历托福阅读词汇真题【题】(word)
历年托福考试阅读真题含答案
0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 )generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembledthe reproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated thatthese bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneousgeneration. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask didnot putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.nst the theory of spontaneous generation .(d)Pasteur’s argument agai2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to(a)trap particles for analysis(b)slow the process of putrefaction(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether6,The author mention “1.0mm”in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected7.The word “postulated”in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experimentwere remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefying materials(c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9.The word “it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(d)The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments(b)prevent heat from building up in a solution(c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of airQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmerhero. In the minds of agrarian thinkers and as society’swriters ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10)all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15) launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agriculturalFor their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20)more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded(25)less to the expectations of agrarians and governmentinducements than to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer13.The word “depended” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as anexample of(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creationof a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasison economic developmentclosest in meaning to15.The phrase “subscribed to” in line 8 is(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded on16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?views of (a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’s agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’s economy.17.According to the passage , the national and state governments didall of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT(a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientific19.The word “stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradual20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph4?(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in otherparts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality thanthose produced in the United States.(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease inagricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than bymarket opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helpedspawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioningand “arid A merica.” Where annual into “humid America” precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic inchemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) noralkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary toachieve the desired level of neutrality between thetwo. Arid America’s soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10)water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970’s, certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater(15)and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but theenormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20)the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the(25)border into the Northeast United States. As one proceedstoward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant.Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The wide variety of climates(B) Soil types and vegetation patterns(C) Improved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D) The change in precipitation patterns22 The word “spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) distinguish(B) eliminate(C) protect(D) create23 The word “partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) division(B) modification(C) opening(D) circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B) an increase in farming(C) large amounts of rain(D) glacial meltwater25 The word “enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) implied(B) increased(C) indicated(D) informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A) It redistributed the soil types(B) It added salt to the soil(C) It made the soil more neutral in content(D) It added minerals to the soilregionalization scheme” in line 19 refers to the27 The phrase “this(A) movements of glacial deposits(B) patterns of natural vegetation(C) human modification of the North American environment(D) distinction between humid America and arid America28 The word “transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) elevation(B) change(C) advantage(D) condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements?(A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presenceof deserts(B) M ost of Canada and the northeastern United States consists ofshort-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C) The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of theMississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, alight-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting.Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form,first used in 1864, was a paper bag containingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported(10) that “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd pose s.”The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, werearliest type, the metal introduced only in the 1920’s. In the e(15) was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The flash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to(20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emissionof visible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, they contribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger formof the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The history of the photoflash(B) Theories about how the eye reacts to light(C) The technology of modern photography(D) The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A) recording of an image on film(B) generation of artificial light(C) creation of a photographic emulsion(D) human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it(A) can produce repeated bursts of light(B) intensities colors in photographs(C) is short enough not to bother human eyes(D) supplements existing lighting33 The word “ignited” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) set on fire(B) cut into(C) opened(D) shaken34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?(A)”appreciable period”(line 1)(B)”photographic emulsion”(line 3)(C)”high-speed movement”(line 5)(D)”odd poses”(line 11)35 The word “evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) publicity(B) adoption(C) development(D) manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A) produce the spark that initiated the flash(B) magnify the light produced by the flash(C) protect the photographer from the heat of the flash(D) keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash37 The word “it” in line 18 refers to(A) oxygen(B) battery(C) wire(D) currenting to38 The word “momentarily” in line 20 is closest in mean(A) effortlessly(B) briefly(C) electronically(D) gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A) rapid cooling(B) bright illumination(C) electrical conductivity(D) intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A) thicker wire(B) more oxygen(C) thinner glass(D) continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’s. The Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. They concentrated onthe play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected lightin all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoorsto complete the work form memory.painting methods were (10) Some of the Impressionists’ affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to thecountryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemicaldyes and oils that ledto collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finish their paintings on the spot.(15)Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters butfrom angry art lovers whofelt threatened by the new painting. The term “Impressionism” was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working together organized an exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintingsexhibited was one called(20)Impression: Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewedthrough hostile eyes,Monet’s painting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,s title, art critics and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet’to the entire exhibit. In extended the term “Impressionism” response, Monet and his 29 fellow artists inthe exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25)From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a “church”, as the painter Renoirput it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of theothers moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life(B) The differences between two major styles of art(C) A technological advance in the materials used by artists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art42 The word “depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) reorganize(B) deform(C) represent(D) justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?(A) The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B) The way the subjects were presented from multiple angles(C) The focus on small solid objects(D) The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?(A) They began by making sketches of their subjects(B) They painted their subjects out-of-doors(C) They preferred to paint from memory(D) They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word “advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) achievement(B) acceptance(C) arrival(D) advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in all ofthe following EXCEPT(A) attracting attention from the public(B) a negative reaction from the press(C) an immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D) creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word “affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) insult(B) encouragement(C) return(D) credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?(A) The small number of paintings on display(B) L ack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C) The similarity between all the paintings exhibited(D) Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example of an artist who(A) became as famous as Monet(B) was consistently praised by art critics(C) described the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work(D) was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word “others” in line 27 refers to(A) art critics(B) fellow artists(C) individual differences(D) new styles0308答案ABADB CCCBA BDDCC DCDBA DACCB DBCAC DACBA BABDC BCAAD CDABACACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBDAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB。
托福TPO1-34阅读词汇题完整汇总(电子版)
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福TPO1-34阅读词汇题完整汇总(电子版)摘要：托福TPO1-34阅读词汇题完整汇总(电子版)!新托福TPO阅读中，TPO阅读词汇题是重要托福阅读题型。
托福阅读词汇题做题需要考生掌握一定的词汇量和做题技巧，这样也可以帮助同学检验托福词汇的背诵效果，同学们快来巩固一下吧!托福 TPO1-34阅读词汇题完整汇总(电子版)! 新托福 TPO阅读中，TPO阅读词汇题是重要托福阅读题型。
托福阅读词汇题做题需要考生掌握一定的词汇量和做题技巧，这样也可以帮助同学检验托福词汇的背诵效果，同学们快来巩固一下吧!Paragraph 1: In the fourteenth century, a number of political developments cut Europe's overland trade routes to southern and eastern Asia, with which Europe had had important and highly profitable commercial ties since thetwelfth century. This development, coming as it did when the bottom had fallen out of the European economy, provided an impetus to a long-held desire to secure direct relations with the East by establishing a sea trade. Widely reported, if somewhat distrusted, accounts by figures like the famous traveler from Venice, Marco Polo, of the willingness of people in China to trade with Europeans and of the immensity of the wealth to be gained by such contact made the idea irresistible. Possibilities for trade seemed promising, but no hope existed for maintaining the traditional routes over land A new way had to be found. 【TPO17- Europe's Early Sea Trade with Asia】1. The word impetus in the passage is closest in meaning to○Return○Opportunity○Stimulus○ObstacleParagraph 3: At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships.For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism)in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship. 【TPO17- Symbiotic Relationships】4. The word devastated in the passage is closest in meaning to○ Influenced○ Infected○ strengthened○ destroyedParagraph 4: In contrast to parasitism, in commensalism, one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other. Few cases of absolute commensalism probably exist, because it is unlikely that one of the partners will be completely unaffected. Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle. It is difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle, but the relationship may help or hinder them in some way not yet recognized. 【TPO17- Symbiotic Relationships】7. The word inadvertently in the passage is closest in meaning to○Indefensibly○Substan tially○Unintentionally○Partially相关推荐:北美大学校园生活及学习常用词汇短语归纳托福写作常用短语WORD版汇总托福词汇常考词根大收录相关字搜索：托福TPO1-34阅读词汇题汇总。
2023年最全托福阅读真题词汇
quick and active
a.靈活旳;敏捷旳
agile
move and act quickly
a.靈活旳;敏捷旳
air
feeling
n.氣氛
alarm
warning
n.警告
alarm
sound
v.警報
albeit
even though
conj.儘管；雖然
albeit
although
conj.儘管；雖然
cooperate
v.合作
collaboration
joint effect
n.合作成果
collect
gather
v.搜集
collide with
run into
v.碰撞
collide
hit each other
v.碰撞
commemorate
celebrate
v.慶祝;紀念
compact
compressed (結實旳)
complaint
protest
v.抗議
complement
supplement
n.補充物
complement
add to
phr.視覺阻礙
battle
struggle
n.搏鬥;奮鬥
beckon
invite
v.招喚;引誘
be beforehand
foreordain
v.預先
being
creature
n.生命
beneficial
advantageous
a.有益旳
blossom
flourish
v.興旺
历年托福考试阅读真题汇总包括答案.docx
