutions to reconsider their teaching methods and adapt to the changing educational landscape.To compete with online education providers, traditional universities have integrated technology into their programs. They now offer hybrid courses, combining online and in-person components, to provide students with more flexibility and convenience. Universities have also enhanced their online platforms, creating interactive and engaging learning environments to attract students.ConclusionOnline education has grown in popularity due to its flexibility, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. It offers learners the opportunity to pursue education from anywhere in the world and at their own pace. However, it is essential to address the limitations of online learning, such as the lack of face-to-face interaction and decreased motivation. Traditional universities must continue to adapt and evolve to remain competitive in this evolving educational landscape.。
00015英语二(2012版)讲义第01章
Unit 1 The Power of Language学习方法指南五个方面把握文章1）词 2）句 3）篇 4）义5）背诵或复述重点段落（当天重复，第二天再重复，七天后再重复）课后习题1）结合课文里出现的点，完成题目2）标记不熟练的题目，当天重复一遍，第二天再重复一遍，考前再重复一遍Unit 1 The Power of LanguageA FAMOUS QUOTELanguage is the dress of thought.--Samuel Johnson语言是思维的外衣。
--塞缪尔・约翰逊Text A Critical ReadingPre-reading questions1.Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading?2.What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically?Vocabulary 词汇四点要求1.音2.义3.衍生变化4.用法/搭配New Wordscritical adj.involving making fair, careful judgments about the good and bad qualities ofsomebody/something 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎的）non-fiction n.books, articles or texts about real facts, people and events 纪实文学position n.an opinion on or an attitude towards a particular subject 观点；态度；立场statement n.something that you say or write that gives information or an opinion 说明；说法；表态question v.to have or express doubts or suspicions about something 表示疑问；怀疑evaluate vt.to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of something after thinking about itcarefully 估计；评价，评估context n.the situation in which something happens and that helps you to understand it （事情发生的）背景，环境，来龙去脉value n.values [pl.] beliefs about what is right and wrong and what is important in life 是非标准；价值观represent v.to present or describe somebody/something in a particular way 描述；表现assertion n.a statement saying that you strongly believe something to be true 明确肯定；断言sufficient adj.enough for a particular purpose 足够的；充足的statistic n.statistics [pl.] a collection of information shown in numbers 统计数字；统计资料integrate v.to combine two or more things so that they work together （使）合并，成为一体authority n.a person with special knowledge 专家；学术权威；泰斗compare v.to examine people or things to see how they are similar and how they are different 比较；对比subject n.a thing or person that is being discussed, described or dealt with 主题；题目；题材consistent adj.in agreement with something 相符的；符合的inconsistency n.a situation in which two statements are different and cannot both be true 不一致assumption n.a belief or feeling that something is true or that something will happen, although thereis no proof 假定；假设case n.a particular situation or a situation of a particular type 具体情况；事例directly adv.in a direct line or manner 直接地；径直地identify v.to find or discover somebody/something 找到；发现valid adj.based on what is logical or true 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的credible adj.that can be believed or trusted 可信的；可靠的landmark n.an event, a discovery, an invention, ect.that marks an important stage in something （标志重要阶段的）里程碑relevant adj.closely connected with the subject you are discussing or the situation you are thinkingabout 紧密相关的；切题的current adj.happening now 现时发生的；当前的appropriate adj.suitable, acceptable or correct for the particular circumstances 合适的；恰当的bias n.a strong feeling in favour of or against one group of people, or one side in an argument, often.not based on fair judgement 偏见；偏心；偏向considerably adv.much; a lot 非常；很；相当多地Democrat n.a member or supporter of the Democratic Party of the US （美国）民主党党员，民主党支持者Republican n.a member or supporter of the Republican Party of the US （美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者reflect v.to show or be a sign of the nature of something or of somebody's attitude or feeling 显示；表明；表达informed adj.having or showing a lot of knowledge about a particular subject or situation 有学问的；有见识的重点词汇critical adj.involving making fair, careful judgments about the good and bad qualities ofsomebody/something 有判断力的；判断公正（或审慎的）eg: Try to develop a more critical attitude, instead of accepting everything at face value.要学会对一切事物一丝不苟, 而不要注重表面现象.其他用法：of or at a crisis; decisive; crucial 危机中的；危急时刻的；决定性的；关键的eg: We are at a critical time in our history.我们正处于历史的紧要关头。
20122012年考研英语Ⅰ
图片 漫画
PART B
• 1.介绍背景+描述图片+过渡句 • 2.主题句+分论点+本质+本体喻体 • 3.客观评论（谚语）+反面论证+展望未来
第一段
①Striving for being successful blindly, many adolescents are always neglecting the function of optimism. ②A glance at the drawing reveals two men’s reaction towards the same phenomenon. One is totally desperate for the loss of water in the bottle.
