顶级鼓手文本文档

合集下载

On the Gauge Aspects of Gravity

a rXiv:g r-qc/96213v18Feb1996On the Gauge Aspects of Gravity †Frank Gronwald and Friedrich W.Hehl Institute for Theoretical Physics,University of Cologne D-50923K¨o ln,Germany E-mail:fg@thp.uni-koeln.de,hehl@thp.uni-koeln.de ABSTRACT We give a short outline,in Sec.2,of the historical development of the gauge idea as applied to internal (U (1),SU (2),...)and external (R 4,SO (1,3),...)symmetries and stress the fundamental importance of the corresponding con-served currents.In Sec.3,experimental results with neutron interferometers in the gravitational ﬁeld of the earth,as interpreted by means of the equivalence principle,can be predicted by means of the Dirac equation in an accelerated and rotating reference ing the Dirac equation in such a non-inertial frame,we describe how in a gauge-theoretical approach (see Table 1)the Einstein-Cartan theory,residing in a Riemann-Cartan spacetime encompassing torsion and curvature,arises as the simplest gravitational theory.This is set in con-trast to the Einsteinian approach yielding general relativity in a Riemannian spacetime.In Secs.4and 5we consider the conserved energy-momentum cur-rent of matter and gauge the associated translation subgroup.The Einsteinian teleparallelism theory which emerges is shown to be equivalent,for spinless mat-ter and for electromagnetism,to general relativity.Having successfully gauged the translations,it is straightforward to gauge the four-dimensional aﬃne group R 4⊃×GL (4,R )or its Poincar´e subgroup R 4⊃×SO (1,3).We brieﬂy report on these results in Sec.6(metric-aﬃne geometry)and in Sec.7(metric-aﬃne ﬁeld equations (111,112,113)).Finally,in Sec.8,we collect some models,cur-rently under discussion,which bring life into the metric-aﬃne gauge framework developed.Contents1.Introduction2.Remarks on the history of the gauge idea2.1.General relativity and Weyl’s U(1)-gauge theory2.2.Yang-Mills and the structure of a gauge theory2.3.Gravity and the Utiyama-Sciama-Kibble approach2.4.E.Cartan’s analysis of general relativity and its consequences3.Einstein’s and the gauge approach to gravity3.1.Neutron matter waves in the gravitationalﬁeld3.2.Accelerated and rotating reference frame3.3.Dirac matter waves in a non-inertial frame of reference3.4.‘Deriving’a theory of gravity:Einstein’s method as opposed to thegauge procedure4.Conserved momentum current,the heuristics of the translation gauge4.1.Motivation4.2.Active and passive translations4.3.Heuristic scheme of translational gauging5.Theory of the translation gauge:From Einsteinian teleparallelism to GR5.1.Translation gauge potentialgrangian5.3.Transition to GR6.Gauging of the aﬃne group R4⊃×GL(4,R)7.Field equations of metric-aﬃne gauge theory(MAG)8.Model building:Einstein-Cartan theory and beyond8.1.Einstein-Cartan theory EC8.2.Poincar´e gauge theory PG,the quadratic version8.3.Coupling to a scalarﬁeld8.4.Metric-aﬃne gauge theory MAG9.Acknowledgments10.ReferencesFrom a letter of A.Einstein to F.Klein of1917March4(translation)70:“...Newton’s theory...represents the gravitationalﬁeld in a seeminglycomplete way by means of the potentialΦ.This description proves to bewanting;the functions gµνtake its place.But I do not doubt that the daywill come when that description,too,will have to yield to another one,for reasons which at present we do not yet surmise.I believe that thisprocess of deepening the theory has no limits...”1.Introduction•What can we learn if we look at gravity and,more speciﬁcally,at general relativity theory(GR)from the point of view of classical gaugeﬁeld theory?This is the question underlying our present considerations.The answer•leads to a better understanding of the interrelationship between the metric and aﬃne properties of spacetime and of the group structure related to gravity.Furthermore,it •suggests certain classicalﬁeld-theoretical generalizations of Einstein’s theory,such as Einstein–Cartan theory,Einsteinian teleparallelism theory,Poincar´e gauge theory, Metric-Aﬃne Gravity,that is,it leads to a deepening of the insight won by GR.We recently published a fairly technical review article on our results29.These lectures can be regarded as a down-to-earth introduction into that subject.We refrain from citing too many articles since we gave an overview a of the existing literature in ref.(29).2.Remarks on the history of the gauge idea2.1.General relativity and Weyl’s U(1)-gauge theorySoon after Einstein in1915/16had proposed his gravitational theory,namely general relativity(GR),Weyl extended it in1918in order to include–besides grav-itation–electromagnetism in a uniﬁed way.Weyl’s theoretical concept was that of recalibration or gauge invariance of length.In Weyl’s opinion,the integrability of length in GR is a remnant of an era dominated by action-at-a-distance theories which should be abandoned.In other words,if in GR we displace a meter stick from one point of spacetime to another one,it keeps its length,i.e.,it can be used as a standardof length throughout spacetime;an analogous argument is valid for a clock.In con-trast,Weyl’s uniﬁed theory of gravitation and electromagnetism of1918is set up in such a way that the uniﬁed Lagrangian is invariant under recalibration or re-gauging.For that purpose,Weyl extended the geometry of spacetime from the(pseudo-) Riemannian geometry with its Levi-Civita connectionΓ{}αβto a Weyl space with an additional(Weyl)covectorﬁeld Q=Qαϑα,whereϑαdenotes theﬁeld of coframes of the underlying four-dimensional diﬀerentiable manifold.The Weyl connection one-form reads1ΓWαβ=Γ{}αβ+ψ,D ψA)mat L (DJ=0A theorem local gauge symmetry coupling A Noether’s J <dJ=0of Lagrangian(d ψ),L mat ψgauge potentialsymmetry rigid ConservedJA(connection)current Fig.1.The structure of a gauge theory `a la Yang-Mills is depicted in this diagram,which is adapted from Mills 53.Let us quote some of his statements on gauge theories:‘The gauge principle,which might also be described as a principle of local symmetry ,is a statement about the invariance properties of physical laws.It requires that every continuous symmetry be a local symmetry ...’‘The idea at the core of gauge theory...is the local symmetry principle:Every continuous symmetry of nature is a local symmetry.’The history of gauge theory has been traced back to its beginnings by O’Raifeartaigh 69,who also gave a compact review of its formalism 68.the electromagnetic potential is an appendage to the Dirac ﬁeld and not related to length recalibration as Weyl originally thought.2.2.Yang-Mills and the structure of a gauge theoryYang and Mills,in 1954,generalized the Abelian U (1)-gauge invariance to non-Abelian SU (2)-gauge invariance,taking the (approximately)conserved isotopic spin current as their starting point,and,in 1956,Utiyama set up a formalism for the gauging of any semi-simple Lie group,including the Lorentz group SO (1,3).The latter group he considered as essential in GR.We will come back to this topic below.In any case,the gauge principle historically originated from GR as a concept for removing as many action-at-a-distance concept as possible –as long as the group under consideration is linked to a conserved current.This existence of a conserved current of some matter ﬁeld Ψis absolutely vital for the setting-up of a gauge theory.In Fig.1we sketched the structure underlying a gauge theory:A rigid symmetry ofa Lagrangian induces,via Noether’s theorem,a conserved current J ,dJ =0.It can happen,however,as it did in the electromagnetic and the SU (2)-case,that a conserved current is discovered ﬁrst and then the symmetry deduced by a kind of a reciprocal Noether theorem (which is not strictly valid).Generalizing from the gauge approach to the Dirac-Maxwell theory,we continue with the following gauge procedure:Extending the rigid symmetry to a soft symmetry amounts to turn the constant group parameters εof the symmetry transformation on the ﬁelds Ψto functions of spacetime,ε→ε(x ).This aﬀects the transformation behavior of the matter La-grangian which usually contains derivatives d Ψof the ﬁeld Ψ:The soft symmetry transformations on d Ψgenerate terms containing derivatives dε(x )of the spacetime-dependent group parameters which spoil the former rigid invariance.In order to coun-terbalance these terms,one is forced to introduce a compensating ﬁeld A =A i a τa dx i (a =Lie-algebra index,τa =generators of the symmetry group)–nowadays called gauge potential –into the theory.The one-form A turns out to have the mathematical mean-ing of a Lie-algebra valued connection .It acts on the components of the ﬁelds Ψwith respect to some reference frame,indicating that it can be properly represented as the connection of a frame bundle which is associated to the symmetry group.Thereby it is possible to replace in the matter Lagrangian the exterior derivative of the matter ﬁeld by a gauge-covariant exterior derivative,d −→A D :=d +A ,L mat (Ψ,d Ψ)−→L mat (Ψ,A D Ψ).(4)This is called minimal coupling of the matter ﬁeld to the new gauge interaction.The connection A is made to a true dynamical variable by adding a corresponding kinematic term V to the minimally coupled matter Lagrangian.This supplementary term has to be gauge invariant such that the gauge invariance of the action is kept.Gauge invariance of V is obtained by constructing it from the ﬁeld strength F =A DA ,V =V (F ).Hence the gauge Lagrangian V ,as in Maxwell’s theory,is assumed to depend only on F =dA ,not,however,on its derivatives dF,d ∗d F,...Therefore the ﬁeld equation will be of second order in the gauge potential A .In order to make it quasilinear,that is,linear in the second derivatives of A ,the gauge Lagrangian must depend on F no more than quadratically.Accordingly,with the general ansatz V =F ∧H ,where the ﬁeld momentum or “excitation”H is implicitly deﬁned by H =−∂V /∂F ,the H has to be linear in F under those circumstances.By construction,the gauge potential in the Lagrangians couples to the conserved current one started with –and the original conservation law,in case of a non-Abelian symmetry,gets modiﬁed and is only gauge covariantly conserved,dJ =0−→A DJ =0,J =∂L mat /∂A.(5)The physical reason for this modiﬁcation is that the gauge potential itself contributes a piece to the current,that is,the gauge ﬁeld (in the non-Abelian case)is charged.For instance,the Yang-Mills gauge potential B a carries isotopic spin,since the SU(2)-group is non-Abelian,whereas the electromagnetic potential,being U(1)-valued and Abelian,is electrically uncharged.2.3.Gravity and the Utiyama-Sciama-Kibble approachLet us come back to Utiyama(1956).He gauged the Lorentz group SO(1,3), inter ing some ad hoc assumptions,like the postulate of the symmetry of the connection,he was able to recover GR.This procedure is not completely satisfactory, as is also obvious from the fact that the conserved current,linked to the Lorentz group,is the angular momentum current.And this current alone cannot represent the source of gravity.Accordingly,it was soon pointed out by Sciama and Kibble (1961)that it is really the Poincar´e group R4⊃×SO(1,3),the semi-direct product of the translation and the Lorentz group,which underlies gravity.They found a slight generalization of GR,the so-called Einstein-Cartan theory(EC),which relates–in a Einsteinian manner–the mass-energy of matter to the curvature and–in a novel way –the material spin to the torsion of spacetime.In contrast to the Weyl connection (1),the spacetime in EC is still metric compatible,erned by a Riemann-Cartan b (RC)geometry.Torsion is admitted according to1ΓRCαβ=Γ{}αβ−b The terminology is not quite uniform.Borzeskowski and Treder9,in their critical evaluation of diﬀerent gravitational variational principles,call such a geometry a Weyl-Cartan gemetry.secondary importance in some sense that some particularΓﬁeld can be deduced from a Riemannian metric...”In this vein,we introduce a linear connectionΓαβ=Γiαβdx i,(7) with values in the Lie-algebra of the linear group GL(4,R).These64components Γiαβ(x)of the‘displacement’ﬁeld enable us,as pointed out in the quotation by Einstein,to get rid of the rigid spacetime structure of special relativity(SR).In order to be able to recover SR in some limit,the primary structure of a con-nection of spacetime has to be enriched by the secondary structure of a metricg=gαβϑα⊗ϑβ,(8) with its10componentﬁelds gαβ(x).At least at the present stage of our knowledge, this additional postulate of the existence of a metric seems to lead to the only prac-ticable way to set up a theory of gravity.In some future time one may be able to ‘deduce’the metric from the connection and some extremal property of the action function–and some people have tried to develop such type of models,but without success so far.2.4.E.Cartan’s analysis of general relativity and its consequencesBesides the gauge theoretical line of development which,with respect to gravity, culminated in the Sciame-Kibble approach,there was a second line dominated by E.Cartan’s(1923)geometrical analysis of GR.The concept of a linear connection as an independent and primary structure of spacetime,see(7),developed gradually around1920from the work of Hessenberg,Levi-Civita,Weyl,Schouten,Eddington, and others.In its full generality it can be found in Cartan’s work.In particular, he introduced the notion of a so-called torsion–in holonomic coordinates this is the antisymmetric and therefore tensorial part of the components of the connection–and discussed Weyl’s uniﬁedﬁeld theory from a geometrical point of view.For this purpose,let us tentatively callgαβ,ϑα,Γαβ (9)the potentials in a gauge approach to gravity andQαβ,Tα,Rαβ (10)the correspondingﬁeld ter,in Sec.6,inter alia,we will see why this choice of language is appropriate.Here we deﬁnednonmetricity Qαβ:=−ΓD gαβ,(11) torsion Tα:=ΓDϑα=dϑα+Γβα∧ϑβ,(12)curvature Rαβ:=′′ΓDΓαβ′′=dΓαβ−Γαγ∧Γγβ.(13)Then symbolically we haveQαβ,Tα,Rαβ ∼ΓD gαβ,ϑα,Γαβ .(14)By means of theﬁeld strengths it is straightforward of how to classify the space-time manifolds of the diﬀerent theories discussed so far:GR(1915):Qαβ=0,Tα=0,Rαβ=0.(15)Weyl(1918):Qγγ=0,Tα=0,Rαβ=0.(16)EC(1923/61):Qαβ=0,Tα=0,Rαβ=0.(17) Note that Weyl’s theory of1918requires only a nonvanishing trace of the nonmetric-ity,the Weyl covector Q:=Qγγ/4.For later use we amend this table with the Einsteinian teleparallelism(GR||),which was discussed between Einstein and Car-tan in considerable detail(see Debever12)and with metric-aﬃne gravity29(MAG), which presupposes the existence of a connection and a(symmetric)metric that are completely independent from each other(as long as theﬁeld equations are not solved): GR||(1928):Qαβ=0,Tα=0,Rαβ=0.(18)MAG(1976):Qαβ=0,Tα=0,Rαβ=0.(19) Both theories,GR||and MAG,were originally devised as uniﬁedﬁeld theories with no sources on the right hand sides of theirﬁeld equations.Today,however,we understand them10,29as gauge type theories with well-deﬁned sources.Cartan gave a beautiful geometrical interpretation of the notions of torsion and curvature.Consider a vector at some point of a manifold,that is equipped with a connection,and displace it around an inﬁnitesimal(closed)loop by means of the connection such that the(ﬂat)tangent space,where the vector‘lives’in,rolls without gliding around the loop.At the end of the journey29the loop,mapped into the tangent space,has a small closure failure,i.e.a translational misﬁt.Moreover,in the case of vanishing nonmetricity Qαβ=0,the vector underwent a small rotation or–if no metric exists–a small linear transformation.The torsion of the underlying manifold is a measure for the emerging translation and the curvature for the rotation(or linear transformation):translation−→torsion Tα(20) rotation(lin.transf.)−→curvature Rαβ.(21) Hence,if your friend tells you that he discovered that torsion is closely related to electromagnetism or to some other nongravitationalﬁeld–and there are many such ‘friends’around,as we can tell you as referees–then you say:‘No,torsion is related to translations,as had been already found by Cartan in1923.’And translations–weFig.2.The neutron interferometer of the COW-experiment11,18:A neutron beam is split into two beams which travel in diﬀerent gravitational potentials.Eventually the two beams are reunited and their relative phase shift is measured.hope that we don’t tell you a secret–are,via Noether’s theorem,related to energy-momentum c,i.e.to the source of gravity,and to nothing else.We will come back to this discussion in Sec.4.For the rest of these lectures,unless stated otherwise,we will choose the frame eα,and hence also the coframeϑβ,to be orthonormal,that is,g(eα,eβ)∗=oαβ:=diag(−+++).(22) Then,in a Riemann-Cartan space,we have the convenient antisymmetriesΓRCαβ∗=−ΓRCβαand R RCαβ∗=−R RCβα.(23) 3.Einstein’s and the gauge approach to gravity3.1.Neutron matter waves in the gravitationalﬁeldTwenty years ago a new epoch began in gravity:C olella-O verhauser-W erner measured by interferometric methods a phase shift of the wave function of a neutron caused by the gravitationalﬁeld of the earth,see Fig.2.The eﬀect could be predicted by studying the Schr¨o dinger equation of the neutron wave function in an external Newtonian potential–and this had been veriﬁed by experiment.In this sense noth-ing really earth-shaking happened.However,for theﬁrst time a gravitational eﬀect had been measured the numerical value of which depends on the Planck constant¯h. Quantum mechanics was indispensable in deriving this phase shiftm2gθgrav=gpath 1path 2zx~ 2 cm~ 6 cmA Fig.3.COW experiment schematically.the neutron beam itself is bent into a parabolic path with 4×10−7cm loss in altitude.This yields,however,no signiﬁcant inﬂuence on the phase.In the COW experiment,the single-crystal interferometer is at rest with respect to the laboratory,whereas the neutrons are subject to the gravitational potential.In order to compare this with the eﬀect of acceleration relative to the laboratory frame,B onse and W roblewski 8let the interferometer oscillate horizontally by driving it via a pair of standard loudspeaker magnets.Thus these experiments of BW and COW test the eﬀect of local acceleration and local gravity on matter waves and prove its equivalence up to an accuracy of about 4%.3.2.Accelerated and rotating reference frameIn order to be able to describe the interferometer in an accelerated frame,we ﬁrst have to construct a non-inertial frame of reference.If we consider only mass points ,then a non-inertial frame in the Minkowski space of SR is represented by a curvilinear coordinate system,as recognized by Einstein 13.Einstein even uses the names ‘curvilinear co-ordinate system’and ‘non-inertial system’interchangeably.According to the standard gauge model of electro-weak and strong interactions,a neutron is not a fundamental particle,but consists of one up and two down quarks which are kept together via the virtual exchange of gluons,the vector bosons of quantum chromodynamics,in a permanent ‘conﬁnement phase’.For studying the properties of the neutron in a non-inertial frame and in low-energy gravity,we may disregard its extension of about 0.7fm ,its form factors,etc.In fact,for our purpose,it is suﬃcient to treat it as a Dirac particle which carries spin 1/2but is structureless otherwise .Table 1.Einstein’s approach to GR as compared to the gauge approach:Used are a mass point m or a Dirac matter ﬁeld Ψ(referred to a local frame),respectively.IF means inertial frame,NIF non-inertial frame.The table refers to special relativity up to the second boldface horizontal line.Below,gravity will be switched on.Note that for the Dirac spinor already the force-free motion in an inertial frame does depend on the mass parameter m .gauge approach (→COW)elementary object in SRDirac spinor Ψ(x )Cartesian coord.system x ids 2∗=o ij dx i dx jforce-freemotion in IF (iγi ∂i −m )Ψ∗=0arbitrary curvilinear coord.system x i′force-free motion in NIF iγαe i α(∂i +Γi )−m Ψ=0Γi :=1non-inertial objects ϑα,Γαβ=−Γβα16+24˜R(∂{},{})=020global IF e i α,Γi αβ ∗=(δαi ,0)switch on gravity T =0,R =0Riemann −Cartang ij |P ∗=o ij , i jk |P ∗=0ﬁeld equations 2tr (˜Ric )∼mass GR2tr (Ric )∼massT or +2tr (T or )∼spinECA Dirac particle has to be described by means of a four-component Dirac spinor. And this spinor is a half-integer representation of the(covering group SL(2,C)of the)Lorentz group SO(1,3).Therefore at any one point of spacetime we need an orthonormal reference frame in order to be able to describe the spinor.Thus,as soon as matterﬁelds are to be represented in spacetime,the notion of a reference system has to be generalized from Einstein’s curvilinear coordinate frame∂i to an arbitrary, in general anholonomic,orthonormal frame eα,with eα·eβ=oαβ.It is possible,of course,to introduce in the Riemannian spacetime of GR arbi-trary orthonormal frames,too.However,in the heuristic process of setting up the fundamental structure of GR,Einstein and his followers(for a recent example,see the excellent text of d’Inverno36,Secs.9and10)restricted themselves to the discussion of mass points and holonomic(natural)frames.Matter waves and arbitrary frames are taboo in this discussion.In Table1,in the middle column,we displayed the Ein-steinian method.Conventionally,after the Riemannian spacetime has been found and the dust settled,then electrons and neutron and what not,and their corresponding wave equations,are allowed to enter the scene.But before,they are ignored.This goes so far that the well-documented experiments of COW(1975)and BL(1983)–in contrast to the folkloric Galileo experiments from the leaning tower–seemingly are not even mentioned in d’Inverno36(1992).Prugoveˇc ki79,one of the lecturers here in Erice at our school,in his discussion of the classical equivalence principle,recognizes the decisive importance of orthonormal frames(see his page52).However,in the end,within his‘quantum general relativity’framework,the good old Levi-Civita connection is singled out again(see his page 125).This is perhaps not surprising,since he considers only zero spin states in this context.We hope that you are convinced by now that we should introduce arbitrary or-thonormal frames in SR in order to represent non-inertial reference systems for mat-ter waves–and that this is important for the setting up of a gravitational gauge theory2,42.The introduction of accelerated observers and thus of non-inertial frames is somewhat standard,even if during the Erice school one of the lecturers argued that those frames are inadmissible.Take the text of Misner,Thorne,and Wheeler57.In their Sec.6,you willﬁnd an appropriate discussion.Together with Ni30and in our Honnef lectures27we tailored it for our needs.Suppose in SR a non-inertial observer locally measures,by means of the instru-ments available to him,a three-acceleration a and a three-angular velocityω.If the laboratory coordinates of the observer are denoted by x x as the correspond-ing three-radius vector,then the non-inertial frame can be written in the succinct form30,27eˆ0=1x/c2 ∂c×B∂A.(25)Here ‘naked’capital Latin letters,A,...=ˆ1,ˆ2,ˆ3,denote spatial anholonomic com-ponents.For completeness we also display the coframe,that is,the one-form basis,which one ﬁnds by inverting the frame (25):ϑˆ0= 1+a ·c 2 dx 0,ϑA =dx c ×A dx A +N 0.(26)In the (3+1)-decomposition of spacetime,N and Ni βαdx0ˆ0A =−Γc 2,Γ0BA =ǫABCωC i α,with e α=e i ,into an anholonomic one,then we ﬁnd the totallyanholonomic connection coeﬃcients as follows:Γˆ0ˆ0A =−Γˆ0A ˆ0=a A x /c 2 ,Γˆ0AB =−Γˆ0BA =ǫABC ωC x /c 2 .(28)These connection coeﬃcients (28)will enter the Dirac equation referred to a non-inertial frame.In order to assure ourselves that we didn’t make mistakes in computing the ‘non-inertial’connection (27,28)by hand,we used for checking its correctness the EXCALC package on exterior diﬀerential forms of the computer algebra system REDUCE,see Puntigam et al.80and the literature given there.3.3.Dirac matter waves in a non-inertial frame of referenceThe phase shift (24)can be derived from the Schr¨o dinger equation with a Hamilton operator for a point particle in an external Newton potential.For setting up a grav-itational theory,however,one better starts more generally in the special relativistic domain.Thus we have to begin with the Dirac equation in an external gravitational ﬁeld or,if we expect the equivalence principle to be valid,with the Dirac equation in an accelerated and rotating,that is,in a non-inertial frame of reference.Take the Minkowski spacetime of SR.Specify Cartesian coordinates.Then the ﬁeld equation for a massive fermion of spin1/2is represented by the Dirac equationi¯hγi∂iψ∗=mcψ,(29) where the Dirac matricesγi fulﬁll the relationγiγj+γjγi=2o ij.(30) For the conventions and the representation of theγ’s,we essentially follow Bjorken-Drell7.Now we straightforwardly transform this equation from an inertial to an accel-erated and rotating frame.By analogy with the equation of motion in an arbitrary frame as well as from gauge theory,we can infer the result of this transformation:In the non-inertial frame,the partial derivative in the Dirac equation is simply replaced by the covariant derivativei∂i⇒Dα:=∂α+i previously;we drop the bar for convenience).The anholonomic Dirac matrices are deﬁned byγα:=e iαγi⇒γαγβ+γβγα=2oαβ.(32) The six matricesσβγare the inﬁnitesimal generators of the Lorentz group and fulﬁll the commutation relation[γα,σβγ]=2i(oαβγγ−oαγγβ).(33) For Dirac spinors,the Lorentz generators can be represented byσβγ:=(i/2)(γβγγ−γγγβ),(34) furthermore,α:=γˆ0γwithγ={γΞ}.(35) Then,the Dirac equation,formulated in the orthonormal frame of the accelerated and rotating observer,readsi¯hγαDαψ=mcψ.(36) Although there appears now a‘minimal coupling’to the connection,which is caused by the change of frame,there is no new physical concept involved in this equation. Only for the measuring devices in the non-inertial frame we have to assume hypotheses similar to the clock hypothesis.This proviso can always be met by a suitable con-struction and selection of the devices.Since we are still in SR,torsion and curvatureof spacetime both remain zero.Thus(36)is just a reformulation of the‘Cartesian’Dirac equation(29).The rewriting in terms of the covariant derivative provides us with a rather ele-gant way of explicitly calculating the Dirac equation in the non-inertial frame of an accelerated,rotating observer:Using the anholonomic connection components of(28) as well asα=−i{σˆ0Ξ},weﬁnd for the covariant derivative:Dˆ0=12c2a·α−ii∂2¯hσ=x×p+1∂t=Hψwith H=βmc2+O+E.(39)After substituting the covariant derivatives,the operators O and E,which are odd and even with respect toβ,read,respectively30:O:=cα·p+12m p2−β2m p·a·x4mc2σ·a×p+O(1Table2.Inertial eﬀects for a massive fermion of spin1/2in non-relativistic approximation.Redshift(Bonse-Wroblewski→COW)Sagnac type eﬀect(Heer-Werner et al.)Spin-rotation eﬀect(Mashhoon)Redshift eﬀect of kinetic energyNew inertial spin-orbit couplingd These considerations can be generalized to a Riemannian spacetime,see Huang34and the literature quoted there.。

