Compressive Strength of Hydrostatic- Stress- Sensitive Materials at High Strain-Rates
《机械设计基础》常用单词中英文对照
《机械设计基础》常用单词中英文对照- common words in Basis of Mechanical Designing一画1.V带V belt2.力force3.力矩moment4.工作载荷serving load5.干摩擦dry friction6.飞轮flier, flywheel7.内圈inner ring8切向键tangential key9.切应力tangential stress10.切削cutting11.双头螺柱stud12.尺寸dimension13.尺寸公差dimensional tolerance14.计算载荷calculating load15.主动轴drive shaft16.凸轮cam17.加工working18.半圆键half round key19.外圈outer ring.20.失效failure21.尼龙nylon22.平键flat key23.打滑slippage24.正火normalizing treatment25.正应力normal stress26.优化设计optimum design27.冲压punching28.动平衡dynamic balance29动载荷moving load30.压力pressure31.压应力compressive stress32压强pressure intensity33.压缩compress34.压缩应力compressive stress35.合金钢alloy steel36.向心轴承centripetal stress37.向心推力轴承centripetal thrust bearing38.导向键guide key39.导轨guide track40当量动载荷equivalent dynamic load41.曲柄 crank42.曲轴crank axle43.曲率半径curvature radius44.有色金属non ferrous metal45.机构mechanism46.机架framework47.机座machine base48.机械machine49.机械加工mechanical working50.机械零件machine element51.机器machine52.灰铸铁gray cast iron53.自锁self locking54.行星轮系planetary gear train55.许用应力allowable stress56.防松locking57.刨削planning58.寿命life59.应力stress60.应力集中stress concentration61.应变strain62.扭转torsion63扭转角angle of torsion64.抗压强度compression strength65抗拉强度tensile strength66.抗弯强度bending strength67.材料material68.极限应力limit stress69.极惯性矩polar moment of inertial70.花键spline71.连杆connecting rod72.周转轮系epicyclic gear train73.屈服强度yield strength74.底板base plate75.底座underframe76.径向力radial force77.径向当量动载荷radial equivalent dynamic load78.径向轴承journal bearing79.径向基本额定动载荷radial elementary rated life80.性能performance81.承载量load carrying capacity82.拉力pulling force83.拉伸tension84.拉伸应力tensile stress85.油膜oil film86.泊松比Poisson’s ratio87.直径diameter88.空心轴hollow axle89.空气轴承air bearing90表面处理surface treatment91.表面淬火surface quenching92转矩torque93.金属材料metallic material94.青铜合金bronze alloy95.非金属材料non metallic material96.齿轮gear97.齿轮模数module of gear teeth98.齿数tooth number99.保持架holding frame100.变应力dynamic stress101.变形deflection, deformation102.变载荷dynamic load103.轮系gear train104.垫片shim105.垫圈washer106.复合材料composite material107.带传动belt driving108.弯曲bend109.弯曲应力bending stress110.弯曲强度bending strength111.弯矩bending moment112.挡圈retaining ring113.残余应力residual stress114.残余变形residual deformation115.点蚀pitting116.相对运动relative motion117.相对滑动relative sliding118.相对滚动relative rolling motion119.矩形花键square key120.结构structure121.结构设计structural design121.结构钢structural steel122.耐磨性wearing quality123.脉动循环应力repeated stress124.轴shaft125.轴瓦bushing126.轴向力axial force127.轴向当量动载荷axial equivalent dynamic load 128.轴向基本额定动载荷axial elementary rated life129.轴承bearing130.轴承合金bearing metal131.轴承油沟grooves in bearing132.轴承衬bearing bush133.轴承座bearing block134.轴承盖bearing cap135.轴环axle ring136.轴肩shaft neck137.轴套shaft sleeve138.退刀槽tool escape139.钢材steel140.钩头楔键gib head key150.钩头螺栓gib head bolt151.挺杆tappet, tapper152.圆柱销cylindrical pin153.圆锥销cone pin154.圆螺母circular nut155.流体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication 156.流体静力润滑hydrostatic lubrication 157.润滑lubrication158.润滑油膜lubricant film159.热处理heat treatment160.热平衡heat balance161.疲劳fatigue162.疲劳失效fatigue failure163.疲劳寿命fatigue Life164.疲劳强度fatigue strength165.疲劳裂纹fatigue cracking166.离合器clutch167.紧定螺钉tightening screw168.胶合seizing of teeth169.能量energy170.脆性材料brittle material171.调质钢quenched and tempered steel 172.载荷load173.载荷谱load spectrum174.通用零件universal element175.速度velocity176.部件parts177.铆接riveting178.陶瓷ceramics179.预紧pretighten180.高速传动轴high speed drive shaft181.偏心载荷eccentric load182.偏转角deflection angle183.减速器reductor184.剪切应力shearing stress185.剪切应力shear stress186.基本额定动载荷elementary rated dynamic load 187.基本额定寿命elementary rated life188.密封seal189.密度density190.弹性变形elastic deformation191.弹性流体动力润滑elastohydrodynamic lubrication 192.弹性啮合elastic engagement193.弹性滑动elastic slippage194.弹性模量modulus of elasticity195.弹簧spring196.弹簧垫圈spring washer197.惯性力inertial force198.惯性矩moment of inertia199.接触应力contact stress200.接触角Contact Angle201.推力轴承thrust bearing202.断裂break203.液压hydraulic pressure204.混合润滑mixed lubrication205.渐开线花键involute spline206.焊接welding207.球形阀globe valve208.球墨铸铁nodular cast iron209.粗糙度roughness210.铜合金copper alloy211.铝合金aluminum alloy212.铰链hinge213.黄铜brass214.剩余预紧力residual initial tightening load215.喷丸sand blast216.强度strength217.强度极限ultimate strength218.最小油膜厚度minimum film thickness219.棘轮传动ratchet wheel220.滑动轴承sliding bearing221.滑块slide block222.滑键slide key223硬度hardness224.联轴器coupling225.装配assembly226.铸件casting227.铸钢cast steel228.铸造cast229.铸铁cast iron230.铸铝cast aluminum231.链chain232.链轮chain wheel233.销pin234.销钉联接pin connection235.塑性材料ductile material236.塑性变形plastic deformation 237.塑料plastics238.摇杆rocker239.楔键wedge key240.滚动体Rolling Body241.滚动轴承rolling bearing242.滚压rolling243.滚珠丝杆ball leading screw 244.锡青铜tin bronze245.锥形阀cone valve246.键key247.键槽keyways248.碳化carbonization249.碳素钢carbon steel250.稳定性stability251.腐蚀corrosion252.锻件forged piece253.锻钢forged steel254.锻造forging255.静压轴承hydrostatic bearing 256.静应力steady stress257.静载荷／应力static load／stress 258.摩擦friction259.摩擦力friction force260.摩擦功friction work261.摩擦系数friction coefficient 262.摩擦角friction angle263.摩擦学tribology264.槽轮sheave wheel265.橡胶rubber266.箱体box267.磨削grinding268.磨损wear269.磨损过程wear process270.螺母nut271.螺纹screw272.螺纹threads273.螺纹联接threaded and coupled 274.螺钉pitch275.螺栓bolt276.螺栓联接bolting277.螺旋传动screw-driven机械设计名词术语中英对照机械设计名词术语中英文对照表Chinese English阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear ; change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer 表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross 槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum《机械设计基础》常用单词中英文对照寿命life应力stress应力集中stress concentration应变strain扭转torsion扭转角angle of torsion抗压强度compression strength抗拉强度tensile strength抗弯强度bending strength材料material极限应力limit stress极惯性矩polar moment of inertial花键spline连杆connecting rod周转轮系epicyclic gear train屈服强度yield strength底板base plate底座underframe径向力radial force径向当量动载荷radial equivalent dynamic load 径向轴承journal bearing径向基本额定动载荷radial elementary rated life 性能performance承载量load carrying capacity拉力pulling force拉伸tension拉伸应力tensile stress油膜oil film泊松比Poisson’s ratio直径diameter空心轴hollow axle空气轴承air bearing表面处理surface treatment表面淬火surface quenching转矩torque金属材料metallic material青铜合金bronze alloy非金属材料non metallic material齿轮gear齿轮模数module of gear teeth齿数tooth number保持架holding frame变应力dynamic stress变形deflection, deformation变载荷dynamic load。
《公共建筑节能(绿色建筑)工程施工质量验收规范》DBJ50-234-2016
（ 7 ） 本 规 范 第 16.2.10 条 依 据 国 家 标 准 《 太 阳 能 供 热 采 暖 工 程 技 术 规 范 》 GB50495-2009 第 5.3.5 条的规定。
（8）本规范第 3.4.4 条为绿色建筑工程涉及的建筑环境与资源综合利用子分部工程 验收方式的规定。
本规范由重庆市城乡建设委员会负责管理，由重庆市建设技术发展中心（重庆市建 筑节能中心）、重庆市绿色建筑技术促进中心负责具体技术内容解释。在本规范的实施 过程中，希望各单位注意收集资料，总结经验，并将需要修改、补充的意见和有关资料 交重庆市建设技术发展中心（重庆市渝中区牛角沱上清寺路 69 号 7 楼，邮编：400015， 电话：023-63601374，传真：023-63861277），以便今后修订时参考。
建设部备案号： J13144-2015
DB
重庆市工程建设标准 DBJ50-234-2016Leabharlann 公共建筑节能（绿色建筑）工程
施工质量验收规范
Code for acceptance of energy efficient public building(green building) construction
（3）本规范第 1.0.4、3.1.2、11.2.4、22.0.6、22.0.7 条内容分别依据国家标准《建 筑节能工程施工质量验收规范》GB50411-2007 第 1.0.5、3.1.2 条、11.2.3、15.0.5、15.0.5 条等强制性条文要求。
钻井工程专用英语词汇
钻井工程专业英语词汇绪论：钻井drilling 钻井方法drilling method顿钻钻井cable drilling 旋转钻井Rotary drilling动力系统(Power System) 旋转系统(Rotating System)提升系统(Hoisting System) 循环系统(Circulating System)井控系统(Well Control System) 直井straight hole深井deep well 超深井super deep well钻井设计well design 钻井质量drilling quality第一章：岩石的物理机械性质physical-mechanical properties of rock岩石的弹性模量elastic modulus of rock岩石的泊松比rock Poisson’s ratio岩石的切变模量shear modulus of rock岩石的体积压缩系数coefficient of bulk compressibility mineral and rock岩石的抗拉伸强度tensile strength of rock岩石的常规抗压缩强度compressive strength of rock岩石的抗剪切强度shear strength of rock脆性岩石brittle rock 塑性岩石plastic rock岩石塑性系数coefficient of plasticity of rock地应力in situ stress 围压confining pressure有效应力effective stress 压持效应chip hold effect岩石的可钻性drill ability of rock 岩石的研磨性rock abrasiveness各种压力概念concept of pressure 静液压力hydrostatic pressure钻井液压力drilling fluid column pressure孔隙压力pore pressure (formation pressure)上覆岩层压力overburden pressure 颗粒压力grain to grain pressure压力梯度pressure gradient 压力监控pressure detection and control 异常压力及其形成abnormal pressure and it’s formation压力异常abnormal pressure 压实作用compaction欠压实imcompaction 不渗透围栅permeabillity barrier地层压力检测方法method of formation pressure detection地震资料法seismic data method 机械钻速法penetration rate methodd指数法d-exponent method dc 指数法dc-exponent method标准化钻速法normalized penetration rate页岩密度法shale density地层破裂压力formation fracture pressure地层破裂压力预报方法formation fracture pressure prediction漏失试验法leak-off test 胡伯特-威利斯法Hubbert and Willis approach 马修斯-凯利法method of Matthews and Kelly伊顿法method of Eaton 安德森法Anderson’s method艾克斯劳格法Exlog method 黄荣樽法Huang’s metho d第二章：钻具drilling tool 钻柱drill stem复合钻柱combination string 满眼钻具packed hole assembly钟摆钻具pendulum assembly 稳定器stabilizer钻柱弯曲buckling of drill string第三章：钻井液drilling fluids 水基钻井液water-base drilling fluids淡水钻井液fresh-water drilling fluids 低固相钻井液low solids fluids泡沫钻井液foam drilling fluids 滤失filtrationAPI滤失量API filtration 动滤失量dynamic filtration滤饼filter cake 含砂量sand content钻井液固相含量solids content in drilling fluids钻井液流变性drilling fluids rheology 漏斗粘度funnel viscosity触变性thixotropic behavior 静切力gel strength初切力initial gel strength 终切力10-minuto gel strength盐水侵salt water contamination 钙侵calcium contamination砂侵sand contamination 水侵water contamination气侵gas contamination 钻井液处理剂mud additives降失水剂filtrate or reduction agents 增粘剂thickening agent降粘剂thinning agents 加重剂weighting agents堵漏剂lost circulation materials 固相控制solid control钻屑cutting 砂sand 泥silt 胶体颗粒colloidal solids第四章：钻进drilling 钻进技术drilling technology钻进技术参数drilling parameters 钻压weight on bit悬重和钻重string suspending weight and drilling weight转速rpm-revolution per minute 排量rate of flow零轴向点zero axial stress point 中性点neutral point开钻spud in 完钻finishing drilling 送钻bit feed方余和方入kelly-up and kelly-in 进尺footage机械钻速penetration rate 鳖钻bit bouncing 跳钻bit jumping起下钻trips 喷射jet-bit drilling 射流jet flow冲击射流impact jet flow 射流等速核potential core of jet 漫流cross flow射流喷速jet velocity射流冲击力jet impact force射流水功率jet hydraulic-power 喷射距离jet length 清洗井底bottom-hole cleaning钻头压降bit pressure-drop 钻头水功率bit hydraulic horse-power喷嘴nozzle 临界井深和极限井深critical well depth and limited well depth钻井泵的工作状态the working regime of drilling pump钻井泵的最大排工作状态（额定工作功率工作状态）the maximum flow rate regime of the drilling pump(the rated power regime of the drilling pump)钻进过程的数学模型mathematical model for drilling procedure钻速方程equation for drilling rate 五点法钻速试验“five spot” drill-off test第五章：{井眼轨迹基本概念（重点掌握）1、轨迹基本参数：3个2、轨迹计算参数：7个，特别注意水平投影长度、水平位移和视平移概念的区别3、轨迹的图视法.二、轨迹测量及计算1、测斜方法及测斜仪器简介2、测斜计算（重点掌握）三、直井防斜技术1、井斜原因分析2、静力学防斜：满眼钟摆（重点掌握）3、动力学防斜（了解）4、垂直钻井技术（了解）扭方位计算（重点掌握）}井下动力钻井hole bottom power drilling涡轮钻井turbo-drilling 涡轮钻具turbo-drill定向井directional well 定向要素directional elements井斜角inclination 方位角azimuth井斜变化率rate of inclination change方位变化率rate of azimuth change井眼曲率hole curvature 垂深和测深vertical depth and measured水平投影长度hole deviation水平位移displacement or closure distance多底井multi-bore well 水平井horizontal well丛式井cluster well or multiple wells造斜deflecting or building angle增斜increasing hole angle or build-up hole angle降斜decreasing hole angle or build-off hole angle稳斜 maintain angle 井身垂直投影图vertical projection of borehole井身水平投影图horizontal projection of borehole正切法tangential method 平衡正切法balanced tangential method平均角法average angle method 曲率半径法radius of curvature method圆弧法arc method 最小曲率法minimum curvature method造斜率rate of over-all angle change井眼方位漂移walk of hole 装置角tool of rotation工具面角tool face azimuth 动力钻具反扭角reactive torque定向方位角tool face bearing or tool face setting磁偏角magnetic declination 随钻测量measurement while drill(MWD)单点测斜仪single shot instrument 多点测斜仪multi-shot instrument陀螺测斜仪gyroscopic instrument 定向orientation定向下钻orientation while going in hole第六章：地层井眼系统的压力平衡balance of formation-borehole system地层压力当量钻井液密度equivalent drilling fluid density钻井液当量循环密度equivalent circulating density波动压力（激动压力）surge pressure 抽汲压力swabbing pressure溢流overflow 井涌kick 井喷well blowout地下井喷underground blowout 井喷失控out of control for blowout压井killing well 关井closing well硬关井hard closing 软关井soft closing压井方法killing well method 工程师法（等待加重量法）engineer’s method 司钻法（二次循环法）driller’s method防喷设备和工具blowout prevention tools and equipments第七章：固井well cementing 套管程序casing program导管conductor表层套管surface casing技术套管intermediate casing strings生产套管production casing 套管柱casing string套管柱下部结构casing accessories 引鞋guiding shoe套管鞋casing shoe 套管扶正器centralizer套管的外载荷outside casing load 套管内压力burst套管外挤压力collapse pressure 套管轴向力axial load套管强度casing strength 套管抗挤强度collapse resistance套管抗拉强度tensile resistance 套管抗内压强度burst resistance下套管running casing 活动套管moving casing井口装置wellhead equipment 低密度水泥light weight connect水泥浆流动性mobility of slurry 水泥浆密度slurry density水泥浆滤失量slurry filtration 前置液ahead fluid尾随液tail fluid 注水泥方法cementing methods常规注水泥法typical primary cementing双级注水泥法two stage cementing 插入注水泥法inner pipe cementing 尾管固井drilling liner cementing 尾管悬挂器drilling liner hanger窜槽cement channeling 完井方法completion methods裸眼完井法open hole completion 射孔完井法perforation completion 先期裸眼完井法initial open hole completion后期裸眼完井法final open hole completion第八章：卡钻drill pipe sticking 砂桥卡钻sand bridging键槽卡钻key seating 压差卡钻differential sticking地层膨胀卡钻formation swelling sticking地层坍塌卡钻formation collapse sticking钻头泥包卡钻balling-up sticking 卡点sticking point。
