英语写讲义作纵谈文档下载
高考英语二轮复习应用文写作练习与讲解讲义(共三篇)
高考英语应用文写作练习与讲解一、通知：紧急疏散演练（广东省汕头市2024年普通高考第一次模拟考试）假定你是校学生会主席李华，为了提高学生安全意识，学校决定于下周一开展紧急疏散演练。
请你用英语写一份活动通知，告知学校的留学生，内容包括：1.参加人员、时间、路线；2.注意事项。
注意：1.写作词数应为80左右；2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。
参考词汇：紧急疏散演练 urgent evacuation drill写作注意要点1.基本时态为一般将来时。
2.写作思路：三段论。
第一段介绍演练目的；第二段介绍演练的参加人员、时间、路线（要点1）和注意事项（要点2），第三段再次强调。
【参考范文】NoticeIn order to raise students' safety awareness, our school is scheduled to carry out an urgent evacuation drill.The drill falls on next Monday at 2:00 PM. All students will participate in the drill, international students included. Upon hearing the fire alarm, all students will line up in two columns in the corridor, go downstairs under the mand of the teachers in class, and evacuate from the east and west sides of the teaching buildings to the open area. We will end up gathering on the playground after a head count of each class by the monitor. During the evacuation, security and public order really count, and it is essential to keep quiet and avoid crowding.Life is not a game, so is the drill. Your understanding and cooperation are highly appreciated. (132 words)The Students' Union【中文翻译】通知为了提高同学们的安全意识，学校决定开展一次紧急疏散演练。
大学英语一课程讲义第四单元Unit4
Part I Get StartedSection A Discussion1. How did you feel about your parents when you were a child? Did your attitude towards them change when you grew into a teenager? Explain the change, if any.2. What is the greatest difficulty you have encountered in the process of growing up?3. “Only adolescents will like adolescents.” What do you think this statement means? Why do you think people say this? Do you agree?Section B Quotes⊙You have to do your own growing no matter how tall your grandfather was.⊙When I was a boy of fourteen, my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got to be twenty-one, I was astonished at how much the old man had learned in seven years.⊙The day the child realizes that all adults are imperfect, he becomes an adolescent; the day he forgives them, he becomes an adult; the day he forgives himself, he becomes wise.Part II Read and ExploreSection A: Fill in the blanks with relevant information from the text about changes in the writer’s attitude towards his father.1)When he was a child, the writer .2)When he was a teenager, the writer3)After the car accident, the writer ___Section B Key Words and Expressions for Text A （主要为中英互译练习）Para.1 settle in/into sth.get used to (new surroundings, a new job, etc.) 习惯于（新环境、新工作等）e.g. It didn’t take her long to settle into a new routine.英译汉：We only moved house last week and we haven’t settled in yet.NB: settle (sb.) in/into sth. 在这个短语中，动词settle后也可以加宾语；介词into和in可以互换，例如：We settled the children in/into new schools when we moved to London.Para. 2 beam:1. v./n.1) smile brightly and happily 笑，眉开眼笑试翻译如下例句（注意beam后面介词的不同）：(1)Maggie beamed at her friend with admiration.(2)He beamed on his visitors.(3)The old lady opened the door with a beam.查一查：通过查词典，看看beam还有什么常用的意思？Para.9 enroll: v.[(as, in)] make (oneself or another person) officially a member of a group [常与as或in连用]吸收（某人）为成员；（使）入会（入学，入伍）；登记，注册e.g. 1. We enrolled him as a member of the society.我们吸收他为会员。
Unit6课时2SectionB(教师版)九年级英语全一册讲义(人教版)
Unit 6 When was it invented？知识精讲知识点01 make+宾语+宾语补足语的用法【课文详解】George wanted to make the customer happy.乔治想让那位顾客满意。
【句型剖析】本句中“make the customer happy”是“make+宾语+宾语补足语”结构,宾语补足语由形容词充当。
除形容词外,介词短语、名词、不带to的不定式、分词都可作宾语补足语。
Reading books makes us clever.读书使我们聪明。
The boss makes the workers work ten hours a day.老板让工人们每天工作10个小时。
【即学即练】Many people like to make resolutions ________ themselves at the beginning of the year. A．improved B．to improve C．improving【答案】B【详解】句意：许多人喜欢在年初下决心提高自己。
考查非谓语动词。
make resolutions to do sth.为固定搭配，意为“下决心做某事”，符合句意，故选B。
知识点02 the Olympics的用法【课文详解】Then in1936 in Berlin, it became an event at the Olympics.1936年在柏林，它成为奥运会的一个项目。
【句型剖析】the Olympics 奥林匹克运动会与the Olympic Games同义，作主语时，谓语动词常用复数形式。
【即学即练】—In 2022, the Winter Olympics ________ in Beijing in China, from the 4th to the 20th of February. —This is ________ time in Chinese history. Beijing is the world’s first city to host both the Summer and Winter Games.A．were held; second B．will be held; the secondC．were held; the first D．are held; first【答案】C【详解】句意：——2022年2月4日至20日，冬奥会在中国北京举行。
Unit14课时4Writing(学生版)九年级英语全一册讲义(人教版)
Unit 14 I remember meeting all of you in Grade7 WritingThink of a person or an event from junior high school that you will never forget. Make somenotes about how this person or event changed your life in some way.Who is the person?/ What is the event?When and where did you first meet this person?/ When and where did this event happen?How did you feel when you met this person?/ How did you feel when this event happened?How did this person help you?/ What happened later?How has this person’s advice/e vent changed your life?Write a passage about the person or event you thought about in 3a.Describe the person/event.Explain how you feel about this person/ event.Describe how this person/event has changed your life. 知识点01 思路点拨本单元话题是“School days (学校生活）”，让学生回顾初中三年的学习生活并展望未来，叙述对自己有较大影响的某个人或某件事。
以回忆自己或他人的学校生活为主线，以感恩为主题，主要描写人物或记叙事件。
英语学习——GRE串讲词汇讲义(反义词做题原则总结)
090516a.m.GRE单词讲义Section 1GRE串讲词汇讲义（反义词做题原则总结）1*拆开take apart sunder连接link= connect= yoke (yokel天真纯朴的人【反】sophistication老于世故的人) suture v.缝合【反】avulse 撕裂*推翻overturn= overthrow= subvert (substitute代替品convent n.皈依者（被别人转变）)*#上升ascend v. orient a.#下降go down= descend= plummet突然下降(n.木工使用铅锤)*突然#v. 说出blurt: utter 移动jolt= dart= flit: move 转弯swerve: turn 阻止check #n. gust: wind cloudburst: rainfall flare: light*scend(climb) ascend descend condescend(【类】（动作心理表现动作）arrogant) transcend crescendo(【类】~: sound= acceleration: tempo)2*laconic a.简短的：speech= austere: design*轻浮#a. blithe= flirtatious(flirt v.调情)= frivolous= flippant= facetious(factious内讧的) #faction 内讧(【反】union)fraction 分数infraction 违反#n. levity= lever (levy: tax)*严肃a. serious= grave= staid= sober= (sobriety n. 自制) somber= earnest*flagrant 臭名昭著的：fragrant 香的*说话（长短）#简短的laconic= succinct= pithy= terse= concise#冗长的wordy= verbose= prolixcircumlocution 惯用语(【反】straightforward 【类】（正面特征）redundant )#locution elocution n.演说术interlocution n.对话superfluous 多余的(superficial)#话多（贬义）garrulous= loquacious glib(油嘴滑舌地说【反】profound有深度地说gild （假）v.镀金n.粉饰)#健谈（褒）voluble= talkative#寡言taciturn= reticent3*长篇抨击性演讲diatribe= tirade= harangue(正面特征：1长2骂人critical abuse) screed n.长演讲*一般性演讲discourse= address= speak= lecture sermon讲经布道*演讲术elocution= oratory*oration演讲orator演讲者rostrum讲台*颂词(praise) eulogy= tribute (criticism denounce attribute v.归因于retribution惩罚)= panegyric(n.上任【反】valediction告别词【类】farewell)= encomium= accolade= ode(颂诗【类】poem)4*empt(买)peremptory a.不容反驳（专横的）exempt v.免除(【类】（消除关系）liability责任requirement)#liability责任；债务【反】asset; 倾向【反】dislike aversion (unversed a.不精通的) preempt v. 优先买(precedence优先权) redemption 赎contempt轻视#嘲笑ridicule= sneer= jeer= deride*轻率a. reckless= rash n. temerity= audacity*仔细n. circumspection 谨慎a. careful:< meticulous(【类】（程度）interested: agog)<<#吹毛求疵fastidious= finicky= captious= carping= faultfindingsedulous a.勤奋的=仔细的【反】careless5*威胁threaten menace= browbeat= deter(v.阻止deter推迟;遵从)= daunt= cow(cowed被恐吓的，胆小的)*畏缩cower= cringe(【类】v.拍马屁：servile a. 奴性的fringe(edge)【反】center infringe v.违反n. infraction )= recoil= flinch【类】（动作及其心理）：dread= fear 特例wince n.畏缩:painorient v. 使确定，明确make sure hasten v.加速defile v.弄脏【类】n.山间小路：narrow 6*倾向learning= propensity= tendency= disposition= predisposition(n.易患病体质（阅读）)= inclination= proclivity (acclivity n.上坡declivity n.下坡)= bent (talent)= liability= predilection= penchant= orientation*disclaim=deny discompose 使不安declaim高谈阔论decompose 分解【类】（正面特征）:bacteria*position disposition倾向deposition n.证据(truthful deposition【反】伪证)；沉积物【反】侵蚀exposition博览会supposition 推测【反】certainty opposition 反对【反】proposition 主张opponent (oppose)【反】proponent (propose) composition 作品7*激起grate= agitate= aggravate= exasperate= gall= inflame= nettle(nestle)= provoke= peeve= pique (n. piquant +AW【反】pungent -AW)= irritate (irrigate灌溉irritant【反】balm= salve= sop (sip sob))= rile= roil (v. 搅浑【反】clarify澄清)*平息soothe= defuse= allay (alley n.小巷alloy n.合金ally(【反】enemy antagonism war) rally n.召集（【反】dismiss）)= mollify (moll= soften mollusk n.软体动物emollient n.润肤剂【类】：soothe)= conciliate= propitiate(【反】arose hostility 【类】(结果)imperturbable 镇定)= mitigate= assuage= appease= pacify= placate(【类】（对立句子）implacable 难平息的：appease )= calm= settle= subdue= solace (assuage insolate暴晒insulate 隔离isolate)8*尾valediction (farewell) coda = finale尾声(【类】~:symphony【反】overture= prelude前奏) peroration演讲尾(speech) epilogue戏剧尾(play) dessert (【反】appetizer)*头appetizer debut(【反】farewell performance) preface序言(prefatory前沿的【反】conclusive结尾的) preamble= prologue (play) overture= prelude#lude prelude preclude预防allude(【类】~:refer= intimate（a. v.暗中传达）:communicate) collude偷偷计划delude骗elude v.无法理解(【例】sth. eludes me【类】（缺乏）) interlude 中场休息(concert) seclude v.隐退occlude v.阻塞*一个人monarch(【类】（种属）~:queen) monologue (monocle单片眼镜)= soliloquy(play) aria solo(opera)*【类】（组成关系）repertoire全部剧目(play);常备剧目(performance) school(fish) flock(bird) herd(cattle) pack(wolf) colony(bacteria) mosaic(tile glass ceramic) montage(image（pixel）) ballet(dancer) cast(actor: trope剧团) v.