Raise_High_the_Roof_Beam,_Carpenters

J. D. SalingerRaise High the Roof Beam, CarpentersThe New Yorker, November 19, 1955, pages 51-58, 60, 62, 65-66, 70, 72-74, 76, 78-80, 83-84, 86, 88-90, 92, 94-98, 101-102, 104-105, 107-112, 114-116One night some twenty years ago, during a siege of mumps in our enormous family, my youngest sister, Franny, was moved, crib and all, into the ostensibly germ-free room I shared with my eldest brother, Seymour. I was fifteen, Seymour was seventeen. Along about two in the morning, the new roommate's crying wakened me. I lay in a still, neutral position for a few minutes, listening to the racket, till I heard, or felt, Seymour stir in the bed next to mine. In those days, we kept a flashlight on the night table between us, for emergencies that, as far as I remember, never arose. Seymour turned it on and got out of bed. 'The bottle's on the stove, Mother said,' I told him. ‘I gave it to her a little while ago,' Seymour said. 'She isn't hungry.' He went over in the dark to a bookcase and beamed the flashlight slowly back and forth along the stacks. I sat up in bed. 'What are you going to do?' I said. 'I thought maybe I'd read something to her,' Seymour said, and took down a book. 'She's ten months old, for God's sake,' I said. 'I know,' Seymour said. 'They have ears. They can hear.'The story Seymour read to Franny that night, by flashlight, was a favorite of his, a Taoist tale. To this day, Franny swears that she remembers Seymour reading it to her:Duke Mu of Chin said to Po Lo: 'You are now advanced in years. Is there any member of your family whom I could employ to look for horses in your stead?' Po Lo replied: 'A good horse can be picked out by its general build and appearance. But the superlative horse - one that raises no dust and leaves no tracks - is something evanescent and fleeting, elusive as thin air. The talents of my sons lie on a lower plane altogether; they call tell a good horse when they see one, but they cannot tell a superlative horse. I have a friend, however, one Chin-fang Kao, a hawker of fuel and vegetables, who in things appertaining to horses is nowise my inferior. Pray see him.' Duke Mu did so, and subsequently dispatched him on the quest for a steed. Three months later, lie returned with the news that he had found one. 'It is now in Shach'iu,' he added.' What kind of a horse is it?' asked the Duke. 'Oh, it is a dun-colored mare,' was the reply. However, someone being sent to fetch it, the annual turned out to be a coal-black stallion! Much displeased, the Duke sent for Po Lo. 'That friend of yours,' lie said, 'whom I commissioned to look for a horse, has made a fine mess of it. Why, he cannot even distinguish a beast's color or sex! What on earth can he know about horses?' Po Lo heaved a sigh of satisfaction. 'Has he really got as far as that?' he cried. 'Ah, then he is worth ten thousand of me put together. There is no comparison between us. What Kao keeps in view is the spiritualmechanism. hi making sure of the essential, he forgets the homely details; intent on the inward qualities, he loses sight of the external. He sees what he wants to see, and not what he does not want to see. He looks at the things he ought to look at, and neglects those that need not be looked at. So clever a judge of horses is Kao, that he has it in him to judge something better than horses.'When the horse arrived, it turned out indeed to be a superlative animal.I've reproduced the tale here not just because I invariably go out of my way to recommend a good prose pacifier to parents or older brothers often-month-old babies but for quite another reason. What directly follows is an account of a wedding day in 1942. It is, in my opinion, aself-contained account, with a beginning and an end, and a mortality, all its own. Yet, because I'm in possession of the fact, I feel I must mention that the bridegroom is now, in 1955, no longer living. He committed suicide in 1948, while he was on vacation in Florida with his wife.... Undoubtedly, though, what I'm really getting at is this: Since the bridegroom's permanent retirement from the scene, I haven't been able to think of anybody whom I'd care to send out to look for horses in his stead.In late May of 1942, the progeny - seven in number - of Les and Bessie (Gallagher) Glass, retired Pantages Circuit vaudevillians, were flung, extravagantly speaking, all over the United States. I, for one, thesecond-eldest, was in the post hospital at Fort Benning, Georgia, with pleurisy - a little keepsake of thirteen weeks' infantry basic training. Tile twins, Walt and Waker, had been split up a whole year earlier. Waker was in a conscientious objectors' camp in Maryland, and Walt was somewhere in the Pacific - or on his way there - with a fieldartillery unit. (We've never been altogether sure where Walt was at that specific time. He was never a great letter writer, and very little personal information - almost none - reached us after his death. He was killed in an unspeakably absurd G.I. accident in late autumn of 1945, in Japan.) My eldest sister, Boo Boo, who comes, chronologically, between the twins and me, was an ensign in the Waves, stationed, off and on, at a naval base in Brooklyn. All that spring and summer, she occupied the small apartment in New York that my brother Seymour and I had all but technically given up after our induction. The two youngest children in the family, Zooey (male) and Franny (female), were with our parents in Los Angeles, where my fit her was hustling talent for a motion-picture studio. Zooey was thirteen and Franny was eight. They were both appearing every week on a children's radio quiz program called, with perhaps typically pungent Coast-to-Coast irony, 'It's a Wise Child'. At one time or another, I night well bring in here - or, rather, in one year or another - all the children in our family have been weekly hired' guests' on' It's a Wise Child'. Seymour and I were the first to appear on the show, back in 1927, at the respective ages of ten and eight, in the days when the program 'emanated' from one of the convention rooms of the oldMurray Hill Hotel. All seven of us, from Seymour through Franny, appeared on the show under pseudonyms. Which may sound highly anomalous, considering that we're the children of vaudevillians, a sect not usually antipathetic to publicity, but my mother had once read a magazine article on the little crosses professional children are obliged to bear - their estrangement from normal, presumably desirable society - and she took an iron stand on the issue, and never, never wavered. (This is not the time at all to go into the question of whether most, or all, 'professional' children ought to be outlawed, pitied, or unsentimentally executed as disturbers of the peace. For the moment, I'll only pass along that our combined income on 'It's a Wise Child' has sent six of us through college, and is now sending the seventh.)Our eldest brother, Seymour - with whom I'm all but exclusively concerned here - was a corporal in what, in 1942, was still called the Air Corps. He was stationed at a B-17 base in California, where, I believe, he was an acting company clerk. I might add, not quite parenthetically, that he was by far the least prolific letter writer in the family. I don't think I've had five letters from him in my life.On the morning of either 22 or 23 May (no one in my family has ever dated a letter), a letter from my sister Boo Boo was placed on the foot of my cot in the post hospital at Fort Benning while my diaphragm was being strapped with adhesive tape (a usual medical procedure with pleurisy patients, presumably guaranteed to prevent them from coughing themselves to pieces). When the ordeal was over, I read Boo Boo's letter. I still have it, and it follows here verbatim:Dear Buddy,I'm in a terrible rush to pack, so this will be short but penetrating. Admiral Behind-pincher has decided that he must fly to parts unknown for the war effort and has also decided to take his secretary with him if I behave myself. I'm just sick about it. Seymour aside, it means Quonset huts in freezing air bases and boyish passes from our fighting men and those horrible paper things to get sick in on the plane. The point is, Seymour is getting married - yes, married, so please pay attention. I can't be there. I may be gone for anywhere from six weeks to two months on this trip. I've met the girl. She's a zero in my opinion but terrific-looking. I don't actually know that she's a zero. I mean she hardly said two words the night I met her. Just sat and smiled and smoked, so it isn't fair to say. I don't know anything about the romance itself at all, except that they apparently met when Seymour was stationed at Monmouth last winter. The mother is the end - a finger in all the arts, and sees a good Jungian man twice a week (she asked me twice, the night I met her, if I'd ever been analyzed). She told me she just wishes Seymour would relate to more people. In the same breath, said she just loves him, though, etc., etc., and that she used tolisten to him religiously all the years he was on the air. That's all I know except that you've got to get to the wedding. I'll never forgive you if you don't. I mean it. Mother and Daddy can't get here from the Coast. Franny has the measles, for one thing. Incidentally, did you hear her last week? She went on at beautiful length about how she used to fly all around the apartment when she was four and no one was home. The new announcer is worse than Grant - if possible, even worse than Sullivan in the old days. He said she surely just dreamt that she was able to fly. The baby stood her ground like an angel. She said she knew she was able to fly because when she came down she always had dust on her fingers from touching the light bulbs. I long to see her. You, too. Anyhow, you've got to get to the wedding. Go A.W.O.L. if you have to, but please go. It's at three o'clock, June 4th. Very non-sectarian and Emancipated, at her grandmother's house on 63rd. Some judge is marrying them. I don't know the number of the house, but it's exactly two doors down from where Carl and Amy used to live in luxury. I'm going to wire Walt, but I think he's been shipped out already. Please get there, Buddy. He weighs about as much as a cat and he has that ecstatic look on his face that you can't talk to. Maybe it's going to be perfectly all right, but I hate 1942. I think I'll hate 1942 till I die, just on general principles. All my love and see you when I get back.Boo BooA couple of days after the letter arrived; I was discharged from the hospital, in the custody, so to speak, of about three yards of adhesive tape around my ribs. Then began a very strenuous week's campaign to get permission to attend the wedding. I was finally able to do it by laboriously ingratiating myself with my company commander, a bookish man by his own confession, whose favorite author, as luck had it, happened to be my favorite author - L. Manning Vines. Or Hinds. Despite this spiritual bond between us, the most I could wangle out of him was a three-day pass, which would, at best, give me just enough time to travel by train to New York, see the wedding, bolt a dinner somewhere, and then return damply to Georgia.All sit-up coaches on trains in 1942 were only nominally ventilated, as I remember, abounded with M.P.s, and smelled of orange juice, milk, and rye whiskey. I spent the night coughing and reading a copy of Ace Comics that someone was kind enough to lend me. When the train pulled into New York - at ten after two on the afternoon of the wedding - I was coughed out, generally exhausted, perspiring, unpressed, and my adhesive tape was itching hellishly. New York itself was indescribably hot. I had no time to go to my apartment first, so I left my luggage, which consisted of a rather oppressive-looking little canvas zipper bag, in one of those steel boxes at Penn Station. To make things still more provocative, as I was wandering around in the garment district trying to find an empty cab, a secondlieutenant in the Signal Corps, whom I'd apparently overlooked saluting, crossing Seventh Avenue, suddenly took out a fountain pen and wrote down my name, serial number, and address while a number of civilians looked interestedly on.I was limp when I finally got into a cab. I gave the driver directions that would take me at least as far as 'Carl and Amy's' old house. As soon as we arrived in that block, however, it was very simple. One just followed the crowd. There was even a canvas canopy. A moment later, I entered an enormous old brownstone and was met by a very handsome,lavender-haired woman, who asked me whether I was a friend of the bride or the groom. I said the groom. 'Oh,' she said, 'well, we're just bunching everybody up together.' She laughed rather immoderately, and showed me to what seemed to be the last vacant folding chair in a very crowded outsize room. I have a thirteen-year-old blackout in my mind with regard to the over-all physical details of the room. Beyond the fact that it was jam-packed and stifling hot, I can remember only two things: that there was an organ playing almost directly behind me, and that the woman in the seat directly at my right turned to me and enthusiasticallystage-whispered, 'I'm Helen Silsburn!' From the location of our seats, I gathered that she was not the bride's mother, but, to play it safe, I smiled and nodded gregariously, and was about to say who I was, but she put a decorous finger to her lips, and we both faced front. It was then, roughly, three o'clock. I closed my eyes and waited, a trifle guardedly, for the organist to quit the incidental music and plunge into 'Lohengrin'.I haven't a very clear idea of how the next hour and a quarter passed, aside from the cardinal fact that there was no plunging into 'Lohengrin'. I remember a little dispersed band of unfamiliar faces that surreptitiously turned around, now and then, to see who was coughing. And I remember that the woman at my right addressed me once again, in the same rather festive whisper. 'There must be some delay,' she said. 