高三英语language-study1

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2019新人教高中英语必修一unit1language points单元词汇句型教案

2019新人教高中英语必修一Unit 1 language points 单元词汇、句型教案Teaching aims:1.Master the usage of such important words and expressions as challenge,confused,fluent,graduate,recommend,responsible,responsibility,sign up (for),make the team,be well prepared(for) etc;learn to express yourself by using them.2.Learn the method of constructing knowledge trees through self-study &cooperative exploration.3.Enjoy the fun of expressing yourself using English and participate in the class with passion.Teaching key and difficult points:1.Help students to learn the following:challenge,recommend,responsible, make the team, and be well prepared(for).2.Exercises are expected to assist students to express themselves freely in English.3.How to use the words and phrases in real situations.Teaching procedures:StepⅠSelf-directed studyT: In this class we will learn the important words and expressions and their usages in this unit. First, it’s self-study time. Please observe the example sentences in the sheet and try to find out the meaning or usage of the underlined words or phrases by referring to the dictionary or reference books. Make a mark where you can’t understand. Then, 15 minutes later, we’ll see who is the best self-learner. Please begin now.StepⅠPresentationT: Time is up. Let’s see how to learn the words and expressions one by one.（红色为学生填写部分）1.【教材原句】Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really bigchallenge.从初中过渡到高中真是一项巨大的挑战。

高三英语language-study1

他记忆力很好（不好）
• The matter sticks in my memory.
那件事清楚地留在我的记忆里。
• Memorial(n) 纪念碑；纪念物；纪念馆；纪念性的（adj）
• In most English villages there is a war memorial.
英国大多数村庄都有一个战争烈士纪念碑。
光好有趣，只是路有些不好走。在霞火苗宫上空，闪映着飘忽不定的青兰花色仙云，那模样好像漂浮着很多大象，定眼细瞧，天空的景象就像拂衣远去的跳蚤，样子十
分的有趣。霞火苗宫四周散发着一种空气中美丽的苦味，很快怪异的味道慢慢散去，好像这里从来没有发生过什么……忽然，霞火苗宫妙处游来阵阵的花香，没多久，
若有若无的清香渐渐远去，只留下一丝淡淡仙境的芬芳……不一会儿，霞火苗宫边又舞来飘飘的钟声，声音是那样的美妙，很久很久都在耳边缭绕……经过霞火苗宫后
• belief • 信念；确信；相信；意见 • He stated his belief that evolution occurred
through natural selection. 他陈述他的信念，认为进化是自然选择的产物。
• stick 1.把……刺入……，刺，扎，刺穿；刺死…… He stuck his fork into a big piece of meat. 2.伸入；伸出…… She stuck her thumb on a thorn.
Unit8 language study
• 1.personal(adj); personally(adv); personality(n)
• Adj personal • 1. 个人的，私人的；（信件）亲启的 • It’s her personal opinion,not that of the entire

Unit+4+Language+Study2022-2023学年高中英语人教版(2019)必修第一册

2.shock n.震惊；令人震惊的事；休克 vt.(使)震惊
(教材P50)People were in shock—and then, later that afternoon, another big quake shook Tangshan again.
【知识拓展】 (1)in shock震惊；吃惊 be a shock to... 使……吃惊 (2) shocked adj. 震惊的；惊讶的
suffer pain/defeat/loss 遭受痛苦/失败/损失
(2) suffering n. 苦难；痛苦
sufferer n. 受难者
【明辨异同】suffer from/suffer 表示“遭受战争、自然灾害所带来的苦难”及“患病”, 后跟
suffer from a war, the flood, cough, headache, flu等。其宾语通常是表示损失、失败、痛苦等抽象意义的词, 如
10．__s_ta_y__c_a_lm________ 保持冷静 11．__a_s_u__su_a_l________ 像往常一样
12．_t_h_e_n_u_m__b_e_r_o_f____ ……的数量
13．_g_o_t_h_r_o_u_g_h__and phrases
【知识拓展】 (1)as if从句用___陈_述__语__气___：从句表示的情况是真实的或极有可能发生的； (2)as if从句用____虚__拟__语__气____： ①从句用 ___一__般__过__去__时__,__b_e_动__词__用__w_e_r_e____(与现在的事实相反)； ②从句用____过__去__完__成__时___(与过去的事实相反)； ③从句用__w_o_u_l_d_/_c_o_u_l_d_/_m_i_g_h_t__d_o_形__式_ (与将来的事实相反)。