0308 托福试题阅读（ 55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, itputrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming withbacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10)this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether,the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined ona microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solidstructures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembledthe reproductive(15)s tructures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated thatthese bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flaskwas affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneousgeneration. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck preventedmicroorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized insuch a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’ s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’ s argumentnstagaithe theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “ teeming with ” in line 2 is closest in meaning to (a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word“ resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the“ guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to (a)trap particles for analysis (b)slow theprocess of putrefaction (c)increase the airflowto the microscopic slide (d)aid the mixing ofalcohol and ether6,The author mention “ 1.0mm” in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collected7.The word “ postulated ” in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggested8.The objects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experimentwere remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefyingmaterials (c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether9.The word“ it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generation10.According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important forthe process to succeed ?(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(d)The presence of nutrients11.It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in futureexperiments (b)prevent heat from building up in asolution (c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of airQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society ’heros. In the minds of agrarian thinkers andwriters ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,whichended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarianphilosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .Andvirtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10)all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15)launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agriculturalFor their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20)more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunningrapidity .But farmers responded(25)less to the expectations of agrarians and governmentinducements than to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directlyrelated to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .12.What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmer13.The word “ depended ” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explained14.The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to thecreation of a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasison economic development15.The phrase“ subscribed to” incloslinest8 inis meaning to(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded on16.Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’views of agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’ s economy.17.According to the passage , the national and state governmentsdid all of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their products18.All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers ’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT (a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientific19.The word“ stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive```(c)famous(d)gradual20.Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm ’ s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioninginto “ humid America ”and “ arid America. ”Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) noralkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between the```two. Arid America ’soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10)water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970’ s,certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater(15)and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but theenormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20)the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the(25)border into the Northeast United States. As one proceedstoward the Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant.Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.```21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The wide variety of climates(B)Soil types and vegetation patterns(C)Improved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D)The change in precipitation patterns22 The word“ spawn” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A)distinguish(B)eliminate(C)protect(D)create23 The word“ partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A)division(B)modification(C)opening(D)circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B)an increase in farming(C)large amounts of rain(D)glacial meltwater25 The word“ enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A)implied(B)increased(C)indicated(D)informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?(A)It redistributed the soil types(B)It added salt to the soil(C)It made the soil more neutral in content(D)It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase“regionalizationthis scheme” in line 19 refers to the(A)movements of glacial deposits```(B)patterns of natural vegetation(C)human modification of the North American environment(D)distinction between humid America and arid America28 The word“ transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A)elevation(B)change(C)advantage(D)condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements?(A)Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presenceof deserts(B)Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists ofshort-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C)The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D)Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of theMississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second),the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, alight-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass--- will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 ) photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting.Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported(10)that “ this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd poses. ”The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of beingignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’arliest.Inthetype, the metal (15)was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. Theflash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to(20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emissionof visible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, theycontribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger form of the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The history of the photoflash(B)Theories about how the eye reacts to light(C)The technology of modern photography(D)The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A)recording of an image on film(B)generation of artificial light(C)creation of a photographic emulsion(D)human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it(A)can produce repeated bursts of light(B)intensities colors in photographs(C)is short enough not to bother human eyes(D)supplements existing lighting33 The word“ ignited” in line 9 is closestniingmeato(A)set on fire(B)cut into(C)opened(D)shaken34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?(A) ” appreciable period” (line 1)(B) ” photographic emulsion” (line 3)(C)” high-speed movement” (line 5)(D)” odd poses” (line 11)35 The word“ evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A)publicity(B)adoption(C)development(D)manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A)produce the spark that initiated the flash(B)magnify the light produced by the flash(C)protect the photographer from the heat of the flash(D)keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash37 The word“ it” in line 18 refers to(A)oxygen(B)battery(C)wire(D)current38 The word“ momentarily” in line 20 is closest iningmeanto(A)effortlessly(B)briefly(C)electronically(D)gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smokeparticles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A)rapid cooling(B)bright illumination(C)electrical conductivity(D)intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A)thicker wire(B)more oxygen(C)thinner glass(D)continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’ sThe. Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. Theyconcentrated onthe play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected lightin all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and thenmoving indoorsto complete the work form memory.(10) Some of the Impressionists painting’ methods were affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the openair was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to thecountryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that ledto collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finishtheir paintings on the spot.(15)Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers whofelt threatened by the new painting. The term “ Impressionism ” was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working together organizedan exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintingsexhibited was one called(20)Impression:Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewedthrough hostile eyes,Monet ’ spainting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet s title, art critics’extended the term “ Impressionism to”the entire exhibit. Inresponse, Monet and his 29 fellow artists inthe exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25)From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a“ church” , as the painter Renoirput it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of theothers moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life(B)The differences between two major styles of art(C)A technological advance in the materials used by artists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art42 The word“ depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A)reorganize(B)deform(C)represent(D)justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one ofthe distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting?(A)The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B)The way the subjects were presented from multiple angles(C)The focus on small solid objects(D)The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them?(A)They began by making sketches of their subjects(B)They painted their subjects out-of-doors(C)They preferred to paint from memory(D)They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word“ advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A)achievement(B)acceptance(C)arrival(D)advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in allof the following EXCEPT(A)attracting attention from the public(B)a negative reaction from the press(C)an immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D)creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word“ affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A)insult(B)encouragement(C)return(D)credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?(A)The small number of paintings on display(B)Lack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C)The similarity between all the paintings exhibited(D)Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example ofan artist who(A)became as famous as Monet(B)was consistently praised by art critics(C)described the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work(D)was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word“ others” in line 27 refers to(A)art critics(B)fellow artists(C)individual differences(D)new styles0308 答案ABADB CCCBA BDDCC DCDBA DACCB DBCAC DACBA BABDC BCAAD CDABACACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBDAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB。
托福(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析)
托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionSections Three：Reading ComprehensionEarly Theories of Continental DriftP1: The idea that the geography of Earth was different in the past than it is today is not new. As far back as 1620, Francis Bacon spotted that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America looked as if they would fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Between then and 1912, other people identified further similarities between other continental coastlines. But because much of the early support for mobilism was based on far-flung intercontinental similarities, geologists tended to be skeptical of the fieldwork of others.P2: During the late nineteenth century, Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed the name “Gondwanaland”in his book The Face of the Earth (1885) and gave far greater emphasis to the evolutionary nature of the earth and he noted the similarities among the Late Paleozoic plant fossils of India, Australia, South Africa, and South America. Based upon glossopteris fern fossils in such regions, he explained that the three land masses were once connected in a supercontinent which he names Gondwanaland, and that the ocean flooded the spaces currently between those lands. Thus, in his view, the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by postulating the concept of a land bridge that existed once but subsided later.P3: Later, a number of refinements to Suess’s theory were made. The American geologist Frank Taylor published a pamphlet in 1910 presenting his concept of “horizontal displacement”. He explained the formation of mountain ranges as a result of the lateral movements of continents. With the earth’s capture of the moon, the gravitational forces between them generated a pull towards lower latitudes where they thickened and formed folded mountain belts especially in middle latitudes. Although we now know that Taylor’s explanation of continental drift is erroneous, one of his most significant contributions was his suggestion that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge—an underwater mountain range discovered by the 1872-1876 British HMS Challenger expeditions—might mark the site at which an ancient continent broke apart, forming the present-day Atlantic Ocean.P4: However, it is Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, who is generally credited with developing the hypothesis of continental drift. In his monumental book, The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1915), Wegener theorized that a single supercontinent he called “Pangaea”existed sometime between 350 million to 225 million years ago. Wegner portrayed his grand concept of continental movement in a series of maps showing the breakup of Pangaea and the movement of various continents to their present-day locations. What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis of continental drift? First, Wegener noted that there is geographical similarity along both the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The opposing coasts of the Atlantic can be fitted together in the same way as two cut off pieces of wood can be refitted. Furthermore, mountain ranges and glacial deposits seem tomatch up in such a way that suggests continents could have once been a single landmass. Finally, many of the same fossils and vegetative remains are found today on widely separated continents, indicating that the continents must have been in proximity at one time. During his days, Wegener was regarded as an advocate rather than as an impartial scientific observer, appearing to ignore vast evidence unfavorable to his ideas and distort other evidence to bring it into harmony with the theory.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea. He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus”occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa. Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.P6 :The debate over continental drift has the same role and stature in the history of the earth sciences as the debate over Darwinian evolution in the history of life sciences and the debates over relativity and quantum theory in the history of physics. In the largest sense, the history of earth science, the history of biology, and the history of physics in the 20th century are all histories of the consolidation of opinion and the formation of broad consensus—that these theories were the best way to organize and advance these sciences.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea.■He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus” occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa.■Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. ■Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. ■Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.1．According to paragraph 2, Eduard Suess believed that similarities of plant and animal fossils on the southern continents were due toA．living in the southern climateB．crossing the land bridgesC．fossilization in the coal layersD．movements of the supercontinent正确答案：B解析：【事实信息题】题目问动植物化石的相似性是因为什么，文中提到“the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by”所以原因是之前有陆桥后来消失了，答案是B。