钻井专业词汇
绪论勘探exploration 开发production顿钻钻井cable drilling旋转钻井Rotary drilling 转盘钻井Rotary drilling顶驱钻井top drive drilling 井下动力钻井hole bottom power drilling 涡轮钻具钻井turbine drilling 螺杆钻具钻井screw drilling旋转钻井钻机Rotary Rig 动力系统(Power System)旋转系统(Rotating System) 提升系统(Hoisting System)循环系统(Circulating System) 井控系统(Well Control System)监测系统 (monitoring System)井架derrick 天车crown block 游动滑车travelling block大钩hook 大绳drilling line 绞车drawworks泥浆泵mud pump泥浆池mud pit 振动筛Vibration Screen防喷器组blowout preventers 地面管汇surface pipeline遥控面板remote control pane 压井管汇kill line钻前准备drill preparation 钻进drilling固井well cementation 完井well completion直井straight/vertical well 定向井directional well水平井horizontal well 浅井shallow well中深井medium-deep well 深井deep well超深井ultra deep well 特超深井super/extra deep well探井exploration well 采油井production well多底井multi-bore well 丛式井cluster well or multiple wells第一章沉积岩sedimentary rock 变质岩metamorphic rock 岩浆岩magmatic rock 岩石的物理机械性质physical-mechanical properties of rock岩石的弹性模量elastic modulus of rock岩石的泊松比rock Poisson’s ratio岩石的切变模量shear modulus of rock抗拉伸强度tension resistance 抗压缩强度 compressive resistance抗剪切强度 shearing resistance 抗弯切强度 bending resistance弹性elasticity 脆性岩石 brittle rock 塑性岩石plastic rock岩石塑性系数rock plasticity coefficient地应力in situ stress 围压confining pressure 有效应力effective stress 压持效应chip hold effect 岩石的可钻性drillability岩石的研磨性rock abrasiveness地层水formation brine比重specific gravity静液压力hydrostatic pressure钻井液压力drilling fluid column pressure 孔隙压力pore pressure地层压力formation fluid pressure地层破裂压力formation fracture pressure上覆岩层压力overburden pressure 基岩应力matrix stress压力梯度pressure gradient 异常压力abnormal pressure压实作用compaction 欠压实作用 undercompaction function机械钻速法penetration rate method d指数法d-exponent methoddc指数法 dc-exponent method 声波时差法acoustic travel time岩石硬度rock hardness漏失试验法leak-off test第二章刮刀钻头（blade bit）牙轮钻头（cone bit）金刚石钻头（diamond bit）天然金刚石钻头（ＮＤ）natural diamond人造聚晶金刚石钻头（ＰＤＣ） polycrystalline diamond compact bit热稳定聚晶金刚石钻头（ＴＳＰ）thermally stable polycrystalline diamond bit水力结构hydraulic structure 超顶（cone overhang）复锥（offset axis）移轴（multiply cone ）钻头的经济指标(economic indicators of bit)钻头进尺(bit footage) 钻头工作寿命(bit operating life)钻头平均机械钻速(bit average rate of penetration)钻头单位进尺成本(cost per singer footage)第三章浮力 buoyancy 钻柱drill stem/string 钻铤drill collar钻杆drill pipe 方钻杆kelly钻头bit 稳定器stabilizerHWDP-厚壁钻杆（Heavy wall drill pipe）复合钻柱combination string中性点neutral point 最大安全静拉力maximum safety static tension第四章钻井液drilling fluids/mud 水基钻井液water-base drilling fluids淡水钻井液fresh-water drilling fluids 低固相钻井液low solids fluids API滤失量API filtration 分散相(dispersion phase )分散介质(dispersion medium)化学处理剂(Chemical treating agent)滤失filtration 滤饼filter cake 含砂量sand content钻井液固相含量solids content in drilling fluids流变方程rheological equation牛顿流体Newtonian fluid 非牛顿流体non- Newtonian fluid塑性流体plastic fluid 幂律流体power law假塑性流体pseudo plastic fluid 膨胀液体expansion fluid钻井液流变性drilling fluids rheology 漏斗粘度funnel viscosity触变性thixotropic behavior 剪切稀释特性(shear thinning)静切力gel strength 动切力yield value 塑性粘度Plastic Viscosity动塑比ratio of yield value to plastic viscosity初切力initial gel strength 终切力10-minuto gel strength固相控制solid control 钻屑cutting 砂sand 泥silt压差卡钻(differential pressure sticking)井漏(lost circulation )井塌(borehole collapse) 钻井液污染(drilling fluid contamination ) 第五章井眼轨道(well trajectory)井眼轨迹(well track)井深Measure Depth 井斜角inclination/deviation angel方位角azimuth angle井斜变化率rate of deviation 方位变化率rate of azimuth井眼曲率hole curvature垂深True vertical depth(TVD)水平投影长度horizontal projection length (hole deviation)水平位移horizontal displacement平移方位角(translational azimuth) N坐标和E坐标(N-coordinate & E-coordinate)视平移(apparent horizontal displacement )水平投影图(horizontal projection)垂直投影图(vertical projection)垂直剖面图(vertical cross section )直井段(Vertical section)ok造（增）斜段(build section) kb稳斜段(hold section ) bh降斜段(drop section) hd目标点(target point)靶区及靶区半径(target area) rt 靶心距(off-target distance) St造斜点(kick off point) k 二维定向井Two-dimensional directional well三维定向井Three-dimensional directional well第六章喷射式钻头jet bit 射流喷速jet velocity射流冲击力jet impact force 射流水功率jet hydraulic-power钻头压降bit pressure-drop钻头水功率bit hydraulic horse-power钻井泵的工作状态the working regime of drilling pump额定泵压rated pump pressure额定功率rated pump power循环压耗circulating pressure loss 优选标准optimization standard钻压weight on bit转速rpm-revolution per minute 排量rate of flow 进尺footage 喷嘴nozzle钻速方程drilling rate equation /model第七章测斜deviational survey 平均角法average angle method曲率半径法radius of curvature method 井斜well deviation满眼钻具packed hole assembly 钟摆钻具pendulum assembly钟摆力pendulum force井底动力钻具bottomhole motor转盘钻 rotary drill 工具面角tool face orientation装置方位角tool face azimuth 定向方位角Directional azimuth反扭角reactive torque angle第八章地层井眼系统的压力平衡 balance of formation-borehole system地层压力当量钻井液密度equivalent drilling fluid density钻井液当量循环密度equivalent circulating density波动压力（激动压力）surge pressure 抽汲压力swabbing pressure井侵 influx 溢流overflow 井涌kick 井喷well blowout地下井喷underground blowout 井喷失控out of control for blowout正压差positive differential pressure负压差negative differential pressure平衡钻井balanced drillin g 欠平衡under balanced drilling近平衡near balanced drilling 过平衡over balanced drilling关井shut in 防喷器blow out preventer 地面管汇surface drill pipe环形空间annulus 压井killing well 硬关井hard closing软关井soft closing 压井方法killing well method工程师法（等待加重量法）engineer’s method司钻法（二次循环法）driller’s method第九章套管程序casing program导管conductor 表层套管surface casing技术套管intermediate casing strings 生产套管production casing 尾管line 钻井尾管drilling liner 生产尾管production liner套管接箍casing coupling套管柱casing string 前置液ahead fluid隔离液spacer fluid 冲洗液flushing fluid套管的外载荷outside casing load 套管内压力burst套管外挤压力collapse pressure 套管轴向力axial load套管强度casing strength 套管抗挤强度collapse resistance套管抗拉强度tensile resistance 套管抗内压强度burst resistance完井方法completion methods 裸眼完井法open hole completion先期裸眼完井法initial open hole completion后期裸眼完井法final open hole completion射孔完井法perforation completion衬管完井法slotted liner completion砾石充填完井法gravel pack completion固井质量cement job quality 固井质量评价cement evaluation窜槽cement channeling 顶替效率displacement efficiency尾管固井drilling liner cementing 尾管悬挂器drilling liner hanger井口装置wellhead 油管头tubing head 套管头casing head采油树Christmas tree稠化时间thickening time 凝结时间setting time。
石油工程专业英语单词
石油工程专业英语单词Aabnormal pressure 异常高压absolute open flow potential 绝对敞喷流量absolute permeability 绝对渗透率acetic acids 乙酸acid-fracturing treatment 酸化压裂处理acidize 酸化acidizing 酸化additives 添加剂Alkali/Surfactant/Polymer (ASP) tertiary combination flooding 三元复合驱anhydrite 无水石膏annular space 环形空间appraisal well 估计井，评价井aquifer 含水层areal sweep efficiency 面积波及系数artificial lift methods 人工举升方法Bbeam pumps 游梁式抽油机bitumen 沥青blast joint 耐磨钻头block and tackle 滑轮组blowout preventes 防喷器blowout 井喷bone strength 胶结强度borehole 井筒，井眼bottomhole/wellhead pressure 井底/井口压力bottorm water 底水breakthrough 突破，穿透bubble point 泡点bubble point pressure 泡点压力Ccable tool drilling 顿钻钻井capillary action 毛细管作用carbonate reservoirs 碳酸盐储层casing casing casing casing casing casing casing casinghanger 套管悬挂器head 套管头collapse 套管损坏corrosion 套管腐蚀leak 套管漏失pressure 套管压力string 套管柱套管casing-tubing configuration 套管组合casing—tubing configuration 油套管井身结构caustic flooding 碱水驱油cavings 坍塌cement additive 水泥浆添加剂cement job 固井作业cement plug 水泥塞cement slurry 水泥浆cementation 固井，胶结cementing practices 注水泥施工centralizer 扶正器chemical flooding 化学驱油chock 节流器choke 油嘴，阀门christmas tree 采油树combustion engines 内燃机compatibility compatibility 兼容性兼容性，配伍性completion interval 完井层段compressibility 压缩系数compression coefficient 压缩系数compressive strength 抗压强度cone bit 牙轮钻头connate water 共生水,原生水continuous gas lift 连续气举core sample 岩心样品cost—per—day basis 每天成本基价cost—per—foot basis 每英尺成本基价crank 曲柄crown block 天车crude oil 原油cumulative production 累计产量Ddamage well/zone 污染井/带darcy 达西darcy‘s law 达西定律dead line 死绳dehydration 脱水deposit 沉积，贮存n，矿床，蕴藏量derrick 井架derrick 钻塔，井架development well 开辟井development well 生产井dewpoint 露点diesel fuel 柴油discovery well 资料井displacement displacement displacementefficiency 驱油效率efficiency 驱替效率rate 驱替效率displacing fluid 驱替液displacing medium 驱替介质dissolved—gas drive reservoir 溶解气驱油藏downhole downhole downhole downsroke assembly 井下装置equipment 井下装置井底，井下下行冲程drainage areas/radius 泄油面积/半径drill collar 钻铤drill collars 钻铤drill 钻井driller 司钻，钻工drilling floor 钻台drilling line 大绳drilling slot 井槽drilling contract 钻井合同drilling fluid 钻井液drilling location 井位drilling rate 钻速drillpipe 钻杆drillship 钻井船drillsite 井场drillstring 钻柱dry forward combustion 干式正向燃烧Eeffective displacement 有效驱替effective permeability 有效渗透率effective wellbore vadius 有效井筒半径electric submersible centrifugal pumps 电泵embrittlement 脆裂emulsion 乳化剂encroachment 水侵enhanced oil recover(EOR)提高采收率ethane 乙烷Ffault 断层fishing tool 打捞工具flow efficiency 完善系数flow regime 流动类型/方式flowing tubing pressure 井口流压flowing well 自喷井fluid loss agent 降滤失剂fluid loss control 防液体漏失foam flooding 泡沫驱油、foam—type drilling fluid 泡沫钻井液formation volume factor 地层体积系数formic acids 甲酸fractional flow 分相流动fracture acidizing 酸化压裂fracture fluid 压裂液fracture pressure 破裂压力fracture 裂缝，断裂free gas 游离气Ggas cap 气顶gas condensate reservoir 凝析气藏gas lift 气举gas-lift valve 气举阀gas-liquid ratio 气液比gas-oil ratio 汽油比gasoline 汽油gear reducer 齿轮减速器geothermal gradient 地温梯度gravity drainage 重力泄油gravity segregation 重力分离gum bed 地蜡gusher 自喷井，喷油井Hheavy oil 重油heterogeneous reservoir 非均质储层heterogeneous 非均质的high gravity 高API 度,轻质的hole angle 井斜角horizontal well 水平井hreaded coupling 罗纹接口huff and puff 蒸汽吞吐hydraulic fracture 水力压裂hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物hydrogen sulfide 硫化氢hydrostatic head 静水压头hydrostatic pressure 静液压力Iindividual well 单井inhibitor 抑制剂initial completion 初次完井injection rate 注入速度/量interfacial intermediate intermediate tensioncasingcasing表面张力string 技术套管中间套管intermittent gas lift 间歇气举Jjackknife derrick 折叠式井架jelly 胶状物,凝胶物joints 根数junction box 接线匣Kkelly 方钻杆kerosene 煤油kick 井涌kill corrosion 压力液kill line 压井管线kill the well 关井Llanding nipple 坐放短节leading edge 前缘leakoff rate 漏失速率load-bearing capacity 承重能力logger 测试仪器logging 测井lost circulation 漏失lost circulation additive 堵漏剂lubricant 润滑油Mmaking a trip 起下钻making a connection 接单根massive hydraulic fracturing 大型水力压裂material balance calculations 物质平衡方程matrix acidizing 基质酸化mechanical efficiency 机械效率methane 甲烷microbial enhanced oil recovery 微生物强化采油microemulsion flooding 微乳液驱油mobility rate 流度比mobility 流度，流动性mud pump 泥浆泵mud thinner 降粘剂mud 泥浆mud/section pit 泥浆池multipay reservoir 多油层油田Nnatural fissure 天然裂缝nature gas 天然气net thickness 有效厚度net thickness 有效厚度nogo nipple 无非端短节nozzle 喷油嘴numerical simulation 数值摹拟Ooffset well 补偿井oil formation volume factor 原油地层体积系数 oil saturation 残存油饱和度oil seeps 油苗oil spill 油漏open-hole completion 裸眼完井organic acids 有机酸overburden 地层表土overburden pressure 上覆岩层压力overload protection 过载保护Ppacker 封隔器pad fluid 前置液paraffin 石蜡，链烷烃paraffin base 石蜡基pay zone pay sand peak load penetration penetration percussion perforating performance permeability permeability petroleum 生产层，产油层产油层，生产层最大载荷，峰值负值rate 进尺速度rate 渗入速度，机械钻速 顿钻job 射孔作业velationship 渗透率anisotropy 石油petroleum engineer 石油工程师petroleum industry 石油工业petroleum jelly 石油膏phase diagram 相态图piston stroke 活塞冲程pitman 联杆泵plate tectonics 板块构造理论plunger lift 活塞气举渗透率各向异性 动态关系polished rod 光杆polymer flooding 聚合物驱油pore volume 有限孔隙体积porosity 孔隙度porous medium 多孔介质porous rock 多孔岩石positive—displacement position 容积式驱替活塞power fluid 传动液preflush 前置液preflush fluid 前置液,冲洗液pressure build up test 压力恢复试井pressure differential 压差pressure drawdown 压降，压差pressure gradient 压力梯度primary recovery 一次开采primary cementing 固井，初次注水泥primary porosity 原生孔隙度prime mover 原动机produced fluid 产出液producing rate 开采速度producting production production production production productivity productivityformation 生产层technology 采油技术casing 生产套管platform 采油平台string 生产(油层)套管生产率index 生产指数proposed well 资料井proppant 支撑剂pseudo—steady-state flow 拟稳定流动put back on production 恢复生产Rradial area 径向面积radical flow 径向流recoverable reserve 可采储量recovery rates 回采收率，开采速度relative permeability 相对渗透率remaining oil 剩余油remedial work 修井作业reservoir drive mechanism 油藏驱油机理reservoir heterogeneous 储层非均质性reservoir 储层，储集层，油层residual oil saturation 残存油饱和度resistivity curre 电阻率曲线reverse combustion 反向燃烧rig 钻机riser 隔水管rodless pumping system 无杆泵系统roller bit 牙轮钻头rotary drilling 旋转钻井rotary hose 水龙带rotary system 旋转钻井系统rotary table 转盘rotary table 转盘rotaryS旋转钻井safety valve 安全阀salinity 矿化度salinity 矿化度sand control 含沙量控制sand production 油井出砂sandstore secondary secondary砂岩recovery 二次开采porosity 次生孔隙度seep 漏出,渗出n, (油气)苗seepage n，渗出,流出seismic interpretation 地震解释separator 分离器setting time 凝固时间shale 页岩,泥岩shear rate 剪贴速率shut—in well pressure 关井压力skin effect 表皮效应slotted liner 割裂衬管sloughing 坍塌性的slurry density slurry viscosity sonic bond log 水泥浆密度水泥浆粘度声波测井spontaneous potential (SP)自然电位stabilizer 稳定器standpipe 立管stands 立管static reservoir pressure 油层静压steam flooding 蒸汽驱油stimulation 增产措施stricking problem 卡钻stripper well 低产井stroke length 冲程长度stuffing box submersible substructure subsurfance subsurfance sucker rod填料盒rig 坐底式钻井平台井架底座unit 地下单位pump 井下泵抽油杆sulfide embrittlement 硫化氢脆裂sulfur 硫磺superficial velocity 表观粘度surface casing 表层套管surface flow line 地面流动管线surface tesion 表面张力surface unit 抽油机，地面装置surfactant flooding 表面积活性剂驱油switchboard 配电盒swivel 旋转钻头Ttensile strength 抗拉强度thickening time 稠化时间tool pusher 钻井队长torque rating 扭矩测定transformer 变压器，转换器transient flow 瞬变流动tubing string 油管柱turbulent flow 紊流Uunswept zone 未波及区upstroke 上行冲程Vvalve 阀门, 阀vertical flow 垂直流vertical sweep efficiency 纵向波及系数vertical well 垂直井vibrating screens 振动筛viscosity 粘度void space 孔隙volume factor 体积系数volumetic sweep efficiency 体积波及系数volumetric efficiency 容量效率vug 孔洞,溶洞Wwait on cement (WOC) 侯水泥凝固water flood recovery 注水采油water flooding 水驱water injection 注水量water—oil ratio 油水比water—sensitive 水敏性的wax 石蜡well bore 井眼well completion 完井well deliverability equation 油井产能方程well intake pressure 井口注入压力well—killing fluid 压裂液wet combustion 湿式燃烧wettability 润湿性wildcat well 预探井wildcatter 勘探者withdrawal 产出，采出workover 油井维修汉译英原油crude oil天然气natural gas方钻杆kelly钻杆drillpipe泥浆泵mud pump转盘rotary table封隔器packer旋转钻井rotary drilling固井cementing裸眼完井openhole completion井口well head扶正器centralizer三次采油tertiary recovery射孔perforating油管tubing油井流入动态inflow performance relationship 井底流压bottom hole flowing pressure采油指数productivity index增产增注措施stimulation近井地带near—well bore region含水率water cut最终采收率ultimate recovery剩余油remaining oil提高采收率IOR水驱water flooding原始地质储量OOPI (original oil in place)流度比mobility ratio有效渗透率effective permeability孔隙体积pore volume上冲程upstroke下冲程downstroke润湿性wettability聚合物驱polymer flooding。