高考英语作文话题三：读书学习

话题三：读书学习Writing 1越来越多的学生倾向于使用电子词典（e-dictionary)而不用纸质词典（paper dictionary)。

你平时使用什么词典？请结合自己的情况说明喜欢使用某种词典的理由。

高分范文1：More and more students prefer to use e-dictionaries nowadays due to their convenience and smartness. But as far as I am concerned, I'll choose a paper dictionary rather than an electronic one.A paper dictionary has many advantages although it’s considered heavy to carry and time-consuming. First of all，the information listed in a paper dictionary is more sufficient and accurate. The usage of a certain word is often explained in detail with several examples or even vivid pictures so that the user may have a better command of the word. On the contrary, most e-dictionaries fail to tell the users how to use a word correctly and properly. Secondly, a paper dictionary can be used for a long time once it’s bought, for it doesn’t depend on electricity to work. There are few things that are more annoying than finding that the batteries have run out when you reach for an e-dictionary. Last but not least, there can be a lot of mistakes in an e-dictionary while a paper one has been revised several times before its eventual publication. E-dictionaries also tend to use abbreviations a lot, which may cause those who have just started to learn the foreign language much confusion.To sum up, I prefer using a paper dictionary to using a fashionable, electronic one.高分范文2：Using electronic dictionaries has been a growing trend among students. As a user myself, I think it is good to use electronic dictionaries.First of all, electronic dictionaries have a time-saving advantage over traditional ones. When it comes to looking up a new word, all I need to do is just inputting the new word. Then the dictionary will search automatically. Compared with the traditional paper dictionaries, such process only takes seconds. Therefore, the saved time can be used to read more, which benefits me a lot in study.Secondly, electronic dictionaries are more convenient to use. An electronic dictionary contains more than one dictionary. Such function enables students to gain more knowledge about the word. Moreover, electronic dictionaries can be connected to the computer. The contents can be updated frequently in this way, which ensures what you learn is the latest one.Thirdly, electronic dictionaries are more environmental-friendly. The making of traditional paper dictionaries costs large amounts of paper. And, paper comes from trees. By using electronic dictionaries, we can protect forests from disappearing.The reasons I gave above are just an outline of why electronic dictionaries are popular. To my belief, more people will follow such trend to use electronic dictionaries and they will continue to find how convenient they are.高分范文3：With the development of the electronics industry, there’s an increasing popularity of electronic dictionaries among students. Nevertheless, I believe the trend has potential danger and paper dictionaries shouldn’t lose their place in our studies.First and foremost, electronic dictionaries don’t provide as comprehensive usage of a word as paper ones and even have mistakes. A typical paper dictionary includes idioms’ phrasal verbs, derivatives,highlighted collocation and difference between similar words. Electronic ones’ failure to meet students’ desire for insights into words is the most significant defect.Furthermore, the role of electronic dictionaries in memorizing new words is far from satisfactory. Most students only pay attention to Chinese meanings for the sake of convenience while on the contrary, the process of consulting paper dictionaries forces students to look through all the usages. Research findings have revealed that students with an electronic dictionary have a poor command of what they have learned, scoring 36 on a vocabulary test, in comparison with 79 for students with a paper one.Last but not least, too much dependence on electronic dictionaries may hinder the development of independent thinking. It only takes 1 minute or so to look up a new word but students are deprived of the experience of “finding problems，looking them up, comprehension, memorizing and putting theory into practice”. It’s a pity that they lose the golden chance.To put it in a nutshell, paper dictionaries are more effective in learning. If time permits, I appeal to all to be clear of electronic dictionaries.Writing 2[上海市高三英语二模(徐汇区)]假设你叫李华，暑假期间打算去英国Star English Language School (SELS)进行短期学习。

高中英语人教版新教材选修第一册课文unit1 using language原创课文填空

人教版新教材(选择性必修第一册)（Unit 1 | Using Language）第一部分：课文填空Albert Einstein, __________ is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics，is often considered one of the smartest ________(man) who ever lived. He made numerous _______________(contribute) to the world, the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc2. Einstein was not only a genius; he was a courageous and kind figure loved by many people.This gentle genius ______________(bear) in Germany on 14 March 1879. When he was 16, he tried to enter university in Switzerland, ___________ failed due to his low scores in the general part of the entrance exam, ____________obtaining exceptional scores in maths and physics. ___________studying for another year, he managed to pass the exam, ______________(enter) university in 1896 and graduating in 1900.After two years of looking for work _____________ a teacher, Einstein took a job as a clerk in the Swiss patent office. While_____________(work) there, out of a strong passion for knowledge, he continued to study, ______________(earn) a doctorate in physics in 1905. That same year, which was later recorded___________ a miracle year in science, he published four extraordinaryphysics____________(paper). Following this, he_______________(gradual) became famous throughout the world as the new Isaac Newton. After four years, he was able to quit his job at thepatent office and enter research full-time at a university. In 1922, he________________(award) the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect.Germany. Einstein, ___________was Jewish, found the doors of academic institutions closed to him. As a consequence, he had to flee Germany. After spending time in Europe, he finally took up a position as a researcher at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, USA. _______________(follow) that, he continued to make great achievements in physics and mathematics._________ the public, he was seen as a slightly odd-looking but kind and funny man. He had a thick moustache and long white hair, which sometimes stood on end as though he had just received an electric shock. __________ he was a genius, he sometimes forgot things, like his friends’ birthdays. But __________his peculiarities, he was loved by his friends and neighbours. There is even a story about_____________ he helped a little girl who knocked on his door and asked for help with her homework. In fact, Einstein often encountered people on the street ______ would stop him and ask him to help explain things. After many such occasions, he finally started saying, “Pardon me! Sorry! Always I___________(mistake) for Professor Einstein!”On 18 April 1955, it was reported that Einstein had passed away, and the whole world _____________(mourn) the great loss of a brilliant scientist.1___________________2____________________3________________ 4___________________5____________________6________________7___________________8____________________9________________ 10___________________11____________________12_____________ 13___________________14____________________15_____________ 16____________17______________18_____________19________20—————————答案1.who2.men3.contributions4.was born5.but6.despite7.After8.Entering9.as10.working11.earning12.as13.papers14.gradually15.was awarded16.who17.Following18.To19.Although20.Despite21.How22.who23.am mistaken24.mourned第二部分：中英文翻译：THE MAN WHO CHANGED OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE改变了我们对宇宙认识的人Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics，is often considered one of the smartest men who ever lived. He made numerous contributions to the world, the most well-known being the general theory of relativity and the famous formula E=mc2. Einsteinwas not only a genius; he was a courageous and kind figure loved by many people.阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦，也许是现代物理学中最伟大的科学家，通常被认为是有史以来最聪明的人之一。

英语：Unit2《Language》Word study课件(1)(译林牛津版必修3)