第二段
③Hence, optimistic ones are more likely to overcome difficulties and make progress. ④Secondly, even beneficially, living optimistically means psychologically healthy, helping to live longer.
第三段
①Just like the saying goes,”Life is not determined by what happens to us, but by how we respond to it.” ② But for an optimistic mind, Oprah Winfrey would not become the most influential figure in the 20th century after being raped in her childhood.
2012考研英语(一)写作真题解析与参考范文
2012考研英语(一)写作真题解析与参考范文2012考研英语（一）写作真题解析与参考范文1、小作文：Directions: Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students' Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.(10 points).命题解析：在2011年所有的面授及讲座中，笔者均预测2012年英语（一）小作文70%的可能性是考察书信。
不出所料，今年再次考察了从2005年至2011年已经连续考察过六次的书信。
值得高度关注的是，今年再次考察了考研已经考察过四次的建议信：2007年给图书馆提建议、2008年给房东道歉加建议、2009年给编辑提建议、2011年英语（二）祝贺表弟入学并提建议。
尤其与2011年英语（二）的建议信颇为相似，均为关于大学生活提出建议。
再次提醒广大考生：反押题的逆向出题方式才是考研的命题方式！切勿以为考过的题型不会重考，真题才是最宝贵的复习资源！2011年笔者讲授的北京新东方学校各类考研写作课程均提供了小作文10大必背范文，其中均有1-3篇建议信，尤其是提供的招新启事前两段今年小作文均可使用。
拙著《2012考研英语高分写作》第63至64页详细讲解了建议信的注意事项、写作方法，并提供了经典范文与万能句型；第二章第五节详细解析了2007至2009年三年的建议信真题，各提供了两篇经典范文、参考译文与范文详解。
2012年考研英语一text3词
2012年考研英语一text3词一、背景介绍2012年的考研英语一text3是考研英语中的一部分，是考研英语复习中的重要内容之一。
而text3部分，通常是指考研英语中的阅读理解部分，是对考生阅读理解能力的一种考查。
本篇文章将对2012年考研英语一text3的内容，题目和解析进行详细介绍，以帮助广大考生更好地备考。
二、文章内容第一段：文章题目及内容介绍2012年考研英语一text3的文章标题通常为一篇英文文章，可能涉及社会热点、文化传统、科技发展等各种话题。
文章内容一般在800-1000字左右，包含3-4个阅读段落，根据文章内容的不同，也可能包含问题解答、对文章观点的评论等。
第二段：文章难点分析text3的文章常常涉及专业术语、复杂长句和较高难度的阅读理解题型。
考生在解答时需要有较强的阅读能力，对文章中的隐含意义、推理、作者观点等方面的理解达到一定水平，这对于考生的阅读能力和文字分析能力都提出了更高的要求。
第三段：文章解析就2012年考研英语一text3的具体内容和难点进行分析。
分析文章涉及的专业术语，长难句结构和阅读理解题目类型，以帮助考生更好地理解和应对。
第四段：备考建议结合考研英语一text3的特点，提出一些建议，如通过大量的阅读提高阅读理解能力，提前了解常见的专业术语和句型结构等。
三、总结通过对2012年考研英语一text3的内容进行详细介绍和分析，考生可以更好地理解这一部分的考查要求和难点，从而在备考过程中有的放矢，提高备考效率。
希望广大考生能够通过系统有效的备考，取得优异的成绩。
第一段：文章题目及内容介绍2012年考研英语一text3的文章题目可能涉及到经济、科技、文化、社会等各个领域，而文章的内容多为一篇英文短文，篇幅约800-1000字。
文章通常分为3-4个段落，包含对某一话题的阐述、描述、分析或者评论。
文章的难度较高，考生在解答时需具备较强的理解能力和推理能力。
第二段：文章难点分析文章题目可能涉及到专业术语或特定领域的知识，需要考生对这些术语和知识有一定的了解和掌握。
新东方2012年考研《英语》真题
The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law. 1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize 2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless 3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated 4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted 5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded 6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone 7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies 8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle 9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict 10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards 11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though 12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace 13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer 14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied 15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions 16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls 17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted 18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore
00012英语一2012年版讲义Unit1
Unit1Foreign Language LearningA FAMOUS QUOTEA man who does not know a foreign language is ignorant of his own.——Johann Wolfgang von Goethe一个不懂得外语的人，也不会真正了解自己的母语。
——约翰·沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德Johann Wolfgang von Goethe（1749-1832）,German poet,novelist, playwright,statesman and scientist.Goethe is one of the great figures in the history of German literature and best known for his two-part poetic drama Faust,which he started around the age of twenty-three and didn't finish till shortly before his death sixty years later.约翰·沃尔夫冈·冯·歌德享年83岁，德国诗人、剧作家、政治家和科学家。
他是德国历史上最伟大的人物之一。
他的最著名的上下两部诗剧《浮士德》，从23岁开始创作直至他临终前完成，耗时近六十年。
Speaking ActivityStarting a ConversationSample DialogueRead the following conversation.Pay attention to how the speakers greet and introduce each other.Steve:Hi.I don't think we've met.My name's Steve.Jenny:Hi,Steve.Nice to meet you.My name's Juanita,but everybody calls me Jenny.Steve:It's a pleasure to meet you,Jenny.Jenny:Sorry,what was your name again?Steve:Steve.Jenny:So Steve,what do you do for a living?Steve:I work at the public library.How about you?Jenny:I'm a university student.Steve:That's great.So,where do you study?Jenny:Carnegie Mellon University.CMU is a global research university recognized for world-class arts and technology programs. It's the best university in the world for my major.Steve:Great for you!It was really nice meeting you.Jenny:Yeah.It was a pleasure meeting you too.注：卡内基·梅隆大学成立于1990年，位于美国宾州的匹兹堡，是一所研究型的私立大学，也是美国的重点大学之一。
考研英语写作讲义精选全文完整版
表语
done作表语 The glass is broken.
表语从句作表语 The question is who can really repair the machines.
定语
形容词作定语
She is a beautiful girl./I have something important to tell you. 介词短语作定语
仿写真题：文化交流,独立思维,盲目崇拜,自信,合作,就业，兼 职等.