(word完整版)历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案
0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 ) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did (10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety ofsolid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of thesebodies resembled the reproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer supportspontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask..Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss?(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument agai nst the theory of spontaneous generation .2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food?(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies?4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to。
历托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案
历托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案High quality manuscripts are welcome to download0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 )generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10)this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembled thereproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly(20)being deposited on all objects.Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated toboiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary forspontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way(25)by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneousgeneration. Pasteur constructed a swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but aircould reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.. Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.1,What does the passage mainly discuss(a)Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.(b)The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .(c)The effects of pasteurization on food.(d)Pasteur’s argument against the theory of spontaneous generation . 2,The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to(a)full of(b)developing into(c)resistant to(d)hurt by3,Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer(a)What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food(b)How many types of organisms can be found on food(c)What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination(d)How long can food stand before it putrefies4,The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(a)benefit from(b)appear similar to(c)join together with(d)grow from5,The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to(a)trap particles for analysis(b)slow the process of putrefaction(c)increase the airflow to the microscopic slide(d)aid the mixing of alcohol and ether6,The author mention “1.0mm”in line 14 in describing the(a)thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object(b)diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters(c)thickness of the microscope slides that were used(d)size of the particles that that were collectedword “postulated”in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a)analyzed(b)doubted(c)persuaded(d)suggestedobjects that Pasteut removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were(a)primarily single-celled organisms(b)no different from objects found in putrefying materials(c)fairly rare(d)able to live in a mixture of alcohol and etherword “it” in line 22 refers to(a)a nutrient solution(b)a glass flask(c)boiling(d)spontaneous generationto paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was important for the process to succeed(a)A sealed container(b)Fresh air(c)Heat(d)The presence of nutrientscan be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to(a)store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments(b)prevent heat from building up in a solution(c)disprove a criticism of his conclusions(d)estimate the number of organisms in a liter of airQuestions 12-20In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmeras society’s hero. In the minds of agrarian thinkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between theRevolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of(5 )the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,represented most eloquently byThomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a goodsociety, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at(10)all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economicenterprise.Both the national and state governments developed transportation infrastructure,building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal varieties and(15) launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition ,government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agricultural products.For their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophershad for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become(20)more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprangup throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops andpure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmersstreamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded(25) less to the expectations of agrarians and government inducementsthan to growing market opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War, industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States citiesand industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived becauseof the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided .does the passage mainly discuss(a)The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson(b)The role of the national government in the development of agriculture(c)Improvements in farming techniques(d)The impact of the increased importance of the farmerword “depended” in line 3 is closest in meaning to(a)improved(b)relied(c)demanded(d)explainedauthor mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an example of(a)a leader during the Revolution(b)an inventor of new farming techniques(c)a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creation of a good society(d)a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic developmentphrase “subscribed to” in line 8 is closest in meaning to(a)contributed to(b)agreed with(c)thought about(d)expanded onof the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1(a)All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’s views of agriculture and farmers.(b)Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.(c)The majority of farmers worked for the government.(d)Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’s economy.to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT(a)build roads(b)import new plant varieties(c)give farmers money for their crops(d)develop policies that helped farmers export their productsof the following are mentioned as examples of farmers’ meeting the expectations of agrarian philosophers EXCEPT(a)obtaining information from farm newspapers(b)accumulating personal wealth(c)planting new crops(d)becoming more scientificword “stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a)predictable(b)impressive(c)famous(d)gradualof the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4(a)Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.(b)European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.(c)The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.(d)Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.Question 21-29The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern ofsoil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioningint o “humid America” and “arid America.” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches(50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops(5 ) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content)nor alkaline(higher in salt content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between thetwo. Arid America’s soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back towardneutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularlyin the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that(10)water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the1970’s, certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunityto expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portionsof the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the centralUnited States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater(15) and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around themiddle Mississippi Valley.Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but theenormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times hasall but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,(20)the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the naturalvegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas thedrier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to makea broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, butthese coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the(25)border into the Northeast United States. As one proceeds towardthe Southeast, broadleaf vegetation becomes dominant. Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies orstepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.21 What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss(A) The wide variety of climates(B) Soil types and vegetation patterns(C) Improved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture(D) The change in precipitation patterns22 The word “spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) distinguish(B) eliminate(C) protect(D) create23 The word “partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) division(B) modification(C) opening(D) circulating24 According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with(A) a high salt content(B) an increase in farming(C) large amounts of rain(D) glacial meltwater25 The word “enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) implied(B) increased(C) indicated(D) informed26 How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America(A) It redistributed the soil types(B) It added salt to the soil(C) It made the soil more neutral in content(D) It added minerals to the soil27 The phrase “this regionalization scheme” in line 19 refers to the(A) movements of glacial deposits(B) patterns of natural vegetation(C) human modification of the North American environment(D) distinction between humid America and arid America28 The word “transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) elevation(B) change(C) advantage(D) condition29 The passage supports which of the following statements(A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presence ofdeserts(B) Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists ofshort-grass prairies wherever natural vegetation has not been modified by humans(C) The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation(D) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of theMississippi ValleyQuestions 30-40Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed ifan object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human eye will not reactin time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, a light-sensitive coating on photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A(5 )photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as wellas to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting.Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containingmagnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When thebag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported(10) th at “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room indense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd poses.”The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of ametal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’s. In the earliest type, the metal(15) was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The flash was fired by piercing thebulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignitedspontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire bypassing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygendifluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to(20) heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emission ofvisible light. The smoke particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, they contribute to the brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger formof the metal will burn for a longer time.30 What does the passage mainly discuss(A) The history of the photoflash(B) Theories about how the eye reacts to light(C) The technology of modern photography(D) The dangers of using the early photoflash31 According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the(A) recording of an image on film(B) generation of artificial light(C) creation of a photographic emulsion(D) human eye to react to light32 According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it(A) can produce repeated bursts of light(B) intensities colors in photographs(C) is short enough not to bother human eyes(D) supplements existing lighting33 The wor d “ignited” in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) set on fire(B) cut into(C) opened(D) shaken34 Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1(A)”appreciable period”(line 1)(B)”photographic emulsion”(line 3)(C)”high-speed movement”(line 5)(D)”odd poses”(line 11)35 The word “evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) publicity(B) adoption(C) development(D) manufacture36 The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to(A) produce the spark that initiated the flash(B) magnify the light produced by the flash(C) protect the photographer from the heat of the flash(D) keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash37 The word “it” in line 18 refers to(A) oxygen(B) battery(C) wire(D) current38 The word “momentarily” in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) effortlessly(B) briefly(C) electronically(D) gradually39 According to the passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to(A) rapid cooling(B) bright illumination(C) electrical conductivity(D) intense heat40 According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using(A) thicker wire(B) more oxygen(C) thinner glass(D) continuous electricityQuestions 41-50The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’s. The Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. They concentrated on the play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,(5 ) stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected lightin all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoorsto complete the work form memory.