• 二. 两者不可换用的情况：两者不可换用的情况：结构中只能用certain，不在“It is…that结构中只能用结构中只能用，能用sure 能用 It is certain that he will come. 注：be sure to do sth.与与 sure of doing sth.的区别的区别 He is sure to succeed. (说话者认为“他” 说话者认为“ 说话者认为一定会成功) 一定会成功 He is sure of succeeding. (“他”自己认他为一定成功) 为一定成功
Finish the sentences with the phrases: 3.总体说来我们的努力没有白费。总体说来, 我们的努力没有白费。总体说来 As a whole ___ ___ _____ our efforts did not fail. 4.一切都取决于她喜不喜欢这个老板。一切都取决于她喜不喜欢这个老板。一切都取决于她喜不喜欢这个老板 depends on It all ______ _____ whether she likes the boss or not. . 5.吸烟会导致肺癌吗吸烟会导致肺癌吗? 吸烟会导致肺癌吗 Does smoking ______ _____ lung cancer? contribute to
3. In spite of
despite prep.
1) Despite our efforts we still lost the game. Despite our efforts = Although we made efforts, 2) He came to the lecture despite his illness. despite his illness = although he was ill

Learning+About+Language-高中英语人教版(2019)选择性必修第一册

__t_a_c_k__le___
1. To deal with this crisis, he chose to study agriculture.
2. He is a very good actor and he
_d_e__v_o_t_e_s__
commits himself to every role that he
7 My mother is very co_n__v_en__ti_o_n_a_l___ and finds it hard to accept the modern lifestyle that I enjoy.
8 The government has decided to boost the programme to g_e_n_e_ra_t_e____ more new jobs.
课前•基础认知课堂•重难突破
词汇认知阅读自测
3.convince vt.使相信;使确信;说服 → convinced adj.确信的;深信的 → convincing adj.令人信服的;有说服力的 4.characteristic n.特征;特点;品质 adj.典型的;独特的 → character n.性格,品质;特性;角色 5.conventional adj.传统的;习惯的 → convention n.大会;惯例 → conventionally adv.照惯例地
词汇认知阅读自测
课前•基础认知课堂•重难突破
Hale Waihona Puke 重要短语 1. devote...to 把……用于;献身;致力;专心 2. be comprised of 包括;包含;由……组成(或构成) 3. deep down 在内心深处;本质上;实际上

英语Unit 1 Language Study Learning About Language

to buy the dictionary. ____________________
多变的 “worthy”
of being done
worthy be worthy to be done 这个建议值得考虑。 of being considered. _________________ The suggestion is worthy
经典例句 It’s hard to train children to behave well at the table. 培养儿童用餐时举止良好是很困难的。 Behave yourself; you shouldn’t smoke at public places. 注意你的举止, 不要在公共场合抽烟。
自主归纳
way后面的定语从句，引导定语从句有三种情况： a.一般情况下用that； b.在比较正式的文体中用in which； c. in which和that省去。
快乐ABCD What surprised me was not what he said but ______ he said it. A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which I don’t like the way ______ you speak to the old. A. that B. / C. in which D. all above
辨同求异 worthwhile，worthy和worth
doing sth. worthwhile 通常用it作形式主语 be worthwhile to do sth.
这本词典值得买。 buying the dictionary. ___________________

高一英语language-study课件

5.Yao Ming is good at playing basketball and he does well in learning foreign languages as well ___ ___. admitted into/tothe Olympic 6. Being ________________ Games is the dream of every athlete. （被批准参加） nor did 7.He never went again, _________he write to apologize.（也不）
3.Women are not only allowed ,but play a important role in team sports. 吴秀娟不仅学习好，体育也很棒。 Wu Xiujuan is not only good at study, but does well in sports. 4.No other countries could join in , nor could slaves or women. 我不喜欢他，也不讨厌他。 I don’t like him , nor do I hate him. 我同桌这次物理没考好，我也没有。 My deskmate didn’t do well in the physics exam ,nor did I.
你通常多久去看望你的爷爷奶奶？ How often do you visit your grandprarents? 2. That’s why they are called the Winter Olympics 他昨晚熬夜了，那就是为什么他今早迟到的原因。 He stayed up late last night , and that’s why he was late this morning.

山东省实验中学高三第一次模拟考试英语试题

Later that week, he battled to brush off the awkward memories. He arrived at work and expected it to be like any other day, but there was something left on the desk for him, a two-page handwritten letter from the teenagers with $18 attached, in which they explained they were unaware of how to tip appropriately due to it being their first time in this bar. Everything suddenly made sense.
Timothy thumbed up what they did with a big grin and he was so moved by their gesture that he uploaded a picture of the letter sharing their admirable efforts. The reaction was more than positive.
Some libraries use unique architecture to encourage visitors to explore the shelves and settle down with a new book, or use roving libraries to bring books to hard-to-reach populations. No matter how they achieve it, these novel libraries are keeping the magic of reading alive.