'Have you ever seen Judge Ranker? He has the face of a saint.' And I remember the organ music veering peculiarly, almost desperately, at one point, from Bach to early Rodgers and Hart. On the whole, though, I'm afraid, I passed the time paying little sympathetic hospital calls on myself for being obliged to suppress my coughing spells. I had a sustained, cowardly notion, the entire time I was in the room, that I was about to hemorrhage, or, at the very least, fracture a rib, despite the corset of adhesive tape I was wearing.At twenty minutes past four - or, to put it another, blunter way, an hour and twenty minutes past what seemed to be all reasonable hope - the unmarried bride, her head down, a parent stationed on either side of her, was helped out of the building and conducted, fragilely, down a long flight of stone steps to the sidewalk. She was then deposited - almost hand overhand, it seemed - into the first of the sleek black hired cars that were waiting, double-parked, at the curb. It was an excessively graphic moment - a tabloid moment - and, as tabloid moments go, it had its full complement of eyewitnesses, for the wedding guests (myself among them) had already begun to pour out of the building, however decorously, in alert, not to say goggle-eyed, droves. If there was any even faintly lenitive aspect of the spectacle, the weather itself was responsible for it. The June sun was so hot and so glaring, of such multi-flashbulblike mediacy, that the image of the bride, as she made her almost invalided way down the stone steps, tended to blur where blurring mattered most.Once the bridal car was at least physically removed from the scene, the tension on the sidewalk - especially around the mouth of the canvas canopy, at the curb, where I, for one, was loitering - deteriorated into what, had the building been a church, and had it been a Sunday, might have been taken for fairly normal congregation-dispersing confusion. Then, very suddenly, the emphasized word came - reportedly from the bride's Uncle Al - that the wedding guests were to use the cars standing at the curb; that is, reception or no reception, change of plans or no change of plans. If the reaction in my vicinity was any criterion, the offer was generally received as a kind of beau geste. It didn't quite go without saying, however, that the cars were to be 'used' only after a formidable-looking platoon of people - referred to as the bride's 'immediate family' - had taken what transportation they needed to quit the scene. And, after a somewhat mysterious and bottleneck-like delay (during which I remained peculiarly riveted to the spot), 'the immediate family' did indeed begin to make its exodus, as many as six or seven persons to a car, or as few as three or four. The number, gathered, depended upon the age, demeanour, and hip spread of the first occupants in possession.Suddenly, at someone's parting - but markedly crisp - suggestion, I found myself stationed at the curb, directly at the mouth of the canvas canopy, attending to helping people into cars.How I had been singled out to fill this post deserves some small speculation. So far as I know, the unidentified, middleaged man of action who had picked me for the job hadn't a glimmer of a notion that I was the bridegroom's brother. Therefore, it seems logical that I was singled out for other, far less poetic reasons. The year was 1942. 1 was twenty-three, and newly drafted into the Army. It strikes me that it was solely my age, my uniform, and the unmistakably serviceable, olivedrab aura about me that had left no doubt concerning my eligibility to fill in as doorman.I was not only twenty-three but a conspicuously retarded twenty-three. I remember loading people into cars without any degree of competence whatever. On the contrary, I went about it with a certain disingenuous, cadetlike semblance of single-mindedness, of adherence to duty. After a few minutes, in fact, I became all too aware that I was catering to theneeds of a predominantly older, shorter, fleshier generation, and my performance as an arm taker and door closer took on an even more thoroughly bogus puissance. I began to conduct myself like an exceptionally adroit, wholly engaging young giant with a cough.But the heat of the afternoon was, to say the least, oppressive, and the compensations of my office must have seemed to me increasingly tokenless. Abruptly, though the crowd of 'immediate fancily' seemed scarcely to have begun to thin out, I myself lunged into one of the freshly loaded cars, just as it started to draw away from the curb. In doing it, I hit my head a very audible (perhaps retributive) crack on the roof. One of the occupants of the car was none other than my whispering acquaintance, Helen Silsburn, and she started to offer me her unqualified sympathy. The crack had evidently resounded throughout the car. But at twenty-three I was the sort of young man who responds to all public injury of his person, short of a fractured skull, by giving out a hollow, subnormal-sounding laugh.The car moved west, directly, as it were, into the open furnace of thelate-afternoon sky. It continued west for two blocks, till it reached Madison Avenue, and then it right-angled sharply north. I felt as though we were all being saved from being caught up by the sun's terrible flue only by the anonymous driver's enormous alertness and skill.The first four or five blocks north on Madison, conversation in the car was chiefly limited to remarks like 'Am I giving you enough room?' and 'I've never been so hot in my entire life.' The one who had never been so hot in her entire life was, as I'd learned from a certain amount of eavesdropping at the curb, the bride's Matron of Honor. She was a hefty girl of about twenty-four or -five, in a pink satin dress, with a circlet of artificialforget-me-nots in her hair. There was a distinctly athletic ethos about her, as if, a year or two earlier, she might have majored in physical education in college. In her lap she was holding a bouquet of gardenias rather as though it were a deflated volley-ball. She was seated in the back of the car, hippressed between her husband and a tiny elderly man in a top hat and cutaway, who was holding an unlighted clear-Havana cigar. Mrs Silsburn and I - our respective inside knees unribaldly touching-occupied the jump seats. Twice, without any excuse whatever, out of sheer approval, I glanced around at the tiny elderly man. When I'd originally loaded the car and held the door open for him, I'd had a passing impulse to pick him up bodily and insert him gently through the open window. He was tininess itself, surely being not more than four nine or ten and without being either a midget or a dwarf. In the car, he sat staring very severely straight ahead of him. On my second look around at him, I noticed that he had what very much appeared to be an old gravy stain on the lapel of his cutaway. I also noticed that his silk hat cleared the roof of the car by a good four or five inches.... But for the most part, those first few minutes in the car, I wasstill mainly concerned with my own state of health. Besides having pleurisy and a bruised head, I had a hypochondriac's notion that I was getting a strep throat. I sat surreptitiously curling back my tongue and exploring the suspected ailing part. I was staring, as I remember, directly in front of me, at the back of the driver's neck, which was a relief map of boil scars, when suddenly my jump-scat mate addressed me: 'I didn't get a chance to ask you inside. How's that darling mother of yours? Aren't you Dickie Briganza?'My tongue, at the time of the question, was curled back exploratively as far as the soft palate. I disentangled it, swallowed, and turned to her. She was fifty, or thereabouts, fashionably and tastefully dressed. She was wearing a very heavy pancake makeup. I answered no - that I wasn't.She narrowed her eyes a trifle at me and said I looked exactly like Celia Briganza's boy. Around the mouth. I tried to show by my expression that it was a mistake anybody could make. Then I went on staring at the back of the driver's neck. The car was silent. I glanced out of the window, for a change of scene.'How do you like the Army?' Mrs Silsburn asked. Abruptly, conversationally.I had a brief coughing spell at that particular instant. When it was over, I turned to her with all available alacrity and said I'd made a lot of buddies. It was a little difficult for me to swivel in her direction, what with the encasement of adhesive tape around my diaphragm.She nodded. ' I think you're all just wonderful,' she said, somewhat ambiguously. 'Are you a friend of the bride's or the groom's?' she then asked, delicately getting down to brass tack s.'Well, actually, I'm not exactly a friend of -''You'd better not say you're a friend of the groom,' the Matron of Honor interrupted me, from the back of the car. 'I'd like to get my hands on him for about two minutes. Just two minutes, that's all.'Mrs Silsburn turned briefly - but completely - around to smile at the speaker. Then she faced front again. We made the round trip, inn fact, almost in unison. Considering that Mrs Silsburn had turned around for only an instant, the smile she had bestowed on the Matron of Honor was a kind of jump-scat masterpiece. It was vivid enough to express unlimited partisanship with all young people, all over the world, but most particularly with this spirited, outspoken local representative, to whom, perhaps, she had been little more than perfunctorily introduced, if at all. 'Bloodthirsty wench,' said a chuckling male voice. And Mrs Silsburn and I turned around again. It was the Matron of Honor's husband who had spoken up. He was seated directly behind me, at his wife's left. He and I briefly exchanged that blank, uncomradely look which, possibly, in the crapulous year of 1942, only an officer and a private could exchange. A first lieutenant in the Signal Corps, he was wearing a very interesting Air Corps pilot's cap - a visored hat with the metal frame removed from inside thecrown, which usually conferred on the wearer a certain, presumably desired, intrepid look. In his case, however, the cap didn't begin to fill the bill. It seemed to serve no other purpose than to make my own outsize, regulation headpiece feel rather like a clown's hat that someone had nervously picked out of the incinerator. His face was sallow and, essentially, daunted-looking. He was perspiring with an almost incredible profusion - on his forehead, on his upper lip, and even at the end of his nose -to the point where a salt tablet might have been in order. 'I'm married to the bloodthirstiest wench in six counties,' he said, addressing Mrs Silsburn and giving another soft, public chuckle. In automatic deference to his rank, I very nearly chuckled right along with him - a short, inane, stranger's and draftee's chuckle that would clearly signify that I was with him and everyone else in the car, against no one.'I mean it,' the Matron of Honor said. 'Just two minutes - that's all, brother. Oh, if I could just get my two little hands -''All right, now, take it easy, take it easy,' her husband said, still with apparently inexhaustible resources of connubial good humor. 'Just take it easy. You'll last longer.'Mrs Silsburn faced around toward the back of the car again, and favored the Matron of Honor with an all but canonized smile. 'Did anyone see any of his people at the wedding?' she inquired softly, with just a little emphasis - no more than perfectly genteel - on the personal pronoun.The Matron of Honor's answer came with toxic volume: 'No. They're all out on the West Coast or someplace. I just wish I had.'Her husband's chuckle sounded again. 'What wouldja done if you had, honey?' he asked - and winked indiscriminately at me.'Well, I don't know, but I'd've done something,' said the Matron of Honor. The chuckle at her left expanded in volume. 'Well, I would have!' she insisted. ' I'd've said something to them. My gosh.' She spoke with increasing aplomb, as though perceiving that, cued by her husband, the rest of us within earshot were finding something attractively forthright - spunky - about her sense of justice, however youthful or impractical it might be. ' I don't know what I'd have said to them. I probably would have just blabbered something idiotic. But my gosh. Honestly! I just can't stand to see somebody get away with absolute murder. It makes my blood boil.' She suspended animation just long enough to be bolstered by a look of simulated empathy from Mrs Silsburn. Mrs Silsburn and I were now turned completely, supersociably, around in our jump seats. 'I mean it,' the Matron of Honor said. 'You can't just barge through life hurting people's feelings whenever you feel like it.''I'm afraid I know very little about the young man,' Mrs Silsburn said, softly. 'As a matter of fact, I haven't even met him. The first I'd heard that Muriel was even engaged -''Nobody's met him,' the Matron of Honor said, rather explosively. 'I haven't。

大学生励志经典美文

大学生在大学生涯中最应该做的就是励志，励志的人生总是最有意义。以下是小编为大家整理推荐关于大学生励志经典美文，希望对大家有所帮助。
人生苦短，难道你放弃了吗，你的人生目标，你的斗志，走到哪里去!
商鞅，为立志成业，离弃故土，至秦，建立自己的事业，实现自己的抱负。南门徙木，赏银千金;商鞅变法，风雨二十年。虽落得个五马分尸的下场，其理想却终得已实现，思想影响了整个中华大地，浩浩荡荡，千古长存。然道追求的是个幸福的结果吗?生命诚可贵，理想价更高。
在生活中人们随时随地都会碰到这样的问题，而且很可能正是我们自己此刻所面临的问题，并且正成为我们追求成功的障碍。只有找到这些问题的答案，我们才有可能获得更好的生活。其实，所有这些问题的答案只有一个，就是相信了三个不该相信的字：不可能。当一个人对自己说出这三个字的时候，无论他有多么强烈的渴望或对现状有多大的不满，他都会放弃所有的努力;不论成功离他的距离有多么近，他也会视而不见，任其消失。
吕不韦，商业世家，未雨绸缪，步步为营。于邯郸，交公子楚，助其成帝业。舍其爱妾，予以公子楚。编纂《吕氏春秋》，尽爱子之道;舍己生命，促嬴政一统六国。一代商人，小时立志，精心策划，奇货可居。一代政治家，为助王成霸业，饮鸩自尽。生命可贵，爱情价高，为了理想，为了为父的责任，皆可抛弃。
不用前进了吗，你很优秀了吗?当面对正确选择，而唯唯诺诺，不敢舍小爱，而献大爱。自私自利之举，失好友，坏名声，还自我感觉良好，不知，逆水行舟，不进则退。你很努力了吗，可以尽情享用已拥有的知识了吗?当面对好友，一一疏远，而束手无策，当面对一项项任务，一一失败，而自寻借口，毫无羞涩，不知，食客三千的真实意义，不知，自身责任的深浅重轻，而依旧用自我成功学麻醉自己，渐忘万里长征之路，是凭什么走完，渐忘，冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。不用锻炼，不用学习，不用尽孝廉了吗，难道正直，真诚是贬义，迂腐，虚伪是至上吗?生命在于运动，非睡觉;温故而知新，智慧是你成功的基石;攘外必先安内，一屋不合，何以合天下，举孝廉，成人品，不可不举，不可不尽。

Howard Qx in singers

a basis for the quantification of aspects of vocal fold vibration during voiced speech sounds and sung notes. Two electrodes are placed superficially on either side of the neck of the subject at the level of the larynx, and a c o n s t a n t amplitude highfrequency voltage is applied. The electrolaryngograph monitors electrical impedance changes between the electrodes as the vocal folds vibrate by detecting the current flowing between the electrodes. The electrolaryngograph output waveform (Lx) represents current flow between the electrodes, which will be greater as the vocal fold contact area increases and less as they part. Figure 1 shows a few cycles of Lx. This interpretation has been confirmed by synchronous observation of the Lx waveform alongside other techniques, for example: high speed larynx photography (2-4), an adapted highvoltage X-flash imaging system (5,6), and computer-simulated Lx waveshapes based on models of vocal fold vibration during phonation (7-9). It should be noted that the electroglottograph (EGG)

, Phong Nguyen 1

1 On the AES Candidates
1.1 On the AES Evaluation Platform
In order to compare the AES candidates, we had to agree on a platform. For this purpose NIST chose an \AES Evaluation Platform" based on a 200MHz Pentium Pro. Although we have to compare allrm,
2
http://www.dmi.ens.fr/ granboul/recherche/AES.html
2
cipher measure estimate Cast256 749 600 Crypton 499 408 Deal 2752 2528 323 304 DFC E2 587 471 Frog 2752 HPC 402 380 2356 Loki97
Report on the AES Candidates
Olivier Baudron1, Henri Gilbert2 , Louis Granboulan1, Helena Handschuh3 , Antoine Joux4, Phong Nguyen1, Fabrice Noilhan5 , David Pointcheval1, Thomas Pornin1, Guillaume Poupard1, Jacques Stern1 , and Serge Vaudenay1
group organized at the Ecole Normale Superieure. Several candidates are evaluated. In particular we outline some weaknesses in the designs of some candidates. We mainly discuss selection criteria between the candidates, and make case-by-case comments. We nally recommend the selection of Mars, RC6, Serpent, ... and DFC. As the report is being nalized, we also added some new preliminary cryptanalysis on RC6 and Crypton in the Appendix which are not considered in the main body of the report.