选角色=面试:applicant constellation(star) chord(note) clientele(customer) faculty(teacher)#无序rabble: peoplehodgepodge: itemsmolecule: atomcrowd: people#有序array数组: numbermatrix: numbercrystal: atomsqueue: peopleformation: soldiermedley串烧(song) archipelago: island=mountain: range zigzag(turn) jigsaw puzzle(piece) parquetry(wood)【类】（位置）~:floor=fresco 壁画:wall patchwork拼缝物(cloth) starring roll领衔主演9*使就职inaugurate(【类】~:official=matriculate: student)= induct= install= instate constitute v.任命crown delegate委任，委派(relegate降级)*不要职位abdicate: throne (（废法律，放弃）【反】assume) resign辞职resigned逆来顺受的depose免职；作证（阅读态度题必错）usurp篡位(【反】abdicate) tenure任期tyrant=derelict玩忽职守的人【反】dutiful pillar of society*dic abdicate dictate benediction malediction诅咒(male=bad) interdiction valediction10*主客体反义词delegate【反】assume responsibilityteach【反】studylend【反】borrow*勤(careful) assiduous= sedulous= diligent= industrious*同意(n. v.) assent= consent(dissent不同意) accede v.同意acquiesce默许subscribe同意*cur concur同时发生coincide v.一致occur incur招惹（麻烦）inter v.埋葬bury disinter 掘出11*衰弱debilitate(bili=ability)= emaciate= flag(【类】~:country=trade mark: company)= enervate(e=out ner=energy) sap v.衰弱n.精力vigor#虚弱sapless= infirm= feeble= moribund垂死的= morbid= wan病态的= pallid脸苍白= anemic贫血的blighted枯萎的effete变老*增强#健康invigorate v.鼓舞rubicund脸红润&健康a. sound(rational)= sturdy= stalwart= hale&气inhale吸气exhale呼气sap(vigor) salutary a.有益健康的sane a.心智健全的wax(wane) glaze上釉(pottery) varnish上清漆gild镀金(metal) tarnish(silver) rust(iron) galvanize电镀;激励fledge长羽毛(bird)*减少#抛光polish= burnish= furbish(metal)etch(glass) molt=shed(掉眼泪)脱毛【反】fledge【类】hair（动宾关系）bird slough(snake) strip= denude= doff脱衣服(don穿衣服)*strive v.努力thrive v.茂盛生长60多个熟词僻义A*assume【反】delegateB*balloon v.猛涨【反】decrease slowly*bait v.折磨afflict【反】disarm平息*brook【反】refuse to tolerate 【类】river*buck v.反对【反】assentC*check【反】prompt【类】check: stop= jolt: move*control n.试验对照组【反】group experimented on*court v.追求【反】snub v.冷落courteous献殷勤的，有礼貌的*cow【反】embolden*cowed【反】undaunted(unversed)*crab v.挑剔*carp v.吹毛求疵D*damp v.1泼冷水=dampen【反】ardor热情2阻尼【类】（消除）vibrationE*entrance n.【反】egressv.使着迷【反】bore bore v.钻孔【类】~:drillF*fast v.斋戒: eat= interlude: concert*fell n.兽皮v.砍伐timber*file n.锉刀【类】filings锉屑: metal= sawdust/ shaving: wood*flag【类】~: trade mark【反】wax*foil v.阻止【反】implement 贯彻n.薄金属片【类】（薄与一般）~:metal= veneer: wood*fold n.羊圈【类】（位置关系）羊v.折叠【类】（结果关系）~: crease= bore: hole*founder v.1顽败【反】succeed2沉没【反】stay aloft*flounder v.困难前行*frequent v.时常拜访【反】shun闪G*goad v.激励> direct 【反】curb rein 阻止*gorge n.峡谷【类】~: river= dune(迪奥香水): wind*grouse n.松鸡v.抱怨complain【反】rejoice*gull n.海鸥v.骗delude gullibility傻了吧唧的【类】（正面特征）credulity轻信090516p.m.guy n.支索【类】（支撑关系）~: pylon索塔=buttress: wallH*hack n.1老马2雇佣文人【类】（种属关系）~: writer= mercenary: soldiermercenary a.唯利是图的【类】~: money= vindictive: revenge v.乱砍【类】~：carve*hamper v.阻碍n.篮子basket【类】~: laundry= mailbox: mail*harbor v.包庇【反】evict驱逐*hold n.船舱【类】(door)~: hatch= membrane: pore*hedge n.树篱【类】~: prune= hair: trimn.保护措施【类】~: lossv.躲避（问题）*hew v.砍【例】hew to遵从conform*humor v.迁就【反】纵容，溺爱*husband v.节约【反】squander*latitude v.自由【反】restraint strict limitationaltitude n.高platitude n.陈词滥调M*milk v.榨取>: extract*mint n.大量【反】modicumv.铸币【类】~: coin= strike: medal*minute a.小【反】ganzuan*minuet n.小步舞曲*minutes n.会议记录: meeting (agenda)log: shipdairy: personlyric n.抒情诗spectacle n.眼镜lyrics n.歌词spectacles n.风景*mold= die n.模子shapen.霉菌N*nice a.精确preciseP*pan v.严厉批评【类】~: harsh严厉的【反】rave盛赞*pen n.母天鹅【类】~: swan= ewe: sheep*pine n.【类】~: needlev. long forv.使憔悴invigorate*pluck v.弹拨hap竖琴n.勇气：quit(反面)*plumb a.垂直【反】horizontalv.测水深【类】~: depth= assess: valueassess v.检查scrutinize深入检查【反】examine superficially *purchase n.支点：slippage*rail v.猛烈批评：vehemence n.猛烈S*scale n.天平：weightn.音阶【类】~: tune= spectrum光谱: colorn.鱼鳞: fishn.比例尺*shadow v.尾随：follow偷偷shadowy a.模模糊糊【反】overt a.明显的covert a.明确的*shoulder n.肩膀【类】~: epaulet= finger: ringn.路肩（马路牙子）【类】~: road/ way= margin: page *signal a.明显的remarkable【反】unremarkable*skirt v.躲【反】seek/ face*slight a.轻微的【反】grievousa.少【反】massivev.冷漠【反】respect*smart:<brilliant程度v.刺痛【反】soothe*stock a.普通common【反】unique*stomach: digestv. 容忍【反】refuse to tolerate*strength n.浓度=concentration delude稀释T*table【反】consider*tender 1a.敏感的【反】insensitive2a.柔弱【反】hardy3v.提出【反】withdraw*transport v.使狂喜*toy v.玩弄W*wax 打蜡月盈增强Section2(类比关系总结)1*单位calorie(heat) decibel(sound) gallon/ pint/ quart(liquid/ volume) light-year(distance) lumen(light) volt(electricity) watt(power) acre(land/area) ream(paper) cord(wood) inch(length) v.慢慢前进(【类】~: move/ advance) =crawl: proceed*慢dwindle(diminish) drawl慢说(brawl争吵) lope慢跑*ped脚impede v.阻止peddle v.沿街叫卖pedestalpedestrian n.行人 a.有想象力的imaginative*pod脚podium讲台podiatrist足病医生tripod(camera)#tri tripod trio trident三叉戟#dent牙trident dentist denture: tooth2*画画easel n.画架brush【类】~: painter= chisel: sculptor雕刻家(marble) canvas画布【类】（支撑）(easel) palette调色板(color) limn v.清晰描绘【类】~: line= enunciate: word stipple点画(dot) daub= doodle v.涂鸦artless a.自然地【类】ramble乱写fresco= mural 壁画: wall petroglyph(rock) portrait(person) seascape(ocean) caricature n.漫画1扭曲distort 2exaggerration illustrator插图家cartographer(record)vaudeville曲苑杂坛3*小## hill(mountain) creek= brook= rivulet(river) pebble(rock) peddle v.沿街叫卖cavity(hole) grove(woods（tree）) hint= inking(suggestion indication) nuance(distinction) trinket (jewelry) gadget(tool) figurine(statuary) vignette(drawing) anecdote1逗amuse2小saga n.传奇skit(play) foible= lapse= peccadillo(error offense fallacy) glitch(flaw故障) miff= tiff= skirmish= spat= squabble(quarrel) sip(drink) nibble(eat) mince(stride) quibble(object) cabal(association)4*悲哀#挽歌dirge= elegy（正面）sorrow grief（种属）song poem#哀悼v. bemoan= bewail= lament= deplore(implore恳求)#恶搞parody= spoof(【类】（特殊与一般）a light humorous parody)= travesty#证据testimonial= testimony= deposition(n.沉积物) perjury伪证（假）5*无暇的impeccable= flawless= spotless*瑕疵flaw= blemish*天真的a. ingenuous(ingenious聪明的)= guileless= naive= simple= artless= unsophisticated n. yokel*骗guile n. beguile v. gullible= credulous dupe n.易上当的人v.骗duplicity n.骗6*短暂transient= transitory= ephemeral= evanescent= fleeting= interim*持久lasting= enduring= permanent= perpetual= persistent7*胆小a. timorous= timid= pusillanimous= trepid= gutless= spineless= nerveless= chinless= 胆小鬼n. recreant= craven= coward*大胆a. heroic= dauntless= undaunted= gallant= stouthearted= intrepid= bold= valiant= valorous= mettlesome(mettle n.斗志)= plucky(pluck n.勇气)*善变的volatile a.易挥发的(evaporate) versatile a.1多才多艺的2善变的waving a.动摇的capricious(【反】resolute)= whimsical a.善变的(behavior) fickle= inconstant感情善变mercurial(mood) mercury水银erratic a.【类】（对立句子题）predict labile a.(liability n.1债务2倾向) protean a. metamorphous a.变态的【类】tadpole: frog= caterpillar:butterfly8*说#清楚地说articulate(clear talk)= enunciate(【类】~: word= limn: line)#不清楚地说mumble(【反】resound)= murmur(indistinct不清)= slur(blur看不清)= mutter #含糊其辞地说(lie) equivocate= prevaricate= palter#乱说babble(sense)= wafflebelabor(mention) drawl慢说elaborate详述【类】（缺乏）sketchy parrot v.学舌【类】（缺乏）originality新颖pontificate自命不凡地说bluster气势汹汹地说（傲）blurt(utter) #口吃stutter= stammer(halting)【类】~: talk= limp: walkdrone单调地说(monotonous粗略) hiss轻声说(sibilant)= whisper chuckle轻声笑*反对#小反对quibble= cavil#吹毛求疵的人quibbler= nitpickerpersecute v.害人prosecute v.控告censure v.严厉批评9*吝啬#吝啬鬼miser= niggard(sluggard laggard)= skinflint hoard v.囤积skimp v.吝啬#吝啬的miserly= tightfisted= stingy= parsimonious= penurious(penury n.赤贫perjury n.伪证)（jury abjure v.放弃（【反】affirm）adjure= conjure v.恳求）#证据testimony= testimonial= deposition*慷慨a. generous= munificent= liberal#liberal deliberate liberate#literal literate alliteration压头韵#挥霍a. improvident= extravagant= dissolute= profligate= prodigalv. squander dissipate(v.驱烟)【反】husband#挥霍的人spendthrift= wastrel(VAGABOND)(irresponsibility)solvent a.有偿债能力的(budget bankrupt)10*发酵v. ferment 酵母yeast【类】（功能）decompose （种属）bacteria*变纯winnow(grain)= purify(dross)= filter= refine(oil)(refinery(【类】（位置）petroleum ) mill(grain) #文雅的refined = polished =urbane snobbish a.附庸风雅的) distill蒸馏distillate n.蒸馏物polish*掺杂adulterate(alloy n.合金) adulate v.极尽谄媚pure（全部消除）purity（部分消除）purist（反面特征）(language) stickler一丝不苟的人martinet n.对纪律严格要求的人(discipline)11*抛光polish= burnish= furbish=gloss= buff furnish v.装备glossy a.有光泽的gloss n.简短的解释(【类】~: explanation= cameo客串: appearance)*臭的a. stinking= fetid= noisome= rancid 香的redolent(fragrant) piquant(+AW) pungent ( –AW)= acrid tangy(+AW) bland unscentedn. stench= malodor perfume odor= scent味儿olfaction味觉= gustationgestation怀孕12*抱怨v. gripe= grumble= grouch grouse n.松鸡n. malcontent不满的人discontent n.不满disaffected不满的affected unaffected不自然的13*刺耳的grating= piercing= raspy= strident= cacophonous (sound)*悦耳的dulcet= euphonious= mellifluous【类】~: sound= ambrosial: food14*装饰物illumination装饰性图案(manuscript手稿) molding(furniture) frieze石膏线baseboard地脚线*plicate implicate使关联explicate详细解释complicate使复杂*卷入（不好）entangle= enmesh= involve*tangle disentangle解脱untangle拆开；解决090517a.m.15*密码#破解decipher= break【类】（动宾关系）hieroglyph象形文字（被破解对象）#密码code=cipherencode v.加密cryptic a.秘密的(cryp)*倔强的，顽固的unmanageable= unruly= intractable= incorrigible(难控制的)= intransigent= refractory= recalcitrant= pertinacious= tenacious= obdurate= mulish= ossified=headstrong== wrongheaded(【类】willful advise)= willful*head figurehead傀儡【类】（正面特征）nominal名存实亡的levelheaded冷静的【反】foolishheadlong轻率地【反】深思熟虑的16*溶解solution溶液soluble solvent n.溶剂a.1可溶解的2有偿付能力的insolvent a.没有偿付能力的dissolve resolve(1解决2做决定) resolution坚定a. resolute【反】waving17*merc(business) merchandise n.商品commercial<: advertisementmercenary: hack(n.雇佣文人v.乱砍: carve)【类】（保护）greenhouse: plant= incubator早产婴儿保育箱: infant18*菌#发霉的moldy= fusty= musty#陈腐的banal= trite= timeworn= threadbare= stereotyped#陈词滥调cliché= platitude= bromide#霉菌mold= mildew= fungus bacteria（无培养基意思）germ microbe colony菌群medium培养基【类】~: microbe= soil: plant host宿主#mold mold= die: shape molding装饰物#无菌的sterile(贫瘠的)= aseptic septic腐烂的【反】pristine干净的antiseptic n.