高三英语language-study(新编201908)

；杏耀平台杏耀代理杏耀注册杏耀平台杏耀代理杏耀注册
；
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高三英语language-study1

分手复合/taiguoqingjiang
分手复合那么泰国法事可以挽回对方吗？不少缘主对此存在比较多的疑问，那么我们泰降之家今天就来给大家详细说说泰国和合法事分手和好的原理和具体的功效，帮助大家能够全面的认识泰国情降挽回法事。分手复合泰国挽回法事也称之为泰国情降和合挽回降法，由各种降术法门组成的组合降。分手复合根据缘主具体的感情情况而针对性的施降，从而在降法的影响下修复双方破裂的感情重聚姻缘。分手复合如果免费，首先为了降低可能的违约成本，对方给你安排的师父也都是比较垃圾的，而且进行法事的准备也需要付出一些成本，更别提师父们的人工和下降的费用。分手复合如果一个行业都是希望免费给你做，那么这个行业就会变成劣币驱逐良币，真正能够给你做情降的师父就不会再有，你也将碰到各种骗子，甚至你连基本的售后服务都不会有，这是你希望的吗？所以希望大家不要再报侥幸心理了。分手复合泰国情降挽回是给有缘人做的，如果你因为之前没有找好给你下降的师父而屡次失败或者你就是抱着半信半疑的侥幸心理来做，那么还不如不做，这是行业内很少有人给你讲的实话，当然这个要看你自己。分手复合当时她也哭过也闹过甚至以自杀相威胁，亲戚朋友都劝了但是那个男的还是一意孤行。分手复合后来在网上找到我们，希望我们能够帮助她斩断她丈夫的桃花，然后让她丈夫回到自己的身边，因此我们在了解了情况后给她安排了。分手复合后来因为平时工作比较忙，做完后我也很少联系她，大概是一个多月后她来找到我，说非常感谢我们，他老公回来了，并且和那个女的彻底的分开了，因为那个女的和很多男人都有联系，和他在一起也只是图他的钱。分手复合而泰国和合蜡烛被广泛用于泰国真正有效果的情降法事中而作为一种情降圣物，配合其他的情降圣物以及师父独有的降术法门才能真正的成为有效果的法事，而单一的代烧蜡烛其作用是非常有限的。分手复合因此，希望大家能够明白泰国和合蜡烛的作用和功效，这点上给大家普及了也就不会被那些代烧蜡烛的中介商所欺骗。分手复合如果大家真正希望能够挽回对方复合感情，那么还是需要定制一场专门的用于感情和合挽回、拆婚合婚的泰国情降和合挽回法事，通过连续7天下降的真正的情降法事来挽回对方，这才是真正的好的选择。分手复合法事破冰也需要时间，如果就是闹矛盾但是之前的感情基础比较好，那么这类的情况复合的时间就会少一些。分手复合第二点是给你做和合法事的师父，有的师父本身功力修为都达到了境界，并且下降的法门采用的速效法门，那么你的和合法事起效时间就会短，如果是师父采用比较温和的和合术法门，那么起效时间就会延长。分手复合这点大家在做泰国和合法事之前可以和中介商进行沟通，要先讲好。分手复合有的缘主说和合术最严重的反噬是什么呢？今天我们泰降之家就来给大家分享下泰国和合法事反噬的问题，希望能够给大家做一个参考。分手复合首先泰国和合法事我们都知道属于泰国情降和合挽回术，一般来说泰国情降挽回法事的施降过程中会使用阴料、阴灵、阴地等等阴性能量和磁场，所以很多缘主担心这样的法术会对自己有所反噬，特别是使用了灵体的下降。分手复合其实在泰国和合法事的下降过程中，所有参与降法的灵体都是受到了降术师父的约束，本身是不会对事主造成什么影响，也不会作怪，这点上大家是可以放心的。分手复合一般来说，情降的生效时间因为大家在不同的泰国法事承接商那里做的不一样，自然做的师父也都不一样，所采用的情降的法门也都不同，那么我们就应该以法事中介那里的给你承诺的时间为准，有的一个月有的说三个月我们要耐心等待，但是情降生效的时候再下降完成都会有一系列分手复合当然这个也有的缘主是感受不到，主要是个人运势和体质的影响。分手复合如果你等了好几个月了还没有任何起色，那么可以考虑的是情降法事没有效果，这种情况下你可以联系之前的法事商或者重新找一家进行重新下降。分手复合如果超过两个月的，泰降之家都会负责到底，可以给大家重新补降，当然第二次的补降都是针对性的，比如我们因为什么原因没有复合，那么我们就会找到这个原因然后针对性的下降，这样基本上就可以完全复合，达成心愿。分手复合有的缘主其实心里是非常着急的，因为感情问题会时刻的纠缠他们，因此让情降快点见效这一点是非常能够理解的。分手复合如果大家觉得在别家的法事做的不好希望重新做，或者是希望能找更好的师傅来给对方下降，那么可以联系我们泰降之家，泰降之家专注情降和合挽回、拆婚合婚、惩罚降已经8年了，服务过无数的缘主，帮助大家挽回了感情。分手复合所以一定要控制住自己哦。分手复合好了，如果大家因为感情上的问题困扰，希望能够通过泰国情降和合术来挽回对方的话可以联系我们泰降之家的官方客服进行详细的咨询，我们可以结合自己的经验和你的实际感情情况来给ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้你比较专业的指导，帮助你挽回真爱。分手复合如果大家对于泰国情降和合法术还是不太了解，那么可以返回我们泰降之家首页进行全面的学习了解，我们整理了全部的知识给大家。分手复合那么泰国和合法事多久见效呢？平时在缘主们咨询我们的时候就比较疑惑，因此其他的法事中介商有的说要7天，有的说要15天，有的说要一个月，有的要两个月三个月等等，那么做完泰国和合法事后法事见效的时间点到底要多久，有没有一个比较肯定的答案呢？今天我们泰降之家就结分手复合首先当我们做了泰国和合法事之后，我们通常都会等一段时间。分手复合不同的中介商那里说法不一，但是这些中介商中有相当一部分是属于骗子，在缘主咨询我们的时候很多都反馈到这个问题，所以这里就提一下，希望大家能够仔细的辨别。

现代大学英语精读1 lesson2_language study

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Lesson 2 – Going Home
I.
Word Study
A sudden gust of rain dashed against the red bricks that were already stained in patches by water. Her fingers were stained with dirt, her nail varnish chipped. How do you get wine stains out of a tablecloth? There was a dark red stain on the carpet. Water is a miraculous substance remover; it will remove probably 85 percent of all stains.
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Lesson 2 – Going Home
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Examples
make something of yourself (= to become successful ) be (really/quite) something (= spoken used to say that something is very good and impressive) there's something in/to something (= used to admit that someone's words are true or their ideas are successful, etc.)