工程地质学专业词汇(英语)
英汉工程地质学专业词汇(与双语教学讲义Engineering Geology 配套使用)黄雨选编同济大学地下建筑与工程系2009.10编写说明为了配合同济大学土木工程专业工程地质学双语教学改革的需要，我们于2009年，从F.G. Bell所编著的Engineering Geology(Second edition 2007)及Tony Waltham所编著的Foundations of Engineering Geology(Second edition 2001)两本书中选编了与工程地质学关系较密切的部分专业词汇，以英汉对照的形式刊出，便于学生使用。
以求对学生在双语教学课堂和课后学习时有所帮助。
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编者2009年10月ContentsChapter 1 Introduction....................................................................................... ..1 Chapter 2 Rock Types and Stratigraphy .. (1)Chapter 3 Geological Structure (4)Chapter 4 Soil Engineering Properties and Classification (5)Chapter 5 Groundwater (7)Chapter 6 The main engineering geology problems in civil engineering (8)chapter 7 In-situ test (10)Chapter 8 Site investigation (10)Chapter 1 Introduction Engineering geology 工程地质学engineering practice 工程实践geomorphology 地貌学structural geology 构造地质学sedimentology 沉积学petrology 岩石学stratigraphy 地层学Chapter 2 Rock Types and Stratigraphy earth crust 地壳the mantle 地幔the core 地核Mineral 矿物Rock 岩石Igneous rock 岩浆岩Sedimentary rock 沉积岩Metamorphic rock 变质岩Luster 光泽Streak 条痕Cleavage 解理Fracture 断裂Mohs’ Scale of Hardness 莫氏硬度计Talc 滑石Gypsum 石膏Calcite 方解石Fluorspar 萤石Apatite 磷灰石Orthoclase feldspar 正长石Quartz 石英Topaz 黄玉Corundum 刚玉Diamond 金刚石Pyrite 黄铁矿Hematite 赤铁矿Dolomite 白云石Olivine 橄榄石augite 普通辉石Pyroxene 辉石Amphibole 闪石Hornblende 角闪石Plagioclase 斜长石anorthite 钙长石potash feldspar 钾长石Mica 云母Muscovite 白云母Biotite 黑云母silica minerals 硅氧矿物felsic 长英矿物mafic 铁镁质矿物Kaolinite 高岭石Montmorillonite 蒙脱石Illite 伊利石Garnet 石榴子石Chlorite 绿泥石Serpentine 蛇纹石Magma 岩浆Batholiths 岩基Stock 岩株Lopolith 岩盆Sill岩床Dyke岩脉Vein纹理Lense 透镜体Plutonic rock深成岩Hypabyssal rock 浅成岩Acidic igneous rocks 酸性岩Intermediate igneous rocks 中性岩Basic igneous rocks 基性岩Ultrabasic igneous rocks 超基性岩leucocratic rock 浅色岩mesocratic rock 中色岩melanocratic rock 暗色岩hypermelanic rock 深暗色岩degree of crystallinity 结晶度crystal 晶体phenocryst 斑晶Holocrystalline 全晶质Holohyaline 全玻璃质(非晶质) massive structure 块状构造rhyotaxitic structure 流纹状构造vesicular structure 气孔状构造amygdaloidal structure 杏仁状构造Merocrystalline 半晶质granular texture 粒状构造granular texture 等粒结构Inequigranular texture 不等粒结构Porphyritic texture 斑状结构Cryptocrystalline 隐晶质Phanerocrystalline 显晶质Granite 花岗岩Pegmatite 伟晶岩Syenite 正长岩Diorite 闪长岩Gabbro 辉长岩Peridotite橄榄岩Pyroxenite 辉岩Porphyrite 玢岩Porphyry 斑岩Diabase 辉绿岩Rhyolite 流纹岩Trachyte 粗面岩Andesite 安山岩Basalt 玄武岩Pumice 浮岩lithify （使）岩化consolidation 固结作用cementation胶结作用component 成分classification 分类sediment 沉积物detrital sediment 碎屑沉积fragments of rock 岩石碎片volcanic ash 火山灰Clay mineral 粘土矿物aluminium silicate 硅酸铝hydrophilicity 亲水性plasticity可塑性dilatability 膨胀性Organic substance 有机物质size analysis 粒级分析Grading curve 级配曲线Conglomerate 砾岩Breccias 角砾岩sand stone 砂岩Siltstone 粉砂岩Mud stone 泥岩Shale 页岩Bed 岩层Chemical rock 化学岩Biochemical Rock 生物化学岩Stratum (pl. strata) 岩层Bedded 成层的Bedding 层理horizontal bedding 水平层理oblique bedding 斜层理cross bedding 交错层理graded bedding 粒级层理Stratigraphic 地层学的Bedding planes 层面Formation 组Deposit 堆积，沉淀Clastic Rock 碎屑岩Recrystallization 重结晶作用Metamorphism 变质作用metacryst texture变晶结构palimpsest texture变余结构porphyroblast 斑状变晶tabular structure 板状构造phyllitic structure千枚状构造schistose structure片状构造gneissic structure片麻状构造dynamic metamorphism 动力变质作用contact metamorphism 接触变质作用regional metamorphism 区域变质作用mountain chain 山链Directional pressure 定向压力Brecciation角砾岩化cataclasis 碎裂作用mylonitization 糜棱岩化Mylonite糜棱岩Slate 板岩Cleavage 解理Schistosity 片理Foliation 叶理Gneiss 片麻岩Marble 大理岩Quartzite 石英岩Stratification 分层Geological time 地质时期Absolute Dating绝对年龄测定Radiometric dating同位素年龄测定Relative dating相对年代测定Stratigraphic correlation method地层对比法Law of Superposition地层层序律fossil 化石index fossil 标准化石time unit 地质年代单位Geological Time Scale地质时标eon 宙Pre-Cambrian time 前寒武纪Phanerozoic time 显生宙Era 代Period 纪Epoch 世Age 期Erathem 界System 系Series 统Cenozoic新生代Mesozoic中生代Palaeozoic古生代Quaternary第四纪Tertiary第三纪Holocene全新世Pleistocene更新世Chapter 3 Geological Structure Geological structure 地质构造Deformation 变形rock failure 岩石破裂Tectonic process 构造运动Discontinuity 不连续horizontal structure 水平构造Inclined structure 倾斜构造crustal movement 地壳运动vertical movement 垂直运动outcrop 岩层露头occurrence 产状dip 倾向dip angle 倾角True dip 真倾角apparent dip 视倾角strike 走向geological survey 地质勘探geological compass 地质罗盘Fold 褶皱Syncline 向斜Anticline 背斜Hinge 枢纽Limb 翼Hinge line 枢纽线Axial plane 轴平面axial surface 轴面Fold axis 褶轴Inter-limb angle 翼间角symmetric fold 对称褶皱asymmetric fold 不对称褶皱overturned fold 倒转褶皱recumbent fold 平卧褶皱Monoclinal fold 单斜褶皱Isoclinal fold等斜褶皱Fan fold扇状褶皱Horizontal fold 水平褶皱Plunging fold倾伏褶皱Dome 穹庐composite fold 复合褶皱drag fold 拖曳褶皱terrain 地形crest 脊tectonic basin 构造盆地fracture 断裂fault 断层joint 节理residual stress 残余应力structural fracture 构造裂隙tensile fracture 张性裂隙shear fracture 剪切裂隙external force 外力Joint rose map节理玫瑰花图Fault plane 断层面Fault dip 断层倾角Fault strike 断层走向Footwall下盘Hanging wall 上盘Fault scarp 断层崖Fault line 断层线Hade 断层倾角Fault distance 断距normal fault 正断层reverse fault 逆断层strike-slip fault走向平移断层Triangular facet 断层三角面active fault 活性断层fault zone 断层带Horst 地垒Graben 地堑Slickenside 断层擦面Fault breccias 断层角砾岩conformity 整合Unconformity 不整合disconformity 假整合angular unconformity 角度不整合Rock Mass 岩体structural plane 结构面Porosity 孔隙度Deformation 变形Elasticity 弹性Plasticity 塑性modulus of elasticity 弹性模量Poisson’s ratio泊松比transverse strain 横向应变axial strain 轴向应变Rock strength 岩石强度Compressive strength 抗压强度Unconfined Compression Test 无侧限抗压试验Tensile strength 抗拉强度Direct Pull Test 直拉试验Shear strength 抗剪强度triaxial compression test三轴压缩试验internal friction 内摩擦角mud crack 泥裂ripple mark 波痕Joint number in one cubic meter 体积裂隙数Over consolidated 超固结Chapter 4 Soil Engineering Properties andClassificationSoil 土tri-phase soil 三相土Solid particle 固体颗粒grain size 粒径mean diameter, average grain diameter 平均粒径effective diameter, effective grain size, effective size 有效粒径grain size distribution 粒度分布Grain composition 颗粒组成Boulders 块石，漂砾Cobbles 粗砾Gravel 砂砾Sand 砂Silt 粉砂Clay粘土gradation test级配筛分试验semi-logarithmic scale半对数标度Grading curve 级配曲线Coefficient of Uniformity 不均匀系数Coefficient of Curvature,曲率系数well-graded 分选性好poorly graded 分选性差Primary mineral 原生矿物Secondary minerals 次生矿物Soluble salt 可溶盐类Organic materials 有机物质Soil Water 土壤水soil gas 土壤气体single-grained structure 单粒结构flocculent structure 絮状结构honeycomb structure蜂窝结构void ratio 孔隙比compactionness 密实度relative density, density index相对密度compressibility 压缩性coefficient of consolidation 压缩系数liquid limit 液限liquidity index 液性指数Plasticity index 塑性指数shrinkage limit 缩限weight 重度Dry unit weight 干重度Saturated unit weight 饱和重度effective unit weight 有效重度density密度relative density 相对密度maximum dry density 最大干密度Water content 含水量optimum water content 最优含水量specific gravity比重degree of saturation饱和度Eluvial soils 残积土Slope deposits 坡积物Pluvial deposits 洪积物Alluvial soil 冲击土lake deposit 湖相沉积Wind deposit 风成沉积物Glacial deposit 冰川沉积Chapter 5 Groundwater Groundwater 地下水Aquifer 含水层Infiltrate 渗透Seepage 渗流seepage force渗透力seepage velocity渗流速度Capillary water 毛细水Gravity water 重力水Bound water, combined water, held water 结合水Crystal water 结晶水Surface tension 表面张力Capillary pressure 毛细压力Wetting angle 润湿角Hydrostatic pressure 流体静压力Uplift pressure浮托力Pore pressure 孔隙压力Hydrodynamic pressure 动水压力Permeability 渗透率Unconfined aquifer orWater-table aquifer 非承压含水层Recharge 补给Confined or artesian aquifer 承压含水层Artesian well 自流井Water content 含水量Specific retention 持水度Specific yield 给水度Porosity 孔隙度Coefficient of permeability 渗透系数Hydraulic conductivity 水力传导率Hydraulic gradient 水力梯度Darcy's law达西定律Isotropic 均质Homogeneous 各向同性suspended water 包气带水phreatic water 潜水confined water 承压水karst water 喀斯特水（岩溶水）fracture water 裂隙水Pore water 孔隙水perched water上层滞水spring 泉水outcrop of spring 泉水出露contact spring 接触泉overflow spring 溢出泉eroded spring 侵蚀泉well 井artesian spring 自流泉carbonate 碳酸盐Bicarbonate 重碳酸盐carbonic acid 碳酸calcium carbonate 碳酸钙magnesium carbonate 碳酸镁carbon dioxide 二氧化碳cation 阳离子sulphate 硫酸盐chloride 氯化物anion 阴离子solubility 溶解度compound 化合物Sodium salt 钠盐hydrogen sulphide 硫化氢organism 有机物Colloid 胶体Land subsidence 地面沉降Consolidation 固结Heterogeneous不均匀的Anisotropic 各向异性的Cone of depression降水漏斗Seepage failure 渗流破坏Piping 管涌seepage forces 渗流压力Quicksand 流沙flow net 流网Chapter 6 The main engineering geology problems in civil engineeringWeathering 风化作用physical weathering 物理风化chemical weathering 化学风化biological weathering 生物风化exfoliation 剥落parent rock 母岩coefficients of expansion 膨胀系数differential expansion不均匀[局部]膨胀Freeze–thaw action 冻融作用critical moisture content临界含水率oxidation 氧化作用hydration 水化作用hydrolysis 水解作用carbonation 碳酸化作用Solution 溶解作用Anhydrite 硬石膏River 河流Valley floor 谷底river bed 河床channel cross section河槽横断面river bank 河岸attrition 磨损corrasion 侵蚀corrosion 溶蚀meander 河曲alluvial flat 河漫滩oxbow lake牛轭湖river terrace 河流阶地tectonic valley 构造谷erosional valley侵蚀谷tectonic line 构造线master stream 主流lateral corrosion 侧向侵蚀vertical erosion 下切侵蚀accumulational terrace 堆积阶地erosional terrace 侵蚀阶地pedestal terrace 基座阶地Slope failure 边坡不稳Collapse 崩塌Landslide 滑坡shear failure 剪切破坏Sliding body 滑坡体slip surface 滑动面Slip zone 滑动带sliding bed 滑坡床Sliding cliff 滑坡后壁sliding terrace 滑坡台地Sliding tongue 滑坡舌Tension crack 拉张裂缝Shear cracks 剪切裂缝Retrogressive slide 牵引式滑坡Comprehensive treatment综合治理Drainage 排水Catch drain 集水沟Drainage channel 排水槽blind drain 盲沟retaining wall 挡土墙anti-sliding pile 抗滑桩anchoring bar (pin, rod) 锚筋（钉，杆）consolidation grouting 固结灌浆rockfall 岩崩limit equilibrium methods 极限平衡法Karst 喀斯特Lapie 岩沟Clint 石芽Funnel 漏斗corroded depressionpolje 溶蚀谷corroded plain.Sinkhole 落水洞karst cave 岩溶洞underground river 暗河natural bridge 天生桥stalactite钟乳石stalagmite 石笋denudation 剥蚀作用Vertical zoning 垂直分带Dissolution 溶解Scouring 冲刷Earthquake 地震Epicenter 震中earthquake focus 震源plutonic earthquake 深源地震shallow-focus earthquake 浅源地震strong motion earthquake 强烈地震submarine earthquake 海底地震tectonic earthquake 构造地震volcanic earthquake火山地震artificial earthquake 人工地震seismograph 测震仪tsunami 海啸Mercalli Scale麦氏震级Richter scale 里氏震级Footing 基础Foundation 地基Footing 基础foundation stability 地基稳定性natural foundation 天然地基artificial foundation 人工地基shallow foundations 浅基础deep foundations 深基础pile foundation 桩基础strip footing 条形基础ultimate bearing capacity极限承载力load intensity荷载强度allowable bearing capacity容许承载力liquefaction 液化sand boil 砂沸Underground engineering地下工程Overburden覆盖层Elevation 海拔Axis 轴线Hydrogeological condition水文地质条件Subgrade 路基cutting slope 路堑边坡Chapter 7 In-situ testIn-situ test 原位测试natural structure 天然结构natural moisture 天然含水量natural state of stress 天然应力状态Loading Test 静载荷试验plate loading test 平板载荷试验critical edge pressure 临塑荷载ultimate load 极限荷载deformation modulus 变形模量Coefficient of sub-grade reaction 基床反力系数P~s curve p-s曲线s~logt curve s-logt曲线Cone Penetration Test 静力触探试验piezocone penetration test 孔压静力触探penetrometer 贯入仪Standard Penetration Test 标准贯入试验penetration resistance贯入阻力blow count 击数sampling 取样sleeve 套筒Shear Vane Test 十字板剪切试验Chapter 8 Site investigation engineering geological investigation 工程地质勘查engineering geological profiles 工程地质剖面图bore histogram钻孔柱状图。
耐静水压英语缩写