防腐剂aseptic#肮脏的squalid(道德坏的)= foul= filthy= frowsy= sordid= seamy(道德坏的)【反】pristine/cleanfulminate>: criticize= adulate: flatterskirmish: insignificant= duel: formalbox: fight= d ebate: arguelawyer: court= gladiator: arenapebble: rock= creek: river= minnow: fishSection512*tool(1人物及使用工具2功能) abacus(calculate) balance= scale(weigh) sextant(navigate导航) clasp n.扣环(fasten) lathe= die= mold(shape) drill(bore n.军训: recruit: soldier) awl(pierce) mortar臼pestle杵(hash/grind捣碎) hammer(搭配carpenter anvil) vat染缸(dye) scythe镰刀(reaper) axe(wood cutter) scalpel手术刀(surgeon) whetstone磨刀石(sharpen)=flint stone reel n.卷轴(wind缠绕) scissor(tailor) saw(carpenter) tong钳子(grasp) stylus n.铁笔(engrave mark) lamp(illustrate) shield盾(impact n.碰撞)【类】~: motto= tombstone: epitaph tackle滑轮(hoist v.提起) purchase(slippage) ballast压仓物(stable) splint(limb) sling吊带三角巾(support) girder大梁【类】~: skyscraper= skeleton: body truss托架(support) bolster垫子(support) buttress1扶墙(wall)2支持【反】challenge strut支柱(wing机翼) guy1支索(pylon)2v.趾高气扬地走bracket(shelf) splint木屑(wood)固定夹板【类】~: mobility= lubricant: friction2007年6月Section 1【类】8.（工具及功能）tongs: grasp= reel: wind= scissors: cut= whetstone: sharpenwire v.配线snarl打结(knot)9.（单位unit）kilometer: distance= pound: weight= watt: powerhue= colorpitch音调10.（突然）plummet: fall= swerve: turncoax v.诱骗repel v.击退11.（预先安排）itinerary: journey= outline: plot/essay= sketch: paintingblueprint: drawing（种属）template模板12.（不愉悦的感觉）discordant: sound= malodorous: scentconstricted狭窄的13.（同义）赞美v. laud : n. approbation= commiserate: sympathypetition v.请求deny克己solicitude关心14.（正面特征）apologist: defend= patron: support= leader: guide15.（位置）cell: confinement= rostrum: orationconciliation平息proscenium舞台前部improvisation即兴创作【类】intersection: road= confluence: stream16.（被）exemplar: emulate= goal: attain获得maintain维持represent扮演，描绘façade n.（物体的）正面policy保单【反】28.nullification无效(nullify使无效) validationcompensation弥补intercession调停29.instill灌输removeencroach蚕食truncate截短length30.inept proficientinordinate无度的pensive深思的（忧郁）31.resonant洪亮的muffled(muffler围巾neck)peripheral外围的lurid耀眼的dazzling(lucid明晰的)32.thwart阻止= foil(薄金属片) enablecollude串通straiten【反】bend33.adulation ridiculesomber阴森的, 昏暗的, 阴天的, 忧郁的state of denial【反】affirmation34.tedious interestingconspicuous显眼的intricate复杂的prominent卓越的35.accolade denunciationblunder其实我也是农民incisive一针见血的36.inert慢动fast movingbalanced= objective客观的extraneous无关的37.collude（1偷偷2在一起together）act independently38.friable resistant to pulverizingIntractable倔强类比单词总结*metal ~: chase雕镂= cloth: embroider~: forger铁匠铺= grain: miller~: foil= wood: veneer~: weld= rope: splice= fabric: weave~: filing= wood: sawdust~: dross= grain: chaff*graph cartographer: map= lexicographer: dictionarycalligraphy: scribble= sonnet: doggerelchoreography: dance= plot: storydemography: population= pathology(path=suffering): diseasebiography: nonfiction= sonnet: poemautobiography: reminisce回忆= eulogy: praisepetrography: rock= mural: walllist: bibliography= painting: portraitlist: discography唱片分类目录= tool: hoe锄头*student ~: expel= attorney: disbar~: matriculation= official: inauguration/install= king: crown~: honors= contestant: trophy= soldier: medal*pleasure ~<: bliss= dislike<: loathing憎恶~: ecstasy= surprise: astonishmenthedonist享乐主义者: ~= recluse隐士: privacy=narcissistic自恋的: selfsmile: ~=pout撅嘴/scroll/frown: dislike光（声）pitch音高: sound= color: light（猴哥1506）cacophony: sound= glare: lightdecibel: sound= lumen: soundgust: wind= flare: lightopacity n.不透明: light= impermeability(无法理解): fluidphotograph: light= recording: soundreflection: light= echo: soundsiren: heard= light: seensiren: sound= beacon: lighttrade agrarian: farming= mercantile: ~impresario: entertainment= broker: ~jog: exercise= barter: tradeflag: country= trade mark: company2007年6月Section 2【类】8.（给评价）reporter: journalism报道= commentator: interpretationbroker: tradeingenuity聪明9（事物及其功能）mill: grind= scissors: cuttune v.调音10.（保存）pantry食品室: comestibles(food)= vault: valuables11.（同义）edible: eat= potable: drink= audible: hear(portable可手提的)tangible可摸的insipid乏味toxic有毒的12.（组成）chord: note= grove: treestem茎13.（反义）submerge: buoyant= bend: rigidthaw v.解冻thermal热的repel击退【类】(feeling) effervescent【反】冷漠14.（同义）haughty a.: superciliousness傲慢= indecisive(非决定性的): obscurity模糊punctilious a.仔细的unctuousness假热心callous无情conciliatory安抚amenability顺从15.（正面特征）pedant: learning= martinet: disciplineillusionist魔术师dilettante: commitment献身【类】（反面特征）renegade叛徒16．（正面特征）diatribe: abuse= burlesque: mockery= satire: ridicule encomium颂词prologue: novelcitation引用【反】28.frequent shun/stay away frommake amends for弥补take offence at因……生气29.caliberated a.1被校准的2标准化的unstandardizedreduplicated复制的unverified未被证实的30.calcify硬化（钙化）(ossify硬化（骨化）) become malleable可塑的sever v.分开31.harbor v.提供住处fail to shelterexcoriate指责infringe违反fringe【反】center32.effervesce兴奋be flat33.condensed压缩，使变少unabridgedinexplicit不确定ponderous重34.iridescent五颜六色的monochromatic单色inflammable易燃的【反】nonflammablevaluable invaluable +AWconvoluted旋绕的,费解的reflexive反身代词ornate华丽的35.profuse a.1大量的2浪费的stintingstinking恶臭的stunt: growth= obstruct: progress36.temper v.缓和aggravate激disperse驱散37.gall激appeasecondone宽恕revere 尊敬capitulate（有条件的）投降recapitulate总结38.husband squanderovertake赶超Section 526学科#统计demography(population) metrology气象学(weather（withstand抵挡）) pathology(disease) petrography1岩画2岩相学(rock) homiletics说教术(sermon讲经布道) logic(reasoning/argument) epistemology认识论(knowledge) aesthetics(beauty) anesthetics麻醉师ethics伦理学(behavior) horticulture园艺学(flower) forestry(tree) podiatrist(feet) dermatologist(skin) psychologist(motivation) ecologist(fungi) herpetologist爬虫学者(chameleon变色龙) ichthyologist(fish/salmon（salmon: roe= chicken: egg）) spelunker洞穴探险者【类】~: craven= diver: ocean astronomer observatory天文台conservatory(musician) theology(seminary theologian)13喷出geyser(water) volcano(lava（lave熔岩渣）) insulin胰岛素(pancreas) bile(liver) gum(rubber plant) resin树汁(tree) resilient a.1恢复能力强的2有弹性的【反】inelastic16牙molar臼齿(tooth) fang毒牙denture tooth轮齿(gear)= thread: screw masticate v.嚼enamel珐琅质:tooth= bark: tree（皮）ivory象牙=(钢琴的白键) tusk incisor板牙类比单词总结假denture: toothtoupee: hairsophism: reasoningcounterfeit假钞: moneybackdrop: vistaplacebo: painkillerfulsome: compliment恭维bravado: couragechimera: authenticmask: face090517p.m.Section 3最新模拟题一Section 1Analogy8.（位置）wallet: money= suitcase: clothing= envelope: letter（并列）bank vaultbalance收支平衡*位置arsenal= armory(munitions军需品weapon)#衣箱wardrobe= closet= suitcase(bookcase)archive(manuscript record file archivist（管理员curator: art= ranger: forest）document) #管子aqueduct(water) pipeline(gas) vessel(blood)船只artery: plaque n.（1牌匾）2动脉粥样物= channel: silt淤泥#食品larder食品柜(food provision预备食品) pantry食品室#ary(场所) pantry aviary(bird) apiary(bee)vault(valuables) tank(oil) arena(gladiator) courtroom field=court(lawyer)(referee （whistle）=judge（gavel）) podium(conductor)= rostrum(orator)philatelist集邮爱好者: stamp= numismatist: coin mint v.铸币n.大量【反】modicum少量9．（动宾）instrumentalist: symphony= dancer: ballet*音乐instrumentalist musician orchestra: conductor= ship: pilot= actor: director symphony(phony=sound) euphony(eu=好)cacophony: sound= glare: lightcompose v.使镇静composed= calm composure n.镇静self-composed perturb(disturb) imperturbablediscompose v.使不安decompose concerto n.协奏曲concerted协调的(concert v.齐心协力【反】act independently) disconcert v.使不安10.（缺乏）plateau n.1高原2稳定状态: change= respite(rest): activitylull使入睡lullaby*缺乏plateau(change) respite(despite)间歇(activity labor) interim中场休息(concert) fast斋戒(eat) albino白化病(pigment色素) prairie(平原tree)reprieve缓刑(a formal temporary suspension of execution)（punishment execution）moratorium延期偿付(a suspension of activity)(activity)11.（连接）isthmus地峡: land= strait: water*困境straits= plight= quandary= predicament= quagmire= swamp mire v.陷入困境extricate救出intricate a.复杂的12.（消除）embargo贸易禁运: commerce= quarantine隔离: contactabstention弃权节欲abstinence= continence 争论v. contend n. contentionlockout停工port港口strike: medal= mint: coinSection 515防止关系hedge1树篱2保护措施(loss) quarantine(contact) embargo(commerce) safeguard(accident) lubricate(abrasion) seal(leakage) （功能glue）disguise(recognition /identification)mask camouflage(detection)（目的deception）>mimicry levee(flood) cordon警戒线(crowd) rampart堡垒(invasion)<barrier preservative防腐剂anchor(drift) cencorship1监察机构/制度(不良communication/information):sanitation(disease)（心理生理）protocol礼节(blunder其实我也是个农民) bumper(damage) padding缓冲器(damage) earplug(noise) shield(impact冲击) sanitation consensus意见一致(faction 党派之争)最新模拟题一Section 1Analogy13.（同义）dilatory拖拖拉拉: procrastinate= malcontent: complainrecalcitrant顽固的*拖拖拉拉的dilatory(dilate扩大dilute稀释)= tardy= sluggish procrastinate v.拖拉*爽快的prompt= alacrity n.14.（反面特征）nominal(titular): significance= disjunctive: unity15.（偷）plagiarism剽窃: ideas= rusting: cattlelibel n.诽谤*偷偷plagiarism(ideas) rustle(cattle) pilfer(steal)<:take abscond= slink(leave/depart) shadow= stalk尾随(follow) intimate= allude(refer) smuggle(convey运) wiretap= eavesdrop窃听pry刺探(observe/watch) hoard= secrete(分泌) (store) lurk潜伏wait infiltrate(enter)(filt=filter) insinuate(say)(sinuous弯曲的)#串通1plan2together plot= conspire= intrigue= collude(cohabit)= connivecollaborate勾结cooperate【反】stonewall16.*精明a. politic= tactfultactless a.不老练（贬）tacit a.心照不宣的(taciturn) euphemism委婉语offend *隐士hermit= recluse*隐退v. withdraw(撤销)#隔离sequester= seclude malinger装病逃避的人separate/segregate【反】aggregate/congregate【反】#不合群的withdraw= aloof gregarious群居的(greg群体) associate结交humanity人类solitude a.Antonym28.