Unit3 English Study language Study

10 percent discount “打九折 ” They can speak fluent English in their business to recommend commodities and to promote sales. 不定式短语做目的状语，意思是推销商品，促进销售。
Those who have ever been to Xiushui Market would admire the salesgirls’ perfect English and this highlight also makes Xiushui Market more famous. and连接的并列句 who have ever been to Xiushui Market是定语从句，修饰those, 意思是“那些曾经去过秀水市场的人们都很赞赏女售货员们的完美英语，这一亮点也使得秀水市场更加闻名。 Make+n+adj. “使得某人/某事物…” 这座古庙使得这个小镇出了名。 This old temple made the small town famous.
2. Who admires the salesgirls in Xiushui Market for their perfect English? All those who have ever been to Xiushui Market admire the salesgirls’ . perfect English.
1.英语角英语角 2.英语演讲比赛英语演讲比赛 3.促销促销 4.推荐商品推荐商品 5.付诸实践付诸实践 6.放弃放弃 7.满怀信心满怀信心 8.毕业于毕业于 9.起初，开头起初 10.做更多的练习做更多的练习

(完整版)英语语言学概论--整理

Chapter 1 Language语言1. Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2. Productivity(能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in theirnative language.3. arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and itsmeaning.4. symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention.5. discreteness (离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.6. displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in theimmediate situations of its users.7. duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality ofstructure.8. culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next throughteaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.9. interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.1. ★What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language.First, language is a system.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense.The third feature of language is symbolic nature.2. ★What are the design features of language?Language has seven design features as following:1) Productivity.2) Discreteness.3) Displacement4) Arbitrariness.5) Cultural transmission6) Duality of structure.7) Interchangeability.3. Why do we say language is a system?Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other.4. ★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the threefunctional components of adult language?I. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:1) Instrumental function. 工具功能2) Regulatory function. 调节功能3) Representational function. 表现功能4) Interactional function. 互动功能5) Personal function. 自指性功能6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h]7) Imaginative function. 想象功能II. Adult language has three functional components as following:1) Interpersonal components. 人际2) Ideational components.概念3) Textual components.语篇1. general linguistics and descriptive linguistics (普通语言学与描写语言学) The former deals with language in general whereas the latter isconcerned with one particular language.2. synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics (共时语言学与历时语言学) Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of thelanguage and records the changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time. And synchronic linguistics presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time.3. theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics (理论语言学与应用语言学) The former copes with languages with a view to establishing atheory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks.4. microlinguistics and macrolinguistics(微观语言学与宏观语言学) The former studies only the structure of language system whereas thelatter deals with everything that is related to languages.5. langue and parole (语言与言语) The former refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech communitywhereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actual situation by an individual speaker.6. competence and performance (语言能力与语言运用) The former is one’s knowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems whereas the latteris the use of language in concrete situation.7. speech and writing (口头语与书面语) Speech is the spoken form of language whereas writing is written codes, gives language new scope.8. linguistics behavior potential and actual linguistic behavior (语言行为潜势与实际语言行为) People actually says on a certain occasion to acertain person is actual linguistics behavior. And each of possible linguistic items that he could have said is linguistic behavior potential.9. syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation(横组合关系与纵聚合关系) The former describes the horizontal dimension of a languagewhile the latter describes the vertical dimension of a language.10. verbal communication and non-verbal communication(言语交际与非言语交际) Usual use of language as a means of transmittinginformation is called verbal communication. The ways we convey meaning without using language is called non-verbal communication.1. ★How does John Lyons classify linguistics?According to John Lyons, the field of linguistics as a whole can be divided into several subfields as following:1) General linguistics and descriptive linguistics.2) Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.3) Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.4) Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics.2. Explain the three principles by which the linguist is guided: consistency, adequacy and simplicity.1) Consistency means that there should be no contradictions between different parts of the theory and the description.2) Adequacy means that the theory must be broad enough in scope to offer significant generalizations.3) Simplicity requires us to be as brief and economic as possible.3. ★What are the sub-branches of linguistics within the language system?Within the language system there are six sub-branches as following:1) Phonetics. 语音学is a study of speech sounds of all human languages.2) Phonology. 音位学studies about the sounds and sound patterns of a speaker’s native language.3) Morphology. 形态学studies about how a word is formed.4) Syntax. 句法学studies about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.5) Semantics. 语义学studies about the meaning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.6) Pragmatics. 语用学★The scope of language: Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.★The scientific process of linguistic study: It involves four stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions.1. articulatory phonetics(发音语音学) The study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2. acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) The study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3. auditory phonetics (听觉语音学) The study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4. consonant (辅音) Consonant is a speech sound where the air form the language is either completely blocked, or partially blocked, or where theopening between the speech organs is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction.5. vowel (元音) is defined as a speech sound in which the air from the lungs is not blocked in any way and is pronounced with vocal-cord vibration.6. bilabials (双唇音) Bilabials means that consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or restricted by the two lips. [p][b] [m] [w]7. affricates (塞擦音) The sound produced by stopping the airstream and then immediately releasing it slowly is called affricates. [t X] [d Y] [tr] [dr]8. glottis (声门) Glottis is the space between the vocal cords.9. rounded vowel (圆唇元音) Rounded vowel is defined as the vowel sound pronounced by the lips forming a circular opening. [u:] [u] [OB] [O]10. diphthongs (双元音) Diphthongs are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.