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra - Trato de Argel

Comedia llamadaTRATO DE ARGELHecha porMiguel de CervantesQu’estuvo cautivo en él siete añosJornada primeraInterlucutores:AURELIO.FÁTIMA, criada de Zahara.ZAHARA, ama de Aurelio.YZUF, amo de Aurelio.AURELIO ¡Triste y miserable estado!¡Triste esclavitud amarga,donde es la pena tan largacuan corto el bien y abreviado!¡Oh purgatorio en la vida, 5infierno puesto en el mundo,mal que no tiene segundo,estrecho do no hay salida!¡Cifra de cuanto dolorse reparte en los dolores, 10daño que entre los mayoresse ha de tener por mayor!¡Necesidad increíble,muerte creíble y palpable,trato mísero intratable, 15mal visible e invisible!¡Toque que nuestra pacienciadescubre si es valerosa;pobre vida trabajosa,retrato de penitencia! 20Cállese aquí este tormento,que, según me es enemigo,no llegará cuanto digoa un punto de lo que siento.Pondérase mi dolor 25con decir, bañado en lloros,que mi cuerpo está entre morosy el alma en poder de Amor.Del cuerpo y alma es mi pena:el cuerpo ya veis cual va, 30mi alma rendida estáa la amorosa cadena.Pensé yo que no teníaAmor poder entre esclavos,pero en mí sus recios clavos 35 muestran más su gallardía.¿Qué buscas en la miseria,Amor, de gente cautiva?Déjala que muera o vivacon su pobreza y laceria. 40 ¿No ves que el hilo se cortadesa tu amorosa estambre,aquí con sed o con hambre,a la larga o a la corta?Mas creo que no has querido 45 olvidarme en este estrecho,que has visto sano mi pecho,aunque tan roto el vestido.Desde agora claro entiendoque el poder que en ti se encierra 50 abraza el cielo y la tierra,y más que no comprehendo.Una cosa te pidiera,si en esa tu condiciónuna sombra de razón 55 por entre mil sombras viera;y es que, pues fuiste la causade acabarme y destruirme,que en el contino herirmehagas un m o mento pausa. 60 Yo no te pido que salgasde mi pecho, pues no puedes;antes, te pido que quedes,y en este trance me valgas.Mira que se me apareja 65 una muy fiera batalla,y que no he de atropellallasi tu consejo me deja.Del lugar do me pusiste,me procuran derribar; 70 pero, ¿quién podrá bajarlo que tú una vez subiste?Ya viene Zahara y su arenga;¡ay, enfadosa porfía;cómo que me falta el día 75 antes que la noche venga!¡Valedme, Silvia, bien mío,que, si vos me dais ayuda,de guerra más ardua y crudallevar la palma confío!80Entra agora ZAHARA, ama de AURELIO, yFÁTIMA, criada de ZAHARA.ZAHARA ¡Aurelio!AURELIO Señora mía...ZAHARA Si tú por tal me tuvieras,a fe que luego hicieraslo que ruega mi porfía.AURELIO Lo que tú quieres yo quiero, 85 porque al fin te soy esclavo.ZAHARA Esas palabras alabo,mas tus obras vitupero.AURELIO ¿Cuál ha sido por mí hechaque en ella no te complaces? 90 ZAHARA Aquellas que no me hacesme tienen mal satisfecha.AURELIO Señora, no puedo más;por agua me parto luego.ZAHARA Otra agua pide mi fuego, 95 que no la que tú trairás.No te vayas; está quedo.AURELIO De leña hay falta en la casa.ZAHARA Basta la que a mí me abrasa.AURELIO Mi amo...ZAHARA No tengas miedo. 100 AURELIO Déjame, señora, ir,no venga Yzuf, mi señor.ZAHARA Quien queda con tanto amor,mal te dejará partir.AURELIO No hay para qué más porfíes, 105 señora: déjame ya.ZAHARA Aurelio, llégate acá.AURELIO Mejor es que te desvíes.ZAHARA ¿Ansí, Aurelio, me despides?AURELIO Antes te hago favor, 110 si con el compás de honorlo compasas y lo mides.¿No miras que soy cristianocon suerte y desdicha mala?ZAHARA El amor todo lo iguala: 115 dame por señor la mano.FÁTIMA Zahara, señora mía,dígote que me ha admiradomirar en lo que ha paradotu altivez y fantasía. 120Ver, por cierto, es gentil cosa,y digna de ser notada,de un cristiano enamoradauna mora tan hermosa.Y lo que más llega al cabo 125tu afición tan sin medida,es mirarte estar rendidaa un cristiano que es tu esclavo.¡Y monta que correspondeel perro a lo que le quieres! 130Perdóname; frágil eres.ZAHARA ¿Dónde vas?FÁTIMA Bien sé yo adon de.ZAHARA Dulce amiga verdadera,lo que dices no lo niego;mas ¿qué haré?, que amor es fuego 135y mi voluntad es cera.Y, puesto que el daño veoy el fin do habré de parar,imposible es contrastarlas fuerzas de mi deseo. 140Vuelve tu lengua e intentoa combatir esta roca,que no será gloria pocagozar de su vencimiento.FÁTIMA Quiero en esto complacerte, 145 pues al fin puedes mandarme.Cristiano, vuelve a mirarme,que no es mi rostro de muerte.AURELIO Más que muerte me causáiscon vuestros inducimientos. 150Dejadme con mis tormentos,porque en vano trabajáis.FÁTIMA ¿No ves cómo se retirael perro en su pundonor?Ansí entiende él del amor 155como el asno de la lira.AURELIO ¿Cómo queréis que yo entiendade amor en esta cadena?ZAHARA Eso no te cause pena,que luego se hará la enmienda: 160las dos te la quitaremos.AURELIO Muy mejor será dejalla;que no quiero con quitalla,pasar de un estremo a estremos.ZAHARA ¿A qué estremos pasarás? 165 AURELIO Quitando al cuerpo este hierro,cairé en otro mayor hierro,que al alma fatigue más.FÁTIMA ¿Almas tenéis los cristianos?AURELIO Sí, y tan ricas y estremadas 170 cuanto por Dios rescatadas.FÁTIMA ¡Que son pensamientos vanos!Pero si almas tenéis,de diamante es su valor,pues en la fragua de amor 175muy más os endurecéis.Aurelio, ¡resulución!Ten cuenta en lo que te digo:no quieras ser tan amigode tu obstinada opinión. 180Ya te ves sin libertad,entre hierros apretado,pobre, desnudo, cansado,lleno de necesidad,subjeto a mil desventuras, 185a palos, a bofetones,a mazmorras, a prisiones,donde estás contino a escuras.Libertad se te promete;los hierros se quitarán, 190y después te vestirán.No hay temor de escuro brete.Cuzcuz, pan blanco a comer,gallinas en abundancia,y aun habrá vino de Francia 195si vino quieres beber.No te pido lo imposible,ni trabajos demasiados,sino blandos, regalados,dulces lo más que es posible. 200Goza de la coyunturaque se te ríe delante;no hagas del ignorante,pues muestras tener cordura.Mira tu señora Zahara 205y lo mucho que merece:mira que al sol escurecela luz de su rostro clara.Contempla su juventud,su riqueza, nombre y fama; 210mira bien que agora llamaa tu puerta la salud.Considera el interésque en hacer esto te toca,que hay mil que pondrían la boca 215donde tú pondrás los pies.AURELIO ¿Has dicho, Fátima?FÁTIMA Sí.AURELIO ¿Quieres que responda yo?FÁTIMA Responde.AURELIO Digo que no.ZAHARA ¡Ay, Alá! ¿Qué es lo que oí? 220 AURELIO Yo digo que no convienepedirme lo que pedís,porque muy poco advertísel peligro que contiene.FÁTIMA ¿Qué peligro puede haber, 225 quiriéndolo tu señora?AURELIO La ofensa que, siendo mora,a Mahoma viene a hacer.ZAHARA ¡Déjame a mí con Mahoma,que agora no es mi señor, 230porque soy sierva de Amor,que el alma subjeta y doma!¡Echa ya el pecho por tierray levantarte he a mi cielo!AURELIO Señora, tengo un recelo 235 que me consume y atierra.FÁTIMA ¿De qué te recelas? Di.AURELIO Señora, de que no veoningún camino o rodeocomo complacerte a ti. 240En mi ley no se recibehacer yo lo que me ordenas;antes, con muy graves penasy amenazas lo prohíbe;y aun si batismo tuvieras, 245siendo, como eres, casada,fuera cosa harto escusadasi tal cosa me pidieras.Por eso yo determinoantes morir que hacer 250lo que pide tu querer,y en esto estaré contino.ZAHARA Aurelio, ¿estás en tu seso?AURELIO Y aun por estar tan en élsoy para vos tan cruel. 255 ZAHARA ¡Ay, desdichado suceso!¿Que es posible que tan pocovalgan mis ruegos contigo?FÁTIMA Sin duda que este enemigoes muy cuerdo, o es muy loco. 260¡Perro! ¿Tanta fantasía?¿Pensáis que hablamos de veras?¡Antes de mal rayo muerasprimero que pase el día!¡Ruin sin razón ni compás, 265nacido de vil canalla!¿Pensábades ya triunfalla,perrazo, sin más ni más?Comigo las has de haber,y de modo que te aviso 270que dirá el que nunca quiso:“¡Más le valiera querer!”No estés, Zahara, descontenta,deja el remedio en mi mano,que a este perro cristiano 275yo le haré que se arrepienta.ZAHARA No es bien que por mal se lleve.FÁTIMA Ni aun bien llevado por bien.ZAHARA Cese, Aurelio, tu desdén.FÁTIMA Con eso el perro se atreve. 280 Ven, señora, al aposento;que, en esta pena crecida,o yo perderé la vida,o tú ternás tu contento.Sálense las dos y queda AURELIO solo.AURELIO ¡Padre del cielo, en cuya fuerte diestra 285 está el gobierno de la tierra y cielo,cuyo poder acá y allá se muestracon amoroso, justo y sancto celo,Si tu luz, si tu mano no me adiestraa salir deste caos, temo y recelo 290que, como el cuerpo está en prisión esquiva,también el alma ha de quedar cautiva!En Vos, Virgen Santísima María,[entr]e Dios y los hombres medianera,de mi mar incïerto cierta guía, 295virgen entre las vírgenes primera;en Vos, Virgen y Madre, en Vos confíami alma, que sin Vos en nadie espera,que la habéis de guiar con vuestra lumbredeste hondo valle a la más alta cumbre. 300Bien sé que no merezco que se acuerdevuestra eterna memoria de mi daño,porque tengo en el alma fresco y verdeel dulce fructo del amor estraño;mas vuestra alta clemencia, que no pierde 305ocasión de hacer bien, mi mal tamañoremedie, que ya estoy casi perdido,de Scila y de Caribdis combatido.Si el cuerpo esclavo está, está libre el alma,puesto que Silvia tiene parte en ella, 310y la amorosa trunfadora palmaha de llevar sola mi Silvia della.Ponga Zahara su amor, póngale en calma,que mi firmeza no hay pensar rompella,y aquello que a mi Dios y a Silvia debo, 315me hace que aun mirarla no me atrevo.¿Dó estás, Silvia hermosa? ¿Qué destino,qué fuerza insana de implacable hadoel curso de aquel próspero caminotan sin causa y razón nos ha cortado? 320¡Oh estrella, oh suerte, oh fortuna, oh signo!,si alguno de vosotros ha causadotamaña perdición, desde aquí digoque mil cuentos de veces le maldigo.Yo moriré por lo que al alma toca, 325antes que hacer lo que mi ama quiere;firme he de estar cual bien fundada rocaque en torno el viento, el mar combate y hiere.Que sea mi vida mucha, o que sea poca,importa poco; sólo el que bien muere 330puede decir que tiene larga vida,y el que mal, una muerte sin medida.Éntrase AURELIO, y sale SAYAVEDRA, soldado cativo;LEONARDO, cativo, y SEBASTI&AACUTEN, muchacho cativo, asu tiempo.SAYAVEDRA En la veloz carrera, apresuradaslas horas del ligero tiempo veo,contra mí con el cielo conjuradas. 335Queda atrás la esperanza, y no el deseo,y así la vida dél, la muerte della,el daño, el mal aunmentan que poseo.¡Ay dura, inicua, inexorable estrella,cómo de los cabellos me has traído 340al terrible dolor que me atropella!LEONARDO El llanto en tales tiempos es perdido,pues si llorando el cielo se ablandara,ya le hubieran mis lágrimas movido.A la triste fortuna alegre cara 345debe mostrar el pecho generoso:que a cualquier mal, buen ánimo repara.SAYAVEDRA El cuello enflaquecido al trabajosoyugo de esclavitud amarga puesto,bien ves que a cuerpo y alma es peligroso; 350y más aquel que tiene prosupuestode dejarse morir antes que paseun punto el modo del vivir honesto.LEONARDO Si acaso yo tus obras imitase,forzoso me sería que al momento 355en brazos de la hambre me entregase.Bien sé que en el cativo no hay contento;mas no quiero cre[c]er yo mi fatiga,tiniendo en ella siempre el pensamiento.A mi patrona tengo por amiga; 360trátame cual me ves: huelgo y paseo;“cautivo soy”, el que quisiere diga.SAYAVEDRA Triunfa, Leonardo, y goza ese trofeo;que, si por ser cautivo le hermoseas,yo sé que es torpe, desgraciado y feo. 365 LEONARDO Amigo Sayavedra, si te ar[r]easde ser predicador, ésta no es tierrado alcanzarás el fructo que deseas.Déjate deso y escucha de la guerraque el gran Filipo hace nueva cierta, 370y un poco la pasión de ti destierra.Dicen que una fragata de Bisertallegó esta noche allí con un cativoque ha dado vida a mi esperanza muerta.Quitóle libertad el hado esquivo, 375de Málaga pasando a Barcelona;cativóle Mamí, cosario esquivo.En su manera muestra ser personade calidad, y que es ejercitadoen el duro ejercicio de Belona. 380Dice el número cierto que ha pasadode soldados a España forasteros,sin los tres tercios nuestros que han bajado;los príncipes, señores, caballeros,que a servir a Filipo van de gana; 385los naturales y los estranjeros,y la muestra hermosísima lozanaque en Badajoz hacer el rey pretendede la pujanza de la Unión Cristiana.Dice con esto que ninguno entiende 390el disinio del rey, y el hablar desto,al grande y al pequeño se defiende.SAYAVEDRA Rompeos ya, cielos, y llovednos prestoel librador de nuestra amarga guerrasi ya en el suelo no le tenéis puesto. 395Cuando llegué cativo y vi esta tierratan nombrada en el mundo, que en su senotantos piratas cubre, acoge y cierra,no pude al llanto detener el freno,que, a pesar mío, sin saber lo que era, 400me vi el marchito rostro de agua lleno.Ofrecióse a mis ojos la riberay el monte donde el grande Carlo tuvolevantada en el aire su bandera,y el mar que tanto esfuerzo no sostuvo, 405pues, movido de envidia de su gloria,airado entonces más que nunca estuvo.Estas cosas volviendo en mi memoria,las lágrimas trujer a n a los ojos,forzados de desgracia tan notoria. 410Pero si el alto Cielo en darme enojosno está con mi ventura conjurado,y aquí no lleva muerte mis despojos,cuando me vea en más seguro estado,o si la suerte o si el favor me ayuda 415a verme ante Filipo ar[r]odillado,mi lengua balbuciente y casi mudapienso mover en la real presencia,de adulación y de mentir desnuda,diciendo: “Alto señor, cuya potencia 420sujetas trae las bárbaras nacionesal desabrido yugo de obediencia:a quien los negros indios con sus donesreconocen honesto vasallaje,trayendo el oro acá de sus rincones; 425despierte en tu real pecho corajela desvergüenza con que una bicocaaspira de contino a hacerte ultraje.Su gente es mucha, mas su fuerza es poca,desnuda, mal armada, que no tiene 430en su defensa fuerte muro o roca.Cada uno mira si tu Armada viene,para dar a los pies el cargo y curade conservar la vida que sostiene.De la esquiva prisión, amarga y dura, 435adonde mueren quince mil cristianos,tienes la llave de su cerradura.Todos, cual yo, de allá, puestas las manos,las rodillas por tierra, sollozando,cerrados de tormentos inhumanos, 440poderoso señor, te'stán rogandovuelvas los ojos de misericordiaa los suyos, que están siempre llorando;y, pues te deja agora la discordiaque tanto te ha oprimido y fatigado, 445y Amor en darte sigue la concordia,haz, ¡oh buen rey!, que sea por ti acabadolo que con tanta audacia y valor tantofue por tu amado padre comenzado.El sólo ver que vas pondrá un espan[to] 450en la bárbara gente, que adivinoya desde aquí su pérdida y quebranto”.¿Quién duda que el real pecho begninono se muestre, oyendo la tristezadonde están estos míseros contino? 455Mas, ¡ay, cómo se muestra la bajezade mi tan rudo ingenio, pues pretendehablar tan bajo ante tan alta alteza!Mas la ocasión es tal, que me defiende.Pero a todo silencio poner quiero, 460que creo que mi plática te ofende,y al trabajo he de ir adonde muero.Aquí entra SEBASTIÁN, muchacho, en hábito de esclavo. SEBASTIÁN ¿Hase visto tal maldad?¿Hay tierra tan sin concordia,do falta misericordia 465y sobra la crueldad?¿Dónde se halla[rá] disculpade maldad tan insolente:que pague el que es inocentepor el que tiene la culpa? 470¡Oh cielos! ¿Qué es lo que he visto?¡Éste sí que es pueblo injusto,donde se tiene por gustomatar los siervos de Cristo!¡Oh España, patria querida!, 475mira cuál es nuestra suerte,que si allá das justa muerte,quitas acá justa vida.LEONARDO Sebastián, dinos qué tienes,que hablas razones tales. 480 SEBASTIÁN Una infinidad de malesy una penuria de bienes.LEONARDO En ser, como eres, esclavose encierra todo dolor.SEBASTIÁN Otra pena muy mayor 485 me tiene a mí tan al cabo.SAYAVEDRA ¿De dónde puede causarsela pena que dices brava?SEBASTIÁN De una vida que hoy se acabapara jamás acabarse. 490«Ya sabé[i]s que aquí en Argelse supo cómo en Valenciamurió por justa sentenciaun morisco de Sargel;digo que en Sargel vivía, 495puesto que era de Aragón,y, al olor de su nación,pasó el perro en Berbería;y aquí cosario se hizo,con tan prestas crueles manos, 500que con sangre de cristianosla suya bien satisfizo.Andando en corso fue preso,y, como fue conocido,fue en la Inquisición metido, 505do le formaron proceso;y allí se le averiguócómo, siendo batizado,de Cristo había renegadoy en África se pasó, 510y que, por su industria y manos,traidores tratos esquivos,habían sido cautivosmás de seiscientos cristianos;y, como se le probaron 515tantas maldades y errores,los justos inquisidoresal fuego le condenaron.Súpose del moro acá,y la muerte que le dieron, 520 porque luego la escribieronlos moriscos que hay allá.La triste nueva sabidade los parientes del muerto,juran y hacen concierto 525 de dar al fuego otra vida.Buscaron luego un cristianopara pagar este escote,y halláronle sacerdote,y de nación valenciano. 530 Prendieron éste a gran priesapara ejecutar su hecho,porque vieron que en el pechotraía la cruz de Montesa,y esta señal de victoria 535 que le cupo en buena suerte,si le dio en el suelo muerte,en el cielo le dio gloria;porque estos ciegos sin luz,que en él tal señal han visto, 540 pensando matar a Cristo,matan al que trae su cruz.De su amo lo compraron,y, aunque eran pobres, a un puntoel dinero todo junto 545 de limosna lo allegaron.En nuestro pueblo cristiano,por Dios se pide a la gente,para sanar al doliente,no para matar al sano; 550 mas entre esta descreídagente y maldito lugar,no piden para sanar,mas para quitar la vida.Hoy en poder de sayones 555 he visto al siervo de Dios,no sólo puesto entre dos,sino entre dos mil sayones.Iba el sacerdote justoentre injusta gente puesto, 560 marchito y humilde el gesto,a morir por Dios con gusto.En darle penas dobladastodo el pueblo se desvela:cual sus blancas canas pela, 565 cual le da mil bofetadas.Las manos que a Dios tuvieronmil veces, hoy son tenidasde dos sogas retorcidascon que atrás se las asieron; 570 al yugo de otro cordel,puesto el cuello humilde lleva,haciendo seis moros pruebacuánto pueden tirar dél.A ningún lado miraba 575 que descubra un solo amigo:que todo el pueblo enemigoen torno le rodeaba.Con voluntad tan dañadaprocuran su pena y lloro, 580 que se tuvo por mal moroquien no le dio bofetada.A la marina llegaroncon la víctima inocente,do con barbaria insolente 585 a un áncora le ligaron.Dos áncoras a una manovi yo allí en contrario celo:una, de hierro, en el suelo;otra, de fe, en el cristiano. 590 Y, la una a la otra asida,la de hierro se conviertea dar cruda y presta muerte;la de fe, a dar larga vida.Ved si es bien contrario el celo 595 de las dos en esta guerra:la una en el süelo afierra;la otra se ase del cielo;y, aunque corra tal fortunaque espante al cuerpo y al alma, 600 como si estuviera en calma,no hay desasirse la una.Sin hierro al hierro ligado,el siervo de Dios se hallaba,y en su cuerpo atado estaba 605 espíritu desatado.El cuerpo no se rodea,que le ata más de un cordel;mas el espíritu déltodos los cielos pasea. 610 La canalla, que se enseñaa hacer nueva crueldad,trujo luego cantidadde seca y humosa leña,y una espaciosa corona 615 hicieron luego con ella,dejando encerrada en ellala sancta humilde persona;y, aunque no tienen sosiegohasta verle ya espirar, 620 para más le atormentar,encienden lejos el fuego.Quieren, como el cocineroque a su oficio más mirase,que se ase y no se abrase 625 la carne de aquel cordero.Sube el humo al aire vano,y a veces le da en los ojos;quema el fuego los despojosque le vienen más a mano; 630 vase arrugando el vestidocon el calor violento,y el fuego, poco contento,busca lo más escondido.Esperad, simple cordero, 635 que esta ardiente llama insana,si os ha quemado la lana,os quiere abrasar el cuero.Combátenle fuegos dos:el uno, humano y visible; 640 el otro, sancto invisible,que es fuego de amor de Dios.Yo no sé a cuál más debía,puesto que a los dos pagaba:al que el cuerpo le abrasaba 645 o al que el alma le encendía.Los que estaban a miralle,la ira ansí les pervierte,que mueren por darle muertey entretiénense en matalle. 650 Y, en medio deste tormento,no movió el sancto varónla lengua a formar razónque fuese de sentimiento;antes dicen, y yo he visto, 655que, si alguna vez hablaba,en el aire resonabael eco o nombre de Cristo;y cuando en el agoníaúltima el triste se vio, 660cinco o seis veces llamóla Virgen Sancta María.Al fuego el aire le atiza,y con tal ardor revuelve,que poco a poco resuelve 665el sancto cuerpo en ceniza.Mas, ya que morir le vieron,tantas piedras le tiraron,que las piedras acabaronlo que las llamas no hicieron. 670¡Oh Santisteban segundo,que me asegura tu celoque miraste abierto el cieloen tu muerte desde el mundo!Queda el cuerpo en la marina, 675quemado y apedreado;el alma el vuelo ha tomadohacia la región divina.Queda el moro muy gozosodel injusto y crudo hecho; 680el turco está satisfecho;el cristiano, temeroso.»Yo he venido a referiroslo que no pudistes ver,si os lo ha dejado entender 685mis lágrimas y suspiros.SAYAVEDRA Deja el llanto, amigo, ya;que no es bien que se haga duelopor los que se van al cielo,sino por quien queda acá: 690que, aunque parece ofendidaa humanos ojos su suerte,el acabar con tal muertees comenzar mejor vida.Mide por otro nivel 695tu llanto, que no hay pacienciaque las muertes de Valenciase venguen acá en Argel.Muéstrase allá la justiciaen castigar la maldad; 700muestra acá la crueldadcuánto puede la injusticia.SEBASTIÁN En tan amarga querella,¿quién detendrá los gemidos?Ellos con culpa punidos; 705nosotros, muertos sin ella.LEONARDO Bastábanos ser cautivos,sin temer más desconciertos,pues si allá queman los muertos,abrasan acá los vivos. 710Usa Valencia otros modosen castigar renegados,no en público sentenciados:¡mueran a tósico todos!Mas un moro viene acá: 715no estemos juntos aquí;Sayavedra, por allí,tú, Sebastián, por allá.Segunda JornadaYzuf y Aurelio.YZUF Trecientos escudos di,Aurelio, por la doncella. 720Esto di al turco, que a ellaalma y vida le rendí;y es poco, según es bella.Vendiómela de aburrido,que dice que no ha podido, 725mientras la tuvo en poder,en ningún modo atraeral amoroso partido.Púsela en casa de un moro,sin osarla traer acá, 730y allí está donde ella estátodo mi bien y tesoro,y la gloria que amor da.Allí se ve la bondadjunto con la crueldad 735mayor que se vio en la tierra;y juntas, sin hacer guerra,belleza y honestidad.No pueden prometimientosablandar su duro pecho. 740Veme en lágrimas deshecho,y ofrece siempre a los vientoscuantos servicios la he hecho.No echa de ver su ventura,ni cómo el dolor me apura 745poco a poco sospirando;antes, cuando yo más blando,entonces ella más dura.A casa quiero traellay reclinar en tu mano 750mi gozo más soberano:quizá tú podrás movella,siendo, como ella, cristiano;y desde aquí te prometoque, si conduces a efecto 755mi amorosa voluntad,de darte la libertady serte amigo perfecto.AURELIO En todo lo que quisieres,he, señor, de complacerte, 760por ser tu esclavo y por verteque melindres de mujereste tengan de aquesa suerte.¿De qué nación es la damaque te enciende en esa llama 765sin mirar a su interés?YZUF Española dicen que es.AURELIO ¿Y el nombre?YZUF Silvia se llama.AURELIO ¿Silvia? Una Silvia veníaadonde yo cautivé, 770y, según que la miré,no en tanto allá se tenía.YZUF Ésa es: yo la compré.AURELIO Si ella es, yo sé decirque es hermosa sin mentir, 775y que no es tan cruda altiva,que su condición esquivaa ninguno hace morir.Traéla a casa, señor, luego,y ten las riendas al miedo; 780y tú verás, si yo puedo,cómo a mis manos y ru e goamaina el casto denuedo.YZUF Yo voy; y, mientras se ordenasu venida, por estrena 785。