*严厉的stringent= draconian= inclement= rigorous*松的lax松懈的(贬) lenient宽松的（褒）*严厉的人martinet purist stickler一丝不苟的人*收缩astringent收缩剂contract= pucker v.收缩*难以理解的elusive= inscrutable(scrutinize仔细的检查)= unfathomable(fathom v.1测水深: depth2了解) opaque(不透明的)*透明的(可理解的)transparent= translucent= pellucid lucid elucidate阐明comprehend=understand intelligible可理解的(intelligent) limpid清澈的murky模糊地turbid a.浑浊的turbulent a.乱的*客观/偏见#客观的impartial= objective(n.目标objection objectionable另人厌恶的)= disinterested= detached= impersonal= unbiased#偏见的biased= factionalpartisan n.党派成员a.过分忠诚的zealot(fervor狂热) bigot(biased)类比单词总结*number expand: volume= proliferate: ~numberless: enumerate= vast大量的: measurecountless/myriad: ~= interminable无限的: durationprotract延长: length= throng: ~*soldier mercenary: ~= hack: writer~: recruit= professional: rookieconscript强行征兵: ~= subpoena传讯: witnessformation: ~= matrix/array: number~: medal= athlete: trophy~: country= body guard: persondecoration勋章: ~= bonus奖金: employee~: order= executor遗嘱执行人: will遗嘱*people queue: ~= colonnade: pillar= chain: link~: rabble= items: hodgepodgemisanthrope: ~= xenophobe: strangerscrowd: ~= school: fish*volume ~合订本: issue一期= stanza诗节: linecollapse : ~= attenuate: thicknessexpand: ~= proliferate迅速增加: numberleaven发酵: ~= distill蒸馏: purity*bird nest: ~= web/net: spider~: snare网= fish: seine网aviary: ~= arboretum: treeeaglet: ~= fawn小羊(v.拍马屁): mammal~: feathers= fish: scalesmolt: ~= slough: snakeplumage一把羽毛: ~= foliage: bush*fish minnow: ~= minuscule: lettercatch: ~= harvest: grainnet: ~= antenna: signal最新模拟题一Section 1Antonym29.*短暂interim= ephemeral= evanescent= transient= transitory31*屈服capitulate(recapitulate=summarize总结) compromise yield(n.产量) succumb(suc= sub在下面cumb躺着) succumb to sth.屈从于…= subject to sth.(阅读) *抵抗resist oppose32*stit(stand) destitute a. restitute1恢复2赔偿constitute制定任命构成reconstitute 水化【反】dehydrate= desiccate33 repute名= reputation= distinction refute反驳distinction差别nuance小差别34 tame a.1驯服的2缺活力的【反】racyerratic善变的35 indurate硬化= calcify= ossify【反】softenimmure交换immune免疫36 prolixity n.冗长prolix冗长的【反】succinctness37*不成熟的callow#刚开始的inchoate= insipient【反】1fully developed/formulated/established2explicit a.明确的，确定的3full-blown完全形成的full-bodied有强烈味道的38*易碎的friable= fragile= brittle crumble v.弄碎crumb面包渣(bread) pulverizeSection 2Analogy8 spore n.孢子rag= scrap碎片9 script剧本(manuscript手稿): drama= score乐谱: music10 *诚实的truthful= veracious*假的fallacious= mendacious*喧闹的blatant(显眼的) obstreperous(难以驾驭的control) clamorous(clam=claim=shout)= vociferous(voci=sound fer带来)= boisterous#claim acclaim称赞declaim高谈阔论declaim否认proclaim宣布exclaim惊呼reclaim开垦*刺耳的strident= grating(sound)*神秘的arcane= runic= mysterious11*没经验a. unversedn. fledgling= neophyte= novice= tyro= rookie(professional) recruit(soldier)apprenticeseasoned老练的13*gress(run) digress(digression= aside n.跑题的话) progress regress aggressive(积极进取的) transgress犯规egress n.出口ingress n.入口*cur(run) excursive(跑题的)= discursive cursory草率的cursive n.草书precursor先驱incursion(invasion) excursion*fug(run) centrifuge离心机fugitive逃跑的subterfuge n.诡计refugee(#避难所refuge=asylum=harbor(v.包庇)=sanctuary )14*浮夸的a. pretentious自命不凡的pompous= grandiloquent= magniloquent bombastic bombast n.浮夸的言辞（正面特征）*模仿impersonate= imitate mock= mimic嘲弄性模仿（特殊与一般）mimicry拟态< camouflage mime哑剧: gesture= parody: style*傲慢pontificate自命不凡地说bluster(loud)气势汹汹地说strut趾高气昂地走(n.支柱)wing机翼(buttress wall) swagger趾高气昂地走*走waddle鸭子走duck slither蛇走snake stride【反】mince flounder困难地前行founder v.1顽败2沉没#蹒跚而行v. stumble= stagger= lurch= lumber(反面特征grace) slumber v.睡觉plod沉重地行走【反】欢呼雀跃*person impersonal客观的impersonate模仿personable有个人魅力的【反】unattractive personage名人(celebrity)15*affected disaffected不满的affected做作的unaffected不自然的*叛徒rebel(v.)= insurgent resurgent复兴renegade(neg否定)= quisling= traitor= mutineer= apostate*忠诚allegiance= faith anarchist（正面特征）rebel16*下降attenuate(减轻)(force thickness) extenuate减轻(seriousness) moderate(intensity)。
英语语法讲义稿(总)
名词表示人、事物、地方、现象或抽象概念等的名称的词。
一、名词的分类冠词。
2、有普通名词构成的专有名词前要用定冠词"the"，但它不大写。
3、有些不可数名词有时表示为具体的东西时，则变为可数名词，而且以四上也有了变化。
eg. beer ----a beer 一杯啤酒， work--- a work 工厂，著作，glass---a glass 一个玻璃杯，room空间---a room一个房间二、名词的数：表示可以计算数目的人或物称为可数名词。
1、可数名词有单、复数两种形式：可数名词的单数形式要在名词前加"a或an"；复数形式是在名2. 可数名词复数的不规则变化①改变单数名词中的元音字母eg. man--men, woman-women, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse--mice②单复数同形eg. Chinese-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep,…③由man 和woman构成的合成词, 每个名词都要变复数eg. a man doctor- men doctors, a woman teacher--women teachers注意: 有些名词表示一种物体具有不可分割的相同的两部分, 在使用时只有复数形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts, scissors, etc; 有些名词从形式上看是复数, 实际上是单数(其后的谓语动词要用单数). eg. math, physics, politics, news3. 不可数名词：表示不能计算数目的人或物，称为不可数名词。
他们前面不能用a/an,没有复数形式。
物质名词和抽象名词都属于不可数名词。
不可数名词一般只有单数形式, 但有其特殊用法:(1) 同一个词,变成复数形式, 意义不同。
Unit13课时4Writing(学生版)九年级英语全一册讲义(人教版)
Unit13 We’re trying to save the earth. WritingWrite a letter to the city mayor about the problems and your suggestions.In your letter, describe the environmental problems in your town / city.1. What are the problems?2. Where are they?3. What or who is causing these problems?Then, give suggestions or possible ways to solve the problems. 知识点01 思路点拨本单元话题是“Protecting the environment(保护环境）”，主要讨论各种污染及其解决办法。
环境保护是一个热门话题。
与环保相关的书面表达通常是先列举环境中出现的某一现象，然后要求考生就该现象进行描述，提出建议，阐述自己的观点。
具体来讲，此话题主要会从以下四方面进行设题：(1)记叙你参加过的一次环保活动；(2)谈论保护环境的重要性；(3)对保护环境的措施和建议；(4)对环境污染的看法并提岀保护环境的措施。
体裁：说明文时态：用一般现在时人称：第一人称和第三人称 知识点02 必背单词组和句型【开头句】1．It is very important to take care of our environment ．2．It's our duty to protect the environment ．3．As we all know ，water is very important to human beings ．4．As middle school students ，we should take some useful measures to stop pollution ．5．Today environmental problems have drawn people's attention ．6. We need to protect Earth because it is our home.7. Save the earth, Our Only Home.知识精讲目标导航8. Earth is our home.9. Environmental problems directly affect the quality of people’s lives.10. The most important question in the world today is pollution.【中间句】1．We can begin with small things，such as planting more trees，riding bikes instead of driving．2．Sort out your rubbish into plastic，paper and rubber．3．Set up a recycling network to encourage people to recycle the e－waste．4．First of all，we can ride a bike or walk to school to reduce air pollu5．We'd better plant as many trees as possible to make our city more beautiful．5．We'd better plant as many trees as possible to make our city more beautiful．6．We should use cloth bags instead of plastic bags when shopping．7．We can call on the people around us to do some small things to protect the environment．8．The government should make some laws to prevent factories from pouring waste water into the river．9．Last but not least，everyone should realize the seriousness of e－waste．10. So I hope all the students in our class stop using the plastic bags, and use our own cloth bags.11. We should stop factories from producing harmful gases.12. If we go on polluting the earth, it won’t be fit for us to live in.13. It not only disturbs others but also does great harm to people’s hearing.14. That’s a problem we Chinese must pay special attention to.15. We should plant more and more trees in order to live better and more healthy in the future.16. The development of private cars has brought about a series of problems.【结尾句】1．All in all，everyone should make a contribution to protecting the environment．2．If everyone tries his best to protect the environment，our city/world will bee nicer and cleaner!3．We all need a healthy and clean environment．Let's repeat the three things every day：reduce，reuse and recycle．4．In a word，everyone can do something to make a difference．5．If all of us can do a little thing to protect the environment，I'm sure it will make a big difference．6. None of us likes pollution.7. I believe we can make our earth a better place to live in.8. I believe our life will bee better and better if we can do these things.9. If everyone makes contributions to protecting the environment, the world will bee much more beautiful.10. Let’s do our best to make it more beautiful.11. Let’s take action and be a green person!知识点03 提纲列提纲写句子自我介绍及写信目的I’m from No. 5 Middle School. I like our city, but the environment around here is getting worse a nd worse.环境问题1 问题There is white pollution everywhere in the city(这个城市到处都是白色污染).原因People use too many disposable (一次性的) things, such as plastic cups, bottles, bags and lunch boxes.People throw them away after only using them once (人们只用一次后就把它们扔掉了).建议I think that people should try to use their own cups, lunch boxes and chopsticks instead of disposable things (我认为人们应该尽量使用自己的杯子、饭盒和筷子来代替一次性用品).环境问题2 问题There has been haze (雾霾) in the city in recent years.原因That’s because there are more and more cars on the road (那是因为马路上有越来越多的汽车) and they give off too much waste gas.建议People should use public transportation more (人们应该多使用公共交通工具).It’s a good idea to take buses and use shared bikes (乘公共汽车和使用共享单车是个好主意).I think the government should encourage more people to use new energy vehicles (新能源汽车).表达希望I hope the environment in your city gets better and better.知识点04 范文Dear Mr. Mayor,I’m from No. 5 Middle School. I like our city, but the environment around here is getting worse and worse.First, there is white pollution everywhere in the city. People use too many disposable things, such as plastic cups, bottles, bags and lunch boxes. People throw them away after only using them once.I think that people should try to use their own cups, lunch boxes and chopsticks instead of disposable things.Second, there has been haze in the city in recent years. That’s because there are more an d more cars on the road and they give off too much waste gas. People should use public transportation more. It’s a good idea to take buses and use shared bikes. I think the government should encourage more people to use new energy vehicles.I hope the environment in your city gets better and better.Yours sincerely,Wang Lei 尊敬的市长先生：，我来自第五中学。