(10) Some of the Impressionists’ painting methods were affected by technologicaladvances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible inpart by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to thecountryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that ledto collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finish their paintings on the spot.(15) Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers whofelt threatened by the new painting. The term “Impressionism” was born in 1874,whena group of artists who had been working together organized an exhibition of theirpaintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public andpress was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintings exhibited was one called(20)Impression: Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926),Viewed throughhostile eyes,Monet’s painting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet’s title, art critics extended the term “Impressionism” to the entire exhibit. In response, Monet and his 29 fellow artists inthe exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.(25)From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a “church”, as the painter Renoirput it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of theothers moved on to new styles.41 What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss(A) The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life(B) The differences between two major styles of art(C) A technological advance in the materials used by artists(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art42 The word “depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) reorganize(B) deform(C) represent(D) justify43 According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of Impressionist painting(A) The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes(B) The way the subjects were presented from multiple angles(C) The focus on small solid objects(D) The depiction of the effects of light and color44 Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that preceded them(A) They began by making sketches of their subjects(B) They painted their subjects out-of-doors(C) They preferred to paint from memory(D) They used subjects drawn from modern life45 The word “advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) achievement(B) acceptance(C) arrival(D) advantage46 The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in all of the following EXCEPT(A) attracting attention from the public(B) a negative reaction from the press(C) an immediate demand for the paintings exhibited(D) creating a name for a new style of painting47 The word “affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to(A) insult(B) encouragement(C) return(D) credit48 The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following(A) The small number of paintings on display(B) Lack of interest in exhibitions by young artists(C) The similarity between all the paintings exhibited(D) Anger about seemingly poorly painted art49 The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example of an artist who(A) became as famous as Monet(B) was consistently praised by art critics(C) described the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work(D) was in favor of a traditional style of painting50 The word “others” in line 27 refers to(A) art critics(B) fellow artists(C) individual differences(D) new styles0308答案ABADB CCCBA BDDCC DCDBA DACCB DBCAC DACBA BABDC BCAAD CDABACACCB CDBCB DACCC ABCDA CDCDC BDCDC BCDDC DBACBDAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB。
最新历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案名师资料汇编
0308托福试题阅读（55minutes）Question 1-11If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied materialis examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do thesebacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenthcentury, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous(5 )generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonlivingmatter.The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structurespresent in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did(10) this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. Afterthe guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it hadtrapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteurfound that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from0.01 mm to more than 1.0 mm .Many of these bodies resembledthe reproductive(15)structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells .As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they couldnot be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originatedfrom the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that。
老托福阅读真题及答案passage3
老托福阅读真题及答案passage3为了帮助大家备考托福阅读，提高成绩，下面小编给大家带来老托福阅读真题及答案passage3，希望大家喜欢！老托福阅读真题及答案passage3PASSAGE 3The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using the reeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes —notonly trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonialobjects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast duringthe 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. Theymade baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people weremasters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants;others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, thePomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups madeall their basketwork by twining —the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft,around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — aprocess in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tightwrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease andfrequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process,often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomopeople used only a few. Thewarp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woodyfiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomopeople used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiledwork. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finestbasketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazinglyvaried. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patternsthat could be combined in a number of different ways.1. What best distinguished Pomo basketsfrom baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials used2. The word fashion in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve onthe Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word others in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6. According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7. According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word article in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to therelationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word staples in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word distinct in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from thepassage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of thePomo people.(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.PASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CA托福阅读备考新手常见的4个问题答疑1、托福阅读如何使用技巧?参加托福考试的考试一般集中在高中生、大学生，词汇量在四五千左右，他们在接触托福阅读的时候会遇到很多生词，尤其是分门别类的学科词汇，分为地理、天文、生物学、动物学四大块，学员就会有很多的误解，到底应该掌握多少词汇才能做好托福阅读。
托福阅读高频词汇题大全
超高频：.a case in point a good example一个恰当的例子a wealth of data a lot of information数据库abrupt sudden突然的accelerate speed up加速accessible reachable易接近的accordingly correspondingly因此account for explain解释accustomed to used to习惯于，适应acute severe严峻的address dealt with处理adequate rich充足的，富有的adhesive sticky粘合剂adjacent to next to邻近的admiration for high opinion of赞赏adopt use采用advantageous profitable有利的advent arrival到达adverse unfavorable不利的advocate support主张，拥护aggregate accumulate聚合aim to do intend to do想要做…akin to(kin同类的)similar to与…相似allegedly supposedly据说，假设allow for make possible使…可能alter change改变，更改amass accumulate累积ambiguous unclear模棱两可的annihilate[əˈnaɪəleɪt]destroy废止，毁灭aptitude ability能力，才能，天资ardent enthusiastic热情的as opposed to in contrast to与…截然相反assess evaluate评价assimilate recognize(在习俗、观念、性格)等方面同化associate with connected to与…有关attest to provide evidence of证实augment add to增加authority expert专家，权威autonomous independent独立的back up support支持，援助baffle puzzle困惑的barrier to impediment障碍burgeoning increasingly增长迅速的chaotic disorganize混沌coalesce[ˌkoʊəˈles]joint使…联合；使…合并coexist concurrent共存coincide with correspond to符合；与...相一致collapse fall inward崩溃；倒塌collate[kəˈleɪt]assemble聚集compact contract收缩，压紧comparative considerable相当的compatible[kəmˈpætəbl]coexisting与……相容的compelling persuasive激发兴趣的compensate for make up for补充，弥补compile edit编辑compound add to增加comprise Consist of组成conceivable imaginable可想象的conducive to favorable to有利于…的configuration arrangement配置congregate[ˈkɑːŋɡrɪɡeɪt]Gather/together聚集consistent harmonious协调的conspicuous obvious显而易见的contract into participate参加conversely in contrast相反counter combat战斗counterpart equivalent等价物couple with combined with与…相结合，伴随courteous[ˈkɜːrtiəs]polite有礼貌的；谦恭的critical probative检验的culminate end结束cultivate encourage the growth of促进(艺术、科学等）的发展deliberate intensive深思熟虑的deplete use up消耗deposit savings存款，押金discrepancy inconsistence不一致distortion twist扭曲divert redirect转移elusive hard to identify难以捉摸的emanate from[ˈɛməˌneɪt]originate from发源于embrace包含拥抱opt选择episode occurrence插曲exotic foreign异国的；外来的explicable explainable可解释的exquisitely[ɪkˈskwɪzɪtli,]elaborate异常地extract remove提取，移出fleeting brief简短的，快速的formulate modify制定；构想出fragile easily damaged易损坏的frigid cold寒冷的furnish equipped装备gross overall考出总共的hasty hurried匆忙的hitherto up till then直到那时impede restrict障碍implement carry out实施implication consequence结论in essence basically本质上in profile view from the side从侧面看in response to as a result of回答；响应in retrospect in reconsidering the past回顾往事inadvertently unintentionally非故意地，无心地indiscriminate random任意的inevitable necessary必然的ingenuity cleverness聪明的inhibit slow down禁止；减速initiate start开始，着手innumerable countless无数的inspiring striking惊人的install put in place安置intact whole完整的integrate combine使…成整体investigate examine调查，检查inviting encouraging鼓舞人心的irritate annoy刺激；激怒justifiable rightful正当的；有理由的launch start开始，开创leftover remains残余的lethal[ˈliːθl]deadly致命的lucrative[ˈluːkrətɪv]profitable有利可图的magnitude size大小，量级main component makes up most主要manifestation expression表现，显示margin limit界限marvelous wonderful精彩的methodically systematically系统地monotonous unchanging不变的；单调的more permeable penetrable可透过的more robust stronger更加坚固，强健much deterioration worse condition退化，恶化mundane commonplace平凡的optimal best最佳的parallel match匹配particular specific特别的，特殊的peak the high point顶点peculiar unique独特的perceive seen感知periodical regular定期的perish枯萎毁灭cold冷的permeable easy to be changed易变的permeate spread throughout散布；弥漫perplexing puzzling复杂的，令人费解的persist continue继续；坚持pervasive widespread普遍的portable movable可移动的postulate propose假定，打算precious expensive昂贵的，宝贵的precise accurate精确地predominantly mainly显著地preoccupation focused全神贯注prerequisite requirement必要条件presume supposed假定的prevail dominant占优势prohibit restrict限制的proponent supporter支持者prosperity wealth繁荣，成功reciprocal mutually互利的recommend support支持recover to return to normal恢复recur repeat frequently再出现reflect express表达reinforce strengthen加强，加固repulse driven back拒绝；击退resemble look like类似resistance opposition反抗；抵抗力resolve settle解决respectively separately各自的restrict limit限制resume to start again重新开始revere greatly mire泥潭陷入困境敬畏；尊敬rival competitor竞争者rudimentary primitive基础的rule out exclude排除scanty few缺乏的scarce insufficient缺乏的，不足的scatter separate分散；分开scrutiny close observation监督sculpt carve雕刻sentimental emotional多愁善感的；感情用事的severity Strict/harshness严格shallow small depth浅的shatter broke破损，碎片solely only仅仅sophisticate complex复杂的sought tried to obtain寻找sparse seldom稀少的spurt喷出喷射sudden increase冲刺stagnation lack of growth停滞stamina endurance毅力，精力stance posture站姿，姿势startle surprise令人惊讶strenuous hard努力的strictly严格地确实地only仅仅subsequent later然后，随后substantial considerable相当的subtle slight轻微的successive continuous连续的supplement add to增加surge proliferate激增surplus excess过剩的suspicion doubt怀疑；嫌疑sustain support支持swift quick快速的tactic strategy策略Tangible有形的实在的具体的physical有形的，实体的temporary for short-term暂时的tend take care of照料，照管thereby consequently从而，因此thorough completely完全地trait feature特点transparent seen through看穿trigger cause引发unprecedented previously unequalled空前的hierarchy ranking层级in principle theoretically大体上，原则上in some degree to certain extent某种程度上in turn subsequent轮流，依次indefinitely endlessly无限地inexplicably mysteriously令人难以理解地integral essential主要的intimately closely紧密地invariably always总是last favor does not prefer不喜欢likewise in the same way同样地maintain claim维持；声明many-segmented pieces分段的masking hiding隐藏massively extensively大暈地master skillfully熟练地match agree with匹配，赞成mean average平均的merely only仅仅might authority可能modest reasonable适度的，适中的modify change改变momentum push动力；冲力motive reason原因，动机mount grow増加；増长needless to say obvious明显的，显而易见的net final净余，最终nevertheless even so虽然如此notion idea观念obstruction barrier障碍obtained gathered获得，聚集of no need to say obvious明显的，显而易见的ongoing continuing持续的overwhelmingly without doubt压倒性地;不可抵抗地pioneer original最早的，原始的pointless of no use无意义的pose present提出…讨论potential possible可能的pragmatic practical实际的profound very strong深厚的profusely abundant丰富的prolong extend延伸promote 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往年托福阅读真题及答案
往年托福阅读真题及答案托福(TOEFL)历年真题的重要性不言而喻，这是目前托福考试出题思路的唯一参考资料，因此现今每场托福考试中都会出现大量的旧题，那么能拿到最高效的真题资料就尤为关键了。
下面给大家带来托福阅读真题，希望对你们有所帮助。
往年托福阅读真题及答案In discussing the growth of cities in the United States in the nineteenth century, one cannot really use the term “urban planning,” as it suggests modern concerns for spatial and service organization which, in most instances, did not exist before the planning revolution called the City Beautiful Movement that began in the 1890s.While there certainly were urban areas that were “planned” in the comprehensive contemporary sense of the word before that date, most notably Washington, D.C., these were the excepti on. Most “planned” in the nineteenth century was limited to areas much smaller than a city and was closely associated with developers trying to make a profit from a piece of land. Even when these small-scale plans were well designed, the developers made only those improvements that were absolutely necessary to attract the wealthy segment of the market. Indeed, it was the absence of true urban planning that allowed other factors to play such an important role in shaping the nineteenth-century American city.1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Understanding the growth of cities in nineteenth-century America requires recognizing how the City Beautiful Movementof the 1890s changed “urban planning.”B.For the most part, there was no “urban planning,” as that term is understood today, before the beginning of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s.C.oncerns for spatial and service organization had little impact on the growth of cities before the 1890s when the City Beautiful Movement began.D.The growth of cities in nineteenth-century America resulted in the creation of the City Beautiful Movement in the 1890s and the rise of the term “urban planning.”首先我们先明确题目的要求，其实题目中一共应该是3个核心重点要求：(1)best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage(2)Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways(3)or leave out essential information.通过对题目的分析我们不难发现，essential这个单词出现了2次，换言之，题目要求大家做的是“找出句子的核心含义”，那么什么算是“核心含义”呢?要明白这个问题就要深刻理解一个概念：英语句内逻辑结构比如although A, B 中 AB两部分为让步转折关系，核心点是转折后的B句，because A, B中AB两部分为因果关系，核心点是结论B句。