喜马拉雅攀登计划第二周作业于连文本内容

喜马拉雅攀登计划第二周作业于连文本内容下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。

文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!第二周作业本周，我们将继续讨论喜马拉雅攀登计划，探讨攀登的准备工作以及具体的实施方案。

几位鼓大师的详细资料

9.Jimmy Degrasso ----- Megadeth Speed Metal的快手，技术非凡，我最最崇拜了
10.Rick Allen ----- Def Leppard 摇坛里的独臂大侠，从很小就是Def Leppard的一员，虽然因为车祸失去左臂，但他凭着对重金属和鼓的热爱，又奇迹般的复出了。
1.Mike Portnoy ----- Dream theater 鼓疯子，速度和感觉都是一流的，拥有庞大的设备
rs Ulrich ----- Metallica 都说Lars的技术不算一流，但如果缺了Lars，那么Metallica能否成为革命者那还真难说
3.Dave Grohl ----- Nirvana 虽然改行不打鼓了，但这家伙总是想方设法的找鼓打，最近又组了新乐队Probot，还是玩金属的，靠~~~~~~~~
4.Tommy Lee ----- Motley crue 这位就不用多说了……
rry Mullen ----- U2 个人觉得他比较强
6.Vennie Paul ----- Pantera 他的鼓点总是那么的敦实，虽然Pantera解散了，但只要像这的家伙还活着，重金属就永远死不了
7.Dave Lombardo -----Slayer Testament Thrash Metal界的抢手货，不管到了哪个乐队都是一样的速度，货真价实的Thrash Metal的鼓手
8.Joey Jordison ----- Slipknot 世界第一快，除了听他在Murderdolls弹的吉他外，千万别忘Slipknot的音乐中激流飞速的双踩
还有个TOP 10表单
10 Joey Jordison (Slipknot)
打鼓就打鼓吧！还非得弄个死尸的面具出来！在Slipknot老老实实的打鼓多好！还非得在Murderdolls弹吉他！所以Joey Jordison即使在Slipknot的音乐中有着激流飞速的双踩，他也注定只有这个排名！

Ishow2018高级班文本3.0【范本模板】

Ishow2018高级班文本3.0 目录一．人物Bob Branson二．人物Andrea，James三．找室友四．工作amusement park，intern，landscaping job五．工作 working as a tutor，in a restaurant，for a marketing company 六．借东西（相机，蓝色西装，车）七．三角恋八．三个故事(撞鲸，抢银行,卡烟囱)，耍蛇，救警察九．丢钱包十．四个烦恼（开车快，狗叫，放广告,销售员）十一．换衣服，衣服褪色十二．找宿管(换灯泡，狗叫）十三．地区习惯（吃东西有声音，睡得晚，中东服饰）十四． Greener World十五．垃圾填埋场，臭氧层十六．化工厂倾倒废弃物，找证据十七．算命十八．克服害羞十九．舞蹈课，厨艺课二十．转折点（工作后，有狗了，有自行车）二十一．转折点（学语言，获奖)二十二．后悔专业选择、大学生活二十三．迟到，狗生娃二十四．戴安娜,比尔盖茨二十五．在家中工作,交通形势二十六．心理医生，露营顾问Lesson1AA：Do you have a date for the party yet?B：Actually , I don't。

Do you think you could help me find one?A:Hmm, what kind of guys do you like?B:Oh, I like guys who aren't too serious and who have agood sense of humor.You know , like you。

A：Ok， Uh, what else？B:Well， I'd prefer someone I have something in common with—who I can talk to easily. A：I think Iknow just the guy for you。

Mentors Ir. A.J.C. van Gemund

Delft University of Technology Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Type : Master's thesis Number of pages : 96 Date : September 1994 Lab./Dept. Codenumber Author Title Supervisor Mentors : : : : Computer Architecture and Digital Techniques 1-68340-28(1994)26 M. Bontekoe Generalizing Interconnection Network Models
September 1994
M. Bontekoe
Generalizing Interconnection Network Models
0
0
3
3
Laboratory of Computer Architecture and Digital Techniques (CARDIT) Faculty of Electrical Engineering Delft University of Technology P.O. Box 5031, NL-2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
: Prof. Ir. G.L. Reijns : Ir. A.J.C. van Gemund Ir. H. Jonkers Dr. Ir. H.X. Lin : For the performance evaluation of the interconnection networks (INs) of multi-processors and multi-computers many di erent methods are used. These methods result in di erent models and di erent performance measures, which makes it di cult to compare the performance of the INs. In this report a generalized model of interconnection networks is proposed. This model captures among others the multiple bus, crossbar and hypercube. The model is based on the observation that most interconnection networks consisting of more than one dimension or stage have similarities in the way they are `built' from one dimensional INs. The model considers the di erent INs from a shared memory point of view. The performance of the model is evaluated with a few di erent methods for both open and closed system models. A new method is proposed to increase the accuracy of the performance prediction. The results of the performance evaluation and cost calculation of the di erent INs captured by the generalized model are used to determine the network with the best performance to cost ratio in a case study with task graphs.

MR-Reading-Comprehension-3rd

READINGCOMPREHENSIONThis in-depth guide takes the mystery out of complex readingpassages by providing a toolkit of sketching techniques that aim tobuild comprehension, speed, and accuracy. Learn to identify theunderlying structure of reading passages and develop methods totackle the toughest comprehension questions.Verbal Strategy GuidegReading Comprehension GMAT Strategy Guide, Fourth Edition10-digit International Standard Book Number: 0-9824238-5-313-digit International Standard Book Number: 978-0-9824238-5-1Copyright © 2009 MG Prep, Inc.ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, Web distribution—without the prior written permission of the publisher, MG Prep Inc.Note: GMAT, Graduate Management Admission Test, Graduate Management Admission Council, and GMAC are all registered trademarks of the Graduate Management Admission Council which neither sponsors nor is affiliated in any way with this product.8 GUIDE INSTRUCTIONAL SERIESg Math GMAT Strategy Guides Number Properties (ISBN: 978-0-9824238-4-4)Fractions, Decimals, & Percents (ISBN: 978-0-9824238-2-0)Equations, Inequalities, & VICs (ISBN:978-0-9824238-1-3)Word Translations (ISBN: 978-0-9824238-7-5)Geometry (ISBN: 978-0-9824238-3-7)Verbal GMAT Strategy Guides Critical Reasoning (ISBN: 978-0-9824238-0-6)Reading Comprehension (ISBN: 978-0-9824238-5-1)Sentence Correction (ISBN: 978-0-9824238-6-8)5g Manhattan GMAT Prep the new standard *TABLE OF CONTENTS1. INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES 11In Action Questions 25Solutions 292. COMPONENTS OF PASSAGES 33In Action Questions 39Solutions 413. SHORT PASSAGES 43In Action Questions 51Solutions 534. LONG PASSAGES 55In Action Questions 63Solutions 655. THE SEVEN STRATEGIES 676. QUESTION ANALYSIS 757. PASSAGES &PROBLEM SETS 91In Action Passages &Questions 93Solutions 109Official Guide Problem Set 147g READING COMPREHENSION Chapter 1ofINTRODUCTION TOPRINCIPLESgIn This Chapter . . .• Logistics of Reading Comprehension• Challenges of Reading Comprehension• Two Extremes and a Balanced Approach• Principle #1: Engage with the Passage• Recruiting for Your Working Memory, Inc.• Principle #2: Look for the Simple Story• Principle #3: Link to What You Already Know• Principle #4: Unpack the Beginning• Principle #5: Link to What You Have Just Read• Principle #6: Pay Attention to Signals• Principle #7: Pick up the Pace• Summary of the 7 Principles of Active, Efficient Reading• Practice on Non-GMAT MaterialINTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLESManhattan GMATPrepIn order to determine your reading approach,first identify whether a passage is long or short. Chapter 1the new standard *INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES14Manhattan GMAT Prepthe new standard*INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLESManhattan GMAT Prepthe new standard *INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLESINTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLESYou can think of the simple story in a few dif-ferent ways. Regardless of your specific approach, remember the KISS principle: Keep It Simple, Stupid! Chapter 1INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLESINTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLESINTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLESINTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLESChapter 1INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLESINTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLESIN ACTION Chapter 1INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES PROBLEM SETIN ACTION ANSWER KEY Chapter 1INTRODUCTION TO PRINCIPLES ANSWERS。

站在巨人的肩膀上：25条顶级布鲁斯摇滚乐句（四）

站在巨人的肩膀上：25条顶级布鲁斯摇滚乐句（四）7. 十六分音符下行Jimmy PageJimmy Page的另外一个招牌技巧，五声音阶的十六分音符下行，你可以在《Stairway To Heaven》的solo里听到。

这甚至都变成了布鲁斯摇滚乐句里的标准做法了。

你的浏览器不支持播放音频文件，请升级你的浏览器。

6. Albert King全音推弦下面的是能够吓你一跳的Albert King风格的推弦，在他的这种全音推弦的手法里，他将调内的音推至调外。

注意推弦的时候不要用手指，而应该用手腕，一定要其他的手指来支撑推弦的那根手指。

你的浏览器不支持播放音频文件，请升级你的浏览器。

5. 重复段落中的“3”与“4”Slash第一部分中是一个slash风格的乐句，三个音符一次重复，但是一拍有四个十六分音符，这就形成了一种非常巧妙的节奏上的偏移。