Unit2课时4Writing(学生版)九年级英语全一册讲义(人教版)
Unit 2 I think that mooncakes are delicious！WritingYour Englishspeaking pen pal wants to know about your favorite Chinese festival. Make somenotes about the festival.知识点01 思路点拨本单元的话题围绕“Festival（节日）”为主题，在写相关的作文时，要叙述清楚节日的时间、起源、相关风俗等，要描写人们的庆祝活动，表达要清楚、简洁。
命题者一般是围绕大家熟知的节日、假期或者庆祝活动等来设置试题，要求考生根据已给出的提示或建议进行描写。
话题主要涉及节日习俗、节假日活动、庆祝方式等。
此类题目通常采用要点提示的方式来考查。
体裁：应用文(电子邮件)；电子邮件的主体部分为说明文时态：介绍节日用一般现在时人称：第三人称。
知识点02 必背单词组和句型词组：中国传统节日Chinese Traditional Festival春节the Spring Festival除夕the New Year’s Eve中秋节the MidAutumn Festival元宵节the Lantern Festival端午节the Dragon Boat Festival重阳节the Double Ninth Festival元旦New Year’s Day新年习俗New Year Customs过年celebrate the Spring Festival拜年pay a New Year visit; give New Year’s greetings 贴春联put up/paste Spring Festival couplets 看花灯watch lanterns放鞭炮set off firecrackers; let off firecrackers 放烟花set off fireworks春联the Spring Festival couplets剪纸papercut压岁钱lucky money/gift money: money given to children as a lunar new year gift舞龙dragon dance(to expect goodweather and good harvests) (play dragon dance) 舞狮lion dance知识精讲目标导航剪纸 paper cutting 中国结 Chinese knot句型：1. …is my favorite festival.2. get together3. have fun doing sth.4. say goodbye/ hello to5. I’m glad to tell you something about…6. … is one of the most important traditional festivals to Chinese people.7. I’d like to introduce you something about…8. … has a long history of more than…9. We usually clean and decorate our house carefully before it es. 10. Every one goes back home to get together with their family. 11. In a word, … is a very important for Chinese people.列提纲写句子喜欢的节日春节Spring Festival时间First day of the Chinese lunar calendar 农历初一活动Clean the house several days before the festival;节前大扫除 Prepare sticky rice for the Kitchen God;为灶神准备糯米Buy new clothes;买新衣服Have a reunion dinner with the family on the eve;前夜与家人共进团圆饭Visit relatives after the festival;节后探亲Give “lucky ” money to children /Receive “lucky ” money. 给孩子们“压岁钱”/“收压岁钱”为什么喜欢1. Enjoy meeting relatives;喜欢与亲戚见面2. Enjoy receiving “lucky”money;享受“压岁钱”3. Enjoy setting off fire crackers.喜欢放鞭炮知识点04 范文Dear Eliza,I was so glad to get your email. My favorite traditional Chinese festival is the Dragon Boat Festival. It is one of the most important traditional festivals in China. It falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month every year. It’s a day to remember Qu Yuan, a great poet.On this day people usually eat zongzi and hold dragon boat races. They also drink realgar wine, hang Chinese mugwort around the doors and wear a spice bag with them.What makes the festival special for me is the dragon boat race. The members of the dragon boat team have such great team spirit — everybody tries their best to win the race.Yours truly,WangLi话题好句积累【开头句】1．The Mid－Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month．2．Every festival has its special meaning and represents our great traditional Chinese culture．3．Chinese people regard the Spring Festival as the most important one of all．4．Mid－Autumn Festival is a traditional Chinese festival with a long history．能力拓展5．The Spring Festival is the most important festival in China，and it is also my favorite festival．【中间句】1．On the eve of the Spring Festival，family members get together and have big meals．2．We usually visit our relatives and friends during the Spring Festival，and send best wishes to one another．3．Everyone goes home to get together with their family，though some of them are far away from home．4．Dragon Boat Festival，also called Duanwu Festival，is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese lunar calendar．5．Zongzi is the most important food of the Dragon Boat Festival．After eating zongzi，people will watch the dragon boat races．6．Every time the Mid－Autumn Festival es，people will send relatives and friends the mooncakes as gifts．7．Thanksgiving Day is in honor of Indian people's great kindness．8．With the ing of National Day，I really expect it because I want to have a short trip during these days．9．People can enjoy the moon while eating mooncakes which are the special food for this festival．【结尾句】1．What a beautiful and happy holiday!2．I am sure it will be a wonderful journey．3．In short，it's a time for family gathering and all of us enjoy it．写作注意1. 开门见山2. 短语的使用应给予重视3. 句式的多样性4. 注意句子的衔接并列关系：and, or, either...or,both...and, not only...but also, as well as转折关系：but, however, yet, although条件关系：if, whether, unless时间关系：when, as, before, after, while, until, since, as soon as原因关系：because, as, since, for分层提分题组A 基础过关练材料作文：1．向你的笔友Mike介绍中国的春节，并邀请他来过春节。
Unit4课时4Writing(教师版)九年级英语全一册讲义(人教版)
Unit 4 I used to be afraid of the dark WritingWrite about how you have changed. What did you use to be like? Which change is the most imporand why?Try to write two paragraphs.Paragraph 1: General introduction about the changes in your lifeParagraph 2: The most important change and how it happened 知识点01 思路点拨本单元的话题是“谈论生活变化”。
主要描述过去经常做的事，以及自己或他人过去的外貌、性格、爱好等等；描述生活中发生的变化，以及发生变化的原因。
此话题主要从以下三方面设题：①介绍自己现在和过去的变化；②介绍家人、同学、朋友等发生的变化；③对于身边发生的变化给出一些评论等。
体裁：说明文时态：用一般现在时和一般过去时人称：第一人称。
知识点02 必背单词组和句型词组：外貌：tall, big and strong, a little heavy, overweight (超重的), be of medium height / build, thin, short, light, straight / curly / long / short hair, high / big nose, big / bright eyes, wear glasses性格：funny, friendly / nice / kind, outgoing, serious, humorous, active, brave, helpful, popular, talkative (健谈的), silent, quiet, shy, lazy, be easy / hard to get on / along with, be ready to help others兴趣与爱好：in the school music / ... club, on a basketball / ... team, love / like / enjoy (playing) soccer / ..., be interested in / be good at ..., dislike / can’t stand ...知识精讲目标导航行为习惯：watch TV / movies, listen to pop / ... music, hate P.E. / ... class, not eat a lot of vegetables / ..., not read a lot of books, be afraid of the dark / high places / being alone / giving a speech in public ...学习：study / work hard, get good scores / grades on one’s exams, do well in school, be good at English / ..., bee less / more interested in studying, be absent from classes, fail the exam, be bad at / be poor in / be bored with / do badly in ...衣着：dress in black / ..., wear jeans / ..., be dressed as a boy, dress beautifully / nicely / poorly / simply / ...句型：1. ... used to be / do ..., but now ...2. ... didn’t use to be / do ...3. ... would often / usually / always ...4. ... had the habit of ...5. ... has / have changed so much / a lot / greatly / …6. ... no longer ...7. ... doesn’t / don’t ... anymore.8. It was mon to see ... do / doing ... (in those days / at that time / ...)佳句赏析：1. There have been great changes in my life in the last few years.在过去的几年里，我的生活发生了巨大的变化。
新初三英语暑期讲义(完整版)
新初三暑期英语提高与强化课程第一章中考词汇（中考高频词汇及词组、词性转换）第二章句子结构与主谓一致第三章非谓语动词第四章直接引语与间接引语第五章时态第六章虚拟语气第七章定语从句第八章初中从句练习第九章中考专项：完形填空第十章中考专项：首字母填空第十一章中考专项：阅读理解第十二章最新中考模考题（一）第十三章最新中考模考题（二）中考高频词汇act v.行动，表演affect vt.影响,感动agreement n.协定,协议,同意aim n.目标，目的allow vt.允许,准许amazing a.令人吃惊的ambulance n.救护车,野战医院amount n.总数,数量,总和application n.请求,申请,施用aquarium n.水族馆Arctic a.北极的article n.文章,条款,物品ashamed adj. 羞愧的assume vt. 假定,承担,呈现astronaut n.宇航员at least 至少，最低限度athletic a.运动的；竞技的average n.平均数a.平均的battery n.电池battle n.战役,斗争vi.作战blame vt.责备,把…归咎于blind a.瞎的,盲目的bloodshed n. 流血事件bomb v.轰炸n. 炸弹bother v.打扰breathe v.呼吸bully n. / v.欺负cage n.笼,鸟笼,囚笼calculation n.计算camera n.照相机,摄影机cancel v.取消cancer n.癌,癌症captive / caged adj.俘虏的，捕获的captivity n. 囚禁,被关cause n.原因,理由celebration n.庆祝，祝贺chain n.链,链条,项圈challenge n.挑战cheer v.欢呼chest n.胸腔,胸膛,箱子claim v. 认领close adj.亲密的comfortable a.舒适的,安慰的command vt.命令,指挥,控制common a.普通的,共同的community n.社区compare vt.比较,对照complain v.抱怨，投诉complaint n.抱怨,控告complete v. 完成adj.完整的connect vt.连接,联系continue vt.继续control vt.控制,克制n.控制counter n.柜台,计数器countless a.无数的courage n.勇气,胆量course n. 课程crash vi.碰撞,坠落n.碰撞creature n.生物,创造物crossing n. 十字路口cube-shaped adj. 立方体形状的culture n. 文化dairy n.牛奶场,乳制品dangerous a.危险的dare vt.aux.v.敢,竟敢deaf a.聋的degree n.程度,度,学位diet n.饮食,食物direction n.方向,指导directly ad.直接地,立即disappoint v.使……失望disastrous a.灾难性的,悲惨的discover vt.发现,暴露,显示discuss vt.讨论disorder n.混乱,骚乱distance n.距离,远处distract v. 分散注意力documentary a.有文件的；有证件的double a.两倍的,双的earth-orbiting adj. 围绕地球轨道的effect n.效果,效力elbow n.肘,肘部emotionally ad. 在情绪上encourage vt.鼓励,支持,助长energy n.活力,精力,能量enhance vt.提高,增加,夸张exactly adv.确切地exit n.出口,退场vi.退出expect vt.预料,预期,等待experience v. 经历n.经历；经验experienced adj.经验丰富的experiment n.实验,试验expert n. 专家explanation n.解释,说明,辩解exploration n.探索explorer n.探测者expression n.词句,表达,表情extremely ad.极其，非常fake n.假货,膺品a.假的fireworks n.[pl.]爆竹, 烟花flutter v. 扑腾follow vt.跟随,结果是free v.释放freedom n.自由fridge n.电冰箱friendship n.友谊,友好gadget n.小器具, 小配件get-together n.(使)聚集；(使)集合giant n.巨人,巨物government n.政府gradually ad.逐渐地，逐步地grain n.谷物,谷粒,颗粒hand v.递给handout n.分发head n. 首领, 头目headphone n. 耳机height n高度high-fat adj.高脂肪的highway n.高速公路honesty n.诚实honor v.纪念n. 荣耀；荣誉human-powered adj. 人力的ice-covered adj. 冰封的; 冰覆盖的improve vi.改善,提高include vt.包括,包含inexpensive a.廉价的injury n.