耐静水压英语缩写Endurance to Static Water PressureThe ability to withstand static water pressure is a crucial factor in the design and construction of various engineering structures, from underwater pipelines to deep-sea submersibles. This characteristic, often referred to as "hydrostatic pressure resistance," is a critical consideration for ensuring the integrity and safety of these systems.Static water pressure, also known as hydrostatic pressure, is the pressure exerted by a body of water on an object or structure submerged within it. This pressure increases linearly with depth, with every 10 meters of depth adding approximately 1 atmosphere (atm) of pressure. Understanding and accurately predicting the behavior of materials and structures under these high-pressure conditions is essential for engineering design and analysis.One of the primary applications of hydrostatic pressure resistance is in the field of underwater construction and exploration. Offshore oil and gas platforms, underwater pipelines, and deep-sea research vessels are all examples of engineering systems that must be designed to withstand the immense pressures encountered atsignificant depths. Failure to account for these pressures can lead to catastrophic consequences, such as structural collapse, leaks, or even the loss of human life.In addition to underwater applications, the concept of hydrostatic pressure resistance also plays a crucial role in the design of water storage tanks, pressurized vessels, and even some types of aircraft and spacecraft. These systems must be engineered to withstand the internal pressure generated by the contained fluids or gases, ensuring their safe and reliable operation.The study of hydrostatic pressure resistance involves a multidisciplinary approach, drawing upon principles from materials science, structural engineering, and fluid mechanics. Engineers must consider the material properties, such as tensile strength, compressive strength, and ductility, to ensure that the chosen materials can withstand the expected pressures without failure. Additionally, the structural design of the system must be optimized to distribute the stresses evenly and minimize the risk of localized failures.One of the key challenges in designing for hydrostatic pressure resistance is the need to balance weight, cost, and performance. Heavier and more robust structures may be able to withstand higher pressures, but they can also be more expensive and less energy-efficient. Conversely, lighter and more streamlined designs may be more cost-effective, but they may be more susceptible to pressure-induced deformation or failure.To address these challenges, engineers often employ advanced computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA) tools to model and simulate the behavior of their designs under various pressure conditions. These simulations allow them to identify potential weak points, optimize the design, and validate the performance of the system before committing to physical prototypes or construction.In addition to computational tools, laboratory testing and field trials are also essential for validating the hydrostatic pressure resistance of engineering systems. These tests involve subjecting the structures to controlled pressure environments, often using specialized pressure chambers or underwater testing facilities, to measure their performance and verify their compliance with safety standards and design requirements.As technology continues to advance, the demand for more sophisticated and reliable engineering systems capable of withstanding high-pressure environments is only expected to grow. From deep-sea exploration to the development of next-generation spacecraft, the ability to design and construct structures that canendure the challenges of static water pressure will remain a critical focus for engineers and researchers in the years to come.。
工程力学常见专业英语词汇总结
空间变量spatial variations
直径diameter
半径radius
必要条件prerequisite
充分条件sufficient condition
质量守恒conservation of mass
动量守恒conservation of momentum
静定问题statically determinate problems
超静定问题statically indeterminate problem
轴向荷载axial load
均布荷载uniform distribution load
集中荷载concentrated load
冲击荷载shock loading
机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy
能量守恒conservation of energy
守恒定律law of conservation
摩擦friction
内摩擦角friction angle
水平面horizontal plane
假想平面imaginary plane
相互垂直平面mutually perpendicular planes
平面外法向outward normal to the plane
前言preface
后记postscript
附录appendix
连续介质continuousmedium
非连续介质discontinuous medium
周围介质surroundingmedium
气体静力学aerostatics
气体动力学aerodynamics
变形量the amount of deformation
船舶结构部件名称及相关名词
1 • 1船长1）总长Loa：length of overall2）垂线间长Lbp : length between perpendiculars3）登记船长L : registered length4）干舷长Lf: freeboard length5）船舶分舱长度LS : subdivision length6）艉垂线：aft perpe ndicular7）艏垂线：forward perpe ndicular8）后端点：aft end point9）挪威规范，英国规范：Oslo Rules, UK Rules10）前端点：fore end point11）美国规范：USA Rules12）艏楼甲板：F' cle Dk13）日本规范：Japanese Rules14）艏柱：stem15）水线长：len gth of water line16）干舷长前端点:forward end of freeboard len gth1. 2船宽1 ）登记船宽B : registered breadth2）上甲板Upp Deck3）角隅圆弧的断点:term in ati on of corner radius4）干舷船宽Bf : breadth of ship for freeboard5）分舱船宽Bs : subdivisi on breadth of ship1. 3 型深（D）depth1. 4 吃水d: draught or draft1. 5 干舷:freeboard1. 6 吨位及舱容tonnage and cargo capacity 总吨gross tonnage 净吨net tonnage 苏伊士运河吨位Suez Canal tonn age巴拿马运河吨位Pan ama Canal tonn age排水量displacement 载重吨deadweight国家吨位n ati onal tonn age国际吨位intern ati onal tonn age 包装货物舱容bale capacity 谷物舱容grain capacity 夕卜板shell plating 护肋材sparring 谷物容积限度grain capacity 捆包容积限度limit of bale capacity g表示谷物容积g indicates grain capacity b表示捆包容积底部垫木bottom ceili ng1. 7 船速speed1. 8 船型系数block coefficient细长型fine form 肥大型full form 方形系数block coefficientb in dicates bale capacity （Cb）中横剖面系数midship coefficie nt （Cm）棱形系数prismatic coefficie nt （Cp）水线面系数water pla ne coefficie nt （Cw）1. 9描述船舶动态及静态的词汇terms to describe the dynamic[dai ' nAmik] conditions and static positions纵倾trim 艉翘trim by stern 艏翘trim by head无纵倾状态even keel （non-trimmed con diti on）横倾heel or list 船体运动ship motion横摇rolling 纵摇pitching 艏摇yawing 垂荡heaving 横荡swaying 纵荡surging1. 10 描述船体构件受力及变形的词汇describe the movement of hull structural member弯曲bending 扭曲twisting 屈曲buckling振动vibration 剪切sheering 横摇rolling 强摇racking1. 11其他基本词汇（1）1）左舷port side 2）右舷starboard side3）纵向Iongitudinal 4）横向transverse5）水平horizontal 6）垂直vertical 7）中心线centre line （CL & ）8）肿midship or amidships （expressed by symbol ）9）船中区域midship part （0.4L ~ 0.5L）10）船首bow 11）艏柱stem 12）艏部bow part or fore part13）艏垂线fore perpendicular （FP）14）艉柱stern 15）艉部stern part or aft part16）艉垂线aft perpendicular （AP）17）尾端ends: these normally signify the end parts of the hull of a ship with 0.1L通常是指自船尾端始的0.1L的范围18）基线base line （BL）: normally the keel line 通常是指龙骨线19）肋骨间距frame space 20）肋骨线frame line21）船体围长girth length: the length measured at the transverse section of the hull of a ship from gunnel to gunnel在船体横截面上从一侧的船舷上沿量取到另一侧的船舷上沿的距离22）龙骨上面top of keel 23）折角线knuckle line （KL） 24）折角点knuckle point25）舷弧sheer 26）艏舷弧fore sheer 27）艉舷弧aft sheer 28）梁拱camber29）甲板内倾tumble home 30）外飘flare31）舭部升高rise of floor 32 ）平行部parallel part1. 12其他基本词汇（2）1）船桥甲板上缘top of bridge deck beam 2）船桥楼外缘outline of bridge enclosure3）上甲板梁上缘top of upper deck beam 4）梁拱camber5）主甲板的内倾tumble home at upper deck6）船桥甲板的内倾tumble home at bridge deck7）上甲板边upper deck at side 8）船中心线centre line of ship9）舭部bilge part 10）平板龙骨的一半half-side dimension of flat portion at keel11）船中船桥甲板的型深moulded depth to bridge deck12）船中主甲板处的型深moulded depth to upper deck13）船中型吃水moulded draught1.13 线型lines1）横剖线图body plan 2）纵剖线图profile or sheer plan 3）半宽图水线half-breadth plan1.14 其他图纸文件other plans and documents1）除线型图之外，下列图纸被称为关键图（key plans）:总体布置图general arrangement 中横剖面图midship section钢材构造图construction profile 夕卜板展开图shell expansion2）其他关键图以外的船体图纸被称为船厂图（yard plan）:（1）船体方面艏柱、艉柱、螺旋桨柱和舵结构stem, stern frame, propeller post and rudder甲板结构图deck pla ns 单底、双底结构图si ngle bottom and double bottom水密和油密舱壁结构图watertight and oil tight bulkheads上层建筑端壁图superstructure end bulkhead船首、船尾、船底部抗扌白击结构图arrangement to resist panting in both peaks and their vicinity [vi ' sinit邻近,接近支柱和甲板纵桁图pillars and deck girders轴隧图shaft tunnels锅炉、主机、推力轴承、中间轴承、发电机和其它重要辅机基座图Seat ing of boiler, engine, thrust and plummer blocks dyn amos 发电机机舱棚图mach inery cas ings长甲板室结构图long deckhouse桅杆、桅室和绞车平台结构图masts and mast houses and winch platforms泵布置图pump ing arran geme nts甲板装原木时绑扌L装置布置图timber deck cargo security arran geme nts防火构造图con structi on for fire protect ion消防布置图pla ns show ing fire ext in guish in g arran geme nt逃生路径布置图pla ns show ing escape routes舱室路径图pla ns show ing arran geme nt for access of tank and space（2）轮机方面机器处所布置图mach inery arran geme nt of mach inery space船内通讯系统图diagram for internal com muni cati on system主、辅机图mai n and auxiliary engines动力传动齿轮、轴系及螺旋桨图power tran smissi on gears, shaft ing and propellers锅炉及压力容器图boiler and pressure vessel辅机和管系图auxiliary mach inery and pip ing操舵装置图steeri ng gear自动控制及遥控装置图automatic and remote con trols备件spare part 电气装置electrical installations 船桥视界navigation bridge visibility（3）其他图纸文件船体轮机设计说明书specificati ons for hull and machi nery船中横剖面模数计算书calculation sheets for minimum athwartship （横越）section modulus （模数）in way of the midship part防腐式样书corrosion prevention scheme 稳性计算书stability calculation sheets 破舱稳性计算书damage stability calculati on sheets装载手册loading manual 绑扌L手册security manual1. 15 静水力曲线hydrostatic curves浮心距基线高度centre of buoya ncy above base line (KB)浮心距船中centre of buoya ncy from midship (B)漂心距船中centre of floatation from midship (F)每厘米吃水吨数tons per one cen timeter immersio n (TPC)每厘米纵倾力矩mome nt to cha nge one cen timeter (CTM)水线系数water pla ne coefficie nt (Cw)纵稳心距基线高Ion gitudi nal metace ntre above base line (LKM)横稳心距基线高tran sverse metace ntre above base line (KM)棱形系数prismatic [priz ' mAtik] coefficient (Cp)垂直棱形系数vertical prismatic coefficie nt (Cvp)方形系数block coefficie nt (Cb)型排水量displacement in tons excluding appendages (附件，附属物)总排水量displaceme nt in tons in cludi ng appe ndages船体湿表面面积wetted surface area (W.S.)1.16 稳性stabilityI) 静态稳性i n tact stability 2 )动态稳性dyn amic stability3) 稳性判据stability criteria (标准) 4 )稳性曲线stability curves 5)倾斜试验inclining test 6 )重心高度KG (height of centre of gravity)7) 稳心高度KM (height of metace ntre)8) 初稳性高度GM 9 )静稳性力臂GZ10) 自由液面的影响free water effectII) 大倾角稳性stability at a large inclin ati on an gle12) 稳性十字曲线cross curves of stability13) 纵向稳性Iongitudinal stability 14 )横向稳性transverse stability15) 破舱稳性damage stability 16 )浸水计算flood ing calculation17) 浸水概率flooding probability 18 )分舱compartment19)生存条件survival requirement 20 )最终状态final stage21)生存概率survival probability 22 )分舱指数subdivision index23) 处所渗透率permeability of a space24) 许用GM0 曲线permissible GM0 curve1. 17 波浪wave斯托克波stokes wave 正弦波sine wave 摆动波trochoidal wave船行波wave gen erated by ship sail ing 散波diverge nt wave船尾横波stern tran sverse eave 船首横波bow tran sverse wave1. 18 船体强度strength of ship船体垂向弯曲最终强度vertical bending ultimate stre ngth船体梁强度hull girder strength 纵向强度Iongitudinal strength纵向弯距Iongitudinal bending moment 剪切力sheering force中拱hogging 中垂sagging静水弯距Ion gitudi nal bending mome nt in still water (Ms)波浪弯矩Mw(+) and Mw (-) wave in duced Ion gitudi nal bending mome nt横向强度tran sverse stre ngth 扭转强度twisti ng stre ngth局部强度local strength 失稳强度buckling strength受压失稳强度compressive buckli ng stren gth剪切失稳强度sheer buckli ng stre ngth直接强度计算/分析direct strength calculation / analyzing疲劳强度fatigue stre ngth疲劳强度解析、评价fatigue stren gth anl yze, assessme nt应力集中stress concen trati on波浪周期wave period 随浪following wave 顶浪heading sea 横浪beam wave波浪载荷wave load 垂向波浪弯距vertical wave bending moment波浪变动压hydrodynamic (水力，流体动力学)pressure舱室内压internal pressure 许用应力allowable stress最小弯距Wmin剖面模数section modulus惯性矩moment of inertia强度连续性contin uity of stre ngth 板架、板单元plate pan el1. 19船体尺寸限制Pan ama 圣。
机械类相关英语文章精选