第二部分的构思与第一部分一样，但是使用了一个小三和弦的琶音，在《Hotel California》、Page的《stairway to heaven 》、Cream的现场即兴当中，你都能听到这种技巧。

你的浏览器不支持播放音频文件，请升级你的浏览器。

4. 三连音重复Eric Clapton吉他手们有着向布鲁斯音乐借鉴的传统，这种三连音受到了Clapton的影响。

在乐句的结尾部分我们使用了一些十六分音符来形成对照，你可以在EC的很多演奏中发现这样的乐句。

你的浏览器不支持播放音频文件，请升级你的浏览器。

3. Chuck Berry 的推弦重复段第二个重复段里有着浓浓的 Chuck Berry 味，第二小节是一个更加优美更加现代的变奏，Jimi Hendrix 还有Joe Satriani都有使用它。

你的浏览器不支持播放音频文件，请升级你的浏览器。

2. BB King 的小调/大调模式你可以听到BB King的音阶是多么的独特。

在Fleetwood Mac的《Need You Love So Bad》里，Peter Green对此有所运用。

Pseudonormalization

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12. 13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
K Yamaguchi, Tetsuzo Wakatsuki, Kenya Kusunose, T Niki, K Koshiba, Hirotsugu Yamada, Takeshi Soeki and Masashi Akaike : A case of neurogenic myocardial stunning presenting transient left ventricular mid-portion ballooning simulating atypical takotsubo cardiomyopathy., The American Journal of Cardiology, Vol.52, pp.53-58, 2008. Kenya Kusunose, Hirotsugu Yamada, S Nishio, T Niki, K Yamaguchi, K Koshiba, Takeshi Soeki, Tetsuzo Wakatsuki and Masashi Akaike : Role of Left Atrial Function for Pseudonormalization of Transmitral Flow Velocity Pattern in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy., Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography, Vol.21, p.524, 2008. Kenya Kusunose, K Takechi, Hirots

f4eng_2010_ans

Fundamentals Level – Skills Module, Paper F4 (ENG)Corporate and Business Law (English)December 2010 Answers 1(a)(i)Primary legislationLegislation refers to law that has been created by the legislative body within a constitution. In the United Kingdom thatbody is Parliament, constituted by both the House of Commons and the House of Lords and Bills have to be consideredin, and approved by, both houses before they become law, subsequent to the formality of its receiving royal approval.Under UK constitutional law, it is recognised that Parliament has the power to enact, revoke or alter such, and any, lawas it sees fit. Even the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998 reaffirms this fact in its recognition of the power of Parliament tomake primary legislation that is incompatible with the rights provided under the European Convention on Human Rights(ECHR). Such primary legislation takes the form of Acts of Parliament; however, the role of delegated or secondarylegislation, as a source of law, should not be underestimated.Contemporary practice has seen the reduction of general and definitive Acts of Parliament that attempt to lay downdetailed provisions covering every perceived possibility. I nstead, the modern form of legislation tends to be of theenabling type, which simply states the general purpose and aims of the Act. Such Acts merely lay down a broadframework, whilst delegating to ministers of state the power to produce detailed provisions designed to achieve thosegeneral aims through secondary, delegated legislation.(ii)Delegated (secondary) legislationGenerally speaking, delegated legislation is law made by some person or body to whom Parliament has delegated itsgeneral law-making power. A validly enacted piece of delegated legislation has the same legal force and effect as the Actof Parliament under which it is enacted.Thus delegated legislation is law made by some person, or body, to whom Parliament has delegated its generallaw-making power. The output of delegated legislation in any year greatly exceeds the output of Acts of Parliament and,therefore, at least statistically it could be argued that delegated legislation is actually more significant than primary Actsof Parliament.There are various types of delegated legislation including:(i)Orders in Council permit the government, through the Privy Council to make law without the need to go throughthe full parliamentary process.(ii)Statutory Instruments are the means through which government ministers introduce particular regulations under powers delegated to them by parliament in enabling legislation.(iii)Bye-laws are the means through which local authorities and other public bodies can make legally binding rules and may be made under such enabling legislation as the Local Government Act (1972).The use of delegated legislation has advantages over primary legislation:(i)Time-saving.Delegated legislation can be introduced quickly where necessary in particular cases and permits rulesto be changed in response to emergencies or unforeseen problems.(ii)Flexibility.The use of delegated legislation permits ministers to respond on an ad hoc basis to particular problems as and when they arise.(iii)Access to particular expertise.Given the highly specialised and extremely technical nature of many of the regulations that are introduced through delegated legislation it is necessary, therefore, that those authorised tointroduce delegated legislation should have access to the external expertise required to make appropriateregulations. In regard to bye-laws, local knowledge should give rise to more appropriate rules than general Acts ofParliament.There are, however, some disadvantages in the prevalence of delegated legislation:(i)Accountability.Parliament is presumed to be the source of statute law, but with respect to delegated legislationgovernment ministers, and the civil servants, who work under them to produce the detailed provisions, are the realsource of the legislation. As a consequence, it is sometimes suggested that the delegated legislation procedure givesmore power than might be thought appropriate to such unelected individuals.(ii)Bulk.Given the sheer mass of such legislation, both Members of Parliament, and the general public, face difficulty in keeping abreast of delegated legislation.(b)Judicial control of legislationSection 4 HRA 1998 expressly retains the principle of parliamentary sovereignty in stating that the courts cannot declare primary legislation invalid as being contrary to the rights protected by the Act. The only way the courts can challenge such legislation is by issuing a declaration of incompatibility in such circumstances (Bellinger v Bellinger(2003)). It is then for Parliament to act on such a declaration to remedy any shortcoming in the law if it so wishes (the Bellinger case led to the enactment of the Gender Recognition Act 2004). However, such limitation does not apply to secondary legislation, which the courts can now declare invalid on the grounds of not being compatible with the HRA.Furthermore, a validly enacted piece of delegated legislation has the same legal force and effect as the Act of Parliament under which it is enacted; but equally it only has effect to the extent that its enabling Act authorises it. Consequently, it is possiblefor delegated legislation to be challenged, through the procedure of judicial review, on the basis that the person or body to whom Parliament has delegated its authority has acted in a way that exceeds the limited powers delegated to them or has failed to follow the appropriate procedure set down in the enabling legislation. Any provision in this way is said to be ultra vires and is void.It should also be recalled that the primacy of European Union law over domestic law, means that any domestic law made in contravention of European Union law is subject to challenge and overturning in the courts.2This question invites candidates to examine the various remedies that may be available to innocent parties when they suffer as a consequence of a breach of contract.Breach of a contract occurs where one of the parties to the agreement fails to comply, either completely or satisfactorily, with their obligations under it. A breach of contract may occur in three ways:(i)where a party, prior to the time of performance, states that they will not fulfil their contractual obligation;(ii)where a party fails to perform their contractual obligation;(iii)where a party performs their obligation in a defective manner.Any breach will result in the innocent party being able to sue for an appropriate remedy. In addition, however, some breaches will permit the innocent party to treat the contract as discharged. In this situation they can refuse either to perform their part of the contract, or to accept further performance from the party in breach.The principal remedies for breach of contract are:–damages;–quantum meruit;–specific performance;–injunction.DamagesEvery failure to perform a primary obligation is a breach of contract. The secondary obligation on the part of the contract-breaker, by implication of the common law, is to pay monetary compensation to the other party for the loss sustained by him in consequence of the breach (Photo Productions Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd(1980)).Such monetary compensation for breach of contract is damages. There are two issues to consider: remoteness and measure.(i)Remoteness of damageThis involves deciding how far down a chain of events a defendant is liable. The rule in Hadley v Baxendale(1854) states that damages will only be awarded in respect of losses which arise naturally, i.e. in the natural course of things; or which both parties may reasonably be supposed to have contemplated, when the contract was made, as a probable result of its breach.The effect of the first part of the rule in Hadley v Baxendale is that the party in breach is deemed to expect the normal consequences of the breach, whether they actually expected them or not.Under the second part of the rule, however, the party in breach can only be held liable for abnormal consequences where they have actual knowledge that the abnormal consequences might follow. Thus in Victoria Laundry Ltd v Newham Industries Ltd(1949) the plaintiff was able to claim for damages with respect to the normal profits, but could not claim abnormal profits which would have resulted from an especially lucrative contract, which the defendant knew nothing about.(ii)Measure of damagesDamages in contract are intended to compensate an injured party for any financial loss sustained as a consequence of another party’s breach. The object is not to punish the party in breach, so the amount of damages awarded can never be greater than the actual loss suffered. The aim is to put the injured party in the same position they would have been in had the contract been properly performed.Even damages of a non-financial nature can be recovered (Jarvis v Swan Tours Ltd(1973)).It is possible, and common in business contracts, for the parties to an agreement to make provisions for possible breach by stating in advance the amount of damages that will have to be paid in the event of any breach occurring. Damages under such a provision are known as liquidated damages. They will only be recognised by the court if they represent a genuine pre-estimate of loss, and are not intended to operate as a penalty against the party in breach (Dunlop v New Garage & Motor Co(1915)).Quantum meruitQuantum meruit means that a party should be awarded ‘as much as he had earned’, and such an award can be either contractual or quasi-contractual in nature. I f the parties enter into a contractual agreement without determining the reward that is to be provided for performance, then in the event of any dispute, the court will award a reasonable sum.Payment may also be claimed on the basis of quantum meruit, where a party has carried out work in respect of a void contract (Craven-Ellis v Canons Ltd(1936)).Specific performanceAn order for specific performance requires the party in breach to complete their part of the contract. The following rules govern the award of such a remedy.(i)specific performance will only be granted in cases where the common law remedy of damages is inadequate. I t is mostcommonly granted in cases involving the sale of land, where the subject matter of the contract is unique.(ii)specific performance will not be granted where the court cannot supervise its enforcement. For this reason it will not be available in respect of contracts of employment or personal service (Ryan v Mutual Tontine Westminster Chamb ers Association(1893)).(iii)specific performance, as an equitable remedy, will not be granted where the plaintiffs themselves have not acted properly.InjunctionThis is also an equitable order of the court, which directs a person not to break their contract. An injunction will only be granted to enforce negative covenants within the agreement, and cannot be used to enforce positive obligations (Whitwood Chemical Co v Hardman(1891)). However, it can have the effect of indirectly enforcing contracts for personal service (Warner Bros v Nelson (1937)).Quasi-contractual remedies are based on the assumption that a person should not receive any undue advantage from the fact that there is no contractual remedy to force them to account. An important quasi-contractual remedy is an action for money paid and received. If no contract comes into existence for reason of a total failure of consideration, then under this action, any goods or money received will have to be returned to the party who supplied them.3(a)The neighbour principle is the test for establishing whether a duty of care exists in relation to the tort of negligence. It was initially set out in Donoghue v Stevenson(1932), the snail in the beer bottle case. In putting forward the test to establish a duty of care Lord Atkin stated that:‘You must take reasonable care to avoid acts and omissions which you could reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law is my neighbour? ... any person so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts and omissions which are called in question.’It can be seen that this neighbour test for deciding the existence of a duty of care is an objective, rather than a subjective one. It is not a matter of what the respondent actually considered, but what they ought to have considered. Nor does the test require the contemplation of the resultant effect on the specific individual injured, but merely requires that identity of a class of individuals who might be injured as a consequence of the respondent’s lack of care.(b)Just as in contract law, the position in negligence is that the person ultimately liable in damages is only responsible to theextent that the loss sustained was considered not to be too remote.The test for remoteness was established in The Wagon Mound (No 1)(1961). The defendants negligently allowed furnace oil to spill from a ship into Sydney harbour, which subsequently caused a fire, which spread to, and damaged, the plaintiff’s wharf. Although the defendants were held to be in breach of their duty of care, they were only liable for the damage caused to the wharf and slipway through the fouling of the oil. They were not liable for the damage caused by fire because damage by fire was at that time unforeseeable (the oil had a high ignition point and it could not be foreseen that it would ignite on water).The test of reasonable foresight arising out of The Wagon Mound clearly takes into account such things as scientific knowledge at the time of the negligent act. The question to be asked in determining the extent of liability is, ‘is the damage of such a kind as the reasonable [person] should have foreseen?’ This does not mean that the defendant should have foreseen precisely the sequence or nature of the events.This is illustrated in the case of Hughes v Lord Advocate(1963), where employees of the Post Office, who were working down a manhole, left it without a cover but with a tent over it and lamps around it. A child picked up a lamp and went into the tent. He tripped over the lamp, knocking it into the hole. An explosion occurred and the child was burned. The risk of the child being burned by the lamp was foreseeable. However, the vaporisation of the paraffin in the lamp and its ignition were not foreseeable. It was held that the defendants were liable for the injury to the plaintiff. It was foreseeable that the child might be burned and it was immaterial that neither the extent of his injury nor the precise chain of events leading to it was foreseeable.(c)There are two categories of economic/financial loss, which may form the basis of a claim in negligence. First, there iseconomic loss arising out of physical injury or damage to property; and, secondly, there is what is known as ‘pure’ economic loss, which is the sole loss sustained, unconnected with physical damage (Spartan Steel and Alloys Ltd v Martin and Co (1973)). Only the former is now recoverable, unless the claimant can show that there was a ‘special relationship’ between them and the defendant, in which the defendant assumed responsibility for the claimant’s economic welfare (Hedley Byrne & Co v Heller and Partners(1964) & Williams v Natural Life Health Foods Ltd(1998)).4(a)Pre-emption rights refer to the rights of existing shareholders to be offered any new issue of shares before those shares can be offered to non-shareholders.The purpose of pre-emption rights is to ensure that existing shareholders have an opportunity to maintain their interest in their company by preventing their percentage holding being watered down by the issue of shares to new members. There is, of course, no compulsion on the part of the shareholder to take the shares if they do not wish to.In the UK there was no statutory requirement as to pre-emption rights before the European Community second company law directive (77/91) made it necessary for the law of the UK to be changed to introduce such rights.Currently, by virtue of s.561 Companies Act (CA) 2006, a company cannot offer new shares for cash unless the existing shareholders have been offered the chance to buy the shares in proportion to their existing holding. Section 565 specifically exempts pre-emption rights where non-cash consideration is involved.As it is not always cost effective to offer new shares to all existing members, pre-emption rights can be waived by provision in the articles of association or by a special resolution of shareholders.Pre-emption rights may also be included in a company’s articles of association and it is not unusual in the case of private companies to offer a form of pre-emption right to existing members when others wish to sell their shares.(b) A rights issue is the procedure through which a company raises new capital by offering new shares to its existing members.As the shares are offered to the existing shareholders in proportion to their existing holding, it can be seen as respecting and giving effect to the shareholders’ pre-emption rights, even in situations where those rights have been suspended, as indicated previously. As the purpose is to raise new capital for the company, either because it is in difficulty, or needs the additional capital to expand its business, the shareholders who are offered the new shares are required to pay for them. However, as an inducement to engage in the deal, it is usual for the new shares to be offered at a discount to the current market value of the existing shares. It is essential to note that the discount is not on the nominal value of the shares, which is required by the rules of company law to be fully-paid as companies cannot issue shares at a discount.Once again there is no compulsion to participate in the rights issue and often the rights to participate in the allotment of new shares are usually tradeable securities in themselves. Consequently shareholders who do not want to buy the new shares themselves may sell the rights to a third party.(c) A bonus issue of shares, sometimes referred to as a scrip issue or more accurately a capitalisation issue is similar to a rightsissue in that existing members receive new shares in proportion to their existing holdings, but it differs in one essential point: the individuals who receive the new shares usually do not have to pay anything for them; they are received free. However, as already pointed out in (b) above, it is a strict rule of company law that shares must be paid for and cannot be issued at a discount. This apparent anomaly is explained by the fact that the shares are paid for, but they are paid for by the company itself, rather than the members. It is perfectly possible for the company to issue partly paid-up bonus shares, in which case the recipients may have to make some contribution in the future.In effect what the issue of bonus shares amounts to is a capitalisation of the company’s reserves, some of which could have been distributed to the members in some other way such as dividends. This is not the case with all reserves as some non-distributable ones, such as the share premium account and the capital redemption reserve may be used to fund the bonus issue. Bonus issues must never be funded from a company’s ordinary capital.5This question requires candidates to set out and explain the various registers and accounting records that companies are required to maintain.(a)Statutory RegistersCompanies are required to maintain a number of important registers, which are usually kept at the registered office and are open to public inspection. The registers are as follows:Register of members.Under s.113 Companies Act (CA) 2006 every company is under the obligation to keep a register of its members and to include the following information in that register: the names and addresses of the members, the date on which each person was registered as a member and the date at which any person ceased to be a member. It must also indicate the number and class of shares held and the amount paid on those shares.Registers of directors and secretaries.This requirement is set out in the CA 2006, ss.162–165 for directors and ss.275–278 for company secretaries. Section 163 sets out the details that have to be included in relation to directors and includes their present and former names, date of birth, nationality, a service address which need not be the home address of the director, and occupation. Under s.165 the company must keep a separate register of directors’ residential addresses, but this is not open to either ordinary members of the company or members of the public.Register of charges.Section 876 CA 2006 requires all limited companies to keep a register of all fixed charges affecting the property of the company and all floating charges on the undertaking or property of the company. Such registers must containa short description of the property, which has been charged, the amount of the charge and the names of the persons whohold it. Companies are not required to maintain a separate register of debenture holders but where they do maintain such a register it shall be open to inspection (CA s.743).Register of interests in shares. This register is required under s.808 and relates to interests of a substantial nature in the voting shares of public limited companies. The level is currently set at 3%.I n addition to the registers, companies also keep records of directors’ service contracts and indemnities, and records ofresolutions and meetings of the company.(b)Accounting recordsSection 386 CA 2006 requires every company to keep accounting records and sets out what those records should be designed to achieve. They must be sufficient to–show and explain the company’s transactions, disclosing with reasonable accuracy, at any time, the financial position of the company at intervals of not more than six months;–enable the directors to ensure that any accounts required to be prepared comply with the CA and I nternational Accounting standards.In particular the accounting records must contain:–entries from day-to-day of all sums of money received and expended by the company and the matters in respect of which the receipt and expenditure takes place;– a record of the assets and liabilities of the company; and where the company deals in goods;–statements of stock held by the company and the end of each financial year of the company;–all statements of stocktaking from which any statement as is mentioned above has been prepared; and–except in the case of goods sold by way of ordinary retail trade, statements of all goods sold and purchased showing the goods and the buyers and sellers in sufficient detail to enable them to be identified.Under CA s.394 a company’s directors must prepare accounts for each accounting reference period, usually 12 months.These accounts must include a balance sheet and a profit and loss account (s.396) and must show a true and fair view of the company’s state of affairs.Accounting records must be kept for a period of three years for private companies and six years for public companies.6The Companies Act (CA) 2006 sets out a new statutory statement of seven general duties owed by directors to their companies as follows:–Duty to act within their powersSection 171 CA replaces existing similar common law duties and requires directors to act in accordance with the company’s constitution. Section 17 of the Act provides that a company’s constitution includes not only the company’s articles of association but the resolutions and agreements specified in s.29, which includes special resolutions passed by the company and any resolutions or agreements that have been agreed to, or which otherwise bind classes of shareholders.Directors are also required to use powers only for the purposes for which they were conferred. This is a restatement of the long-standing ‘proper purposes doctrine’.–Duty to promote the success of the company for the benefit of members as a wholeSection 172 CA 2006 replaces the previous common law duty on directors to act in good faith in the best interests of the company. In the course of making their decisions under Part 1 of the section, then, directors are now required to have regard to each of the following list of matters:–the likely consequences of any decision in the long term,–the interests of the company’s employees,–the need to foster the company’s business relationships with suppliers, customers and others,–the impact of the company’s operations on the community and the environment,–the desirability of the company maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct, and–the need to act fairly as between members of the company.The above list is non-exhaustive and directors must also have regard to other non-specific matters.–Duty to exercise independent judgementThis duty, stated in s.173 CA 2006, reflects the previous rule prohibiting directors from fettering their discretion unless acting in accordance with an agreement duly approved by the company.–Duty to exercise reasonable skill, care and diligenceSection 174 CA 2006 codifies and replaces the previous common law duty but in a way that reflects the recent tightening of control over directors in line with the standard set out in relation to wrongful trading in the Insolvency Act 1986, s.214.–Duty to avoid conflicts of interestSection 175 CA 2006 reflects the long-standing common law rule that directors, as fiduciaries, must respect the trust and confidence placed in them and should do nothing to undermine or abuse their position as fiduciaries. The practical effect of the rule is that any conflict of interest must be authorised by the members of the company, unless some alternative procedure is properly provided. In the case of a private company, a conflict can be authorised by the other directors of the board unless the company’s constitution provides to the contrary. The position is the same for public companies, except that the constitution must expressly permit authorisation by the board.–Duty not to accept benefits from third partiesUnder s.176, a director must not accept a benefit from a third party, which is conferred by reason of (a) his being a director or (b) his doing (or not doing) anything as director. This duty is an aspect of the previous general duty to avoid conflicts of interest, but it has been stated separately in order to ensure that the obtaining of a benefit from a third party by a director can only be authorised by members of the company rather than by the board.–Duty to declare to the company’s other directors any interest a director has in a proposed transaction or arrangement with the companyUnder s.177 CA 2006 a director must declare to the other directors any situation in which they are in any way, directly or indirectly, interested in a proposed transaction or arrangement with the company. Again this further emphasises the duty to avoid a conflict of interests by ensuring that directors are transparent about personal interests, which could, even remotely, be seen as affecting their judgement.7(a)Under the Employment Rights Act (ERA) 1996 employees have a right not to be unfairly dismissed. A number of situations are considered automatically to be unfair, however, once the employee has to show that they have been dismissed the onus is placed on the employer to show that they acted reasonably in dismissing them for a potentially fair reason within s.98 ERA.The following are situations where dismissal is automatically unfair:(i)Dismissal for trade union reasons. This applies where an employee has been dismissed for actual, or proposed,membership of a trade union, or is dismissed for taking part in trade union activities. It also applies where an individualhas refused to join a trade union.(ii)Dismissal on grounds of pregnancy or childbirth or other reason connected to her pregnancy or following her maternity leave period.(iii)Dismissal in relation to health and safety issues, such as bringing to the employer’s attention any reasonable concern related to health and safety matters or leaving their place of work in the face of a reasonably held belief that they facedserious danger.(iv)Dismissal for making a protected disclosure to the appropriate authorities. This action, otherwise known as ’whistle blowing’, covers criminal activity, breach of legal obligations, breach of health and safety provisions, and activitydamaging to the environment on the part of the employer.(v)Dismissal for asserting a statutory right governing such aspects of employment as the length of working time or minimum wage payment.On the other hand, the following five categories may be counted as fair:(i)Lack of capability or qualifications. However, even in this situation, the employer must show that not only was theemployee incompetent but that it was reasonable to dismiss them.(ii)Misconduct. Any such behaviour must be sufficient seriousness to merit the description ‘gross misconduct’. Examples of such conduct might involve assault, drunkenness, dishonesty or a failure to follow instructions, or safety procedures,or persistent lateness.(iii)Redundancy is a prima facie, a fair reason for dismissal as long as the employer has acted reasonably in introducing the redundancy programme.(iv)In situations where continued employment would constitute a breach of a statutory provision, for example, if a driver is banned from driving then they may be fairly dismissed.(v)Some other substantial reason such as a clash of personalities. This final general provision means that it is not possible to provide an exhaustive list of all grounds for ‘fair dismissal’. However, none of the above reasons are sufficient inthemselves to justify dismissal and under all instances the employer must act as would be expected of a ‘reasonableemployer’.(b)In relation to a successful claim for unfair dismissal, an Employment T ribunal may award any one of the following remedies:(i)reinstatement,(ii)re-engagement or(iii)compensation.Reinstatement is where the dismissed employee is treated as not having been dismissed in the first place.Re-engagement means that the dismissed employee is re-employed under a new contract of employment.The calculation of a basic award of compensation is calculated in the same way as for redundancy payments and is subject to the same maximum level of payment. The actual figures are calculated on the basis of the person’s age, length of continuous service and weekly rate of pay subject to statutory maxima. Thus employees between the ages of 18 and 21 are entitled to ½ week’s pay for each year of service, those between 22 and 40 are entitled to 1 week’s pay for every year of service, and those between 41 and 65 are entitled to 1½ weeks’ pay for every year of service. The maximum number of years service that can be claimed is 20 and as the maximum level of pay that can be claimed is £350, the maximum total that can be claimed is £10,500, (i.e. 1·5 x 20 x 350).In addition, however, a compensatory award of up to £66,200 may be made at the discretion of the tribunal and an additional award of up to £18,200 may be made where the employer ignores an order for re-employment or re-engagement, or the reason for dismissal was unlawful discrimination.。