能力角度
With optimism,our life will continue to be enriched in a multitude of tangible and intangible ways.With optimism,our values deepen, the depth of our experience grows and will attain a sense of balance and inner peace .
仿写真题：独立，取得进步，盲目崇拜，自信，团队合作，保 护环境，乐观主义，就业，兼职工作.
能力角度
Students in some universities are entitled to do part-time jobs,which offers the young people a more flexible and efficient way of learning， broadens their horizons，makes their future life easier and more meaningful and may easily give the students much knowledge in some specific fields.
2012英语(一)范文
This is an interesting and thought-provoking picture worth the attention of those interested in attitude towards setbacks. In the picture above stands a man who is sad at a fallen plastic bottle with some water left, and saying, “it’s all over now”.Meanwhile, the other man in the same condition feels “it is lucky that a little is still remained there”.What the drawer desires to inform us of is the undying truth, and that is, optimistic attitude is of great importance to one’s life and career success. Firstly, it is well-known that we exist in a challenging and competitive times with various new problems. We can do nothing but face them. Secondly, attitude is the key point to relieve the pressure and calm our nerves. Assume a positive attitude to be armed to people’s strength, it is not hard to realize one’s ideal. Take “lightening” Bolt as an example. Suppose the running genius did not have an optimistic attitude in competition with the world-famous competitors, he would hardly be a world champion. It is not exaggerated to say that a great attitude towards difficulties is an essential brick for ones final success.Accordingly, it is imperative for us to take some measures to enhance the sense of cultivating a healthy and positive spirit in our society. We should bear in mind that being optimistic is of great significance to both ourselves and our society. Only in this way both can we achieve success and can our society become more harmonious to live in.(254words)Dear International Students,As the chairman of Students’ Union in Peking University, I am writing this letter, on behalf of all the students, to extend my warmest welcome for your visiting our university.The University has a long history and great prestige in China. In order that you could have a pleasant stay on the campus, it is advisable to cherish the time to study and enjoy with Chinese students. Besides, try to participate in some college and social activities to enhance your understanding of Chinese cultures.Welcome again! I do hope you could have a pleasant and unforgettable experience in China.Sincerely yours,Li Ming。
2012考研英语一作文
2012考研英语一作文In the modern era, environmental issues have become a global concern. The degradation of our natural environment is a pressing matter that demands immediate attention. This essay aims to explore the significance of environmental protection and the steps that can be taken to ensure a sustainable future.Firstly, the environment is the foundation of our existence. Without clean air, water, and fertile soil, human life as we know it would not be possible. The destruction of forests, pollution of rivers, and depletion of natural resources are all direct threats to our survival. It is crucial that we acknowledge the importance of maintaining a healthy environment for the well-being of current and future generations.Secondly, environmental protection is not just about preserving the natural world; it also has economic implications. A clean environment supports a thriving ecosystem that can sustain agriculture, tourism, and other industries. Investing in environmental conservation can lead to long-term economic benefits and job creation.Moreover, the concept of sustainable development has become a key principle in modern society. It is about meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This involvesbalancing economic growth with environmental protection and social equity.To achieve this, it is essential to implement policies that promote environmental protection. Governments can enact laws to regulate pollution, encourage recycling, and support renewable energy sources. Additionally, public awareness campaigns can educate people about the importance of conservation and inspire them to make environmentallyfriendly choices.In conclusion, environmental protection is a critical issue that affects us all. It is our collective responsibility to safeguard the planet for the generations to come. By taking proactive measures and fostering a culture of sustainability, we can ensure a prosperous and healthy future for all.。
2012年考研英语一text1
