被动语态

一、主动语态变被动语态
变主动为被动
将下列句子变为被动句
1.We gave the student some books. The student was given some books. Some books were given to the student.
2.His father bought him a computer last week. He was bought a computer by his father last week. A computer was bought for him by his father last week. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 在这个句型中，谓语动词跟有两个宾语。变成被 动语态时，一般将通常指人的间接宾语转化成主 语，但有时也可将指物的间接宾语转化成主语
被动语态
我的语言走多远，我的世界 就有多大（The limit of my
language means the limits of my world.）
本讲内容
一、主动语态变被动语态 二、英语被动句表达形式 三、It is said that +从句及其他类似句型 四、被动句的使用场合 五、被动语态的语篇功能
二、英语被动句表达形式
结构被动句
1、英语结构被动句 在英语中，被动意义的表达使用最普遍的是带有标 志性的被动语态。 The book was read. （动作的执行者未知或没有必要提及） The fish was eaten by cat. （动作的执行者被强调）
注意： 1） by作为被动语态标志性的词语，并不总是引出施 动者， 也可以表达方式或原因。 A policeman is recognized by his uniform. 警察可以从穿着的制服上辨认出来。 2）在英语中，with词组也可以引出施动者，但不能 与表示人的名词搭配。 I was struck with an idea. 我突然想到了一个主意。 The mountain is covered with snow.
三、It is said that +从句 及其他类似句型
1.It is said that + 从句
It is said that… 据说 It is reported that…据报道 It is believed that…大家相信 It is hoped that…大家希望 It is well known that…众所周知 It is thought that…大家认为 It is suggested that…据建议
2、意义被动句 一些形式上主动但意义上被动的无标记被动句 1）动词通常是形式上主动但表达的却是被动意义 The book is selling well. The song sounds nice. 2）少数的动词后加及物动词ing形式，具有被动意义， 如need, require, want, worth等。 The flowers need watering. My shoes require mending.
2. 非谓语动词用主动表被动
1)不定式to blame, to let用作表语时，通常要用主动 形式表示被动意义： Who is to blame? 该怪谁呢？ The house is to let. 此屋出租。
2)某些“be+形容词+to do”结构中的不定式通常要用 主动形式表示被动意义： The question is difficult to answer. 这问题很难 回答。 Your writing is impossible to read. 你的书写没 法认。 Do you think the water is safe to drink?
3.All the villagers painted the houses white. The houses were painted white by all the villagers. 4.They kept us waiting for a long time. We were kept waiting for a long time. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
意义被动句 1. 谓语动词用主动表被动
1)某些连系动词(如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等)要用主动表被动，因为连系动词为不及物 动词，它们没有被动语态形式： Your idea sounds a good one.
2)当open, close, shut, lock, move等用作不及物动 词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示 被动意义： The door won’t shut. 该用法的不及物动词通常与can’t, won’t 等连用， 注意它与用被动语态含义不同： The window won’t shut. 这窗户关不上。 (说明主语的属性——窗户有问题了) The window won’t be shut. 这窗户将不用关上。 (窗户本身没问题，只是不用关)
3)不定式用于某些动词(如have, have got, get, want, need等)的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主 语就是句子的主语，则要用主动形式表示被动意义： I want something to drink. 如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，则应用被 动式，比较： I have something to type. (指自己打字) I have something to be typed. (指请人打字)
注意：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在 间接宾语前加上适当的介词(如to, for, of等)，以加 强间接宾语的语气。 They awarded him the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize was awarded（to）him. The host had caught us some fish. Some fish had been caught for us by the host. （for不可省）
7. Nobody can lift this stone. 正：The stone can not be lifted by anybody. 误：The stone can be lifted by nobody. 8. They haven’t done anything to make the river clean. Nothing has been done to make the river clean.
2) in+名词 When was paper Leabharlann Baiduoney in use in China? 中国 什么时候开始使用纸币？ Please do not enter the classroom while a lesson is in progress. 类似的结构还有 in action(在运转)，in sight(看得 见)，in (good) repair(维修良好的)，in store(贮藏 着)等。
4) under+名词”短语： The new music hall is under construction. 新的 音乐大厅正在修建中。 Your proposal is under consideration. 你的提议 正在考虑中。 类似短语： under arrest / attack / discussion / examination/ medical treatment / repair / review / study / construction
3) on+名词 The building is on fire. 那幢房子正在燃烧。 Every article on view will be on sale. 每件展品都 将出售。 类似的结构还有on trial(在试用)，on display(在展 出)，on show(在展出)，on exhibition(在展出)等。
3) 当read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry等用 作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常要用 主动形式表示被动意义： The cloth washes well. 这种布料好洗。 The book sells quickly. 这书销售得快。 以上用法有时也可能用于进行时态： The vegetables are cooking. 蔬菜正在煮着。
5)be worth后的动名词要用主动表被动： In all, the book is worth reading. This might be worth thinking about.
但是： This book is worthy to be read / of being read. 这本书值得一读。
3. 介词短语用主动表被动
1) beyond+名词 The rumor is beyond belief. 这谣言难以置信。 The children were beyond control. 这些孩子不 听管教。 这类表达中的名词前通常没有冠词，且该名词一般 都具有动作意义，类似的结构还有beyond compare(无可比拟)，beyond description(难以形 容)，beyond doubt(毫无疑问)，beyond suspicion(无可怀疑)
主人对佣人说：我有衣服要洗。
I have something to be washed. I have something to wash. (you do it yourself)
4)不定式用于修饰“there be+名词”中的名词时，可 用主动式，也可用被动式，有时含义差不多： There is too much work to do / to be done. 但有时含义有差别(不定式用主动式可视为其前省略 了for sb，用被动式可视为其后省略了by sb)： There is nothing to do. 无事可做。 (含有无聊之意) There is nothing to be done. 不能做什么了。 (指没有办法了)
6)在need, want, require等少数表示“需要”的动词 后的动名词用主动形式表被动意义： The plants want watering every day. 这些花草得天天浇水。 This wall requires repairing. 以上结构中的动名词改用不定式则要用被动式表示 被动意义： This sentence needs explaining / to be explained. 这个句子需要解释。
5.They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他们说他出国学英语去了。 It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 据说他出国学英语去了。
6.We haven't decided when we should go 含有宾语从句的主动句变被动带有宾语从句 camping. 的句子变成被动语态时，通常用it来作为被动句 It hasn't been decided when we should go 的形式主语，宾语从句保留不变。 camping.