《爆裂鼓手》解说文案_《爆裂鼓手》：从人性到魔性的十五分钟

《爆裂鼓手》解说文案_《爆裂鼓手》：从人性到魔性的十五分钟美国剧情/音乐电影《爆裂鼓手》，于2014年上映，由达米恩·查泽雷导演，达米恩·查泽雷编剧，影片讲述了安德烈是著名音乐学院的新生，他一心想成为查理·帕克那样的传奇鼓手。

加入竞争激烈的校爵士乐队似乎让他看到了一线接近梦想的曙光，然而魔鬼导师弗莱彻的地狱式训练法几乎让人无法忍受。

本片讲述的是对“伟大”的追求以及为此付出的可怕代价。

一部充满汗、泪与血的片子。

与音乐圈子有交集的导演，镜头节奏感往往把持得十分精妙，比如MV导演出身的大卫芬奇，比如有着打鼓经历的《爆裂鼓手》导演达米恩查泽雷。

有了这样的“父亲”，《爆裂鼓手》的故事在血缘上便有了音韵之美。

它有着恰到好处的简洁：不过是一个先天算不得伟大，却有着变得伟大的梦想的打鼓少年，与一个严苛到残暴的老师相生相杀的故事。

其中嵌套了这个老师与之前学生的相似经历和音乐史上相似的严师高徒，让相似而又简洁的故事一再复现，有些反复记号的意思。

音乐之美，美在简洁。

比如同样的旋律在同一首曲子里复现以表达不同的情绪，比如经典的和弦总是听来最顺耳，不需要更多花哨的变调。

《梁祝》的三段，求学路上的鸟语花香的旋律，又复现在哭坟化蝶之后，却让人不觉重复，而是更感唏嘘。

而《爆裂鼓手》，继承了音乐上的简洁与复现之美。

同样的情况放在文字上，若是像这样不断的重复，只会让人觉得莫名其妙甚至烦躁，就像《闪灵》中那句凉到心里去的“All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”。

它还有着精准的节奏感：讲述音乐，尤其是讲述鼓这种最强调节奏的乐器，它即使不像《鸟人》需要每分每秒所有人事物全都卡到点上，以配合长镜头场面调度，但贯穿始终的节奏也要求它的镜头感与节奏感融为一体，否则便像残暴的老师弗莱彻说的，节奏“早了”或“拖了”，不是这部电影该有的“tempo”。

这样一种节奏感，在影片最后十五分钟，尤其是最后7分钟舞台表演中达到了高潮。

allen's master dance tune index - al's home page

All the Way to Galway All the Way to Galway Alle Bruder Allie Crocker Allmogesvang Alma Brasileira Almanac, The Alouette’s Waltz Alpenglow Alta Sierra Waltz Alter Plattler Alterations Althea Always Welcome Aly's Waltz Am Buaichaille Ban Amarillis Amarillis Amazing Grace Amelia Amelia Amelia's Waltz see Leah's Waltz American Husband, The Amorito Amphitryon see Scotch Measure Amphitryon, or The Two Sosias see Enfield Common Amsbury Amy in the Bog An Irishman's Heart to the Ladies An Irishman's Return from America An Ugly Customer Anchor Steam Reel, The And the Cat Came Back Andrea's Waltz Andrea's Waltz Andrew Carey Andy De Jarlis Angcline the Baker 2 Angelene the Baker Angeline the Baker Angeline the Baker Angeline the Baker Angeline the Baker I Angels Unawares Angry Peeler, The Angus Campbell Animals (Purcell) see Measured Obsession Aniseed Water Robin Anna Maria Anna Maria Annelis Vals Anniversary Waltz Another Amelia's Waltz Another Jig Will Do