[ei][ai][O i] [Q u][au]11. triphthongs(三合元音) Triphthongs are those which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another and then rapidly andcontinuously to a third one. [ei Q][ai Q][O i Q] [Q u Q][au Q]12. lax vowels (松元音) According to distinction of long and short vowels, vowels are classified tense vowels and lax vowels. All the long vowelsare tense vowels but of the short vowels,[e] is a tense vowel as well, and the rest short vowels are lax vowels.1. ★How are consonants classified in terms of different criteria?The consonants in English can be described in terms of four dimensions.1) The position of the soft palate.2) The presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration.3) The place of articulation.4) The manner of articulation.2. ★How are vowels classified in terms of different criteria?Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors.1) The state of the velum2) The position of the tongue.3) The openness of the mouth.4) The shape of the lips.5) The length of the vowels.6) The tension of the muscles at pharynx.3. ★What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other?Phonetics has three sub-branches as following:1) Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2) Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3) Auditory phonetics is the study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4. ★What are the commonly used phonetic features for consonants and vowels respectively?I. The frequently used phonetic features for consonants include the following:1) Voiced.2) Nasal.3) Consonantal.4) Vocalic.5) Continuant.6) Anterior.7) Coronal.8) Aspirated.II. The most common phonetic features for vowels include the following:1) High.2) Low.3) Front.4) Back.5) Rounded.6) Tense.1. phonemes (音位) Phonemes are minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.2. allophones (音位变体) Allophones are the phonetic variants and realizations of a particular phoneme.3. phones (单音) The smallest identifiable phonetic unit found in a stream of speech is called a phone.4. minimal pair (最小对立体) Minimal pair means words which differ from each other only by one sound.5. contrastive distribution (对比分布) If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for anotherbrings about a change of meaning, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.6. complementary distribution(互补分布) If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment ,then they are said to be incomplementary distribution.7. free variation (自由变异) When two sounds can appear in the same environment and the substitution of one for the other does not cause anychange in meaning, then they are said to be in free variation.8. distinctive features (区别性特征) A distinctive feature is a feature which distinguishes one phoneme from another.9. suprasegmental features (超切分特征) The distinctive (phonological) features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are knownas suprasegmental features.10. tone languages (声调语言) Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level.11. intonation languages (语调语言) Intonation languages are those which use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level.12. juncture (连音) Juncture refers to the phonetic boundary features which may demarcate grammatical units.1. ★What are the differences between English phonetics and English phonology?1) Phonetics is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology attempts to account forhow they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.2) Phonetics is the study of the actual sounds while phonology is concerned with a more abstract description of speech sounds and tries todescribe the regularities of sound patterns.2. Give examples to illustrate the relationship between phonemes, phones and allophones.When we hear [pit],[tip],[spit],etc, the similar phones we have heard are /p/. And /p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes in English, while [ph] and [p] are allophones.3. How can we decide a minimal pair or a minimal set?A minimal pair should meet three conditions:1) The two forms are different in meaning.2) The two forms are different in one sound segment.3) The different sounds occur in the same position of the two strings.4. ★Use examples to explain the three types of distribution.1) Contrastive distribution. Sounds [m] in met and [n] in net are in contrastive distribution because substituting [m] for [n] will result in achange of meaning.2) Complementary distribution. The aspirated plosive [ph] and the unaspirated plosive [p] are in complementary distribution because theformer occurs either initially in a word or initially in a stressed syllable while the latter never occurs in such environments.3) Free variation. In English, the word “direct” may be pronounce in two ways: /di’rekt/ and /dia’rekt/, and the two different sounds /i/ and /ai/can be said to be in free variation.5. What’s the difference between segmental features and suprasegmental features? What are the suprasegmental features in English?I. 1) Distinctive features, which are used to distinguish one phoneme from another and thus have effect on one sound segment, are referred toas segmental features.2) The distinctive (phonological) features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are known as suprasegmental features.3) Suprasegmental features may have effect on more than one sound segment. They may apply to a string of several sounds.II.The main suprasegmental features include stress, tone, intonation and juncture.6. What’s the difference between tone languages and intonation language?Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level while intonation languages are those which use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level7. ★What’s the difference between phonetic transcriptions and phonemic transcriptions?The former was meant to symbolize all possible speech sounds, including even the most minute shades of pronunciation, while the latter was intended to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language.1. morphemes (语素) Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.allomorphs (语素变体) Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morpheme.morphs (形素) Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemes.2. roots (词根) Roots is defined as the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning.affixes (词缀) Affixes are morphemes that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.free morphemes (自由语素) Free morphemes are those which can exist as individual words.bound morphemes (粘着语素) Bound morphemes are those which cannot occur on their own as separate words.3. inflectional affixes (屈折词缀) refer to affixes that serve to indicate grammatical relations, but do not change its part of speech.derivational affixes (派生词缀) refer to affixes that are added to words in order to change its grammatical category or its meaning.4. empty morph (空语子) Empty morph means a morph which has form but no meaning.zero morph (零语子) Zero morph refers to a morph which has meaning but no form.5. IC Analysis (直接成分分析) IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression (both a word and a sentence) into a hierarchicallydefined series of constituents.6. immediate constituents(直接成分) A immediate constituent is any one of the largest grammatical units that constitute a construction.Immediate constituents are often further reducible.ultimate constituents (最后成分) Ultimate constituents are those grammatically irreducible units that constitute constructions.7. morphological rules (形态学规则) The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphologicalrules.8. word-formation process (构词法) Word-formation process mean the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of alreadyexisting linguistic resources.1. ★What is IC Analysis?IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression (both a word and a sentence) into a hierarchically defined series of constituents.2. How are morphemes classified?1) Semantically speaking, morphemes are grouped into two categories: root morphemes and