（完整版）历年托福词汇题汇总440题（有答案）
（完整版）历年托福词汇题汇总440题（有答案）TOEFL词汇题精选440题001. Most of these leaders were invo Ived in public life as reformers, activists worki ng for wome n's right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary wome n.The word "represe ntative" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) typical(B) satisfied(C) supportive(D) dist in ctive002. In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffa ny (1843-1933) was the most noted exp onent of this style, produc ing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today.The word "prized" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) valued(B) uni versal(C) un com mon(D) preserved003. The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 un til 1915, although its in flue nce continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eve ntually to be overtake n by a new school of thought known as Fun cti on alism that had bee n prese nt since the tur n of the cen tury.The word "overtake n" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) surpassed(B) in cli ned(C) expressed(D) applied004. During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like n ormal glaciers, traveli ng perhaps only a couple of in ches per day. However, at in tervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster tha n usual.The word "in tervals" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) records(B) speeds(C) dista nces(D) periods 005. The in creas ing water pressure un der the glacier might lift it off its bed, overco ming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly sliders dow nhill surge glaciers also might be in flue need by the climate, volca nic heat, or earthquakes.The word "free ing" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) push ing(B) releas ing(C) stre ngthe ning(D) draining006. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge in to the ocea n, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in moti on a vicious cycle.The word "pl un ge" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) drop(B) exte nd(C) melt(D) drift007. Group members look to in strume ntal leaders to "get thi ngs don e." Expressive leadership, on the other han d, is leadership that emphasizes thecollective well-being of a social group's members.The word "collective" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) n ecessary(B) typical(C) group(D) particular 008. They offer sympathy whe n some one experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipli ne, are quick to lighte n a serious mome nt with humor, and try to resolve issues that threate n to divide the group. The word "resolve" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) avoid repeat ing(B) talk about(C) avoid thi nking about(D) find a solution for 009. Thousa nds of tons were extracted before 1875, when it was first noticed that the tar contained fossil rema ins. Major excavati ons were un dertake n that established the sig nifica nee of this remarkable site.The word "no ticed" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) predicted(B) announced(C) corrected(D) observed 010. Since then, over 100 tons of fossils, 1.5 million from vertebrates, 2.5 million from inv ertebrates, have bee n recovered, ofte n in den sely concen tratecta ngled masses.The word "ta ngled" is closest in mea ning to which of follow ing?(A) buried ben eath(B) twisted together(C) quickly formed(D) easily dated011. The asphalt at La Brea seeps to the surface, especially in the summer, and forms shallow puddles that would often have bee n con cealed by leaves and dust. The word "con cealed" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) highlighted(B) covered(C) tran sformed(D) con tami nated012. The ocea n bottom --- a regi on n early 2.5 times greater tha n the total la nd area of the Earth --- is a vast frontier that even today is largely un explored and un charted, un til about a cen tury ago, the deep-ocea n floor was completely in accessible, hidde n ben eath waters averagi ng over 3,600 meters deep.The word "in accessible" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) un recog ni zable(B) un reachable(C) unu sable(D) un safe013. The DSDP's drill ship, the Glomar Challe nger, was ableto maintain a steady positi on on the ocea n's surface and drill in very deep waters,extracting samples of sedime nts and rock from the ocea n floor. The word "extracting" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) breaki ng(B) locat ing(C) rem oving(D) an alyz ing014. Today, largely on thestrength of evide nee gathered duri ng the Glomar Challenger's voyages, n early all earth seientists agree on the theories of plate teet onics and eon ti nen tal drift that expla in many of the geological processes that shape the Earth. The word "stre ngth" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) basis(B) purpose(C) discovery(D) en dura nee015. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Can ada's populati on passed the 20 milli on mark. Most of this surg ing growth came from n atural in crease.The word "surg ing" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) new(B) extra(C) accelerat ing(D) surpris ing 016. Whe n the prairies were being settled, un doubtedly, the good econo mic eon diti ons of the 1950's supported a growth in the population, but the expansion alsoderived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an in crease in the average size of families. The word "tre nd" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) tendency(B) aim(C) growth(D) directive017. After the peak year of 1957, the birth rate in Can ada bega n to deeli ne. It eon ti nued falling until in 1966, it stood at the lowest level in 25 years.The word "peak" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) poin ted(B) dismal(C) moun ta in(D) maximum018. Although the growth in Ca nada's populati on had slowed dow n by 1966 (the in crease the first half of the 1960's was only nine perce nt) , ano ther large populati on wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the childre n who were born during the period of the high birth rateprior to 1957.The phrase "prior to" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) behi nd(B) since(C) duri ng(D) precedi ng 019. Advocates of orga nic foods --- a term whose meaning varies greatly --- freque ntly proclaim that such products are safer and more nu tritious tha n others.The word "Advocates" is closest in meaning to which offollow ing?(A) Prop onents(B) Mercha nts(C) In spectors(D) Con sumers020. There are nu mero usun substa ntiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to syn thetic on es, that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs, that un treated grains are better tha n fumigated grains, and the like.The word "un substa ntiated" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) un believable(B) uncon tested(C) un popular(D) unv erified021. But in many cases con sumers are misled if they believe orga nic foods can maintain health and provide better nu triti onal quality tha n conven ti on ally grown foods. So there is real cause for concern if con sumers, particularly those with limited in comes, distrust the regular food supply and buy only expe nsive orga nic foods in stead.The word "mai ntai n" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) improve(B) mon itor(C) preserve(D) restore022. I n additi on, there were performers and since con siderable importa nee was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.The word "con siderable" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) thoughtful(B) substa ntial(C) relatio nal(D) cere monial023. I n additi on, there were performers and since con siderable importa nee was attached to avoidi ng mistakes in thee nactme nt of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.The word "en actme nt" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) establishme nt(B) performa nee(C) authorizati on(D) season024. Stagger ing tasks confron ted the people of the United States, North and South, when the Civil War ended. About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized, readjusted to civilia n life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy. The word "Staggeri ng" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) specialized(B) confusing(C) various(D) overwhel ming025. About a millio n and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized, readjusted to civilia n life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.The word "devastated" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) develop ing(B) rui ned(C) complicated(D) fragile026. Some bota ni sts hypothesized that the livi ng cells of pla nts acted as pumps. But many experime ntsdem on strated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. The word "dem on strated" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) ignored(B) showed(C) disguised(D) disti nguished027. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a n egative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water movi ng from in side the pla nt in un broke n colu mns thatexte nd from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these un broke n colu mns of water.The word "exte nd" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) stretch(B) branch(C) in crease(D) rotate028. By ope ning vast areas of uno ccupied land for reside ntial expa nsion, the omni buses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more dista nt from city centers than they were in thepremodern era. The word "vast" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) large(B) basic(C) new(D) urba n029. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosi on of real estate developme nt and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new reside ntial lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outly ing areas.The word "sparked" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) brought about(B) surro un ded(C) sent out(D) followed030. An xious to take adva ntage of the possibilities of commut ing, real estate developers added 800,00(jbote ntial building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years-lots that could have housed five to six million people.The word "pote ntial" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) certa in(B) popular(C) improved(D) possible031. The quality of preservati on is outstanding , but what is even more impressive is the nu mber of ichthyosaur fossilscontaining preserved embryos.The word "outsta nding" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) exte nsive(B) surpris ing(C) vertical(D) excelle nt032. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have bee n reported from 6 differe nt levels of the shale in a small area around Holzamde n, suggest ing that a specificsite was used by large nu mbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The word "site" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) example(B) locati on(C) developme nt(D) characteristic033. The quality of preservati on is almost unm atched, and quarry operati ons have bee n carried out carefully with an aware ness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not acco unt for the in terest ing questi on of how there came to be such a concen trati on of preg nant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.The phrase "acco unt for " is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) record(B) describe(C) equal(D) expla in034.In the seve ntee nth cen tury the orga n, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief in strume nts of thekeyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the pia no suppla nted them at the end of the eightee nth cen tury.The words "a supremacy" in line 9 are closest in meaning to(A) a suggesti on(B) an improveme nt(C) a dominance(D) a developme nt 035. A series of mecha ni cal improveme nts continuing well into the nin etee nth cen tury, in cludi ng the in troducti on of pedals to susta in tone or to softe n it, the perfecti on of a metal frame, and steel wire of the fin est quality, fin ally produced an instrume nt capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harm onies to an almost orchestral full ness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brillianee. The word "myriad" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) no ticeable(B) many(C) loud(D) unu sual036. Each one was virtually a stone tow n, which is why the Spanish would later call them pueblos, the Spanish word for tow ns. These pueblos represe nt one of the An asazis' supreme achieveme nts. At least a doze n large stone houses took shape below the bluffs of Chiaco Canyon in n orthwest New Mexico.The word "supreme" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) most com mon(B) most outsta nding(C) most expe nsive(D) most convenient037. They fun cti oned as san ctuaries where the elders met to pla n festivals, perform ritual dan ces,settle pueblo affairs, and impart tribal lore to the youn ger gen erati on. The word "settle" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) si nk(B) decide(C) clarify(D) locate 038. Then, to conn ect the pueblos and to give access to the surro unding tablela nd, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases forasce nding cliff faces.The word "asce nding" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) arriv ing at (B) carv ing(C) conn ect ing(D) climbi ng039. Within a very short time, however, the incon gruity of playi ng lively music to a sole mn film became appare nt, and film pia ni sts bega n to take some care in matchi ng their pieces to the mood of the film.The word "sole mn" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) simple(B) serious(C) short(D) sile nt(D) extreme040. Certai n films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of these early specialscores was that composed and arra nged for D. W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation, which wasreleased in 1915.The word "composed" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) selected(B) comb ined(C) played(D) createdThe word "scores" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) totals(B) successes(C) musical compositi ons(D) groups of musicia nsc 041. The Earthcomprises three prin cipal layers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle made of silicate rocks that are semimolten at depth, and the thin, solid-surface crust.The word "comprises" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) adapts to(B) ben efits from(C) con sists of(D) focuses ond 042. These plates move over the semimolte n lower man tle to produce all of the major topographical features of the Earth. Active zones where intense deformati on occurs are confined to the n arrow, in terc onn ect ing boun daries of con tact of the plates.The word "inten se" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) surface(B) sudden(C) rarea 043. New ocea nic crust is formed along one or moremarg ins of each plate by material issu ing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust, for example, by volca nic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges. The word "marg ins" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) edges(B) peaks(C) in teriors(D) dista nces d 044. If at such a spread ing con tact the two plates support con ti nen ts, a rift is formed that will gradually wide n and become flooded by the sea. The Atla ntic Ocea n formed like this as the American and Afro- Europea n plates move in opposite directi ons. The word "support" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) separate(B) create(C) reduce(D) hold d 045. Coin cide nt with concerns about the accelerati ng loss of species and habitats has bee n a grow in gappreciati on of the importa nee of biological diversity, the nu mber of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and huma n well- be in g.The word "appreciati on" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) ignorance(B) recog niti on(C) tolera nee(D) forgive nessd 046. An alie n explori ng Earth would probably give priority to the pla net's dominant, most-distinctive feature-the ocean. Huma ns have abias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly exam ining global issues.The word "bias" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) concern(B) disadva ntage(C) attitude(D) prejudice。