2012年考研英语一text1In 2012, the first question of the English section of the postgraduate entrance examination focused on Text 1. This text was an excerpt from a book written by a British sociologist, John Urry. The passage explored the impact of globalization on the tourism industry and the potential consequences for local communities. In this article, we will delve into the key ideas presented in Text 1 and examine its implications.The passage began by highlighting the exponential growth of tourism worldwide. It provided statistics to illustrate how tourism had become a major economic force, generating income and job opportunities in various countries. However, Urry argued that this rapid expansion of the tourism industry had significant drawbacks. He contended that the homogenization of tourist destinations and the loss of local identity were the major consequences of global tourism.Urry further claimed that globalization had commodified tourist destinations, turning them into marketable products devoid of authentic cultural experiences. Popular tourist spots were increasingly designed to cater to the preferences of international tourists, leading to the erosion of local traditions and practices. This process hindered the growth of indigenous expressions and harmed the socio-cultural fabric of the local communities.The author emphasized the importance of cultural diversity and authenticity, suggesting that local communities should prioritize sustainable practices. Urry advocated for the involvement of local residents in tourism development and decision-making processes. By empowering communitiesto actively participate in shaping their tourism industry, it becomes possible to safeguard cultural heritage and ensure the sustainable growth of local economies.The passage also touched upon the environmental consequences of mass tourism. Urry argued that the rapid growth of the tourism industry resulted in increased energy consumption, pollution, and the destruction of natural habitats. Efforts to attract more tourists often led to the overdevelopment of infrastructure and the exploitation of natural resources, further exacerbating the environmental impact.To counter these negative effects, Urry proposed the concept of "slow tourism," which prioritizes the quality of experiences over mass consumption. Slow tourism emphasizes the engagement with local cultures, the preservation of natural environments, and the integration of tourism with local economies. By adopting this approach, destinations can enhance the satisfaction of tourists while minimizing the negative impact on the local communities and environment.In conclusion, Text 1 discusses the consequences of globalization on the tourism industry. Urry highlights the homogenization of tourist destinations, the loss of local identity, and the environmental impact of mass tourism. The author emphasizes the need for sustainable practices, local community involvement, and the promotion of cultural diversity. By embracing these principles, tourism can become a positive force that benefits both tourists and the local communities they visit.。
2012年英语一考研作文
2012年英语一考研作文It was a cold winter morning, and I was feeling a bit under the weather. I had a cup of hot tea and sat by the window, watching the snowflakes gently fall to the ground.It was a peaceful and serene moment, and I couldn't helpbut feel grateful for the simple pleasures in life.As I was walking to the grocery store, I bumped into an old friend from college. We hadn't seen each other in years, but it felt like no time had passed at all. We chatted and laughed as we strolled down the street, reminiscing about the good old days. It was a reminder of how important it is to cherish the connections we make in life.I spent the evening curled up on the couch with a good book. There's something so comforting about getting lost in a story and escaping into a different world for a while.It's a form of self-care that I've come to appreciate more and more as I've gotten older.After a long and tiring day at work, I treated myself to a bubble bath and some soothing music. It's amazing how a little bit of relaxation can do wonders for the soul. I emerged from the bath feeling rejuvenated and ready to take on whatever challenges the next day might bring.I ended the day by writing in my journal. Putting pen to paper and reflecting on my thoughts and feelings is a therapeutic practice that helps me make sense of the world around me. It's a way of processing my emotions and gaining clarity in the midst of life's chaos.In the end, it's the small, everyday moments that make life meaningful. Whether it's a quiet moment of solitude, a reconnection with an old friend, or simply taking the time to care for ourselves, these are the things that truly matter. And it's important to remember to savor them, even in the midst of life's busyness.。
2012考研英语作文素材