机械类相关英语文章精选篇一：机械类英语文章What is Hydraulic?A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, no parts and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydraulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic valves can be divided into the village of force control valve, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories.Hydraulic principleIt consists of two cylinders of different sizes and composition of fluid in the fluid full of water or oil. Water is called hydraulic press; the said oil-filled hydraulic machine. Each of the two liquid a sliding piston, if the increase in the small piston on the pressure of a certain value, according to Pascals law, small piston to the pressure of the pressure through the liquid passed to the large piston, piston top will go a long way to go. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. Thus, a small piston on the liquid pressure to P = F1/SI,Can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. By the large piston is also equivalent to the inevitable pressure P. If the large piston is the cross-sectional area S2, the pressure P on the piston in the upward pressure generated F2 = PxS2 Cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known to add in a small piston of a smaller force, the piston will be in great force, for which the hydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil, extract heavy objects, such as forging steel.History of the development of hydraulicAnd air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascals principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive thedevelopment of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the worlds first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905will be replaced by oil-water and further improved.World War I (1914-1918) after the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century Constantine (G ? Constantimsco) fluctuations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic transmission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of development.The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japans hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, Hydraulic Industry. Nearly20 to 30 years, the development of Japans fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader. Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general workers. Plastic processing industry, machinery, pressure machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel industry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flood control the dam gates and devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship deck crane (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valves, such as the stern thruster ; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measurement buoys, movements such as rotating stage;military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti-rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devices.篇二：机械类专业英语文章翻译1.Chapter 2（P31）Unit2 Cast IronsIn order to understand the fabricating characteristics of cast irons, it is necessary to become familiar with the characteristics of the metal and the various types and classifications that are available.为了理解铸铁的制造特性，它是要熟悉的金属的特性和各种可用的类型和分类One of the distinguishing features of all irons is that they have a relatively high carbon content. Steels range up to about 2% carbon. Cast irons overlap with the steels somewhat and range from about 1.5% up to 5% carbon. It is principally the form of the carbon, with is governed by thermal conditions and alloying elements,that provides various structures that may be classified into the following main type：gray cast iron; white cast iron; ductile(nodular) graphite irons;compacted(vermicular) graphite iron.所有熨斗的一个显着特点是，它们具有相对高的碳含量。
(2021年整理)土力学词汇英文翻译
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土力学词汇英汉对照编写人：邵俐审核人: 刘松玉、张克恭东南大学交通学院二00五年三月Aabsorbed water 吸着水accumulation sedimentation method累积沉淀法active earth pressure主动土压力E aactivity index 活性指数Aadamic earth,red soil 红粘土additional stress(pressure）of subsoil地基附加应力（压力)zadverse geologic phenomena 不良地质现象aeolian soils 风积土aeolotropic soil 各向异性土air dried soils 风干土allowable subsoil bearing capacity地基容许承载力［0］allowable settlement 容许沉降alluvial soil 冲积土angle between failure plane and major principal plane破坏面与大主平面的夹角angle of internal，external (wall） friction 内摩擦角、外（墙背)摩擦角angular gravel，angular pebble 角砾anisotropic soil 各向异性土aquifer 含水层aquifuge，impermeabler layer 不透水层area of foundation base 基础底面面积Aartesian water head 承压水头artificial fills 人工填土artificial foundation 人工地基Atterberg Limits 阿太堡界限attitude 产状average consolidation pressure平均固结压力average heaving ratio of frozen soil layer 冻土层的平均冻胀率average pressure ,additional pressure of foundation base基底平均压力、平均附加压力p、p0Bbase tilt factor of foundation基础倾斜系数b c、b q、bbase tilt factors基底倾斜系数b c、b q、b bearing capacity 承载力bearing capacity factors承载力系数N c,、N q，、N[California]Bearing Ratio [CBR] 承载比bearing stratum 持力层bedrock，original rock 基岩beginning hydraulic gradient起始水力梯度（坡降）i oBiot consolidation theory 比奥固结理论Bishop’s slice method 比肖普条分法（完整）土力学词汇英文翻译bound water 结合水（束缚水)boulder 漂石Boussinesq theory 布辛奈斯克理论bridge 桥梁bridge pier 桥墩broken stone，crushed stone 碎石bulk modulus 体积模量buried depth of foundation 基础埋置深度d buoyant density 浮密度buoyant gravity density(unit weight)浮重度（容重）’CCalifornia Bearing Ratio（CBR)加州承载比capillary rise 毛细水上升高度capillary water 毛细（管）水categorization of geotechnical projects岩土工程分级cementation 胶结作用central load 中心荷载(轴心荷载)characteristic value of subsoil bearing capacity 地基承载力特征值f akchemical grouting 化学灌浆circular footing圆形基础clay 粘土clay content 粘粒含量clay minerals 粘土矿物clayey silt 粘质粉土clayey soils ,clayly soils 粘性土coarse aggregate 粗骨料coarse-grained soils 粗粒土coarse sand 粗砂cobble 卵石Code for design of building foundation建筑地基基础设计规范coefficient of active earth pressure主动土压力系数K acoefficient of passive earth pressure被动土压力系数K Pcoefficient of collapsibility 湿陷系数s coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数a coefficient of curvature 曲率系数C c coefficient of earth pressure at rest 静止土压力系数Kcoefficient of lateral pressure侧压力系数K0coefficient of permeability 渗透系数k coefficient of secondary consolidation次固结系数coefficient of uniformity 不均匀系数coefficient of vertical consolidation竖向固结(压密)系数c v。
船舶结构部件名称及相关名词
1．1船长1）总长Loa：length of overall2）垂线间长Lbp：length between perpendiculars3）登记船长L：registered length4）干舷长Lf：freeboard length5）船舶分舱长度LS：subdivision length6）艉垂线：aft perpendicular7）艏垂线：forward perpendicular8）后端点：aft end point9）挪威规范，英国规范：Oslo Rules, UK Rules10）前端点：fore end point11）美国规范：USA Rules12）艏楼甲板：F’cle Dk13）日本规范: Japanese Rules14）艏柱：stem15）水线长：length of water line16）干舷长前端点: forward end of freeboard length1．2 船宽1）登记船宽B：registered breadth2）上甲板Upp Deck3）角隅圆弧的断点：termination of corner radius4）干舷船宽Bf : breadth of ship for freeboard5）分舱船宽Bs : subdivision breadth of ship1．3 型深（D）depth1．4 吃水d: draught or draft1．5 干舷: freeboard1．6 吨位及舱容tonnage and cargo capacity总吨gross tonnage 净吨net tonnage苏伊士运河吨位Suez Canal tonnage巴拿马运河吨位Panama Canal tonnage排水量displacement载重吨deadweight国家吨位national tonnage国际吨位international tonnage包装货物舱容bale capacity谷物舱容grain capacity外板shell plating 护肋材sparring谷物容积限度grain capacity捆包容积限度limit of bale capacityg表示谷物容积g indicates grain capacity b表示捆包容积b indicates bale capacity 底部垫木bottom ceiling1．7船速speed1．8 船型系数block coefficient细长型fine form 肥大型full form 方形系数block coefficient (Cb)中横剖面系数midship coefficient (Cm)棱形系数prismatic coefficient (Cp)水线面系数water plane coefficient (Cw)1．9描述船舶动态及静态的词汇terms to describe the dynamic[dai’nAmik] conditions and static positions纵倾trim 艉翘trim by stern 艏翘trim by head无纵倾状态even keel (non-trimmed condition)横倾heel or list 船体运动ship motion横摇rolling纵摇pitching艏摇yawing垂荡heaving横荡swaying纵荡surging1．10描述船体构件受力及变形的词汇describe the movement of hull structural member弯曲bending 扭曲twisting 屈曲buckling振动vibration 剪切sheering 横摇rolling 强摇racking1．11其他基本词汇(1)1）左舷port side 2) 右舷starboard side3) 纵向longitudinal 4) 横向transverse5) 水平horizontal 6) 垂直vertical 7) 中心线centre line (CL & )8) 舯midship or amidships (expressed by symbol )9) 船中区域midship part (0.4L ~ 0.5L)10) 船首bow 11) 艏柱stem 12) 艏部bow part or fore part13) 艏垂线fore perpendicular (FP)14) 艉柱stern 15) 艉部stern part or aft part16) 艉垂线aft perpendicular (AP)17) 尾端ends: these normally signify the end parts of the hull of a ship with 0.1L通常是指自船尾端始的0.1L的范围18) 基线base line (BL): normally the keel line 通常是指龙骨线19) 肋骨间距frame space 20) 肋骨线frame line21) 船体围长girth length: the length measured at the transverse section of the hull of a ship from gunnel to gunnel 在船体横截面上从一侧的船舷上沿量取到另一侧的船舷上沿的距离22) 龙骨上面top of keel 23) 折角线knuckle line (KL) 24) 折角点knuckle point25) 舷弧sheer 26) 艏舷弧fore sheer 27) 艉舷弧aft sheer 28) 梁拱camber29）甲板内倾tumble home 30) 外飘flare31）舭部升高rise of floor 32）平行部parallel part1．12其他基本词汇(2)1) 船桥甲板上缘top of bridge deck beam 2) 船桥楼外缘outline of bridge enclosure3) 上甲板梁上缘top of upper deck beam 4)梁拱camber5) 主甲板的内倾tumble home at upper deck6) 船桥甲板的内倾tumble home at bridge deck7) 上甲板边upper deck at side 8) 船中心线centre line of ship9) 舭部bilge part 10) 平板龙骨的一半half-side dimension of flat portion at keel11) 船中船桥甲板的型深moulded depth to bridge deck12) 船中主甲板处的型深moulded depth to upper deck13) 船中型吃水moulded draught1.13 线型lines1) 横剖线图body plan 2) 纵剖线图profile or sheer plan 3)半宽图水线half-breadth plan1.14其他图纸文件other plans and documents1) 除线型图之外,下列图纸被称为关键图(key plans):总体布置图general arrangement 中横剖面图midship section钢材构造图construction profile 外板展开图shell expansion2) 其他关键图以外的船体图纸被称为船厂图(yard plan):(1) 船体方面艏柱、艉柱、螺旋桨柱和舵结构stem, stern frame, propeller post and rudder甲板结构图deck plans 单底、双底结构图single bottom and double bottom水密和油密舱壁结构图watertight and oil tight bulkheads上层建筑端壁图superstructure end bulkhead船首、船尾、船底部抗拍击结构图arrangement to resist panting in both peaks and their vicinity [vi’siniti] 邻近, 接近支柱和甲板纵桁图pillars and deck girders 轴隧图shaft tunnels锅炉、主机、推力轴承、中间轴承、发电机和其它重要辅机基座图Seating of boiler, engine, thrust and plummer blocks dynamos 发电机机舱棚图machinery casings长甲板室结构图long deckhouse桅杆、桅室和绞车平台结构图masts and mast houses and winch platforms泵布置图pumping arrangements甲板装原木时绑扎装置布置图timber deck cargo security arrangements防火构造图construction for fire protection消防布置图plans showing fire extinguishing arrangement逃生路径布置图plans showing escape routes舱室路径图plans showing arrangement for access of tank and space(2) 轮机方面机器处所布置图machinery arrangement of machinery space船内通讯系统图diagram for internal communication system主、辅机图main and auxiliary engines动力传动齿轮、轴系及螺旋桨图power transmission gears, shafting and propellers锅炉及压力容器图boiler and pressure vessel辅机和管系图auxiliary machinery and piping操舵装置图steering gear自动控制及遥控装置图automatic and remote controls备件spare part 电气装置electrical installations 船桥视界navigation bridge visibility(3) 其他图纸文件船体轮机设计说明书specifications for hull and machinery船中横剖面模数计算书calculation sheets for minimum athwartship (横越) section modulus (模数) in way of the midship part防腐式样书corrosion prevention scheme 稳性计算书stability calculation sheets 破舱稳性计算书damage stability calculation sheets装载手册loading manual 绑扎手册security manual1．15 静水力曲线hydrostatic curves浮心距基线高度centre of buoyancy above base line (KB)浮心距船中centre of buoyancy from midship (B)漂心距船中centre of floatation from midship (F)每厘米吃水吨数tons per one centimeter immersion (TPC)每厘米纵倾力矩moment to change one centimeter (CTM)水线系数water plane coefficient (Cw)纵稳心距基线高longitudinal metacentre above base line (LKM)横稳心距基线高transverse metacentre above base line (KM)棱形系数prismatic [priz’mAtik] coefficient (Cp)垂直棱形系数vertical prismatic coefficient (Cvp)方形系数block coefficient (Cb)型排水量displacement in tons excluding appendages (附件，附属物)总排水量displacement in tons including appendages船体湿表面面积wetted surface area (W.S.)1.16 稳性stability1）静态稳性intact stability 2）动态稳性dynamic stability3）稳性判据stability criteria （标准）4）稳性曲线stability curves5）倾斜试验inclining test 6）重心高度KG (height of centre of gravity)7）稳心高度KM (height of metacentre)8）初稳性高度GM 9）静稳性力臂GZ10）自由液面的影响free water effect11）大倾角稳性stability at a large inclination angle12）稳性十字曲线cross curves of stability13）纵向稳性longitudinal stability 14）横向稳性transverse stability15）破舱稳性damage stability 16）浸水计算flooding calculation17）浸水概率flooding probability 18）分舱compartment19）生存条件survival requirement 20）最终状态final stage21）生存概率survival probability 22）分舱指数subdivision index23）处所渗透率permeability of a space24）许用GM0曲线permissible GM0 curve1．17 波浪wave斯托克波stokes wave 正弦波sine wave 摆动波trochoidal wave船行波wave generated by ship sailing 散波divergent wave船尾横波stern transverse eave 船首横波bow transverse wave1．18 船体强度strength of ship船体垂向弯曲最终强度vertical bending ultimate strength船体梁强度hull girder strength 纵向强度longitudinal strength纵向弯距longitudinal bending moment 剪切力sheering force中拱hogging 中垂sagging静水弯距longitudinal bending moment in still water (Ms)波浪弯矩Mw(+) and Mw (-) wave induced longitudinal bending moment横向强度transverse strength 扭转强度twisting strength局部强度local strength 失稳强度buckling strength受压失稳强度compressive buckling strength剪切失稳强度sheer buckling strength直接强度计算/分析direct strength calculation / analyzing疲劳强度fatigue strength疲劳强度解析、评价fatigue strength anlyze, assessment应力集中stress concentration波浪周期wave period 随浪following wave 顶浪heading sea 横浪beam wave波浪载荷wave load 垂向波浪弯距vertical wave bending moment波浪变动压hydrodynamic (水力，流体动力学)pressure舱室内压internal pressure 许用应力allowable stress最小弯距Wmin 剖面模数section modulus惯性矩moment of inertia强度连续性continuity of strength 板架、板单元plate panel1．19 船体尺寸限制Panama 圣。
钢筋混凝土外文翻译