损害,伤害,受伤处instruction n.命令,教学,教训intellectual n.知识分子a.智力的international a.国际的interview n.接见,会见,面谈introverted adj.(性格)内向的invite v. = attract吸引item n. 提干，条款journey n.旅行,旅程judge v.判断laptop n. 手提式个人电脑latest a. 最近的leading adj.最主要的，第一的lens n. 镜头light v.点燃location n.位置,场所lower v.低下major a.主要的,多数的n.专业manage vt.管理,控制manager n.经理marry vt.娶,嫁vi.结婚measure vt.量,测量n.测量;措施middle-aged adj.中年的mockingbird n. 模仿鸟mop v.拖（地板）murder n.谋杀vt.谋杀native a.本国的n.本地人naturally ad.自然地；天然地nervous a.紧张的,易激动的nervousness n.神经过敏; 紧张nomads n. 游牧部落nut n. 坚果nutritious a.有营养的obstacle n.障碍operation n.操作;经营;手术orbit n.运行轨道vt.环绕organize v. 组织ornithologist n. 鸟类学者outgoing adj. 友善的，即将离去的overacted adj. 行为夸张的partnership n合作.patient a.耐心的n.病人peacefully ad. 和平地，和谐地peanut n.花生perfect vt.改善a.完美的perform vt.执行;演出phone n.电话vt.打电话photography n.摄影，照相physically ad. 体格上，身体上picture v.描绘poison n.毒药vt.毒害；投毒pollute vt.污染powder n.粉末;火药power n.力量powerful a.强有力的practice v.练习，实践prefer v.更喜欢president n.总统,校长pressure v.向…施加压力n.压力. private a.私人的,秘密的produce vt.生产；产生producer n.生产者production n.产品；产量progress n.进展,进步prompt n. 提示protect vt.保护,保卫protein n.蛋白质prove vt.证明vi.结果是psychologist n.心理学家punish v. 惩罚purpose n.目的,意图radio v.用无线电发射rainforest n. 雨林rate n.比率;速度;价格vt.评价，估价raw a.生的；未加工的reference n. 证明人refuse v.拒绝regular a.规则的,常规的relatively ad.比较…地，相对地relaxation n.松驰；松懈relaxed a.放松的remove vt.移动；搬迁requirement n.需要,要求respond v.回应，反应result n.成果;结果vi.结果, 导致reward n.报答；报酬vt.报答；酬金roasted a.烤好的rubber n.橡皮,橡胶a.橡胶的rush v. 冲, 奔, 闯safety n.安全,保险sandbox n. 沙箱,沙盒satellite n.卫星satisfy vt.满足,使满意scare v. 恐吓，使……害怕= fear, frightenscientific a.科学的screen n. 触屏seed n.种(子),籽self-centereda. 自我中心的,自我本位的,利己主义的self-pitying adj.separation n.分离，分开shape n.形状vt.形成share vt.分享,共享n.份额,股份sickness n.疾病；恶心，呕吐感signal n.信号similar a.相似的,类似的sledge n. 雪橇special a.特殊的,专门的sponsor n.发起者，赞助人vt.发起，赞助start-up n. 启动，（刚刚起步的）小公司stomach n.胃；胃口；欲望strategy n. 策略stressful a.有压力的strict a.严格的,严谨的structure n.结构；建筑物vt.建造subway n.隧道；地铁suffer v.遭受…..痛苦suggest vt.建议;暗示,启发sunglasses n. 太阳眼镜system n.系统；制度talent n.天才,才能technology n.工艺,技术teenager n.青少年telegram n.电报temperature n.温度;体温tent n.帐篷theory n.理论,学说thumb n.大拇指traditional a.传统的treat vt.对待,处理n.款待tremble vi.发抖,哆嗦troop n.军队underground a.地下的;秘密的underlined adj. 划线於下的unexpected a.意外的universal a.宇宙的;普遍的unlit adj. 未点燃的unusual a.不平常的,独特的vacuum n.真空value n.价值,价格vt.评价vehicle n.车辆victory n.胜利,战胜videophone n. 电视电话webcams n. 网络摄像机well-being a. 安宁,福利wizardry n. 巫术worldwide adj.全世界的高频词组：a bit (of) 有一点，一会儿a few 一些，少量a great deal 大量，许多a good/great many 大量，许多a kind of 一种，一类a little 一点，少许a lot of 许多，大量a number of 一些，许多a pair of 一双，一副a piece of 一块，一张，一根，一片above all 首先，首要according to 根据，按照add up to 合计达……after all 毕竟，终究after class 课后again and again 反复地，再三地agree to do sth. 同意做某事agree with sb. 同意某人的看法，与某人看法一致ahead of 在……之前all in all 总的来说，总计all kinds of 各种各样的all over 到处，遍及，结束all right 行了，好吧，（病）好了all the best 一切顺利，万事如意answer for 对……负责apart from 除去，除了arrive at (in) a place 到达某地as a matter of fact 事实上，其实as a result （作为）结果as...as 像，如同as soon as 一……就……as far as （表示程度，范围）就……；尽……as if 好像，仿佛as long as 只要as though 好像，仿佛as usual 通常，平常地as well 也，还有as well as 除……之外（也）belong to 属于be proud of 骄傲，自豪be strict with 对……严格要求both...and 两个都，既……又……break away from 脱离……break down 损坏; (把化合物等) 分解，（汽车）抛锚break in 闯入，强行进入，插嘴，打断break off 打断; 折断break out （战争、火灾等）突然发生，爆发break up 分解；分裂bring in 引来，引进，吸收bring on 引起，导致，使前进bring up 教育，培养build up 逐步建立by accident 偶然by air ( bus, train, ship ) 乘飞机（公共汽车，火车，轮船）by and by 不久以后，逐渐地by day 日间，在白天by the way 顺便说call for 提倡，号召, 需要call in 召来，召集call on 拜访，访问call up 号召，打电话care for 喜欢；照顾（病人）carry off 携走，夺走carry on 继续下去; 继续开展carry out 开展，执行catch up with 赶上（或超过）change into 转换成，把……变成check in 报到，登记check out 查明; 结账clear up 整理，收拾, (天气)放晴come about 发生，产生come across （偶然）遇见（或发现）come back 回来，想起来come down 落，下来come from 出生（于），来自come in 进入，进来come off 从……离开，脱落come on 来吧，赶快come out 出来，（书等）出版，发行come to 共计，达到come true 变为现实，成为事实come up 上来，上升，抬头come up with 追上，赶上；想出（主意）；找出（答案）compare to 与……相比compare with 与……相比congratulate...on 祝贺……connect to 连接，相连connect with 与……相连cut down 砍倒cut off 切断cut up 齐根割掉，切碎day and night 日日夜夜do one's best 尽最大的努力deal with 处理，对付depend on (upon) 依靠，相信，信赖die out 消失，灭亡different from 与……不同divide up 分配divide...into... 把……分成……do some cleaning (shopping) 做扫除（买东西）dozens of 几十drop in 顺便走访（某人）due to 由于，因为each other 相互earn one's living 谋生either...or 或者……或者……enjoy oneself 过得愉快even if 即使，尽管even though 即使，尽管ever since 自那时起直到现在face to face 面对面fall asleep 入睡fall ill 患病，病倒far away 遥远的far from 远离feel like doing 想要……, 感觉要……figure out 理解，想明白fill ... with 用……填充fill in 填充find out 查明，发现，了解first of all 首先for ever 永远for example 例如for good 永远from now on 从今以后，今后from then on 从那时起from... to 从……到……from time to time 不时，偶尔get along with 与……相处get away 逃; 离get back 返回; 回来; 回家get close (to) 接近get down 降下get down to 开始认真（做某事）get in 进入, 收获，达到get off 脱下（衣服等）；下车get on 上车；过活get on with sb. 与……相处get through 通过，拨通（电话）get together 聚会，联欢get up 起床give away 分发give back 归还；送回give in 屈服，让步give out 分发give up 放弃go ahead 走在前面，领先；干吧，干下去go away 走开，离去go by 走过; 经过; 过去go fishing (shopping, skat- ing) （去）钓鱼（买东西，滑冰）go for 主张go for a walk 散步go in for 参加，喜欢go off 走开go on 继续go on doing... 继续干某事，不停地干某事go on with 继续go out 出去, 熄灭go over 仔细检查，复习go through 浏览; 翻阅，通过grow up 长大成人，成长had better (do) 最好（做）hand in 上交; 交纳hand out 分发have a cold 患感冒hang on （打电话时）不挂断，等待片刻hang up 挂断电话have a gift for 对……有天赋have a good time 玩得高兴，过得愉快have classes 上课have fun with 玩得高兴have got to 不得不；必须have to 不得不；必须hear of 听说，知道hear from 收到……的来信help oneself to 请随便吃点help sb. with sth. 帮助某人做某事help...out 帮助某人解决困难hold on 等一等（别挂电话）hold one's breath 不出气，屏住呼吸hold out 伸出；坚持，维持hold up 阻挡，使停顿hundreds of 几百，成百上千hurry up 赶快，快点in a hurry 匆忙，很快地in all 总之in a word 简言之，总之in common 共同，共有in debt 欠债in danger 处在危险状态in fact 事实上，实际上in front of 在……前面in need of 需要，缺少in order 按顺序in order that 为了in order to 为了in other words 换句话说in peace 安静，宁静in public 当众；公开in surprise 吃惊，惊讶in the end 最后，终于in time 及时，来得及instead of 代替，而不是join in 参加，加入join up 联合起来，联结起来just now 现在，刚才keep back 留下keep doing sth. 继续做某事keep off 勿踏; 勿踩keep on 继续（进行）keep one's word 守信keep up 保持; 维持; 继续knock at 敲knock into sb. 撞上laugh at 嘲笑lead to 导致，导向let in 让……进来，放进let out 放掉, 泄露live on 以……为主食，靠……为生look after 照顾look ahead 向前看，展望未来look down upon 看不起，轻视look for 寻找look forward to 盼望look into 向……里面看去; 调查look out 留神，当心look through 看穿, 浏览look up 查找lots of 许多，大量make a face 做鬼脸，做苦脸make friends with 与……交朋友make up 和解，化装make up of 由……组成，构成make up one's mind 下决心millions of 成百万上千万，数以百万计more or less 或多或少neither...nor 既不……也不……next to 紧接着，相邻，次于no doubt 无疑地no longer 不再not any more 不再not at all 一点也不，绝非not only ... but also 不仅……而且……not so...as 不像，不如not till/until 直到……才now and then 不时，偶尔now that 既然of course 当然on (the, an) average 平均，按平均数计算on duty 值日，值班on foot 走路，步行on show 展出，在上演（放映）on time 准时on/over the radio 通过收音机once again 再一次once more 再一次once upon a time 从前，很久以前one after another 一个接一个open up 开启；开创; 开辟or else 否则，要不然ought to 应该out of breath 上气不接下气out of order 运转不正常，出毛病out of work 失业over and over again 反复，多次重复pass by 经过pay attention to 注意pay back 偿还（借款等）pay for 付款pay off 偿清(欠款等)persuade sb. to do 说服pick out 选出pick up 拾起，捡起, 接收；开车去接……point out 指出point to 指向prevent ... from 妨碍, 防止, 预防put away 储存put down 记下put off 推迟put on 穿，戴上，上演put on a performance 演出put on weight 发福，增加体重put out 扑灭，关熄put up 挂起，举起, 贴（广告等）put up with 忍受rather than 而不，非refer to 提到，涉及，有关regard... as 把……看作ring back 回电话ring off 挂断电话，停止讲话ring up 打电话给right away 立即，马上right now 立即，马上run away 逃跑, 失控run out of 用完save one's life 挽救某人生命scores of 许多，大量see...off 为某人送行sell out 卖完, 出卖send for 派人去叫（请）send out 发出，派遣send up 发出, 射出sentence...to death 判处死刑separate...from... 分开set down 放下set free 释放，解放set off 动身，起程；使爆发set out 出发; 开始set up建立，创立settle down 定居，平静下来show off 炫耀side by side 肩并肩，一起so as to 以便，为的是so far 到目前为止so far as （表示程度，范围）就……，尽……so long as 只要so...that 太……以至于……sooner or later 迟早，早晚speed up 加快速度spend...on 在……花钱stand for 代表，象征tick to 坚持stop doing sth. 停止做某事stop to do sth. 停下来做某事struggle against 同……作斗争such as 例如take away 拿走take it easy 别着急，别紧张take off 脱下，起飞take one's time 从容，慢慢行动take out 取出take place 发生take sb. in the arms 搂抱take the place of 取代，代替take up 占去，占据（时间、地位等）talk about 谈论，议论talk of 谈论，议论the day after tomorrow 后天the day before yesterday 前天the more...the more... 越……就越……the other day 前几天，某日think about 考虑（是否去做）think of 想起，考虑；认为，看法thousands of 成千上万，几千throw away 扔掉too...to 太……以至于不……try on 试穿，试试看try out 试验turn down 关小，调低turn off 关掉（水、电、电视、收音机等）turn on 打开（水、电视、收音机、灯、煤气等）turn over 翻动，犁翻（土地）turn up 到达，来到；开大（声音）up and down 上下，来回used to sth. 习惯于used to do sth. 过去常常wait for 等候，等待wake up 醒来work out 算出，解决worry about 担心，烦恼wrap up 包好, 伪装write down 写下，记下write to 写信给……上海市中考考纲词性转化表—able adj. enable v. —across prey. cross n./ v. —act v. active adj. activity n. actor n. actress n. —add v.addition n.—age n.aged adj.—alive adj.life n.live v.—alone adj./ adv.lonely adj.—amusement n.amusing adj.—angry adj.angrily adv.—appear v.disappear v.—attract v.attractive adj.—beautiful adj.beautifully adv. —bicycle / bike n. cycle v.—bright adj. brightly adv. —build v.building n. rebuild v.—busy adj. business n. businessman n. —care n. / v. careful adj. carefully adv. —change v. / n. changeable adj. exchange n. —chemical n. / adj. chemistry n.—choose v.choice n.—clear adj. / v. clearly adv. —cloud n.cloudy adj. —collect v. collection n. —complete adj. / v. completely adv. —day n.daily adj. / adv. / n. —danger n. dangerous adj. —die v.dead adj.death n. —decide v. decision n. —depend v. independent adj. —develop v. development n.