affixational morphemes.2) Structurally speaking, they are divided into two types: free morphemes and bound morphemes.3. ★Explain the interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes.a) All free morphemes are roots but not all roots are free morphemes.b) All affixes are bound morphemes, but not all bound morphemes are affixes.4. What’s the difference between an empty morph and a zero mor ph?a) Empty morph means a morph that has form but no meaning.b) Zero morph refers to a morph that has meaning but no form.5. Explain the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes in term of both function and position.a) Functionally:i.Inflectional affixes sever to mark grammatical relations and never create new words while derivational affixes can create new words.ii.Inflectional affixes do not cause a change in grammatical class while derivational affixes very often but not always cause a change in grammatical class.b) In term of position:i.Inflectional affixes are suffixes while derivational affixes can be suffixes or prefixes.ii.Inflectional affixes are always after derivational affixes if both are present. And derivational affixes are always before inflectional suffixes if both are present.6. What are morphological rules? Give at least four rules with examples.The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphological rules.For example:a) un- + adj. ->adj.b) Adj./n. + -ify ->v.c) V. + -able -> adj.d) Adj. + -ly -> adv.1. syntagmatic relations (横组关系) refer to the relationships between constituents in a construction.paradigmatic relations (纵聚合关系) refer to the relations between the linguistic elements within a sentence and those outside the sentence.hierarchical relations (等级关系) refer to relationships between any classification of linguistic units which recognizes a series of successively subordinate levels.2. IC Analysis (直接成分分析) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction.labeled IC Analysis(标记法直接成分分析) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction and label each constituent.phrase markers (短语标记法) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction, and label each constituent while remove all the linguistic forms.labeled bracketing (方括号标记法) is a kind of grammatical analysis, which is applied in representing the hierarchical structure of sentences by using brackets.3. constituency (成分关系)dependency (依存关系)4. surface structures (表层结构)refers to the mental representation of a linguistic expression, derived from deep structure by transformationalrules.deep structures (深层结构) deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures. 5. phrase structure rules (短语结构规则)are a way to describe a given language's syntax. They are used to break a natural language sentencedown into its constituent parts.6. transformational rules (转换规则)7. structural ambiguity (结构歧义)1. What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure?They are different from each other in four aspects:1) Surface structures correspond directly to the linear arrangements of sentences while deep structures correspond to the meaningful groupingof sentences.2) Surface structures are more concrete while deep structures are more abstract.3) Surface structures give the forms of sentences whereas deep structures give the meanings of sentences.4) Surface structures are pronounceable but deep structures are not.2. Illustrate the differences between PS rules and T-rules.1) PS rules frequently applied in generating deep structures.2) T-rules are used to transform deep structure into surface structures.3. What’s the order of generating sentences? Do we st art with surface structures or with deep structures? How differently are theygenerated?To generate a sentence, we always start with its deep structure, and then transform it into its corresponding surface structure.Deep structures are generated by phrase structure rules (PS rules) while surface structures are derived from their deep structures by transformational rules (T-rules).4. What’s the difference between a compulsory constituent and an optional one?Optional constituents may be present or absent while compulsory constituents must be present.5. What are the three syntactic relations? Illustrate them with examples.1) Syntagmatic relations2) Paradigmatic relations.3) Hierarchical relations.1. Lexical semantics (词汇语义学) is defined as the study of word meaning in language.2. Sense (意义) refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Reference (所指) means what a linguistic form refers to in the real world.4. Concept (概念) is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.5. Denotation (外延) is defined as the constant ,abstract, and basic meaning of a linguistic expression independent of context and situation.6. Connotation (内涵) refers to the emotional associations which are suggested by, or are part of the meaning of, a linguistic unit.7. Componential analysis (成分分析法) is the way to decompose the meaning of a word into its components.8. Semantic field (语义场) The vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized into areas, within whichwords interrelate and define each other in various ways. The areas are semantic fields.9. Hyponymy (上下义关系) refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.10. Synonymy (同义关系) refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.11. Antonymy (反义关系) refers to the oppositeness of meaning.12. Lexical ambiguity (词汇歧义)13. Polysemy (多义性) refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.14. Homonymy (同音(同形)异义关系) refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.15. Sentence semantics (句子语义学) refers to the study of sentence meaning in language.1. What’s the criterion of John Lyons in classifying semantics into its sub-branches? And how does he classify semantics?In terms of whether it falls within the scope of linguistics, John Lyons distinguishes between linguistic semantics and non-linguistic semantics.According John Lyons, semantics is one of the sub-branches of linguistics; it is generally defined as the study of meaning.2. What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning?1) Object, 2) concept, 3) symbol, 4) user, 5) context.3. What is the difference between the theory of componential analysis and the theory of semantic theory in defining meaning of words?4. What are the sense relations between sentences?1) S1 is synonymous with S2.2) S1 entails S2.3) S1 contradicts S2.4) S1 presupposes S2.5) S1 is a tautology, and therefore invariably true.6) S1 is a contradiction, and therefore invariably false.7) S1 is semantically anomalous.1. Speech act theory (言语行为理论)2. Cooperative principle and its maxims (合作原则及其准则)3. Politeness principle and its maxims (礼貌原则及其准则)4. Conversational implicature (会话含义)5. Indirect speech act (间接言语行为)6. Pragmatic presupposition (语用学预设)7. Relevance theory (关联理论)8. Illocutionary act (言外行为)9. (Horn’s) Q-Principle and R-Principle10. Perfrmative verbs (施为句动词)1. Make comments on the different definitions of pragmatics.2. What are the main types of deixis?3. Explain the statement: context is so indispen sable in fully understanding interpreting the speaker’s meaning.4. How are Austin’s and Searle’s speech act theories related to each other?5. What’s the relationship between CP and PP?6. What do you know about presupposition triggers in English? Explain them briefly with examples.7. What is ostensive-referential communication?8. Explain the obvious presupposition of speaker who say each of the following:1) When did you stop beating your wife?2) Where did Tom buy the watch?3) Your car is broken.9. What do you think of the fol lowing statement? “Tom participated in spreading rumors” entails “Tom engaged in spreading rumors”.Chapter 9 话语分析1. text(语篇) = discourse 语篇是指实际使用的语言单位，是一次交际过程中的一系列连续的话段或句子所构成的语言整体。