外文文献翻译Reinforced concreteFrom 《English on Civil Engineering》Concrete and reinforced concrete are used as building materials in every country. In many, including the United States and Canada, reinforced concrete is a dominant structural material in engineered construction. The universal nature of reinforced concrete construction stems from the wide availability of reinforcing bars and the constituents of concrete, gravel, sand, and cement, the relatively simple skills required in concrete construction, and the economy of reinforced concrete compared to other forms of construction. Concrete and reinforced concrete are used in bridges, buildings of all sorts underground structures, water tanks, television towers, offshore oil exploration and production structures, dams, and even in ships.Reinforced concrete structures may be cast-in-place concrete, constructed in their final location, or they may be precast concrete produced in a factory and erected at the construction site. Concrete structures may be severe and functional in design, or the shape and layout and be whimsical and artistic. Few other building materials off the architect and engineer such versatility and scope.Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. As a result, cracks develop whenever loads, or restrained shrinkage of temperature changes, give rise to tensile stresses in excess of the tensile strength of the concrete. In a plain concrete beam, the moments about the neutral axis due to applied loads are resisted by an internal tension-compression couple involving tension in the concrete. Such a beam fails very suddenly and completely when the first crack forms. In a reinforced concrete beam, steel bars are embedded in the concrete in such a way that the tension forces needed for moment equilibrium after the concrete cracks can be developed in the bars.The construction of a reinforced concrete member involves building a from of mold in the shape of the member being built. The form must be strong enough to support both the weight and hydrostatic pressure of the wet concrete, and any forces applied to it by workers, concrete buggies, wind, and so on. The reinforcement is placed in this form and held in place during the concreting operation. After the concrete has hardened, the forms are removed. As the forms are removed, props of shores are installed to support the weight of the concrete until it has reached sufficient strength to support the loads by itself.The designer must proportion a concrete member for adequate strength to resist the loads and adequate stiffness to prevent excessive deflections. In beam must be proportioned so that it can be constructed. For example, the reinforcement must be detailed so that it can be assembled in the field, and since the concrete is placed in theform after the reinforcement is in place, the concrete must be able to flow around, between, and past the reinforcement to fill all parts of the form completely.The choice of whether a structure should be built of concrete, steel, masonry, or timber depends on the availability of materials and on a number of value decisions. The choice of structural system is made by the architect of engineer early in the design, based on the following considerations:1. Economy. Frequently, the foremost consideration is the overall const of the structure. This is, of course, a function of the costs of the materials and the labor necessary to erect them. Frequently, however, the overall cost is affected as much or more by the overall construction time since the contractor and owner must borrow or otherwise allocate money to carry out the construction and will not receive a return on this investment until the building is ready for occupancy. In a typical large apartment of commercial project, the cost of construction financing will be a significant fraction of the total cost. As a result, financial savings due to rapid construction may more than offset increased material costs. For this reason, any measures the designer can take to standardize the design and forming will generally pay off in reduced overall costs.In many cases the long-term economy of the structure may be more important than the first cost. As a result, maintenance and durability are important consideration.2. Suitability of material for architectural and structural function. A reinforced concrete system frequently allows the designer to combine the architectural and structural functions. Concrete has the advantage that it is placed in a plastic condition and is given the desired shape and texture by means of the forms and the finishing techniques. This allows such elements ad flat plates or other types of slabs to serve as load-bearing elements while providing the finished floor and / or ceiling surfaces. Similarly, reinforced concrete walls can provide architecturally attractive surfaces in addition to having the ability to resist gravity, wind, or seismic loads. Finally, the choice of size of shape is governed by the designer and not by the availability of standard manufactured members.3. Fire resistance. The structure in a building must withstand the effects of a fire and remain standing while the building is evacuated and the fire is extinguished. A concrete building inherently has a 1- to 3-hour fire rating without special fireproofing or other details. Structural steel or timber buildings must be fireproofed to attain similar fire ratings.4. Low maintenance. Concrete members inherently require less maintenance than do structural steel or timber members. This is particularly true if dense, air-entrained concrete has been used for surfaces exposed to the atmosphere, and if care has been taken in the design to provide adequate drainage off and away from the structure. Special precautions must be taken for concrete exposed to salts such as deicing chemicals.5. Availability of materials. Sand, gravel, cement, and concrete mixing facilities are very widely available, and reinforcing steel can be transported to most job sites more easily than can structural steel. As a result, reinforced concrete is frequently used in remote areas.On the other hand, there are a number of factors that may cause one to select a material other than reinforced concrete. These include:1. Low tensile strength. The tensile strength concrete is much lower than its compressive strength ( about 1/10 ), and hence concrete is subject to cracking. In structural uses this is overcome by using reinforcement to carry tensile forces and limit crack widths to within acceptable values. Unless care is taken in design and construction, however, these cracks may be unsightly or may allow penetration of water. When this occurs, water or chemicals such as road deicing salts may cause deterioration or staining of the concrete. Special design details are required in such cases. In the case of water-retaining structures, special details and / of prestressing are required to prevent leakage.2. Forms and shoring. The construction of a cast-in-place structure involves three steps not encountered in the construction of steel or timber structures. These are ( a ) the construction of the forms, ( b ) the removal of these forms, and (c) propping or shoring the new concrete to support its weight until its strength is adequate. Each of these steps involves labor and / or materials, which are not necessary with other forms of construction.3. Relatively low strength per unit of weight for volume. The compressive strength of concrete is roughly 5 to 10% that of steel, while its unit density is roughly 30% that of steel. As a result, a concrete structure requires a larger volume and a greater weight of material than does a comparable steel structure. As a result, long-span structures are often built from steel.4. Time-dependent volume changes. Both concrete and steel undergo-approximately the same amount of thermal expansion and contraction. Because there is less mass of steel to be heated or cooled, and because steel is a better concrete, a steel structure is generally affected by temperature changes to a greater extent than is a concrete structure. On the other hand, concrete undergoes frying shrinkage, which, if restrained, may cause deflections or cracking. Furthermore, deflections will tend to increase with time, possibly doubling, due to creep of the concrete under sustained loads.In almost every branch of civil engineering and architecture extensive use is made of reinforced concrete for structures and foundations. Engineers and architects requires basic knowledge of reinforced concrete design throughout their professional careers. Much of this text is directly concerned with the behavior and proportioning of components that make up typical reinforced concrete structures-beams, columns, and slabs. Once the behavior of these individual elements is understood, the designer willhave the background to analyze and design a wide range of complex structures, such as foundations, buildings, and bridges, composed of these elements.Since reinforced concrete is a no homogeneous material that creeps, shrinks, and cracks, its stresses cannot be accurately predicted by the traditional equations derived in a course in strength of materials for homogeneous elastic materials. Much of reinforced concrete design in therefore empirical, i.e., design equations and design methods are based on experimental and time-proved results instead of being derived exclusively from theoretical formulations.A thorough understanding of the behavior of reinforced concrete will allow the designer to convert an otherwise brittle material into tough ductile structural elements and thereby take advantage of concrete’s desirable characteristics, its high compressive strength, its fire resistance, and its durability.Concrete, a stone like material, is made by mixing cement, water, fine aggregate ( often sand ), coarse aggregate, and frequently other additives ( that modify properties ) into a workable mixture. In its unhardened or plastic state, concrete can be placed in forms to produce a large variety of structural elements. Although the hardened concrete by itself, i.e., without any reinforcement, is strong in compression, it lacks tensile strength and therefore cracks easily. Because unreinforced concrete is brittle, it cannot undergo large deformations under load and fails suddenly-without warning. The addition fo steel reinforcement to the concrete reduces the negative effects of its two principal inherent weaknesses, its susceptibility to cracking and its brittleness. When the reinforcement is strongly bonded to the concrete, a strong, stiff, and ductile construction material is produced. This material, called reinforced concrete, is used extensively to construct foundations, structural frames, storage takes, shell roofs, highways, walls, dams, canals, and innumerable other structures and building products. Two other characteristics of concrete that are present even when concrete is reinforced are shrinkage and creep, but the negative effects of these properties can be mitigated by careful design.A code is a set technical specifications and standards that control important details of design and construction. The purpose of codes it produce structures so that the public will be protected from poor of inadequate and construction.Two types f coeds exist. One type, called a structural code, is originated and controlled by specialists who are concerned with the proper use of a specific material or who are involved with the safe design of a particular class of structures.The second type of code, called a building code, is established to cover construction in a given region, often a city or a state. The objective of a building code is also to protect the public by accounting for the influence of the local environmental conditions on construction. For example, local authorities may specify additional provisions to account for such regional conditions as earthquake, heavy snow, or tornados. National structural codes genrally are incorporated into local building codes.The American Concrete Institute ( ACI ) Building Code covering the design of reinforced concrete buildings. It contains provisions covering all aspects of reinforced concrete manufacture, design, and construction. It includes specifications on quality of materials, details on mixing and placing concrete, design assumptions for the analysis of continuous structures, and equations for proportioning members for design forces.All structures must be proportioned so they will not fail or deform excessively under any possible condition of service. Therefore it is important that an engineer use great care in anticipating all the probable loads to which a structure will be subjected during its lifetime.Although the design of most members is controlled typically by dead and live load acting simultaneously, consideration must also be given to the forces produced by wind, impact, shrinkage, temperature change, creep and support settlements, earthquake, and so forth.The load associated with the weight of the structure itself and its permanent components is called the dead load. The dead load of concrete members, which is substantial, should never be neglected in design computations. The exact magnitude of the dead load is not known accurately until members have been sized. Since some figure for the dead load must be used in computations to size the members, its magnitude must be estimated at first. After a structure has been analyzed, the members sized, and architectural details completed, the dead load can be computed more accurately. If the computed dead load is approximately equal to the initial estimate of its value ( or slightly less ), the design is complete, but if a significant difference exists between the computed and estimated values of dead weight, the computations should be revised using an improved value of dead load. An accurate estimate of dead load is particularly important when spans are long, say over 75 ft ( 22.9 m ), because dead load constitutes a major portion of the design load.Live loads associated with building use are specific items of equipment and occupants in a certain area of a building, building codes specify values of uniform live for which members are to be designed.After the structure has been sized for vertical load, it is checked for wind in combination with dead and live load as specified in the code. Wind loads do not usually control the size of members in building less than 16 to 18 stories, but for tall buildings wind loads become significant and cause large forces to develop in the structures. Under these conditions economy can be achieved only by selecting a structural system that is able to transfer horizontal loads into the ground efficiently.中文译文钢筋混凝土来自《土木工程英语》在每一个国家，混凝土及钢筋混凝土都被用来作为建筑材料。