—different adj. difference n.—difficult adj. difficulty n. —discuss v.discussion n.—doorindooroutdoor—down prep. / adv.downstairs adv.—drivedriver—easyeasily—educationeducational—electricelectricity—enjoyenjoyablejoy—enterentrance—especiallyspecial—exam=examinationexamine—excitedexciting—favour n.favourite adj. / n.—finalfinally—oneonce adv. conj. n.first adj. / adv. / n.—fly v. / n.flight—followfollowing adj.—fool n./ v.foolish adj.—foreign adj.foreigner n.—forgetforgetful—freefreedom—freezefreezingfrozen—friendfriendlyfriendship—frighten v.frightenedfrightening—fun n.funny—general adj.generation n.—gentlegentlemangently—goldgolden—grade n.graduate v./ n.—happyhappily—hard adv. / adj.hardworking adj.—healthhealthyunhealthy—heat n. / v.hot—heavyheavily—highheight—helphelpful—historyhistorical—home n. / adv.homeless—honesthonesty—illillness—importantimportance—possiblepossiblyimpossible —interest interested interesting —nation n. national adj. nationality n. international adj. —inventinvention inventor—inviteinvitation—kind n. / adj. kindness —know knowledge—lawlawyer—longlength—librarylibrarian—like prep. / v. likely adj. —locatelocation n. —loud adj.loudly adv.—love n. / v. lovely—luckluckyluckily—mainmainly —manage manager—may anx. v. maybe adv. —medical medicine —meetmeeting —memory memorize —mixmixture—naturenatural—near prep. / adj. / adv.nearby adj. / adv.nearly adv.—need aux. / v. / n.necessary—newnewsnewspaper—noisenoisy—officeofficerofficial—operateoperation—organizeorganization—own adj. / v.owner n.—paint v. / n.painting n.—passpassagepassengerpassport—per prep.percent n.—personpersonal—physicsphysical—pleasantpleasedpleasepleasure—pollutepollution—popularpopulation—post n. / v.postcardpostman—powerpowerful—produce v.product n.—public adj. / n.republic n.—quickquickly—quietquietly—rain n. / v.rainy—realrealize v.really—recentrecently—record n. / v.recorder—report n. / v.reporter—response n.responsible—retiredtired—robrobbery—sadsadly—safe adj. / n/safely adv.safety n.save v.—sale n.sell—saysaying—sciencescientist—second n. / adj. / adv.secondary adj.twice adv.—secretsecretary—seriousseriously—serveservice—slowslowly—snowsnowy—softsoftly—solvesolution—speakspeech—succeedsuccesssuccessful —suggestsuggestion—sunsunny—surprisesurprised—teachteacher—thank v. / n. thankful—truetruth—under adv. prep. underground adj. / n. —unit n.united adj. —usualunusualusually —up adv. prep.upstairs adv.—use v. / n.useful—variety n.various adj.—visit v. / n.visitor—waitwaiterwaitress—weigh v.weight—west n. / adj.western adj.—wide adj. / adv.widely adv.widen v.—windwindy—wise adj.wisdom n.—wonder v. / n.wonderful—woodwooden—workworker—wound n.wounded adj.—writewriter—artartist—child n.childhood n.—classclassmateclassroom—citycitizen—customcustomer—farmfarmer—firefiremanfirework—fishfisherman—headheadache—motormotorcycle—neighbourneighbourhood—sightsightseeing—throughthroughout—toothtoothache—top n. / adj.topic n.—tour n.- tourist 英语中考词性转化复习练习一、根据词义或写出相应的单词1穿过，横过(prep.) (v.)2年龄(n.) (a.)3生气的(a.) (ad.)4艺术(n.) 艺术家(n.)5自动的(a.) (ad.)6开始(v.) (n.)7建筑(v.) 建筑物(n.) 改建(v.)8小心，关心(v.&n.) 仔细的(a.) (ad.) （反义）粗心的(a.)9改变(v.&n.) 多变的(a.)10化学(n.) 化学的(a.) 化学药品(n.)11计算(v.) 计算器(n.)12发展(v.) (n.)13习惯(n.) 海关(n.) 顾客(n.)14死(v.) (a.) (n.)15（反义）生存(v.) 有生命的(a.) 活着的(a.) 生活(n.) 16不同的(a.) (n.)17讨论(v.) (n.)18电的(a.) (a.) (n.)19引擎(n.) 工程师(n.)20费用(n.) 昂贵的(a.)21进入(v.) (n.)22结冰(v.) 寒冷的(a.) 冻结的(a.)23使……害怕(v.) 感到害怕的(a.) 令人害怕的(a.)24绅士(n.) 温柔的(a.)25黄金(n.) 金色的(a.)26校长(n.) 女校长(n.)27热的(a.) 热量(n.) 取暖器(n.)28健康(n.) (a.) （反义）(a.)29高的(a.) 高度(n.)30诚实(n.) (a.) （反义）不诚实的(a.)31长_________(a.) 长度____________ (n.)32家(n.) 无家可归的(a.)33匆忙(n.& v.) 匆忙地(ad.)34不可能的(a.) （反义）可能的(a.) (ad.)35发明(v.) 发明家(n.) 发明物(n.)36邀请(v.) 邀请，请柬(n.)37友好的(a.) 好意(n.) 种类(n.)38响亮的(a.) (ad.)39管理(v.) (n.) 管理者(n.)40医学的(a.) 药(n.)41宽阔的(a.) 广泛地(ad.) 拓宽(v.)42全国的(a.) 国籍(n.)43需要(v&n.) 必需的(a.)44拥有，自己的(v.&a.) 物主(n.)45物理(n.) (a.)46污染(v.) (n.)47邮寄(v.) 邮资(n.) 邮递员_________(n.)48电源，力量(n.) 强有力的(a.)49教授(n.) 职业的(a.)50真正的(a.) (ad.)51背诵(v.) (n.)52跑，经营(v.) 跑步者(n.)53搭救(v.) 安全的(a.) 安全地(ad.) 安全地带(n.) （反义）危险的(a.) 危险(n.)54说(v.) 谚语(n.)55科学(n.) 科学家(n.)二、写出下列序数词one two three five ninetwelve twenty thirty-one ninety三、读出下列数字1/2 2/3 1/4 3/4 0.8545% on May 27th on 27th May6:154:307:469:10 a.m. 二十世纪九十年代四、国名人美国澳大利亚英国加拿大中国法国德国日本意大利俄国1.My uncle often reads China________ after dinner. ( day )2.This Chinese traditional medicine is a ________ of five different sorts. (mix)3.Who will pay the ________ for your trip to Japan? (expensive )4.September is the _________ month of year. (nine)5.It’s _______ to swim in the swimming pool than in the river. (save)6.She speaks English as _______ as her teacher. (fluent)7.He didn’t believe in Jack’s _________. (honest)8.Chaplin was one of the greatest ________ in the world. (act)9.The Suzhou River is seriously ______. (pollution)10.She’s thought of a ________ way of doing that than ever. (quickly)11.Science is _______ to make our country strong. (help)12.It’s a _____ season. How heavily it is raining. (rain)13.Flyer was the Wright brothers’ ________. (invent)14.Take some _____, and you will feel better soon. (medical)15.The more you smoke, the _____ you’ll be. (ill)16.We’ll study _____ next year. (chemical)17.We were surprised that he could ______work out the hard problem. (easy)18.Both his mother and sister work as ______. (wait)19.Alice’s father is a famous ________. (science)20.The ______ Lesson is the most difficult among all the texts. (forty)21.Mr White is still _______ though he’s nearly seventy. （act）22.The children are skating happily on the _____ river. (freeze)23.His grandma is ___ ___ person among those old ladies. (health)24.Today our life is full of _________. (happy)25.The little boy is listening to the radio _______. (attend)26.Do you use _______ for cooking? (electric)27.After five hours’ working, he ate up all the dishes ______. (hungry)28.The ______ will deliver the notice to you. (message)29.He made the ___ that we discuss about it. (suggest)30.If you want to be a ___ in your study, you must work harder. (succeed)31.Who can _____ this Maths problem? (solution)32.It gave him _______ to see such a fine day he said. (please)33.Seeing the stranger walking towards him, the _____ little child began to cry at once. (frighten)34.He was full of ___ when he saw his son at the bus station. (enjoy)35.She can ______ a lot of films stars, but forgets the name of her neighbour’s. (memory)36.You can have many ______ when you’re free, such as reading, dancing and drawing. (amuse)37.What did you think of the ___________ by Class One? (recite )38.They are fighting for their ___________. ( free )39.The headmaster was showing some ___________ around our school. ( Italy )40.Do you know the ___________ of the river? ( long )41.It is ___________ for you to deal with this problem right now. We had better discuss about it first. ( need )42.With the ________of our country, our life is getting better and better. ( develop )43.The old man was so weak that he walked with ___________. ( difficult )44.At the ___________ of July, we will have a reading contest. ( begin )45.I heard of his sudden __________. This made me very sad. ( dead )46.Mr. Brown made his son a nice __________ gun. ( wood )47.The police tried to find out the _________ of the car. ( own )48.The human body has a high degree of ___________. ( organize )49.Do you know the man in his ___________ uniform? ( office )50.The street has been widened, but it is much _________ than before. ( noise)51.This is a good __________ for a shop. ( locate )52.You’d better ask the ___________ for help if you are not able to get the information. (library)53.It is said that a woman __________seventy took part in the 800-m race. (age)54.I borrowed an ___________ magazine from the library. ( education )55.Please put the ___________ sentences into French. ( follow )56.My father used to be an ___________ engineer. ( electricity )57.Have the ___________ come back safely from the sea ? ( fish )58.They use a gas __________ to keep the room warm. ( hot )59.Would you like to tell me something about the culture of __________ countries? ( west )60.We should do more ___________ exercise so as to keep fit. ( physics )61.Who’s the grea test man _____________? ( live )62.There are many places of ___________ interest in our city. ( history )63.Be careful in your _____________. ( choose )64.When you put numbers together, you do __________. ( add )65.What’s your ___________ sport? (favor )66.The old temple should be ___________ at once. ( build )67.Please show me the __________ of the park. ( enter )68.It’s convenient to do shopping in our new ___________. (neighbor )69.Do you know the English __________ ‘Where t here is a will, there is a way. (say )70.The pretty girl with __________ hair is our English teacher. ( gold )第二章主谓一致【考点直击】1. 语法一致的原则2. 意义一致的原则3. 邻近一致的原则【名师点睛】谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致。
北师大版《英语书面表达讲座》学案+PPT下载
hours doing my homework
所以我有很少的时间去做课外活动。也没时间做我想
做的事。
Left, hardly
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（2）审文体：书面表达的体裁一般有三大类：记叙文、说明文和 应用文，具体形式有便条，日记，通知，书信，人物、事情、情 景故事的描写，看图说话，缩写，扩写，改写等。审题时要审清 文体，注意格式上的不同，避免出错。
（3）审人称：审查书面表达题干中隐含的读者对象和撰写人，即 搞清楚此篇文章是“由谁写给谁”的。写稿人是谁一般都已明确 指出，给出形式假设环境中的“某人”，如“假设你是李华”， 写作时即用第一人称“我”，即李华。而读者对象有时没有明示， 要考生自己去进行判断。
How to write a composition better?