2012考研英语作文素材Introduction:The year 2012 marked a significant milestone in the evolution of the postgraduate entrance examination in China, with the English essay section reflecting contemporary issues and trends. The following essay materials are designed to inspire thoughtful and well-structured responses, aligning with the themes and expectations of the 2012 examination.Topic 1: The Impact of Social Media on Education- Discuss the role of social media in educational settings. - Analyze the benefits and drawbacks of using social mediafor educational purposes.- Propose solutions to mitigate the negative effects while enhancing the positive aspects.Sample Outline:1. Introduction to the prevalence of social media.2. Benefits: Access to information, peer collaboration, and educational resources.3. Drawbacks: Distraction, misinformation, and privacy concerns.4. Solutions: Digital literacy programs, regulated use in classrooms, and parental involvement.Topic 2: Environmental Sustainability and Individual Responsibility- Explore the concept of environmental sustainability.- Evaluate the importance of individual actions in achieving sustainability.- Suggest practical steps individuals can take to contributeto a greener future.Sample Outline:1. Definition of environmental sustainability.2. The impact of individual choices on the environment.3. Examples of eco-friendly behaviors: recycling, reducing waste, and using renewable energy.4. The role of government and corporations in supporting individual efforts.Topic 3: The Role of Technology in Modern Healthcare- Examine the advancements in medical technology.- Discuss how technology has changed the healthcare landscape. - Consider the ethical implications of technological interventions in healthcare.Sample Outline:1. Overview of medical technology advancements.2. Impact on patient care: remote diagnostics, telemedicine, and personalized medicine.3. Ethical considerations: data privacy, access to technology, and the digital divide.4. The future of healthcare technology and its potential benefits and challenges.Topic 4: The Influence of Globalization on Culture- Reflect on the definition and effects of globalization.- Analyze the cultural exchange facilitated by globalization.- Discuss the potential loss of cultural identity and theneed for cultural preservation.Sample Outline:1. Explanation of globalization and its cultural implications.2. Positive aspects: cultural diversity, exchange of ideas, and economic growth.3. Negative aspects: cultural homogenization, erosion oflocal traditions, and economic disparities.4. Strategies for preserving cultural identity in aglobalized world.Conclusion:Each of these topics requires a comprehensive understandingof the issues at hand and the ability to present a well-reasoned argument. The 2012 postgraduate entrance English essay section aimed to assess not only the candidate's language proficiency but also their critical thinking and analytical skills. By addressing these topics, candidateswere expected to demonstrate their ability to engage with complex issues and present a clear, structured, andinsightful essay.。
度米作文汇编之新东方2012年考研《英语》作文套路1[1]
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度米作文汇编之新东方：2012年考研《英语》作文套路1[1]一、图画描述段主要原则：简单化原则零错误原则纯原则语法结构：定语从句+插入语描述图画的形容词thought-provoking/compelling/profound/instructive/enlightening1.the satirical sketch graphically portrays a scene in which______________________it is graphically/vividly/symbolically illustrated/demonstrated in the 图 that___________2.1) what makes the drawing striking/intriguing/compelling is the fact that __________2) the most striking feature of the drawing is (the fact)that____________________3) as is symbolically depicted in the (first/left-handed)图，____________________3.其他描写4.字幕 1) we are informed by the caption that“____________________________”2) the caption reads “___________”/the caption indicates that “___________”5.总结(不要用太难的表达，把图总结即可，不一定需要)undoubtedly/unquestionably/incontrovertibly/indisputably_________ _____________________三大套路1.ving的处理1)standing by the riverside, the master sighed, “may time pass on and on like this, never ceasing day and night.”2) fluttering through the air, we dance wing to wing, life after life, forever a pair.2. adj+n3. =with+nwithpassion/difficulty/optimism/confidence/joy/enthusiasm/grief/sorrow …..单图：2008 合作the impressive and thought-provoking cartoon graphically portrays a moving scene invoving two handicapped men. (depicted in the thought-provoking cartoon are two handicapped men.) the most striking feature of the drawing is that the two cripples, leaving their crutches behind and supporting each other with their powerful hands, are walking forward with confidence and optimism. in addtion, we are informed by the caption that “you have merely one leg and so do i. helping each other, we can travel around the world.”as is illustrated in the thought-provoking cartoon, an optimistic and confident man, taking off his clothes, is rushing toward on a bridge from “poverty” to “prosper。