船舶与离岸结构的极限强度
Ultimate Strength of Ships and Offshore StructuresCarlos Guedes Soares 1#The Author(s)2021The assessment of the ultimate strength of floating struc-tures is an essential step in their design process and thus it is included as one of the checks in the Rules of Classification Societies.Several years ago,the Rule re-quirement was based on the section modulus associated with the yield condition,a situation that has been shown to be clearly conservative by an amount that would de-pend on the geometry of the section.The development of methods to quantify the ultimate strength,including the ability of numerical methods to deal with those predic-tions in a relatively cost-efficient manner,led to proposals that the ultimate strength should be used as the reference value expressing the strength of the ship hull structure (Guedes Soares et al.1996),which was adopted 10years later by the Classification Societies in their Common Structural Rules (CSR 2006;IACS 2014).Indeed,the present status of design relies on ultimate strength assess-ment and on nonlinear wave induced loads,which have been covered in and earlier special issue (Guedes Soares and Duan 2018).Different numerical methods have been developed for ulti-mate strength assessment and new simplified approaches are continuously being proposed,as simplified methods dully calibrated and validated are always welcome as substitutes of very heavy computational approaches.The Common Structural Rules,prescribe simplified methods such as the one of Smith (1977)for the assessment of hull girder collapse and of Gordo and Guedes Soares (1993)for the ulti-mate strength of stiffened panels.The ultimate strength assessment,which was primarily concerned with intact structures,have been extended to dam-aged structures,including both the prediction of damage in-duced in accidental situations as the residual strength of dam-aged structures.Again,it has been the improved capabilities of numerical methods that allowed the study of the complicat-ed geometries of damaged structures that allowed the design work to rely on this type of predictions.This special issue covers various of these aspects,including papers of review nature with others presenting new research results.The paper by Tekgoz et al.(2020)is a typical review paper that covers the area of the ultimate strength of ageing and damaged ship structures,dealing extensively with numer-ical,analytical and experimental work on plates,stiffened panels and hull girders that have suffered aging due for exam-ple to corrosion and fatigue or damage due for example to minor collisions.Liu et al.(2020)concentrates on aluminium structures and at the same time as it presents a good review of the work done on ultimate strength of plates and stiffened panels in alumin-ium,it also includes a research contribution using finite ele-ment analyses to study the influence of manufacturing tech-nology on the ultimate compressive strength of aluminium-alloy stiffened panels.As an important problem in aluminium structures is the heat-affected zone associated with welding,the study compares the performance of these panels with ex-truded ones,which are being used in progressively more applications.Barsotti et al.(2020)present an overview of recent indus-trial developments of marine composites limit states assess-ments and design approaches,focusing on pleasure crafts and yachts as well as navy ships.Inter-ply and intra-ply failure modes are discussed and the corresponding limit states are presented.The main factors influencing marine composite ro-bustness were found to be three-dimensional aspects in failure*Carlos Guedes Soares******************************.ulisboa.pt1Centre for Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering (CENTEC),Instituto Superior Técnico,Universidade de Lisboa,1409-001Lisboa,Portugalhttps:///10.1007/s11804-020-00190-yPublished online: 15 January 2021Journal of Marine Science and Application (2020) 19:509–511modes and manufacturing methods as well as fire resistance and joining techniques.Romanoff et al.(2020)deals with a very special type of problem somewhat associated with cruise ships,in which de-velopments of laser-welded thin-walled steel plates have been made in order to keep light weight at the same time avoiding the weld induced distortions induced by conventional arc welding.This type of structural elements have found applica-tion in other vessels and the authors review work that has been done in collision simulations based on finite element analysis of this type of structures.Wahab et al.(2020)present a different type of prob-lem,which is related with fixed offshore jacket platforms that have been used for many years and are subjected to the problems of planning appropriately their maintenance and eventually develop studies of life extension.The de-sign limit state of these platforms is generally the ultimate strength and thus the paper deals with the problems that degrade the strength of these structures,discussing how a good maintenance plan can maintain the structural strength for longer periods.The other papers in this issue deal with more specific prob-lems,presenting research results.A first group deals with the buckling strength of shell structures mainly used in subsea applications,while the other papers deal with stiffened panels and with ship hull girders.Cho et al.(2020)deal with steel-welded hemispheres under external hydrostatic pressure,Zhang et al.(2020)with the buckling of multiple intersecting spherical shells under uni-form external pressure and Al-Hamati et al.(2020)study the buckling properties of a subsea function chamber for oil and gas processing in deep-waters.Lee and Paik(2020)study the ultimate compressive strength computational modelling for stiffened plate panels with non-uniform thickness,a situation that occurs when there is the need to have a transition between plates with different thicknesses.The rest of the papers deal with the hull girder.Nouri and Khedmati(2020)and Vu and Dong(2020)study the ultimate strength of hull girders deteriorated with different types of corrosion,while Xu and Guedes Soares(2020)study the in-fluence of collision damage on the ultimate strength of hull girders.They consider a box girder representing the parallel middle body of tankers and similar vessels and they validate their finite element model against experiments,before analysing the effect of an impact on different locations, assessing afterwards the residual strength of the damaged structure.Primorac et al.(2020)continue with the topic of damaged ship hulls by collision or grounding and they analyse the problem of conducting a structural reliability assessment of these damaged ship hulls adopting the procedures recommended in IMO(2006),and they discuss the various limitations of the presently recommended approach.This set of papers present a good overview of current problems related with the strength assessment of ship and offshore structures,with a certain emphasis on damaged structures,as this type of topic has attracted the attention of several researches in the recent past,and these are in general more complicated problems than dealing with un-damaged structures.We hope that this collection of papers will contribute to an overview of this general topic,which can be of interest to readers.510Journal of Marine Science and ApplicationOpen Access This article is licensed under a Creative CommonsAttribution4.0International License,which permits use,sharing,adap-tation,distribution and reproduction in any medium or format,as long asyou give appropriate credit to the original author(s)and the source,pro-vide a link to the Creative Commons licence,and indicate if changes weremade.The images or other third party material in this article are includedin the article's Creative Commons licence,unless indicated otherwise in acredit line to the material.If material is not included in the article'sCreative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted bystatutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use,you will need to obtainpermission directly from the copyright holder.To view a copy of thislicence,visit /licenses/by/4.0/.ReferencesAl-Hamati AA,Duan M,An C,Guedes Soares C,Estefen S(2020)Buckling properties of SFC for oil/gas processing in deep-waters.J Mar Sci Appl19(4)642-657Barsotti B,Gaiotti M,Rizzo CM(2020)Recent Industrial Developmentsof Marine Composites Limit States and Design Approaches onStrength.J Mar Sci Appl19(4)553-566Cho S-R,Muttaqie T,Lee SH,Paek J,Sohn JM(2020)Ultimate StrengthAssessment of Steel-Welded Hemispheres Under ExternalHydrostatic Pressure.J Mar Sci Appl19(4)615-633CSR(2006)ABS,DNV,LLOYD’S mon StructuralRules for Double Hull Oil TankersGordo JM and Guedes Soares C(1993)Approximate Load ShorteningCurves for Stiffened Plates under Uniaxial Compression.FaulknerD,Cowling MJ&Incecik A,(Eds.).Integrity of OffshoreStructures,5,Proc5th International Symposium on Integrity ofOffshore Structures.Univ Glasgow,17-18June:EMAS;189-211Guedes Soares C,Duan WY(2018)Wave Loads on Ships and OffshoreStructures.J Mar Sci Appl17(3):281–283Guedes Soares C,Dogliani M,Ostergaard C,Parmentier G,Pedersen PT(1996)Reliability Based Ship Structural Design.Trans Soc NavalArchitects Marine Eng(SNAME)104:357–389IACS(2014)Common structural rules for bulk carriers and oil tankers.Societies,International Association of ClassificationIMO(2006)Maritime Safety Committee MSC81/INF.6.Goal-basednew ship construction standards-linkage between FSA and GBSInternational Maritime OrganisationLee HH,Paik JK(2020)Ultimate Compressive Strength ComputationalModelling for Stiffened Plate Panels with Non-Uniform Thickness.J Mar Sci Appl19(4)658-673Liu B,Doan VT,Garbatov Y,Wu WG,Guedes Soares C(2020)Studyon Ultimate Compressive Strength of Aluminium-Alloy Plates andStiffened Panels.J Mar Sci Appl19(4)534-552Nouri Z,Khedmati MR(2020)Progressive Collapse Analysis of a FPSO Vessel Hull Girder under Vertical Bending considering Different Corrosion Models.J Mar Sci Appl19(4)674-692Primorac BB,Parunov J,Guedes Soares C(2020)Structural Reliability Analysis of Ship Hulls Accounting for Collision or Grounding Damage.J Mar Sci Appl19(4)717-733Romanoff J,Körgesaar M,Remes H(2020)Emerging Challenges for Numerical Simulations of Quasi-Static Collision Experiments on Laser-Welded Thin-Walled Steel Structures.J Mar Sci Appl19(4) 567-583Smith CS(1977)Influence of Local Compressive Failure on Ultimate Longitudinal Strength of a Ship's Hull,Proc.Conf.on Practical Design of Ships and Mobile Units(PRADS),Tokyo,73-79Tekgoz M,Garbatov Y,Guedes Soares C(2020)Review of Ultimate Strength Assessment of Ageing and Damaged Ship Structures.J Mar Sci Appl19(4)512-533Vu VT,Dong DT(2020)Hull Girder Ultimate Strength Assessment Considering Local Corrosion.J Mar Sci Appl19(4)693-704 Wahab MMA,Kurian VJ,Liew MS,Kim DK(2020)Condition Assessment Techniques for Aged Fixed-type Offshore Platforms considering Decommissioning:A Historical Review.J Mar Sci Appl19(4)584-614Xu W,Guedes Soares C(2020)Numerical Investigation on the Ultimate Strength of Box Beams with Impact Damage.J Mar Sci Appl19(4) 705-716Zhang J,Li SQ,Cui WC,Xiang K,Wang F,Tang WX(2020)Buckling of Multiple Intersecting Spherical Shells Under Uniform External Pressure.J Mar Sci Appl19(4)634-641511C.G.Soares:Ultimate Strength of Ships and Offshore Structures。
石油工程专业英语单词