北师大版《英语书面表达讲座》学案+ PPT下 载
书面表达 北师大版《英语书面表达讲座》学案+PPT下载就目前的情况，给自己初中最信任的王老师写一封求助信
1.对老师的问候 2.高中生活的基本情况
（4）审时态：根据情景判断短文需要的主体时态，即搞清楚要写 的是什么时候的事，过去的就用过去时。比如日记，是叙述过去 发生的事情，自然用过去时；通知多用将来时。
北师大版《英语书面表达讲座》学案+ PPT下 载
北师大版《英语书面表达讲座》学案+ PPT下 载
英语作文讲义
英语作文讲义的深度解析与学习策略In the realm of English language learning, the essay writing workbook serves as a critical guide, offering insights into the art of constructing coherent and persuasive arguments. This comprehensive tool not only equips students with the necessary vocabulary and grammar skills but also instructs them on the intricacies of essay writing, from conceptualization to final draft.**1. Understanding the Structure of an English Essay** The foundation of any essay lies in its structure. The workbook introduces students to the basic framework of an essay, comprising the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. The introduction sets the tone and provides a clear outline of the essay's main argument. The body paragraphs expand on this argument, offering evidence and examples to support the claims made. The conclusion ties everything together, leaving a lasting impression on the reader.**2. Mastering the Language of Essays**Essay writing demands a high level of proficiency in the English language. The workbook helps students honetheir language skills by providing exercises that focus on vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure. Through these exercises, students learn to express their ideas clearly and concisely, using appropriate vocabulary and grammatical constructions.**3. Developing Critical Thinking Skills**Beyond the linguistic aspect, essay writing also requires critical thinking skills. The workbook encourages students to analyze and evaluate different perspectives, allowing them to develop a nuanced understanding of complex topics. This process cultivates their ability to think critically and form well-reasoned arguments.**4. Practice Makes Perfect**The workbook provides ample opportunities for students to practice their essay writing skills. It includes a variety of prompts and topics, designed to challenge students and push them out of their comfort zones. Through regular practice, students can refine their writing styleand technique, gradually improving their essay writing abilities.**5. Integrating Feedback**Feedback is crucial in the essay writing process. The workbook encourages students to seek feedback from peersand teachers, allowing them to identify areas for improvement. This feedback loop helps students refine their essays and develop a more nuanced understanding of their strengths and weaknesses.In conclusion, the essay writing workbook serves as a comprehensive guide for students aiming to master the artof essay writing. By focusing on structure, language,critical thinking, practice, and feedback, this tool helps students develop well-rounded essay writing skills thatwill benefit them in their academic and professional careers.**英语作文讲义的深度解析与学习策略**在英语学习的领域中，英语作文讲义作为一个重要的指导工具，为我们提供了构建连贯且有说服力的论点的深刻见解。
Unit5课时4Writing(学生版)九年级英语全一册讲义(人教版)
Unit 5 What are the shirts made of目标导航What are some special things that your town/city is famous for? These can be food,artwork or Writingany other products.Write a paragraph about the product.知识精讲知识点01 思路点拨本单元以“中国制造的东西”为话题，围绕某种产品的材质、产地、用途及特殊性等信息而展开。
与之相关的话题作文通常会涉及民间艺术以及文化传承。
介绍特色产品。
本话题适合记叙说明两种题材相结合。
写作此类话题作文时，时态主要为一般现在时和一般过去时，行文中注意准确捕捉写作的“精髓”，表达被描述的事物时，有可能要用到被动语态结构，写作时要立足事实，表达真情实感。
“总分总法”写产品介绍类的作文1.总起点明产品的名称；2.详细地描写产品的特征样式、质量、性能；3.总结评价。
体裁：说明文时态：介绍产品用一般现在时人称：第三人称。
知识点02 必背单词组和句型词组：chopstick, fork, blouse, gloves, glass, cotton, steel,handbag, material;produce,process,product,local,heat,be made of, by hand, tun into,cover. . .with,everyday,lively, be known for, soft, strong,interesting,smooth, real,small,cute, useful,helpful句型：1. My town/city/country is famous for. . .2. . . .is being more and more popular.3. It's more convenient for. . .4. . . .is made of/from/by/in. . .5. . . .is/are known for. . .6. . . .is/are used for. . .7. . . .is/are special because. .8. China is famous for…9. It’s great that China is so good at...·10. …wish that in the future·will …11. These usually try to show....12. They are seen as symbols of ...·知识点03 话题假如你叫李华，来自山东省潍坊市。
Unit7课时4Writing(教师版)九年级英语全一册讲义(人教版)
Unit 7 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes目标导航Write a diary entry explaining which rule you do not agree with at home and how you think the Writingrule should be changed.知识精讲知识点01 思路点拨本单元以“规则”为话题，结合此话题就学校和家庭的各种规章制度进行了论述。
在本单元话题作文的命题过程中，命题人通常会让你就学校或家庭的某些规章制度谈一谈自己的看法。
写作时多用第一人称，时态主要用一般现在时，表达观点时要有理有据，不能偏激。
“三步法”写谈论规则、闸述观点类的作文。
1．确定主题：引出要谈论的话题；2．谈论规则：具体哪方面的规则；3．阐述观点：赞成或者不赞成。
体裁：应用文(日记)；日记的主体部分为议论文时态：一般现在时人称：以第一人称为主知识点02 必背单词组和句型谈论规则、阐述观点类作文常用句型：1.Are you allowed to make your own decisions at home？你可以在家里做自己的决定吗2. Teenagers often think they should be allowed to practice their hobbies as much as they want.青少年常常认为应该允许他们尽可能多地练习自己的爱好。
3. I think I should be allowed to decide for my self.我认为应该允许我自己做决定。
4. He needs to spend more time on his homework because it is difficult to bee a professional sports star. 他需要花更多的时间做作业，因为要成为职业体育明星很难。
中学英语说课稿模板.doc
新课呈现分两部分：①利用课件，出示一个学生熟悉的人物LiuTao,他也来参加coseplay.点击他身上的衣服，询问学生并引出a pairofshorts.操练chant:shorts,shorts,apairofshorts,apairofshortsformyfriend.同法操练其余的三个：ascarf,asweater,ajacket.通过师生、生生之间的大量语言交流，鼓励学生大胆开口，勇敢表达，逐渐让学生体会到学习英语的快乐②创设校园coseplay的情境，教师扮演一位评委，引出句型Look atxxx.She’sfunny.Lookathergloves.They’resobig.等等。
师生练说此类句型。
然后通过采访，引出句子Whose …isit?It’sxxx’s.Whose…arethey?They’rexxx’s.师生围绕coseplay,操练Whose…isit?It’sxxx’s.Whose…arethey?They’rexxx’s.这两个句型，并且区分be动词单复数的使用。
苏霍姆林斯基说过：没有也不可能有抽象的学生。
因此，我们要鼓励孩子们大胆地用英语表达，让他们知道”English,Ican”.巩固操练分五部分：①说一说，利用教学卡片，在黑板上制作衣物小转盘，操练单词等。
②玩一玩，鲁迅说过：”游戏是儿童的天使。
”本节课我设计”我猜，我猜，我猜猜”的游戏来操练句型Whose…isit/arethey?It’sxx’s,Ithink./Theyarexxx’s,Ithink.③听一听，听课文录音，完成填空：Whose____arethey?They’remy________.Whose_____isit?It’s_____.让学生带着问题去听，养成良好的倾听习惯。
④读一读，我们都知道，磁带是最好的老师，让学生跟着磁带朗读课文，正确的语音语调的形成是学生学习英语的基础，因此教师要有意识地培养学生的模仿能力。
中考英语书面表达讲义设计.doc
英语书面表达之基础知识一、十大词性1.名词（n）o表示人或事物名称的词。
名词分为普通名词和专有名词。
Apple book desk bannan2.代词（pron） o代替名词的词。
His this both3.形容词（adj） o修饰名词，说明人或事物性质、特征的词。
4.副词（adv）。
修饰动词、形容词、副词，用来说明时间、地点、方式、程度等。
5.动词（v） o表示动作或状态的词。
动词分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词、助动词6.数词（num）。
表示数量或顺序的词。
分为基数词和序数词。
7.介词（prep）。
表示名词、代词等与句中其他词的之间关系的词。
In before after with by介词不能单独使用，后面跟名词、代词或动名词做宾语。
8.连词（conj）。
用来连接词与词，短语与短语以及句子与句子的词。
并列连词and but or so both・・・and. . . either…or•…not onlalso…as wel 1 wel 1 …从属连词 because though if unless that when after before9.冠词（art）。
放在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物。
不定冠词a/an表示泛指。
定冠词 the表示特制。
10.感叹词。
二、句子成分组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。
句子成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等。
主语：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，一般放于句首。
主语主要由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词充当。
The old man is very friendly.They love learning Chinese.Talking loudly in public is not polite.形式主语 It' s very necessary for us to learn English well.谓语是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。
英语书面表达讲义
英语书面表达一．充分准备，打好基础。
为了提高书面表达水平，平时应加强阅读，应背诵一些句型、段落、甚至短文。
只要读得多，背得多，就能出口成章，下笔成文。
此外，还要了解英文写作方面的基础知识，掌握常用文体的写作方法。
其实，用英文写信，记日记等都是学生力所能及且行之有效的练习写作的好方法。
二．仔细审题，明确要求。
对题目所提供的信息要认真分析，明确要求，做到心中有数。
要对所提供的信息加以分析、整理，使之更加具体化、条理化，为开始动笔做好准备工作，还要搞清题目的要求，以便根据不同的题材、体裁，写出不同格式，风格各异的文章，此外，还要注意人称、时态、地点等信息，避免出错。
三．抓住重点，寻求思路。
根据题目所提供的信息，草拟提纲，寻求逻辑次序，确定如何下手，否则，语无伦次的文章将不会被人接受，也不可能得到高分。
四．遣词造句，表达规范。
用词要适当，不可逐句把提示汉译英，亦不可生拼硬凑，不要硬拿英语单词到中文句子里去对号，否则写出中文式英语，闹出笑话。
一般来讲，写作时，应尽量选出你有把握的词，尽量使用短句（简单句）。
如果有的单词不会写，有的思想不会用英语表达，你可以设法绕开，最好找一个同义词、同义句，或近义词、词组短语来代替。
要正确使用关联词，如and，or，but，so，because，since 等，以便行文自然流畅。
除此之外，写作时还要注意时态、语态的各种句式的交替作用，使文章显得得体，表达流畅。
五．修改润色，锦上添花。
作文写完之后，应注意检查修改，修改时先从全局修改。
首先要检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当，接下来检查所写内容是否切题，该交待的内容是否交待了，最后检查所用时态、人称是否符合要求，最后是否一致。
局部修改，也就是段落、句子水平上的修改。
作局部修改时，要检查段落是否完整，句子表达是否准确，语法、拼写、标点、移行、大小写等方面是否有误。
另外，值得一提的是，考生修改时，一定要注意文章长短（词数）是否达到了要求。
人教版九年级英语U2讲义
U 2 I used to be afraid of dark.一、单元语法要点：used to b e∕do sth. 的用法1）used to b e + adj.：“过去总是（怎样的）”e.g. She used to be shy. 她过去是害羞的。
used to do sth.“过去常常做某事”，强调过去习惯性的行为或动作（但是现在没有这种行为或动作了）。
e.g. My uncleused to walk alongthe river.我叔叔过去总是沿着河岸散步。
★考点1：用did变否定句和问句①否定句式：主语+ did not use to do (美式常用)e.g. Y ou didn’t use to drink.②一般疑问句式：Did +主语+ use to do…?e.g. Did you use to go swimmi ng in the river?③反义疑问句：e.g. He used to like tigers, d idn’t he?(前肯后否)e.g. He didn’t use to like tigers, did he? (前否后肯)★考点2：用法辨析（单选常考考点）①be used to do(某物)被用来做某事→被动语态e.g. Comput ers are used to do all kindsof things.Wood is used to make desks.②be used to sth. / doingsth.习惯某事/做某事e.g. I am used to the life in China.Johnso n is used to gettin g up early.二、考点词汇★动词1). chat v. (chats- chatte d- chatti ng) 闲谈；聊天chat with sb. 与……聊天e.g. I often chat with my grandm other.2). causev. (causes- caused- causin g) 使产生；引起e.g. He caused so much troubl e.3). afford v. 买得起(常和can, could, be able to连用)e.g. Can you afford a new comput er this month?afford to do sth. 负担得起（做某事）e.g. The family can’t afford to buy a new car.★形容词与名词4) on adj. 开着的；工作着的e.g. The lighti s still on.I went to work with my door on yesterday.5) dailyadj. 日常的；每天的= everyd aye.g. Now let’s talk about our dailyli fe.6). patien t①adj. 耐心的e.g. Y ou should be patien t.②n. 病人e.g. The patien t is not patien t.7) deathn. 死亡；死→e.g. His deathmakesus sad.要点辨析：die v. 死（短暂动词，不能与for + 时间连用）e.g. He died two yearsago.dead adj. 死了的；死去的e.g. He has been dead for two years.dyingadj. 将死的；濒临死亡的e.g. The man is dying.8) aloneadj./adv. 单独；独自(强调是一个人而不是多个) lonely adj. 孤独的；寂寞的(强调心理感觉)e.g. I live aloneand I feel lonely三、考点短语1）go/get to sleep：入睡= fall asleepgo to bed: 去睡觉，着重强调上床准备睡觉的动作。