(完整版)历年托福词汇题汇总440题(有答案)
TOEFL词汇题精选440题001. Most of these leaders were invo Ived in public life as reformers, activists worki ng for wome n's right to vote, or authors, and were not representative at all of the great of ordinary wome n.The word "represe ntative" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) typical(B) satisfied(C) supportive(D) dist in ctive002. In the United States, Louis Comfort Tiffa ny (1843-1933) was the most noted exp onent of this style, produc ing a great variety of glass forms and surfaces, which were widely copied in their time and are highly prized today.The word "prized" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) valued(B) uni versal(C) un com mon(D) preserved003. The Art Nouveau style was a major force in the decorative arts from 1895 un til 1915, although its in flue nce continued throughout the mid-1920's. It was eve ntually to be overtake n by a new school of thought known as Fun cti on alism that had bee n prese nt since the tur n of the cen tury.The word "overtake n" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) surpassed(B) in cli ned(C) expressed(D) applied004. During most of their lives, surge glaciers behave like n ormal glaciers, traveli ng perhaps only a couple of in ches per day. However, at in tervals of 10 to 100 years, these glaciers move forward up to 100 times faster tha n usual.The word "in tervals" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) records(B) speeds(C) dista nces(D) periods 005. The in creas ing water pressure un der the glacier might lift it off its bed, overco ming the friction between ice and rock, thus freeing the glacier, which rapidly sliders dow nhill surge glaciers also might be in flue need by the climate, volca nic heat, or earthquakes.The word "free ing" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) push ing(B) releas ing(C) stre ngthe ning(D) draining006. A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea. With the continued rise in sea level, more ice would plunge in to the ocea n, causing sea levels to rise even higher, which in turn would release more ice and set in moti on a vicious cycle.The word "pl un ge" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) drop(B) exte nd(C) melt(D) drift007. Group members look to in strume ntal leaders to "get thi ngs don e." Expressive leadership, on the other han d, is leadership that emphasizes thecollective well-being of asocial group's members.The word "collective" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) n ecessary(B) typical(C) group(D) particular 008. They offer sympathy whe n some one experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipli ne, are quick to lighte n a serious mome nt with humor, and try to resolve issues that threate n to divide the group. The word "resolve" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) avoid repeat ing(B) talk about(C) avoid thi nking about(D) find a solution for 009. Thousa nds of tons were extracted before 1875, when it was first noticed that the tar contained fossil rema ins. Major excavati ons were un dertake n that established the sig nifica nee of this remarkable site.The word "no ticed" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) predicted(B) announced(C) corrected(D) observed 010. Since then, over 100 tons of fossils, 1.5 million from vertebrates, 2.5 million from inv ertebrates, have bee n recovered, ofte n in den sely concen tratecta ngled masses.The word "ta ngled" is closest in mea ning to which of follow ing?(A) buried ben eath(B) twisted together(C) quickly formed(D) easily dated011. The asphalt at La Brea seeps to the surface, especially in the summer, and forms shallow puddles that would often have bee n con cealed by leaves and dust. The word "con cealed" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) highlighted(B) covered(C) tran sformed(D) con tami nated012. The ocea n bottom --- a regi on n early 2.5 times greater tha n the total la nd area of the Earth --- is a vast frontier that even today is largely un explored and un charted, un til about a cen tury ago, the deep-ocea n floor was completely in accessible, hidde n ben eath waters averagi ng over 3,600 meters deep.The word "in accessible" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) un recog ni zable(B) un reachable(C) unu sable(D) un safe013. The DSDP's drill ship, the Glomar Challe nger, was able to maintain a steady positi on on the ocea n's surface and drill in very deep waters,extracting samples of sedime nts and rock from the ocea n floor. The word "extracting" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) breaki ng(B) locat ing(C) rem oving(D) an alyz ing014. Today, largely on thestrength of evide nee gathered duri ng the Glomar Challenger's voyages, n early all earth seientists agree on the theories of plate teet onics and eon ti nen tal drift that expla in many of the geological processes that shape the Earth. The word "stre ngth" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) basis(B) purpose(C) discovery(D) en dura nee015. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Can ada's populati on passed the 20 milli on mark. Most of this surg ing growth came from n atural in crease.The word "surg ing" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) new(B) extra(C) accelerat ing(D) surpris ing 016. Whe n the prairies were being settled, un doubtedly, the good econo mic eon diti ons of the 1950's supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an in crease in the average size of families. The word "tre nd" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) tendency(B) aim(C) growth(D) directive017. After the peak year of 1957, the birth rate in Can ada bega n to deeli ne. It eon ti nued falling until in 1966, it stood at the lowest level in 25 years.The word "peak" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) poin ted(B) dismal(C) moun ta in(D) maximum018. Although the growth in Ca nada's populati on had slowed dow n by 1966 (the in crease the first half of the 1960's was only nine perce nt) , ano ther large populati on wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the childre n who were born during the period of the high birth rateprior to 1957.The phrase "prior to" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) behi nd(B) since(C) duri ng(D) precedi ng 019. Advocates of orga nic foods --- a term whose meaning varies greatly --- freque ntly proclaim that such products are safer and more nu tritious tha n others.The word "Advocates" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) Prop onents(B) Mercha nts(C) In spectors(D) Con sumers020. There are nu mero usun substa ntiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to syn thetic on es, that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs, that un treated grains are better tha n fumigated grains, and the like.The word "un substa ntiated" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) un believable(B) uncon tested(C) un popular(D) unv erified021. But in many cases con sumers are misled if they believe orga nic foods can maintain health and provide better nu triti onal quality tha n conven ti on ally grown foods. So there is real cause for concern if con sumers, particularly those with limited in comes, distrust the regular food supply and buy only expe nsive orga nic foods in stead.The word "mai ntai n" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) improve(B) mon itor(C) preserve(D) restore022. I n additi on, there were performers and since con siderable importa nee was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. The word "con siderable" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) thoughtful(B) substa ntial(C) relatio nal(D) cere monial023. I n additi on, there were performers and since con siderable importa nee was attached to avoidi ng mistakes in thee nactme nt of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task.The word "en actme nt" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) establishme nt(B) performa nee(C) authorizati on(D) season024. Stagger ing tasks confron ted the people of the United States, North and South, when the Civil War ended. About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized, readjusted to civilia n life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy. The word "Staggeri ng" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) specialized(B) confusing(C) various(D) overwhel ming025. About a millio n and a half soldiers from both sides had to be demobilized, readjusted to civilia n life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.The word "devastated" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) develop ing(B) rui ned(C) complicated(D) fragile026. Some bota ni sts hypothesized that the livi ng cells of pla nts acted as pumps. But many experime ntsdem on strated that the stems of plants in which all the cells are killed can still move water to appreciable heights. The word "dem on strated" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) ignored(B) showed(C) disguised(D) disti nguished027. As water is lost from the surface of the leaves, a n egative pressure, or tension, is created. The evaporated water is replaced by water movi ng from in side the pla nt in un broke n colu mns thatexte nd from the top of a plant to its roots. The same forces that create surface tension in any sample of water are responsible for the maintenance of these un broke n colu mns of water.The word "exte nd" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) stretch(B) branch(C) in crease(D) rotate028. By ope ning vast areas of uno ccupied land for reside ntial expa nsion, the omni buses, horse railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more dista nt from city centers than they were in the premodern era. The word "vast" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) large(B) basic(C) new(D) urba n029. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosi on of real estate developme nt and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new reside ntial lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outly ing areas.The word "sparked" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) brought about(B) surro un ded(C) sent out(D) followed030. An xious to take adva ntage of the possibilities of commut ing, real estate developers added 800,00(jbote ntial building sites to the Chicago region in just thirty years-lots that could have housed five to six million people.The word "pote ntial" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) certa in(B) popular(C) improved(D) possible031. The quality of preservati on is outstanding , but what is even more impressive is the nu mber of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved embryos.The word "outsta nding" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) exte nsive(B) surpris ing(C) vertical(D) excelle nt032. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have bee n reported from 6 differe nt levels of the shale in a small area around Holzamde n, suggest ing that a specificsite was used by large nu mbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.The word "site" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) example(B) locati on(C) developme nt(D) characteristic033. The quality of preservati on is almost unm atched, and quarry operati ons have bee n carried out carefully with an aware ness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do not acco unt for the in terest ing questi on of how there came to be such a concen trati on of preg nant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.The phrase "acco unt for " is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) record(B) describe(C) equal(D) expla in034.In the seve ntee nth cen tury the orga n, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief in strume nts of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the pia no suppla nted them at the end of the eightee nth cen tury.The words "a supremacy" in line 9 are closest in meaning to(A) a suggesti on(B) an improveme nt(C) a dominance(D) a developme nt 035. A series of mecha ni cal improveme nts continuing well into the nin etee nth cen tury, in cludi ng the in troducti on of pedals to susta in tone or to softe n it, the perfecti on of a metal frame, and steel wire of the fin est quality, fin ally produced an instrume nt capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harm onies to an almost orchestral full ness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brillianee. The word "myriad" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) no ticeable(B) many(C) loud(D) unu sual036. Each one was virtually a stone tow n, which is why the Spanish would later call them pueblos, the Spanish word for tow ns. These pueblos represe nt one of the An asazis' supreme achieveme nts. At least a doze n large stone houses took shape below the bluffs of Chiaco Canyon in n orthwest New Mexico.The word "supreme" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) most com mon(B) most outsta nding(C) most expe nsive(D) most convenient037. They fun cti oned as san ctuaries where the elders met to pla n festivals, perform ritual dan ces,settle pueblo affairs, and impart tribal lore to the youn ger gen erati on. The word "settle" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) si nk(B) decide(C) clarify(D) locate 038. Then, to conn ect the pueblos and to give access to the surro unding tablela nd, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone staircases forasce nding cliff faces.The word "asce nding" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) arriv ing at (B) carv ing(C) conn ect ing(D) climbi ng039. Within a very short time, however, the incon gruity of playi ng lively music to a sole mn film became appare nt, and film pia ni sts bega n to take some care in matchi ng their pieces to the mood of the film.The word "sole mn" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) simple(B) serious(C) short(D) sile nt(D) extreme040. Certai n films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of these early specialscores was that composed and arra nged for D. W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation, which was released in 1915.The word "composed" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) selected(B) comb ined(C) played(D) createdThe word "scores" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) totals(B) successes(C) musical compositi ons(D) groups of musicia nsc 041. The Earthcomprises three