I-show 高级班文本

Advanced 1-1M:Do you have a date for the party yet?W:Actually,I don't. Do you think you could help me find one?M:Hmm, what kind of guys do you like?W:Oh,I like guys who aren't too serious and who have a good sense of humor,you know,like you! M:Ok,what else?W:Well,I'd prefer someone that have something in common with who I can talk to easily.M:I think I know just the guy for you,Bob Branson,do you know him?W:No,I don't think so.M:Let me arrange for you to meet him,and you can tell me what you think.Advanced 1-2M:So,what's the verdict?What do you think ofBob?W:Well,I was worried at first,especially when Isaw that he wears not one,but two earrings.Ithought he might turn out to be one of thoseguys who are into heavy rock music and stufflike that.You know what I mean?M:But,he's just regular kind of guy,right?W:Yeah,we get along really well.M:I just know you like him.W:Yeah,I do.He's really funny.He had melaughing hysterically during dinner.I think thepeople sitting next to us in the restaurantthought we were crazy.M:So,are you two going to get together again?W:Definitely,in fact,we're going to a concerttomorrow night.M:That's great.Advanced 2-1M:So,have you seen Andrea lately?W:Yeah,I see her pretty offen.We work together at a coffee latte.M:How's she doing?I've been meaning to call her.W:Well,to be honest,I've always thought she was a little difficult.But these days,I find her impossible.M:What do you mean?W:Oh,you know how she is.She has such strong idea about everything.And if you don't agree with her,she lets you know what she thinks of you.M:Yes,that's true.But,that's why we love her,right?W:Yeah,I guess so.But she's changed a lot since she started college.She talked about herself all the time.And she always manages to mention how good she is at everything she does.M:Hmm,maybe I won't call her after all.Advanced 2-2W:Are you going to James's party on Saturday?M:Of course,James always gives the best parties.And there are always lots of interesting new people to meet.W:That's true.I don't know where he manages to find them all.M:Well,you know what he 's like.He makes friends really easily.He really likes talking to people.And he loves inviting people over.W:Uh-huh,he invited me for dinner last Saturday,what a feast！M:Yeah,he's a great cook,too.W:After dinner,I offered to help clean up and he told me not to worry about it.He said he'd take care of it in the morning.He was like,“it's nothing,no big deal.”M:Yup,that's sound like James.Advanced 2-3W1:Have you met the new appartmentmanager?W2:Mr Johnson?Hmm,yeah,I met him lastweek.He's a little strange.W1:Yeah,he is.I'm not sure I like him.He's hardto predict.Sometimes he is pretty cheerful andtalktive and the next day he doesn't even sayhello.I think he must have personal problems orsomething.W2:I think you're right.And have you noticedthat half the time when he said he was gonnado something,he never actually does it.He toldme three times that he'd come to fix the light inmy kitchen,and he still hasn't done it.Advanced 3-1M1:Hello!M2:Hi,my name is Jim Hunt.I'm calling about the ad for a roomate.M1:All right.M2:Are you still looking for someone?M1:Yes,we're.M2:Oh,good,I'm really interesred.M1:Well,there are four of us.And it's a fairly small house.So we want someone who is easy to get along with.M2:I'm pretty easygoing.M1_Great！So,can I ask you a few fairly straitforward questions about yourself?M2:No problem！I like it when people are direct.Advanced 3-2M1:What do you do,Jim?M2:Oh,well,I had a lot of diffierent jobs.But I'm not working right now.M1:Oh?M2:Yeah,I got fired from my last job about six monthes ago.So I've been looking for something else.I haven't been very lucky so far.M1:Uh-huh.Well,the rent here is $1200 a month.That's $300 a month for eavh person.M2: ,oh.M1:Will you have enough money to pay the rent every month?M2:Yeah,I probably will.If I can find a job.M1:Yeah, look,where are you living now?M2:Well,I've been staying with a friend.for the past couple of weeks.M1:Uh-huh.M2:Yeah,but he's asked me to leave by Friday.So I really need to find a place to live.I've had moved 4 times in the past year and well…M1:Listen,Jim,I appreciate your telling me about yourself.I like it when people are honest with me.Anyway,I have to talk to my other roomates about this.And I'll give you a call tomorrow to let you know what we decide.Why don't you give me your number?M2:Sure,it's 2235…Advanced 4-1W:Good news!I find a summer job!M:That's great!Anything interesting?W:Yes, working at an amusement park.Doesn'tthat sound fantastic?M:Sure,it does.W:So,have you found anything?M:Nothing yet,but I've got a couple of leads.Oneis working as an intern for a record company-mostly answering phones.Or I can get alandscaping job again.W:Being an intern sounds more interesting thanlandscaping.And it's probably not as hard.M:Yeah,but a landscaper earns more moneythan an intern.And you get a great tan!Advanced 4-2M:So,what will you be doing at the amusement park,exactly?W:Actually,I'll have two jobs.First,I'll be working at a place called Children's World.They have all kinds of interesting games and educational activities for young kids. I have to go to a training program before I start to find out how everything works.M:Three days?Wow,the equipment must be pretty high-tech.W:Oh,it is-a lot of computers and interesting devices.It's just the kind of stuff that kids love.M:Well,it sounds like the perfect job for you.I know how much you love kids.So what's the other job?W:Well,I'll also be one of the people who works around the park greeting people.M:Do you mean you'll have to dress up in a costume?W:Yes,as a cartoon character!I know,I know,it sounds silly.And it's certainly not as rewarding asworking in Children's World,but it's part of the job.Advanced. 5-1W: So where are you working in this summer,Carlos?M: I 'm working as a tutor in a learning center for kids.W:Interesting! What kind of …M: I work on subjects they need helping, uh, maining math and English.W: Is your job hard?M: Not at all. The kids work on computer most of time. We have to help get started and when they are into problems.W: Do you enjoy it?M: Oh, yes, working with kids is so much more fun than working with adults. And I can choose my own hours. As long as work 8 hours a day. I can call me at any time from 8 a.m. to9p.m.Advanced 5-2W: Paul, did you find a summer job yet?M: Yeah, I 'm working in a restraut.W: Oh, how 's it going?M: Oh, the money is not bad.W: What are you doing? Are you waiting tables?M: I wish. No, I'm working in a kitchen. I cut up the stuff for the chef, vegetables, meat and things. I 'll also wash the dishes.W: Yuck!M: Yeah, that 's. pretty hard work. I didn't realize how hot it is in a restraut kitchen until I took this job.W: So why don't you quit?M: I 'd love to. But I need money.Advanced 5-3M: So what kind of job did you find for the summer?W: I'm working for a marketing company. I'm going to marketing.M: So you 're one of those people who drives me crazy by calling me up and trying to persuade me to buy something that I have absolutely no need for.W: Exactly!M: Do you like it?W: Believe it or not I do. It's also a bunch of students working there, and we have a lot of fun when we not making calls. It's really easy too since we just have to read them from script.M: Are you doing this full time?W: Yes, but I work from 2 in the afternoon to 9 at night .So I get to sleep as late as I want to in the morning.Advanced 6-1M: Hello!W: Hi, Robert. This is Tina.M: Hi, Tina, what's up?W: Well, actually, I was wondering if you 'd mind lending me your camera for a few days. I want to take some photos of my new appartment to send to my folks.M: Sure, you can borrow it.W: Oh, thanks a million !Advanced 6-2M: Hi, Sandy.This is Mike.W: Oh, hi, how are things with you?M: Pretty good. Listen, I was wondering if I could use your video games system over the weekend.W: You mean my Sony Play Station?M: Yeah, my sister asked me to take care of my niece and nephew over the weekend. They are six and eight. And I thought it would be a great way to keep them busy.W: That's a great idea! But kids that age love video games. I have bad news, my machines isn't working. I 've been meaning to take it into get fixed. But I haven't gonna gotten around to it.M: Oh, too bad.W: But do you know, you can always rent one. Most video stores have machines to rent. You just have to leave the deposit.M: Oh, perfect ,I 'll do that, thanks, Sandy.W: No problem.Advanced 6-3M1: Hi.,Grey, It's Phil.M2: Hi, what's up?M1: Not much. But I was wondering if I can ask you for a favor?M2: Hmm, maybe, trying me.M1: Well, I have to go out of towns for a few days next week. Could I leave Pully with you wh.ile I'm gone ?M2: Pully? Who 's Pully?M1: You know, Pully is my bird.M2: Oh, yeah, I forget, your bird. I don't know, Phil,I really don't like birds very much. They 're messy and they make a lot of noise and …M1: No, not Pully. She is really clean and very quite. She won't bother you, I promise.M2: Oh, right, I 'll do it.M1: Thanks, I'm really appreciate it. I 'll bring her over on Tuesday night.M2: Ok, but you own me one.Advanced 7-1W:Hello!M:Hello,may I speak to Sophia please?W:I’m sorry. She is not in right now. Would you like to leave a message?M:Yes,please. This is Jeff. Could you tell her that Tony is having a party on Saturday?W:Un-huh.M:And would you ask her if she likes to go to with me?W:All right, Peter ,I’ll give her the message.M:No, this is Jeff, not Peter.W:Oh,I’m sorry.M:By the way, who’s Peter?Advanced 7-2W1:Hi, I’m home.W2:Oh, hi.W1:Did anyone call?W2:Un-huh. You old friend Peter called a few hours ago. He is going to be in town on Saturday, and wants to get together with you Saturday night. He said to call him.W1:Oh,super! I haven’t seen Peter in almost a year. Any other calls?W2:Uh, yeah, Jeff called. He wants to know if you want to go to Tony’s party with him.W1: Oh, when is Tony’s party?W2:On Saturday.W1:Oh, perfect. That’s the same night I’m going to get together with Peter. So I have an excuse not to go. Even if I weren’t going out with Peter, I wouldn’t go anywhere with Jeff. Oh, he’s such a pain!W2:Oh, he didn’t sound so bad. He sounded kind of sweet.W1:Yeah,yeah, I guess he is. It’s just that I don’t want to go out with him. And he just doesn’t seem to get the massage. Do me a favor, Amy, if he calls again, could you just tell him I’m not home?W2:Hmm. Ok.Advanced 8-1M:What an awful story! A couple was sailing their yacht from Hawaii to Mexico. While they were crossing the Pacific, their boat hit a whale and sank!W:Is that true? What happened to the whale?M:It doesn’t say! Oh and here’s another one. A guy in Los Angles was robbing a bank. But as he was escaping, he got caught in the revolving door.W:I guess it was his first bank robbery.M:Yeah. Oh! And listen to this. Some guy got locked out of his house, so he tried to get in through the chimney.W:Don’t tell me he got stuck in the chimney!M:Exactly. And he was still trying to get out two days later when the police rescued him.Advanced 8-2W:A man who considered himself a snake charmer was strangled to death on Sunday by a three-and-a-half-meter boa constrictor in a town in Thailand. It seems that the man rushed to see the giant snake after friends told him the serpent was seen beside one of the town’s main roads. The snake charmer put it around his neck, while he and his friends were walking home, the snake strangled him to death.Advanced 8-3M:Two teenage girls who disappeared from a ship were found alive and well. The girls turned up on Friday, near a small town on the northeast of Australia. The girls said they were visiting a friend on the ship and fell asleep in their friend’s cabin. When they woke up, the ship was heading for Singapore, so they decided to jump off the ship and swim to shore. They found themselves on a deserted part of the Australian coast, and had to walk over 100 miles to the nearest town.Advanced 8-4W:Early Tuesday morning in California, two police officers were pursuing a car thief down Hollywood Boulevard in a high-speed chase were rescued by the thief. During the chase, the officers’ car overturned and fell into a shallow river. The officers couldn’t get out of the car, which was rapidly filling up with water. The thief went back to the scene of the accident and helped rescue the officers. The Hollywood Police Department has decided to drop charges against the thief for saving the officers’ lives.Advanced 9-1M:Someone had stolen my wallet last night.W:Oh no! What happened?M:Well, I was working out, and I had put my stuff in my locker, just like I always do. When I came back, someone had stolen my wallet. I guess I’d forgotten to lock the locker.W:I’m sorry. That’s terrible! Did you lose much money?M:Only about $20. But I lost my credit card and my driver’s license. What a pain!Advanced 9-2W:Hmm. That reminds me of when I had my purse stolen last year.M:Really? What happened?W:Well, it was when I was in Belgium. I was on my way to the airport, so I was standing on the side of the road with my bags, trying to figure out the bus schedule. Anyway, this a bunch of guys came by and asked if they could help me. They spoke very broken English, and I couldn’t really understand what they were saying. I really just want them to leave me alone. Finally, they left and when I look down, I realize my purse had disappeared. It had my wallet in it with all my traveler’s checks and my money and my credit card. Well, luckily, I put my airline ticket and my passport in one of my carry-on bags.M:How awful! So what did you do?W:Well, first I screamed at the top of my lungs and tried to run after the guys, but they were long gone. Then, ,this sounds really corny, I did just what I had seen people do on TV. I called my credit card company.M:Were they helpful?W:They were lifesavers! In no time at all, they gave me new traveler’s checks and new credit card, and sent me on my way.Advanced 11-1M:It really upsets me when taxi drivers drive so fast. I’m always terrified of having an accident.W:That doesn’t really bother me. I like to get where I’m going quickly. But I can’t stand it when they have their radio turned up all the way full blast. You can’t even here yourself think!Advanced 11-2W:I hate it when people take their dogs into a park. And let them make messes all over the place. I t’s so irresponsible.M:You know what bothers me? I hate it when they go out and leave their dog at home, barking all day.Advanced 11-3M:I can’t stand when they show the same commercials twice in a row. Why do they do that? It drives me crazy.W:The thing bothers me the most is when they interrupt a ball game at the most exciting moment to show some stupid commercials.Advanced 11-4W:It really upsets me when store clerk pretend they haven’t noticed you. And just stand around, chatting to each other. It’s so rude.M:Yeah,or on the other hand. They give you the hard sell and try to get you to buy something you don’t really want.Advanced 12-1M:When I lived in Spain, I was surprised how late people eat in the evening. When you are invited to dinner, you are asked to come around 9 o’clock and you usually don’t start dinner until ten. And people stay terribly late, sometimes until 2 in the morning or even later. I found it difficult. How does one get up and go to work or school the next day after eating and drinking until 3 in the morning?Advanced 12-2W:I lived in the middle East for a while. And when I went out, I had to obey the local custom of wearing something over my head. And wearing a dress that covered my whole body. At first, I find it really nuisance, but after a while, I got used to it, and even started to like it. You feel really secure and also you don’t have to worry about what to wear all the time.Advanced 13-1M:Can I help you?W:Yes, I’d like to return this jacket.M:Is there something the matter with it?W:Yes, I didn’t noticed when I bought it but there are a few problems. First, it has a tear in the lining.M:Hmm, actually, it’s torn in several places.W:And some of the buttons are very loose, this one came off, in fact and there’s a stain on the collar.M:I’m really sorry about this. Would you like to exchange for another one?W:Well, to be honest, I don’t think this jacket is very well made, I’d rather get refund.M:I understand, do you have the receipt?Advanced 13-2M1:Can I help you?M2:Yes, I bought this briefcase here last week, but there’s something wrong with the lock. I can’t get it closed properly.M1:Let me see, yes, I see what you mean. The lock seems to be jammed or something. No problem, I’ll get you another one, sorry about that.Advanced 14-1W1:Hi.W2:Yes?W1:I wonder if you could take a look at these shoes I bought here. They are pretty new, but they seem to be falling apart.W2:Hmm, let me see. Yes, this doesn’t look right. The stitching is coming out. How long did you say you had them?W1:Only about a mouth. Here’s the receipt.W2:Hmm~ Yes. Well, let me exchange these for you. I’m sorry for the inconvenience.Advanced 14-2M1:En-en, excuse me.M2:Yes, how can I help you?M1:You see the shirt? I bought here a few weeks ago, but the first time I washed it, the color changed, it went from bright red to light pink.M2:How did you wash it?M1:Well, I just tossed it into the washing machine with my other clothes.M2:What temperature did you use?M1:I usually wash my clothes in hot water, so I guess hot.M2:Well, did you check the washing instructions?M1:Um~maybe not.M2:Well, you see here on this label? It says, ‘Wash in cold water only’.M1:Un-hmm.M2:So I’m really sorry, but since you didn’t follow the washing instructions, I can’t really do anything for you.Advanced 15-1W:Hello?M:Hello, Ms. Lock. This is Jack Burr.W:Uh, Mr. Burr~ in Apartment 205?M:No, in Apartment 305.W:Oh, yes. What can I do for you? Does your refrigerator need fixing again?M:No, it’s the oven this time.W:Oh, so what’s wrong with it?M:Well, I think the temperature control needs to be checked. Everything I try to cook gets burned.W:Really? Ok, I’ll have someone look at it right away.M:Thanks a lot, Ms. Lock.W:Uh,by the way, Mr. Burr, are you sure it’s the oven and not your cooking?Advanced 15-2W1:Hello?W2:Hello. Is this the manager?W1:Yes, this is Ms. Lock.W2:This is Mrs. Harris in Apartment 216.W1:Yes,how can I help you, Mrs. Harris?W2:I’m having a problem.W1:What sort of problem?W2:With the electricity.W1:What sort of problem with the electricity?W2:Well, I don’t seem to have any.W1:I see. Do you mean for the light or is it the appliances, too?W2:Let me check~ No, the refrigerator is OK, so it must be just the lights.W1:I guess something must be wrong with the fuse box. I’ll come up and have a look at it right away.W2:Thanks so much.Advanced 16-1M:Excuse me. Would you like to make a contribution to Greener World?W:Sure. What are you working on right now?M:Well, we’re developing educational programs for schools. We want to show children how the oceans are being polluted by industrial waste. And we want to tell them about how fish supplies have been depleted through over fishing.W:I think what you’re doing is terrific, I wish I could do more to help.M:So, have you ever thought about becoming a member of Greener World?W:No, but tell me a little more about it?Advanced 16-2M:We’ve been active in this area for almost five years now. Are you aware of some of our other local projects?W:No, I don’t think I am.M:Well, one of the things we’ve been doing is planting trees. We have a group of volunteers involved in several tree-planting projects in different parts of the city. We ‘re trying to get as many trees planted as possible to help clean the air and also to help lower the temperature during the summer.W:That sounds smart.M:Uh-huh. We’ve also placed over 50 recycling bins around the city, so that people can drop off things for recycling, cans, bottles, plastic bags and newspapers. Last year we raised over $100,000 through recycling.W:That’s fantastic. I’d love to get involved in Greener World. Where do I sign?Advanced 17-1W:You know, I’ve been reading a lot about the problem of landfills., and it really has me worried.M:Why?W:Well, it seems that the easiest way of disposing of trash is by burning it in landfills. The problem is that in many countries the landfills have already been filled up. And it’s hard to find place to start new ones. No one wants a huge landfill anywhere here theirneighborhood.M:So what’s the solution?W:Well, there is no easy solution. But many cities are trying to do more recycling so that theycan reduce the amount of stuff that goes into the landfills.Advanced 17-2W:I can’t believe it’s become dangerous to get a suntan. What is this world coming to?M:Well, the sun has never been good for you, but it’s really dangerous now. You see, theozonosphere, which helps protect us from the sun’s ultraviolet rays, has been damaged bypollution in the air. When the ozone layer gets too thin, it can cause an increase in skincancer and other problems.W:But is there anything we can do to solve the problem?M:Sure, one of the biggest threats to the ozone layer is cars, the exhaust gases from cars.The best way to save the ozone layer is to drive less. So in many places, people are beingasked to carpool.Advanced 17-3W:You know, you always hear about air pollution, but not many people are aware of theproblem of water pollution.M:You mean in the oceans?W:No, I mean polluted drinking water. It’s a problem in almost every major city in the world. Almost all our rivers and lakes-where we get our drinking water from are being polluted insome way by business farms, homes, industries, and other sources. And even though thewater most of us drink is treated, it’s still not 100 percent pure.M:So, what’s the solution?W:Well, it’s a complicated problem to solve, but basically what’s involved is treating allwaste products more carefully , so that dangerous chemicals and bacteria don’t get into our water supply.Advanced 18-1M:You know there is a factory outside town that’s pumping chemicals into the river.W:How can they do that? Isn’t that against the low?M:Yes, it is. But a lot of company ignore those lows.W:That’s terrible. What can Greener World do?M:Well, one thing to do about it is to talk to the management.W:What if that doesn’t work?M:Well, then the other way to stop them is to get a TV station to run a story on it.W:Yes, companies hate bad publicity. By the way, what’s the name of this company?M:It’s called Apex Industries.W:Oh, no, y uncle is one of their top executives.Advanced 18-2W:Wait a minute. Before the Greener World do anything, shouldn’t we make sure that we’ve got facts straight?M:Aboselutely. The best thing to do is monitor the situation over the several weeks to see what exactly is happening?W:How we do that?M:Well, we can take pictures of the river, and even take water samples to see hoe bad the situation is.W:OK, and maybe I could talk to my uncle about it.M:Oh, no, I don’t think that’s a good idea. Not yet, anyway.W:Why not?M:I don’t think we wanna say anything to anyone until we have a cleaner picture of what is going on. After we’ve monitored the situation for a while, then we can decide whether we need to have a meeting with the representative of the company to tell them what we’ve discovered. OK, Cala?W:OK.Advanced 19-1W:Do you want to take a class with me at the community college?M:Maybe, what they are offering?W:Well, here’s the course catalog, take a look.M:Hmm, they’ve got a lot of languages classes-Chinese, German, Japanese. Would you rather learn an Asian language or European one?W:Um, actually, I think I’d rather take an art class. They have one on landscape photography and another on making videos.M:That sounds OK. But I think I’d prefer studying video to learning about photography.W:Oh,wait. It says here you need to provide your own video equipment.M:Oh, I’d rather not spend a lot of money. Let’s see what else they’re offering.Advanced 19-2W:Hmm. Hey, this sounds kind of interesting: the art of bonsai.M:What’s bonsai?W:You know, those miniature trees they grow in little tubs. It says here that they have a course on how to grow them, and on how to develop a business selling bonsais. Apparently,you can sell them for up to $500 a piece.M:Really? Wow, that does sound good. We could learn how to grow them and maybe set up our own business.W:Yeah. We could do it at my dad’s place. He has lots of room to grow things in his garden.M:Is the course expensive? Do you have to buy any special equipment?W:It says no special equipment is required except plant containers and some young trees. M:Let’s check it out, then.Advanced 21-1M:So, Linda, what have you been doing with yourself?W:Not much, oh, wait, that’s not true. I took this great dancing course last semester.M:Oh, yeah! What kind of dancing?W:We learned tap dancing and square dancing.M:Wait~ Why on earth would you want to learn tap dancing and square dancing? It sounds exhausting.W:Oh, just for fun. You should try taking the course. You’ll see that you learn more thanjust dancing. You also learn how to be more confident and how to interact better with other people.M:Hmm. I think with all that hopping around I’d be too exhausted to interact with anyone.Advanced 21-2W:I just got my grade in the mail, I got an A!M:Wow, that’s terrific. Congratulations! What kind of course was it?W:Oh, it was one of those business courses. They just taught us how to open a small business.M:Oh, did it help?W:Oh, absolutely. We learned a lot of general principles. And then they taught us about how to run a small retail business. I got a lot of great information that I could use if ever I decide to open~ Oh, let’s say-a plumbing supply store.M:Aplumbing supply store?Advanced 22-1W:Hello, Mr. Smith. I was wondering if you could~ Ur, change the light bulb out front, it wen out again.M:Look, why are you bothering me now? It’s still light outside, it would be for another five hours..W:Well, I realize that. But it was dark last night. And I was fumbling with my keys and I’m headed out now.M:Ms., it just rained, it’s very wet, it’s dangerous to work with electricity when it’s wet outside.W:Oh, I, I don’t wanna endanger you, it’s just that~ I’ll be coming home late tonightand I~ just want to make sure.M:I would love to help you, Ms.. But somebody borrowed my leader. I don’t have a leader! W:Well, you know, I have a chair. If you just give me a light bulb, I wouldn’t mind doing it myself, OK?M:Oh, oh, uh-huh, OK, yeah, yeah. Take a light bulb from one of my lambs.。

顶级鼓手 文本文档

On the Gauge Aspects of Gravity

Raise_High_the_Roof_Beam,_Carpenters

大学生励志经典美文

Howard Qx in singers

, Phong Nguyen 1

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra - Trato de Argel

喜马拉雅攀登计划第二周作业于连文本内容

几位鼓大师的详细资料

Ishow2018高级班文本3.0【范本模板】

Mentors Ir. A.J.C. van Gemund

MR-Reading-Comprehension-3rd

站在巨人的肩膀上：25条顶级布鲁斯摇滚乐句（四）

Pseudonormalization

f4eng_2010_ans

《爆裂鼓手》解说文案_《爆裂鼓手》：从人性到魔性的十五分钟

allen's master dance tune index - al's home page

I-show 高级班文本

顶级鼓手文本文档