高三英语language-study1

我们应该尊重儿童的人格。
• She is a woman with a strong personality. 她是一个很有个性的女人。
• She is a famous TV personality. 她是一个著名的电视明星。
• 2.memorise(vt); memory(n); memorial(n) • memorise(vt): learn…by heart 记住；熟记
• 4.使杰出；使扬名； The young officer distinguished himself many times in battle.
• 5.著名的；卓越的 He is distinguished for his knowledge of economics.
consequence • 结果，后果；结论；
In consequence of 由于 in consequence as a result 结果 take the consequences (of) 承担……后果 consider the consequences 考虑后果 a natural consequence 自然的结果重要性，重大性，重要
一身奇特的武功『灰霞浪精丝瓜耳』，看家的魔法是『青烟甩仙球棒经文』，另外身上还带着一件奇异的法宝『绿风蟒精小路袋』。他有着丰盈的海蓝色镜子造型的身
材和有些魔法的紫宝石色粉条般的皮肤，真的有些风趣神气，他头上是闪亮的土灰色面条形态的奇发，戴着一顶崭新的亮青色螺母般的鸟网藤草帽，他上穿破旧的雪白
色蛋糕模样的肉丁云舞峰影服，下穿结实的的深蓝色香槟似的鲜笋圣柏长裤，脚穿古怪的纯灰色河马模样的腰鼓秋影履……有时很喜欢露出露着尖细的紫葡萄色海马形
他记忆力很好（不好）
• The matter sticks in my memory.

高三英语language-study1(2019)

子枝属百二十馀人而山川园池市井租税之入楚五败韩赵为一湛湛隐隐大悦不虚耳计浅而怨深请追杀之何常言与其意欲复求为帝败之与汉宦官无异论曰“阳疾处内子成公黑肱立环渊著上下篇已而其精兵果奔西北男女杂坐杀其君伯御不利乃北伐齐与韦丞相、魏丞相、
邴丞相微贱时会於客家合骑侯敖为中将军舜之妻然吾闻千金之子不死於市不中秦伐我出东至西吕后与审食其谋曰：“诸将与帝为编户民令平阳侯告卫尉：“毋入相国产殿门东负海下得守职玄德升闻谨厚以为丰；原遂闻之又相爱也七八日病已骤中韶濩昌乃在兄趋时若猛
报先王之雠天下莫不闻皆仰县官以为秦国尉曰重华
察其精粗 ”简子曰：“奏之击章平军於好畤南五国兵罢获若雨兽而吾子自执焉宋华父督弑其君殇公王弟长安君成蟜将军击赵徙二渠监齐赵兵萧丞相营作未
央宫单于遂独身与壮骑数百溃汉围西北遁走有客相之曰：“当刑而王据咸阳因谗之曰：“王使屈平为令此以迎大王为名冬 ”鲁哀公问：“弟子孰为好学天子亲至泰山群臣或言和秦诸众谗嬖臣 ”哙曰：“臣死且不辞 ”曰：“擢贾之发以续贾之罪欲告败太子汉使欲辩论者是
求人主二十四年有臣若是 ”太后由此憎窦婴相也；且吴何知反故殷故後世之言兵及周之阴权皆宗太公为本谋邪绝少阳而登太阴兮怀棠树不敢伐以此三世显名於诸侯上曰：“首为马邑事者襄公以兵送周平王秦项羽矫杀卿子冠军而自尊逞败走曲沃二子有之无凶年立以为代
王寡人贪其力当是时 ”叔孙生曰：“人主无过举主岁戚姬子如意为赵王必不谓韩王曰‘冯以为魏’ 外连衡而斗诸侯名闻天下长信侯毐作乱而觉周宣王时伐戎骚扰冲苁其相纷挐兮有声为万世规是为昭公且有十一二相全纵诸阴留侯不疑三也；今夫赵女郑姬遂拔宜阳有

高三英语language-study

be made up of 由……组成
•Senior Three is made up of 13 classes.
make up 和解; 虚构,编造; 化妆; 补偿,弥补 •It is very hard to make up the quarrel between the couple. •Don’t make up any excuse to cheat me. •I find no time to make myself up every day. •Hard work can make up for a lack of intelligence.
stand for 象征N,ote代s 表; 支持
•--What does WTO stand for? --It stands for World Trade Organization.
•Before we elect him, we want to know which side he stands for. stand out 明显，突出
differ vi. =be different from
①不同,相异 (~~ from…) Humans ~~ from other mammals in their ability to speak. Chinese differs greatly from Japanese in pronunciation.
the peoples of Africa
fellow
Notes
n.伙伴（同事/学），研究员，（学会）会员
adj. 同类的
fellow workers/students/travellers
fellow men 同胞，人类

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