prin cipal layers: the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle made of silicate rocks that are semimolten at depth, and the thin, solid-surface crust.The word "comprises" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) adapts to(B) ben efits from(C) con sists of(D) focuses ond 042. These plates move over the semimolte n lower man tle to produce all of the major topographical features of the Earth. Active zones where intense deformati on occurs are confined to the n arrow, in terc onn ect ing boun daries of con tact of the plates.The word "inten se" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) surface(B) sudden(C) rarea 043. New ocea nic crust is formed along one or moremarg ins of each plate by material issu ing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust, for example, by volca nic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges. The word "marg ins" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) edges(B) peaks(C) in teriors(D) dista nces d 044. If at such a spread ing con tact the two plates support con ti nen ts, a rift is formed that will gradually wide n and become flooded by the sea. The Atla ntic Ocea n formed like this as the American and Afro- Europea n plates move in opposite directi ons. The word "support" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) separate(B) create(C) reduce(D) hold d 045. Coin cide nt with concerns about the accelerati ng loss of species and habitats has bee n a grow in gappreciati on of the importa nee of biological diversity, the nu mber of species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and huma n well- be in g.The word "appreciati on" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) ignorance(B) recog niti on(C) tolera nee(D) forgive nessd 046. An alie n explori ng Earth would probably give priority to the pla net's dominant, most-distinctive feature-the ocean. Huma ns have abias toward land that sometimes gets in the way of truly exam ining global issues.The word "bias" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) concern(B) disadva ntage(C) attitude(D) prejudice047. The prevailing winds in the Great Basi n are from the west. Warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocea n is forced upward as it crosses the Sierra Nevada.The word "prevaili ng" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) most freque nt(B) occasi onal(C) gen tle(D) most dan gerous048. There seem to have bee n several periods with in the last tens of thousa nds of years whe n wateraccumulated in these bas ins. The rise and fall of the lakes were un doubtedly lin ked to the adva nces and retreats of the great ice sheets that covered much of the northern part of the North America n con ti nent duri ng those times. The word "accumulated" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) dried(B) flooded(C) collected(D) evaporated049. All livi ng creature, especially huma n bein gs, have their peculiarities, but everyth ing about the little sea cucumber seems unu sual. What else can be said about a bizarre animal that, among other ecce ntricities, eats mud, feeds almost continu ously day and ni ght but can live without eating for long periods, and can be pois onous but is con sidered supremely edible by gourmets?The phrase "bizarre" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) odd(B) marine(C) simple(D) rare050. Its major enemies are fish and crabs, when attacked, it squirts all its internal organs into the water. It alsocasts off attached structures such as ten tacles. The sea cucumber will eviscerate and rege nerate itself if it is attacked or even touched; it will do the same if the surro unding water temperature is too high or if the water becomes too polluted. The phrase "casts off" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) grows aga in(B) grabs(C) gets rid of(D) uses as a weap on051. A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, con servative, n early self-sufficie nt group that is homoge neous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals.The word "homoge neous" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) uniform(B) gen eral(C) primitive(D) traditio nal052. Un altered folk cultures no Ion ger exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Can ada. Perhaps the n earest moder n equivale nt in An glo-America is the Amish, a Germa n America n farmi ng sect that largely renoun ces the products and labor sav ing devices of the in dustrial age. The phrase "largely renoun ces" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) gen erally rejects(B) greatly modifies(C) loudly declares(D) often criticizes053. Secular in stituti ons, of con trol such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order, and a money-based economprevails . Because of these con trasts, "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from "folk". The word "prevails" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) domin ates(B) provides(C) develops(D) inv ests054. Conven ti onal computer models of the atmosphere have limited value in predicti ng short-lived local storms like the Edm onton tor nado, because the available weather data are gen erally not detailed eno ugh to allow computers to discer n thesubtle atmospheric cha nges that precede these storms.The word "subtle" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) complex(B) regular(C) imagi ned(D) slight055. Com mun icatio ns satellites can tran smit data around the world cheaply and in sta ntan eously, and moder n computers can quickly compile and an alyz ing this large volume of weather in formati on.The word "compile" is closest in mea ning to which of follow ing?(A) put together(B) look up(C) pile high(D) work over056. Meteorologists and computer scie ntists now work together to desig n computer programs and video equipme nt capable of tran sformi ng raw weather data into words, symbols, and vivid graphic displays that forecasters can in terpret easily and quickly. The word "raw" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing? (A) stormy(B) in accurate(C) uncooked(D) un processed057. People in the United States in the nin etee nth cen tury were haun ted by the prospect that un precede nted cha nge in the nation's economy would bring social chaos. The word "Prospect" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) regret(B) possibility(C) theory(D) circumsta nee058. Although the birth rate continued to decli ne from its high level of the eightee nth and early nineteenth century, the population roughly doubled every gen eratio n duri ng the rest of the nin etee nth cen turies. As the populati on grew, its makeup also cha nged. The word "roughly" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) harshly(B) surpris in gly(C) slowly(D) approximately059. Rapid in dustrializati on and in creased geographic mobility in the nin etee nth century had special implications for women because these cha nges ten ded toag nify social distinctions . As the roles men and wome n played in society became more rigidly defi ned, so did the roles they played in the home.The word "mag nify" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) solve(B) expla in(C) an alyze(D) in creaseThe word "dist in cti ons" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) differe nces(B) classes(C) accomplishme nts(D) characteristics060.In scie nee, a theory is a reas on able expla nati on of observed eve nts that are related. A theory ofte n invo Ives an imagi nary model that helps scie ntists picture the way an observed eve nt could be produced. The word "related" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) conn ected(B) described(C) completed(D) ide ntified061. If observati on s con firm the scie ntists' predicti ons, the theory issupported. The word "supported" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) fin ished(B) adjusted(C) inv estigated(D) upheld cities. Ice was used in hotels, taver ns, and hospitals, and by someforward-look ing city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. The phrase "forward-looking" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established063. Making an efficie nt icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nin etee nth cen tury, the kno wledge of the physics of heat, which was esse ntial to a science of refrigeration, wasrudimentary. The word "rudimentary" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) grow ing(B) un developed(C) n ecessary(D) unin terest ing064. Aside from perpetuat ing itself, thesole purpose of the America n Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters is to "foster, assist and susta in an in terest" in literature, music, and art.The word "sole" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) only(B) hono rable(C) com mon(D) official065. One awardsubsidizes a promis ing American writer's visit to Rome. There is eve n an award for a very good work of fiction that failed commercially-once won by the young Joh n Updike for The Poorhouse Fair and, more rece ntly, by Alice 10Walker for In Love and Trouble.The word "subsidizes" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) assures(B) finan ces(C) schedules(D) publishes066. Committee membershiprotates every year, so that new voices and opinions are con sta ntly heard.The word "rotates" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) alter nates(B) participates(C) decides(D) meets 067. One importa nt line of evide nee comes from flak ing patter ns of sto ne cores used in tool making: implements flaked with a clockwise moti on (in dicat ing a right-ha nded toolmaker) can be distinguished from hose flaked with a coun ter-clockwise rotati on (in dicat ing a left-ha nded toolmaker).The word "impleme nts" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) tools(B) desig ns(C) examples(D) pieces 068. Even scratches found on fossil huma n teeth offer clues. An cie nt huma ns are thought to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with sto ne kni ves, as do the prese nt-day In uit.The word "clues" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) solutio ns(B) details(C) damage(D) in formatio n069. The variatio n betwee n thehemispheres corresp onds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, in dicate that right-or left-sided dominance is not exclusive to moder n Homo sapie ns. The word "hemispheres" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) differe nces(B) sides(C) activities(D) studies070. Pla nts aresubject to attack and in fecti on by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mecha ni sms desig ned to frustrate the potential colonists.The phrase "subject to" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) susceptible to(B) classified by(C) attractive to(D) stre ngthe ned by071. The exter nal surfaces of pla nts, in additi on to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either preve nt feedi ng by in sects or may everp un cture and kill in sect larvae.The word "pun cture" is closest in meaning to which of follow ing?(A) pierce(B) pin ch(C) surro und(D) cover072. Orchids are unique in hav ing the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male and female reproductive。
历年托福阅读真题词汇
历年托福阅读真题词汇来源：托福机经网a break with 分开 a departure froma couple of years 两年two yearsa supremacy 至高，霸权：a dominanceabundant 丰富的，大量的，充裕的plentifulaccelerate 加速；加大increaseaccessible 易接近的，可靠近的，可用的available according to 根据depending onaccordingly 因此for that reason；consequentlyaccount （for）解释；说明explainaccumulate 积累；积聚collect，built upacute 敏锐的，剧烈的 intenseadequate 充分的，足够的 sufficientadhere 黏附；胶着；坚持stickadjunct 附加物additionadministered 管理managedadorn 装修，装饰decorateadvent 出现、到达arrivaladversely 不利地；有害地，逆向/反的 negatively advocate 倡导者；辩护者proponentaesthetically 审美地；美学地，艺术的artisticallyaffront 侮辱，轻蔑，冒犯insultagents 动因，代理人 causesaid 帮助helpalert 机敏的；警惕wary，wareallay 减轻，减少reducealtered 改变 changedalternative 替代；替代物，选择optionalter 改变；调整changealtogether 完全地completelyancillary 附属的；辅助的secondaryannihilate 消灭；征服conquerantagonist 对手；敌人enemyantecedent 先行的，先辈predecessoranticipate 期待；盼望look forward toapace with 快速的，急速的as fast asappeal 吸引attractionappealing 吸引人的attractiveapply to 应用于 used forapply 应用；适用used forappreciated 赏识，意识到 recognizedappreciation 感激，评价，欣赏：recognitionaptly 适当地appropriatelyarduous 艰巨的；艰苦的difficultarticle 物品，物体objectascending 上升，攀登：climbingascend 攀升；升高climbascribed to 归功于，认为assumed to be true of assemble 装配；组合gather; bring together assembling 聚集 gatheringassortment 品种；种类varietyassumption 确信的想法beliefastounding 惊讶的 surprisingat any rate 无论如何 regardless 不管attachment to 倾向于 preference forattachment 依恋；偏好preference forattained 达到，获得 achieved; reachedattendant 伴随的，服务员accompanyingattests to 证明give evidence ofattire 衣着；服装;盛装clothingattribute 被认为；被鉴定;特征credit; characteristics avail themselves 利用 make useavail 有用make useavid 渴望的；热心的eagerbarren 贫瘠的；不毛的infertilebartering 交换exchangingbesides 除此之外in addition tobias 偏见；嗜好prejudicebind 捆；绑；使结合tiebiting 尖锐的 sharpbizarre 古怪的：oddboasted 资助financedboosted 鼓舞，提高，推进raisedbound 范围；界限;限制；系，绑limit，held，tied break 决裂；破裂departure frombrief look 瞥视；浏览glancebring about 导致；引起causebrittle 易碎的，脆弱的easily brokenby virtue of 由于 because ofcalculate 计算；确定determinecame of age 出现了，成名了 established itselfcame to the forefront 来到最前线/变得很重要 became important carried on 继续；操作continued ；Conductedcarry 承担，支撑；支持supportcasts off 抛弃：gets rid ofcease 停止；结束stopcelebratory 颂扬full of praisecelestial 天文学的，天空的；天上的astronomical chance 偶然的；碰巧的unplannedcharacteristics 性质，特性qualitiescharacterized 不同，区别于其他：distinguishedcharged with 控制assigned tochronicle 记载，记录，编年史 describe circumscribed 限制 restrictedclassify 分类categorizeclear 畅通的；无阻的unobstructedclue 线索；信息informationcluster 成群groupcoarse 粗糙的rough; crudecohesion 凝聚力 unitycoincide with 同时，一致，符合happen at the same timecoin 创造；杜撰createcollective(-ly) 集体(共同地)group (together)come of age 达到法定年龄；确立自身地位establish itselfcomparably 可比地；相当地；相似地similarlycompelling 强迫地，又说服力的 forcefulcompile 收集，积累：put togethercomponent 组成部分partcompose 创作，作曲；创造createcomprise 包含；包括consist ofconcealed 隐藏着的coveredconcentrate 集中；积聚clusterconclusive 总结性的，最后的definitiveconcomitant with 同时发生的，与之伴随的 in conjunction withconcrete 具体的；特定的specificconfiguration 结构；形状arrangementconfine 限制；局限limit; restrictconfirm 证实；确认upholdconflicting 对立的,冲突的；抵触的opposingconjectural 猜测的；推测的based on guessingconsciously 有意识地，故意地 purposelyconsequence 结果resultconserve 保存；保护store; retainconsiderable 很重要的；很大的;极其，相当，大量large; substantial; much; great consist 一致的，协调的constantconsistent 持续的constantconsorted 交往 associatedconsort 结交associateconspicuous 明显的,显著的noticeableconstant 持续的，一致的 consistentconstituent (-v.) 成分；要素(构成；组成)component (make up)constituting 组成 making upconsumed (-n) 消耗，吃掉eaten (eat)consumption 消费，吃 eatingcontemporary 当代的；现有的;同时代的current; existing; written at that time continuous 连续的convergence 聚集gatheringconvert 转换,转变 changeconverted 修改 changedcore 核心 centercorrespondingly 相应地；对应地similarlycounteract 抵消；反作用negatecounterpart 复本；对应物versioncounter 克服Overcomecount 有价值；有分量weighcrisscross 交叉穿梭；交错往来move back and forthcritical judge of fine arts鉴赏家；评论家connoisseurcrucial 关键的,至关重要的 important, essentialcumbersome 麻烦的；笨重的burdensomecustomarily 通常 usuallycustomary 习惯的usualdampen 使潮湿moistendaring 勇敢的；大胆的bolddeft 熟练的；灵巧的skilleddeliberate 审慎的；仔细的carefuldelivered 呈现Presenteddemand 要求；需求requiredemise 死亡deathdemonstrate 表明；证实，示威showdense 稠密的；浓厚的thickdepend 依靠relydepict 描述represent; describedepress 压低；使沮丧lowerderived from 基于,起源based onderive 得到obtaindetect 发现discovered the presence ofdetectable 明显的，可探测的,可察觉的；易发现的measurable; apparent detecting 探测findingdevastated 毁坏的；被破坏的ruineddeveloping 发展的；演化的evolvingdevote to 致力于；献身于dedicate; specializing indictate 指示；决定determinediffuse 扩散；传播traveldisaster 灾难catastrophediscard 丢弃；抛弃get rid ofdiscrete 不连续的,分泌separatedisplay 陈列展示 exhibitdispute 争论；争执argumentdisseminate 散布；传播spread/impartdistinct 区别，不同：separatedistinction 不同，区别：differencesdistinctive 独一无二的uniquedistinct 清晰的；不同的separate; differentdistinguish 区分；辨别differentiatedivergence 差异；变化differencediverse 多种多样的；不一样的dissimilar; varied; different dividing line 边界；分界线boundarydo sth. Repeatedly 重复；反复iteratedogma 信仰，教条 beliefdomain 领域；范围field; regiondominant 优势的；常见的most commondominate 支配；控制be prevalent indrab 单调的 dulldramatic 戏剧性的，显著的：strikingdrastic (-ly) 激烈的；猛烈的radical (severely)drastically 激烈的，彻底的severelydraw 吸引;引导attract; instructdurability (-able) 经久，耐久力(持久的；耐用的)endurance (long-lasting) durable 持久的；耐的用Strongdwelling 住处；寓所houseeager 热心的，渴望的enthusiasticeagerly anticipated 渴望，期待looked forward toeasily moved 轻便的；可携带的portableedge 优势advantageeffect (-iciency) 影响；效果influence (effectiveness)efficiency 效率 effectivenesselaborately 详尽地；精心地done in great detailelevate 提高；提升promoteelicit 得出，引出bring outembedded 镶嵌 encasedembraced 欢迎welcomedemerge 浮现；出现appearemit (-ing )发出(生产，发行)give off (produce)emphasize 强调stressemploy 雇佣；应用useenable 使能够；使可能allow; helpenactment 演出；表演,制定，执行performanceencompass 包围，环绕 includeencounter 遭遇 meetendless 继续的；无止境的;无尽的Continuousend 末端；目的,目标goalengaged 使用，雇佣 hireenhancement 增加/进 improvementenhances 增强，提高 increasedensure 确保，保证guaranteeentire 整个的，全部的wholeentity 实体；存在objectentomb 埋葬；设陷阱trapenveloped 包围着 surrounded 环绕地eradicate 除去；消除eliminateera 时代，时期period of timeerroneous ideas 误解；错误观念misconceptionerroneously identified as误以为；误认为mistakeessence (-tial) 基本(基本的) 本质，精华basic nature; fundamental establish 设立；创作createestimate 评估，鉴定judgeevidence 迹象；预示indicateevolution 发展，演化 developmentexalted 高级的，高贵的；崇高的superiorexcavate 挖掘；开凿digexceed 超越，胜出surpass，go beyondexceptional 异常地，意外地；非同一般的；显著地remarkable execute 造成；制造；履行；执行create，produceexercise 训练，使行使，利用utilizeexert 引起，导致，施加 cause， putexerted 运用 appliedexorbitant 丰富的，昂贵的expensiveexpendable 没有用的；消费品，可以牺牲的unprofitable ，nonessential exponential leaps 迅速上升 rapid increasesexposed to 易受影响的，受支配 subjected toexpose 使暴露；暴露于subject to; uncoverextend 延伸，扩展，增加，延长：stretch，increaseextolling 高度赞扬praisingextol 赞美praiseextract 提取，提炼，取得removeextracting 提取，提炼：removingextraordinary 非凡的；极度的supremefabricate 虚构，制作；装配make; constructfaction 小派系sidefaded from 消失于：disappeared fromfashion 制造，造成，引起createfatal 致命的deadlyfavor 喜爱preferfeed 供给；供应putfeel 察觉；感觉detectdiscoveryfinding scientificfine (-ly) 细微的，细小的tiny; minutelyfinely 微小的 minutelyfirst rank 最高水平：highest qualityfixture 寻常物品，固定设备；附属装置commonplace objectflame 燃烧的burnflattering 赞美；称赞的；奉承的complimentaryflourished 繁荣，昌盛；茂盛 thrivedforage 搜索；寻找食物feed，search for foodforemost 首要的leadingformidable 艰难地，令人敬畏的difficultfortuitous 偶然的，幸运的luckyforward-looking 向前看的；有远见的progressiveframe （-work）构造；提出(框架结构)pose (structure) framework 框架，结构 structurefreeing 解除，释放releasingfrowned on 不赞成disapproved offunctional 有功能的，有用的usablefundamental 基础的；基本的basicfurnish 供应，提供 providefuse 熔合；结合combinegambit 策略；谋略calculated riskgap 缺口；缝隙；空隙opengave rise to 引起；带来brought aboutgenerated 产生 causegive way to 让位于；变成；替代turn into ；been replaced by glowing 发光的shininggood name 名声；名誉reputationgradually 逐渐地by degreesgraphic 生动的，鲜明的 vividgrumbled 抱怨，发牢骚complainedhard to deal with 执拗的；固执的stubbornhardiest 坚硬，最强壮的most vigoroushard 坚硬的；牢固的firmhaul 负担loadheart 中心centerheightened 提高，提升 increasedhemisphere 半球；半边sidehenceforth 今后from that time onhence 因此for these reasonsherald 预示；预报，宣布announcehinged on 依靠depended onhinterland 地方；区域；腹地，内地贸易区region homogeneous 一致的，同一的：uniformideal 理想的，完美的perfectidentical 同样的 exactly alikeignite 点燃set on fireimitate 模仿；伪造copyimitation 模仿copyingimmunity 免疫，保护 protectionimmutable 不可变的unchangeableimpediment 妨碍；阻碍obstacleimperceptibly 不可觉察地；极缓慢地subtlyimplement 工具；器械;玩具toolimplication 含义；意义significanceimposing 紧迫的；紧急的；要求高的，费力的demanding in place of 代替instead ofin reality 实际上；事实上actuallyin season 应季a particular time of yearinaccessible 难接近的；难达到的unreachableinadequate 不充足的：deficientinception 起初beginningincinerate 燃烧burn upincise 雕刻cut，carveinclination 倾向；偏好preferenceincorporate 结合；合并combineincriminate 有罪blameindeterminate 不确定的uncertaininduce 导致causeinevitable 不可避免地：unavoidablyinflux 流入；到达arrivalingenuity 机灵，灵巧resourcefulnessingots 银锭/块blocks of silver mixed with copper inhibited 阻碍hinderedinhibit 阻止；阻碍hinderinitially 首先 at firstinitiate 启动，开始；引发start; causeinnovation (-tive) 创新；革新(创新的)new idea (new)innovative 创新的 newinsignificant 不重要的，无关紧要的unimportantinstance 实例；例证caseintegral 整体的；不可缺少的，必要的essential; fundamental intense (-sive) 强烈的；(加强的，集中的)extreme (concentrated) intensive 集中的，透彻的concentratedintent 目的，意向 goal ,purposeinterchangeable 相等的；可互换的equivalentintermittently 间歇地periodically周期性的intervals 间隔，周期 periodsintervention 干涉，干预；影响influenceintricate 错综复杂的complexintriguing 吸引人的,迷人的 attractive, fascinatinginvade 侵入move intoinviting 吸引人的；诱人的attractivejolting 震动 shockingjustify 辩护；证实provekey 关键的，重要的 importantlaborious 费力的difficultlament 抱怨complain aboutlargely renounces 基本上拒绝：generally rejectslie 位于be locatedlink 连结，联合 connectionlittered 杂乱堆满，乱丢 coveredload 负荷，重担 weightlocal 场所placelocale 场所placelure 吸引，引诱：attractmagnify 增加，放大；扩大，加强intensify， increase magnitude 大小extentmaintaining 维持：preservingmaintain 维持；坚持preserve; keepmajor 主要的；大型的principalmake possible 允许；使可能allowmandated 委托统治的recommendedmandate 要求requiremargin 边；边缘edgemarked 明显的，显著的noticeable， pronouncedmeans 方法 methodmerely 仅仅地，只不过onlymeteoric 流星的，迅速的 rapid meticulous 小心翼翼的 careful meticulously 小心地carefullymilestone 里程碑 significant development minuscule 很小的；微小的tinyminute 微小的；细微的tinymodifying 修改；变化，改变，限制changing momentarily 短暂的brieflymonopolize 独占，垄断；占优势dominate moreover 此外furthermore; in additionmotif 图案；花纹designmundane 世俗的；平凡的；普通的ordinary myriad 许多的；无数的manynascent 新生的；初生的immature necessitated 必需的Requirednevertheless 然而；仍然howevernorm 标准standardnote 注意到observenoticed 宣告，通告announced notwithstanding 尽管despite; in spite ofnourish 喂养feednovel 创新的，新颖的：innovative noxious 有害的；有毒的harmfulobscure 模糊的，朦胧的 unclearobtain 获得；取得get; acquireobvious 明显的；显而易见的apparenton the threshold of 在…开始at the start ofoptimal 最佳的，最理想的bestornate 装饰的，华丽的 elaborate oscillate 摇摆震荡swingoscillating 震荡，摇摆 swingingoutbreak 爆发；开始beginningoutline 总结；概括summarizingoutstanding 杰出的；显著的excellentover great distances遥远之处farawayoversaw 估计；预计Estimatedovertaken 赶上，超越，胜出surpassed overtaxed 负担沉重的：heavily burdened partitioning 分割，划分 divisionpeak 最高点，最高峰：maximum peculiar 奇特的strangepenetrate 穿透；透过go throughpeople in the play 演员；剧中人物actorperiphery 外围outer edgepermeated 弥漫，渗透 spread through permeate 传遍spread throughpersist 坚持，持续continuepersonal magnetism个人魅力charismapertinent 有关的relevantphenomena 现象；事件eventpick up 寻找；寻路followpicking up 沿着：followingpicture 图片，想象imaginepit 坑；洼地holeplaced 放置：depositedplunge 投入，陷入dropponderous 笨重的heavypore 毛孔；细孔holeposition 职位；职务jobpostulate 假定suggestpotential 潜在的；可能的possible precarious 不稳定的uncertainprecise 精确的accuratepreferred 喜欢; favoredprefer 偏好；喜欢favorpreoccupation 卷入，专心involvementpreserved 保持，保存protected from destruction preside over 负责；统辖；管理控制managepresumably 推测，大概 probablyprevail 流行，盛行，支配控制，统治：dominatesprevailing 盛行的；流行的most frequent; dominantprevent 制止；阻止avoidprimarily 主要地，根本上 chieflyprimary (-ly) 基本的；初步的(主要地)fundamental (chiefly)prime 最初的；主要的principalprimitive 原始的undevelopedprior to 在先；居前precedingprized 贵重的valuedprobe 探测，探查exploreproduce 产物；产品butterprolific 多产的，丰富的 fruitful, productive (fruitful)prolonged 延长的extendedprominent 显著的，突出的，卓越的noticeable，distinguished (famous) properties 特征，特点 characteristicsproponent 支持者supporterprospect 前景，期望；可能性：possibilityprototype 原型；范例modelprotrude 突出；伸出projectprotruding 凸出的 projectingprovisioning 供应supplyingpry off 查找，翘起locate， removepuncture 刺穿；刺破piercepursue 追赶chase，catchraise 饲养；养育rearrandom 不可知的，任意的unpredictablerapidity 迅速swiftnessrapture 破裂 burstrare 稀有的；罕见的infrequentrather than 胜于 instead of 而非raw 未加工的，为处理的：unprocessedreadily 容易地，欣然地 easilyrealization 认识；意识awareness，recognitionreap 获得gain；接受acceptrear 培养；抚养；饲养raisereckless 不负责任的irresponsiblerecorded 已纪录的documentedrecruit 征募；补充enlistrefreshing 非同寻常的，清新的；清爽的，耳目一新的 unusual regardless of 不管，不顾no matter whatrelated 相关的：connectedrelate 相关；关联connectreliance 依赖，依靠dependenceremarkable 非凡的，显著的 extraordinary，significantrenounce 拒绝rejectrepresentative 典型的typicalresemble 类似，模仿appear similar to, look likeresolve 解决find a solution forresort to 采用usingrestricted 限制 limitedresumed 再继续，重新开始 began againrevered 尊敬respectedrevise 修正；改造，改变changerevitalize 新生bring new life torevolutionized 巨变，革命 dramatically changedrobust 健壮的；坚强的strongroll back 压低；减少reducerotate 转动，改变，轮流；更迭alternate; turnrotting 腐烂的decayingrot 腐烂decayroughly 概略地；大约地approximately, harshlyrudimentary 不发达的，未发展的，原始的；简单的：undeveloped, basic run 操纵operaterupture 破裂；裂开burstrushing 急流的rapidsanitation 卫生；健康状态healthsaturate 浸透；饱和soaksaying two opposite things悖论；隽语paradoxscale 刻度/测量，攀登measure，climbscarce (-ly) 稀有的rare (barely)scatter 分散irregularly distributescope 范围extentscorched 烧焦burnedscore 乐谱musical compositions scurrying 急跑，匆忙走rushingsecure 获得；取得;安全的acquire; safe securing 获得 acquiringsedentary 久坐的，不活动的 inactive sentiment 意见；观点opinionserve as 充当；担任function asserve 服务，适合 functionsetting 建立：establishingsettle (-ed) 决定；解决(固定的)decide (stabled) settled 固定的 stabledset 确定；安置establishsevere poverty 贫困；赤贫indigenceshattered 粉碎broken apartshied away from 避免 avoidedshield 防护；避开protectsignificance 重大importancesignificant 有重要意义的meaningfulsite 地点；场所locationskepticism 怀疑主义；怀疑态度doubt sketching 速写；素描drawingskilled 熟练的；擅长的；专业的expert skyrocket 猛涨，突增increase rapidlysleep briefly 小睡；打盹napsmooth operation顺利进行effective functioning smother 覆盖；除去eliminatesnap 折断；拉断breaksolemn 严肃的；庄重的serioussole 唯一的；独一的onlysort out 分类，挑选出separatesource of energy 能源；燃料fuelsource 来源；基础Basisspanning 跨越 coverspan 包含coversparked 发动，鼓舞：brought aboutspark 激发；发动bring aboutspawn 产生，制造，产卵createspeculate 推测；假设hypothesizespotting 识别 identifyingstaggering 压倒的；压倒之势的；令人惊愕的overwhelmingstandard 标准的customarystanding 停滞的；不流动的not flowingstaple 大宗物品；基本产品；流行的东西主要成分popular edition; basic element stationary 固定的：fixedstimulate 激发；促进encouragestimulating 刺激 encouragingstory 楼层；层levelstrain 拉紧，重压；疲劳，紧张 stressstrength 实力；基础basisstress 强调emphasizestrikingly 引人注目的Noticeablystriking 显著的noticeablestringent 严格的；严厉的strictstrip 剥去removestrive 努力奋斗trystruggle 竞争competitionstunning 极好的 impressive 感人的，印象深刻的subjected 受影响的exposedsubject 易受影响的；遭受影响的susceptiblesubjugate 征服conquersubscribed 订阅，赞成 agreed withsubsequent 后来的latersubsidizes 资助：financesubsidy (-ize) 补助金；资助；补贴financesubtle 轻微的，微小的；精细的slightsuccinct 简洁的；简练的 concisesufficient 足够的；充足的adequatesuitable 合适的，适宜的appropriatelysuitably 适宜地appropriatelysumptuous 豪华的；奢侈的luxurioussums 总数amountssupplanted 代替，取代Replacedsupplant 取代；替代replace; displacesupplement 补充；补遗extension; add tosupport 支撑：hold，upholdsupposedly 按照推测；表面上，可能地seemingly supremacy 至高无上；支配地位dominancesupreme 最高的，最大的；极度的most outstandingsurge 汹涌，激增，迅速增加sharply increase，accelerate suspend 悬挂，延迟 hangsustain 支撑，持续 supportsweep 打扫；清理clearsymmetrical 对称的；匀称的proportionally balanced synonymous with 同义的 equivalent totangled 混乱的；缠结的，紊乱的twisted together tantamount to 与……相等的practically the same astechnically 技术上的；官方的officiallyteeming with 充满，丰富的full oftelling 有效的；有力的challengingtempting 吸引人的，诱人的attractivetend 照顾care fortestimony 证据evidencethanks to 由于；多亏because ofthereby 因此，在那方面by that meansthink highly 钦佩；羡慕admirethrive 茁壮成长grow wellthriving 繁荣的Flourishingthwarted 阻挠，挫败 frustrated失败的，落空的thwart 使受挫frustratetolerate 忍受；忍耐enduretrace 痕迹；遗迹imprinttransition 转变，转换，过渡 change，converttrend 倾向，趋势；趋向tendencytypify 代表，表现characterizeultimately 最后，最终eventually; in the endunadorned 未装饰的，平凡的 plainunchronicled 未记录的unrecordedundergo 经历，遭受 experienceunderscore 强调emphasizeunderwater craft 潜水艇submarineundoubtedly 毫无疑问的，的确地certainlyunique 唯一的，独特的particular; singularunprecedented 空前的，前所未闻的never seen before，not existing before unravel 解开；阐明，揭露 discoverunrestricted 不受限制的；自由的unlimitedunsubstantiated 无确实根据的，未经证实的；未核实的：unverifiedurge 催促，鼓励encourageusher 引导；开始beginningvaried 不同：differedvarious 不同的，多样的differentvary (-ious) 变化；改变(不同的)differ (-ent)vast 巨大的，辽阔的：large, greatventure 冒险；冒险行动endeavorversion 版本formvery closely 亲密；密切intimatelyvessel 船craftvestige 遗迹；残余evidencevirtually 几乎完全，实际上，实质地completelywant to much 贪婪的；贪心的greedywitnessed 看到 observedwitness 目睹；目击observeyet 仍，至今 so faryield 产生；产生效果；供应produce，provide。
[实用参考]最全托福阅读真题词汇.doc
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aggravate
increase
v.加重;增劇
aggravate
annoP
v.使惱火
aggregate
overall
a.聚集的;合計的
aggregate
combined
a.聚集的;合計的
agile
astute
a.靈活的;敏捷的
agile
clever
a.靈活的;敏捷的
agile
quickandactive
archive
store
v.存檔
arduous
difficult
a.艱鉅的
arid
drP
a.乾旱的
arise
emerge
v.出現
arrangement
configuration
n.安排;佈置
arraP
range
n.一系列
article
item
n.物品
article
object
n.物品
asarule
ingeneral
appreciable
noticeable
a.相當可觀的
approach
method
n.方法
approach
movБайду номын сангаасtoward
v.接近
approPimatelP
roughlP
ad.大約地
architecture
structure
n.構造
archive
record
v.存檔
archive
stock
v.存檔
broadappeal
widepopularitP
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历托福阅读词汇真题【题】(word)
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历年托福阅读词汇真题【440题】（word）摘要：对托福阅读词汇题头疼的小伙伴们有福了，为了帮助大家攻克托福阅读词汇题，小编在这里将近几年来考过的所有的托福阅读词汇真题，共有440道，分享给大家，还不知道的小伙伴们赶紧来看看吧！
历年托福阅读词汇真题【440题】部分内容：99-105
099. Farmers could get better prices for their crops if the alternativeexisted of sending them directly eastward to market, and merchants could sell larger quantities of their manufactured goods if these could be transported more directly and more economically to the west.
The word "alternative" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) option
(B) transition
(C) intention
(D) authorization
100. The distance was more than 350 miles,and there were ridges to cross and a wilderness of woods and swamps to penetrate. The word "penetrate" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) cut down
(B) go through
(C) fill up
(D) take over
101. The range of the New York canal system was still further extended when the states of Ohio and Indiana, inspired by the success of the Erie Canal, provided water connections between Lake Erie and the Ohio River.
The word "extended" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) increased
(B) constructed
(C) deepened
(D) measured
102. The answer lay in a resource that unknowing Americans had trampled underfoot in their haste to cross the "Great American Desert" to reach lands that sometimes proved. barren. In the eastern parts of the United States, the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant.
The word "barren" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) lonely
(B) dangerous
(C) uncomfortable
(D) infertile
103. In the eastern parts of the United States,the preferred grass for forage was a cultivated plant. It grew well with enough rain, then when cut and stored it would cure and become nourishing hay for winter feed.
The word "preferred" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) ordinary
(B) available
(C) required
(D) favored
104. They were not juicy like the cultivated eastern grasses, but had short, hard stems.
The word "hard" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) firm
(B) severe
(C) difficult
(D) bitter
105. Nevertheless, most domestic architecture of the first three-quarters of the eighteenth century displays a wide e divergence of taste and freedom of application of the rules laid down in these books.
The word "divergence" is closest in meaning to which of following?
(A) description
(B) development
(C) difference
(D) display
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