石油工程专业英语单词Aabnormal pressure 异常高压absolute open flow potential 绝对敞喷流量absolute permeability 绝对渗透率acetic acids 乙酸acid-fracturing treatment 酸化压裂处理acidize 酸化acidizing 酸化additives 添加剂Alkali/Surfactant/Polymer（ASP） tertiary combination flooding 三元复合驱anhydrite 无水石膏annular space 环形空间appraisal well 估计井，评价井aquifer 含水层areal sweep efficiency 面积波及系数artificial lift methods 人工举升方法Bbeam pumps 游梁式抽油机bitumen 沥青blast joint 耐磨钻头block and tackle 滑轮组blowout preventes 防喷器blowout 井喷bone strength 胶结强度borehole 井筒，井眼bottomhole/wellhead pressure 井底/井口压力bottorm water 底水breakthrough 突破，穿透bubble point 泡点bubble point pressure 泡点压力Ccable tool drilling 顿钻钻井capillary action 毛细管作用carbonate reservoirs 碳酸盐储层casing hanger 套管悬挂器casing head 套管头casing collapse 套管损坏casing corrosion 套管腐蚀casing leak 套管漏失casing pressure 套管压力casing string 套管柱casing 套管casing-tubing configuration 套管组合casing-tubing configuration 油套管井身结构caustic flooding 碱水驱油cavings 坍塌cement additive 水泥浆添加剂cement job 固井作业cement plug 水泥塞cement slurry 水泥浆cementation 固井，胶结cementing practices 注水泥施工centralizer 扶正器chemical flooding 化学驱油chock 节流器choke 油嘴，阀门christmas tree 采油树combustion engines 内燃机compatibility 兼容性compatibility 兼容性，配伍性completion interval 完井层段compressibility 压缩系数compression coefficient 压缩系数compressive strength 抗压强度cone bit 牙轮钻头connate water 共生水，原生水continuous gas lift 连续气举core sample 岩心样品cost-per-day basis 每天成本基价cost-per-foot basis 每英尺成本基价crank 曲柄crown block 天车crude oil 原油cumulative production 累计产量Ddamage well/zone 污染井/带darcy 达西darcy‘s law 达西定律dead line 死绳dehydration 脱水deposit 沉积，贮存n，矿床，蕴藏量derrick 井架derrick 钻塔，井架development well 开发井development well 生产井dewpoint 露点diesel fuel 柴油discovery well 资料井displacement efficiency 驱油效率displacement efficiency 驱替效率displacement rate 驱替效率displacing fluid 驱替液displacing medium 驱替介质dissolved-gas drive reservoir溶解气驱油藏downhole assembly 井下装置downhole equipment 井下装置downhole 井底，井下downsroke 下行冲程drainage areas/radius 泄油面积/半径drill collar 钻铤drill collars 钻铤drill 钻井driller 司钻，钻工drilling floor 钻台drilling line 大绳drilling slot 井槽drilling contract 钻井合同drilling fluid 钻井液drilling location 井位drilling rate 钻速drillpipe 钻杆drillship 钻井船drillsite 井场drillstring 钻柱dry forward combustion 干式正向燃烧Eeffective displacement 有效驱替effective permeability 有效渗透率effective wellbore vadius 有效井筒半径electric submersible centrifugal pumps 电泵embrittlement 脆裂emulsion 乳化剂encroachment 水侵enhanced oil recover（EOR）提高采收率ethane 乙烷Ffault 断层fishing tool 打捞工具flow efficiency 完善系数flow regime 流动类型/方式flowing tubing pressure 井口流压flowing well 自喷井fluid loss agent 降滤失剂fluid loss control 防液体漏失foam flooding 泡沫驱油、foam-type drilling fluid 泡沫钻井液formation volume factor 地层体积系数formic acids 甲酸fractional flow 分相流动fracture acidizing 酸化压裂fracture fluid 压裂液fracture pressure 破裂压力fracture 裂缝，断裂free gas 游离气Ggas cap 气顶gas condensate reservoir 凝析气藏gas lift 气举gas-lift valve 气举阀gas-liquid ratio 气液比gas-oil ratio 汽油比gasoline 汽油gear reducer 齿轮减速器geothermal gradient 地温梯度gravity drainage 重力泄油gravity segregation 重力分离gum bed 地蜡gusher 自喷井，喷油井Hheavy oil 重油heterogeneous reservoir 非均质储层heterogeneous 非均质的high gravity 高API度，轻质的hole angle 井斜角horizontal well 水平井hreaded coupling 螺纹接口huff and puff 蒸汽吞吐hydraulic fracture 水力压裂hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物hydrogen sulfide 硫化氢hydrostatic head 静水压头hydrostatic pressure 静液压力Iindividual well 单井inhibitor 抑制剂initial completion 初次完井injection rate 注入速度/量interfacial tension 表面张力intermediate casing string 技术套管intermediate casing 中间套管intermittent gas lift 间歇气举Jjackknife derrick 折叠式井架jelly 胶状物，凝胶物joints 根数junction box 接线匣Kkelly 方钻杆kerosene 煤油kick 井涌kill corrosion 压力液kill line 压井管线kill the well 关井Llanding nipple 坐放短节leading edge 前缘leakoff rate 漏失速率load-bearing capacity 承重能力logger 测试仪器logging 测井lost circulation 漏失lost circulation additive 堵漏剂lubricant 润滑油Mmaking a trip 起下钻making a connection 接单根massive hydraulic fracturing 大型水力压裂material balance calculations 物质平衡方程matrix acidizing 基质酸化mechanical efficiency 机械效率methane 甲烷microbial enhanced oil recovery 微生物强化采油microemulsion flooding 微乳液驱油mobility rate 流度比mobility 流度，流动性mud pump 泥浆泵mud thinner 降粘剂mud 泥浆mud/section pit 泥浆池multipay reservoir 多油层油田Nnatural fissure 天然裂缝nature gas 天然气net thickness 有效厚度net thickness 有效厚度nogo nipple 不过端短节nozzle 喷油嘴numerical simulation 数值模拟Ooffset well 补偿井oil formation volume factor 原油地层体积系数oil saturation 残余油饱和度oil seeps 油苗oil spill 油漏open-hole completion 裸眼完井organic acids 有机酸overburden 地层表土overburden pressure 上覆岩层压力overload protection 过载保护Ppacker 封隔器pad fluid 前置液paraffin 石蜡，链烷烃paraffin base 石蜡基pay zone 生产层，产油层pay sand 产油层，生产层peak load 最大载荷，峰值负值penetration rate 进尺速度penetration rate 渗入速度，机械钻速percussion 顿钻perforating job 射孔作业performance velationship 动态关系permeability 渗透率permeability anisotropy 渗透率各向异性petroleum 石油petroleum engineer 石油工程师petroleum industry 石油工业petroleum jelly 石油膏phase diagram 相态图piston stroke 活塞冲程pitman 联杆泵plate tectonics 板块构造理论plunger lift 活塞气举polished rod 光杆polymer flooding 聚合物驱油pore volume 有限孔隙体积porosity 孔隙度porous medium 多孔介质porous rock 多孔岩石positive-displacement position 容积式驱替活塞power fluid 传动液preflush 前置液preflush fluid 前置液，冲洗液pressure build up test 压力恢复试井pressure differential 压差pressure drawdown 压降，压差pressure gradient 压力梯度primary recovery 一次开采primary cementing 固井，初次注水泥primary porosity 原生孔隙度prime mover 原动机produced fluid 产出液producing rate 开采速度producting formation 生产层production technology 采油技术production casing 生产套管production platform 采油平台production string 生产（油层）套管productivity 生产率productivity index 生产指数proposed well 资料井proppant 支撑剂pseudo-steady-state flow 拟稳定流动put back on production 恢复生产Rradial area 径向面积radical flow 径向流recoverable reserve 可采储量recovery rates 回采收率，开采速度relative permeability 相对渗透率remaining oil 剩余油remedial work 修井作业reservoir drive mechanism 油藏驱油机理reservoir heterogeneous 储层非均质性reservoir 储层，储集层，油层residual oil saturation 残余油饱和度resistivity curre 电阻率曲线reverse combustion 反向燃烧rig 钻机riser 隔水管rodless pumping system 无杆泵系统roller bit 牙轮钻头rotary drilling 旋转钻井rotary hose 水龙带rotary system 旋转钻井系统rotary table 转盘rotary table 转盘rotary 旋转钻井Ssafety valve 安全阀salinity 矿化度salinity 矿化度sand control 含沙量控制sand production 油井出砂sandstore 砂岩secondary recovery 二次开采secondary porosity 次生孔隙度seep 漏出，渗出n，（油气）苗seepage n，渗出，流出seismic interpretation 地震解释separator 分离器setting time 凝固时间shale 页岩，泥岩shear rate 剪贴速率shut-in well pressure 关井压力skin effect 表皮效应slotted liner 割裂衬管sloughing 坍塌性的slurry density 水泥浆密度slurry viscosity 水泥浆粘度sonic bond log 声波测井spontaneous potential（SP）自然电位stabilizer 稳定器standpipe 立管stands 立管static reservoir pressure 油层静压steam flooding 蒸汽驱油stimulation 增产措施stricking problem 卡钻stripper well 低产井stroke length 冲程长度stuffing box 填料盒submersible rig 坐底式钻井平台substructure 井架底座subsurfance unit 地下单位subsurfance pump 井下泵sucker rod 抽油杆sulfide embrittlement 硫化氢脆裂sulfur 硫磺superficial velocity 表观粘度surface casing 表层套管surface flow line 地面流动管线surface tesion 表面张力surface unit 抽油机，地面装置surfactant flooding 表面积活性剂驱油switchboard 配电盒swivel 旋转钻头Ttensile strength 抗拉强度thickening time 稠化时间tool pusher 钻井队长torque rating 扭矩测定transformer 变压器，转换器transient flow 瞬变流动tubing string 油管柱turbulent flow 紊流Uunswept zone 未波及区upstroke 上行冲程Vvalve 阀门，阀vertical flow 垂直流vertical sweep efficiency 纵向波及系数vertical well 垂直井vibrating screens 振动筛viscosity 粘度void space 孔隙volume factor 体积系数volumetic sweep efficiency 体积波及系数volumetric efficiency 容量效率vug 孔洞，溶洞Wwait on cement（WOC）侯水泥凝固water flood recovery 注水采油water flooding 水驱water injection 注水量water-oil ratio 油水比water-sensitive 水敏性的wax 石蜡well bore 井眼well completion 完井well deliverability equation 油井产能方程well intake pressure 井口注入压力well-killing fluid 压裂液wet combustion 湿式燃烧wettability 润湿性wildcat well 预探井wildcatter 勘探者withdrawal 产出，采出workover 油井维修汉译英原油 crude oil天然气 natural gas方钻杆 kelly钻杆 drillpipe泥浆泵 mud pump转盘 rotary table封隔器 packer旋转钻井 rotary drilling固井 cementing裸眼完井 openhole completion井口 well head扶正器 centralizer三次采油 tertiary recovery射孔 perforating油管 tubing油井流入动态 inflow performance relationship 井底流压 bottom hole flowing pressure采油指数 productivity index增产增注措施 stimulation近井地带 near-well bore region含水率 water cut最终采收率 ultimate recovery剩余油 remaining oil提高采收率 IOR水驱 water flooding原始地质储量 OOPI（original oil in place）流度比 mobility ratio有效渗透率 effective permeability孔隙体积 pore volume上冲程 upstroke下冲程 downstroke润湿性 wettability聚合物驱 polymer flooding。
力学专业英语词汇翻译
力学专业英语词汇翻译牛顿力学Newtonian mechanics经典力学classical mechanics工程力学engineering mechanics固体力学solid mechanics一般力学general mechanics应用力学applied mechanics流体力学fluid mechanics理论力学theoretical mechanics静力学statics运动学kinematics动力学dynamics材料力学materials mechanics结构力学structural mechanics实验力学experimental mechanics计算力学computational mechanics力force作用点point of action作用线line of action力系system of forces力系的简化reduction of force system等效力系equivalent force system刚体rigid body力的可传性transmissibility of force平行四边形定则parallelogram rule力三角形force triangle力多边形force polygon零力系null-force system平衡equilibrium力的平衡equilibrium of forces平衡条件equilibrium condition平衡位置equilibrium position平衡态equilibrium state分析力学analytical mechanics拉格朗日乘子Lagrange multiplier拉格朗日[量] Lagrangian循环积分cyclic integral哈密顿[量] Hamiltonian哈密顿函数Hamiltonian function正则方程canonical equation正则摄动canonical perturbation正则变换canonical transformation正则变量canonical variable哈密顿原理Hamilton principle作用量积分action integral哈密顿--雅可比方程Hamilton-Jacobi equation作用--角度变量action-angle variables泊松括号poisson bracket边界积分法boundary integral method运动稳定性stability of motion轨道稳定性orbital stability渐近稳定性asymptotic stability结构稳定性structural stability倾覆力矩capsizing moment拉力tensile force正应力normal stress切应力shear stress静水压力hydrostatic pressure集中力concentrated force分布力distributed force线性应力应变关系linear relationship between stress and strain 弹性模量modulus of elasticity横向力lateral force transverse force轴向力axial force拉应力tensile stress压应力compressive stress平衡方程equilibrium equation静力学方程equations of static比例极限proportional limit应力应变曲线stress-strain curve拉伸实验tensile test‘屈服应力yield stress极限应力ultimate stress轴shaft梁beam纯剪切pure shear横截面积cross-sectional area挠度曲线deflection curve曲率半径radius of curvature曲率半径的倒数reciprocal of radius of curvature纵轴longitudinal axis悬臂梁cantilever beam简支梁simply supported beam微分方程differential equation惯性矩moment of inertia静矩static moment扭矩torque moment弯矩bending moment弯矩对x的导数derivative of bending moment with respect to x弯矩对x的二阶导数the second derivative of bending moment with respect to x 静定梁statically determinate beam静不定梁statically indeterminate beam相容方程compatibility equation补充方程complementary equation中性轴neutral axis圆截面circular cross section两端作用扭矩twisted by couples at two ends刚体rigid body扭转角twist angle静力等效statically equivalent相互垂直平面mutually perpendicular planes通过截面形心through the centroid of the cross section一端铰支pin support at one end一端固定fixed at one end弯矩图bending moment diagram剪力图shear force diagram剪力突变abrupt change in shear force、旋转和平移rotation and translation虎克定律hook’s law边界条件boundary condition初始位置initial position、力矩面积法moment-area method绕纵轴转动rotate about a longitudinal axis横坐标abscissa扭转刚度torsional rigidity拉伸刚度tensile rigidity剪应力的合力resultant of shear stress正应力的大小magnitude of normal stress脆性破坏brittle fail对称平面symmetry plane刚体的平衡equilibrium of rigid body约束力constraint force重力gravitational force实际作用力actual force三维力系three-dimentional force system合力矩resultant moment标量方程scalar equation、矢量方程vector equation张量方程tensor equation汇交力系cocurrent system of forces任意一点an arbitrary point合矢量resultant vector反作用力reaction force反作用力偶reaction couple转动约束restriction against rotation平动约束restriction against translation运动的趋势tendency of motion绕给定轴转动rotate about a specific axis沿一个方向运动move in a direction控制方程control equation共线力collinear forces平面力系planar force system一束光 a beam of light未知反力unknown reaction forces参考框架frame of reference大小和方向magnitude and direction几何约束geometric restriction刚性连接rigidly connected运动学关系kinematical relations运动的合成superposition of movement固定点fixed point平动的叠加superposition of translation刚体的角速度angular speed of a rigid body质点动力学particle dynamics运动微分方程differential equation of motion 工程实际问题practical engineering problems变化率rate of change动量守恒conservation of linear momentum 定性的描述qualitative description点线dotted line划线dashed line实线solid line矢量积vector product点积dot product极惯性矩polar moment of inertia角速度angular velocity角加速度angular accelerationinfinitesimal amount 无穷小量definite integral 定积分a certain interval of time 某一时间段kinetic energy 动能conservative force 保守力damping force 阻尼力coefficient of damping 阻尼系数free vibration 自由振动periodic disturbance 周期性扰动viscous force 粘性力forced vibration 强迫震动general solution 通解particular solution 特解transient solution 瞬态解steady state solution 稳态解second order partial differential equation 二阶偏微分方程external force 外力internal force 内力stress component 应力分量state of stress 应力状态coordinate axes 坐标系conditions of equilibrium 平衡条件body force 体力continuum mechanics 连续介质力学displacement component 位移分量additional restrictions 附加约束compatibility conditions 相容条件mathematical formulations 数学公式isotropic material 各向同性材料sufficient small 充分小state of strain 应变状态unit matrix 单位矩阵dilatation strain 膨胀应变the first strain invariant 第一应变不变量deviator stress components 应力偏量分量the first invariant of stress tensor 应力张量的第一不变量bulk modulus 体积模量constitutive relations 本构关系linear elastic material 线弹性材料mathematical derivation 数学推导a state of static equilibrium 静力平衡状态Newton‘s first law of motion 牛顿第一运动定律directly proportional to 与……成正比stress concentration factor 应力集中系数state of loading 载荷状态st venant’ principle 圣维南原理uniaxial tension 单轴拉伸cylindrical coordinates 柱坐标buckling of columns 柱的屈曲critical value 临界值stable equilibrium 稳态平衡unstable equilibrium condition 不稳定平衡条件critical load 临界载荷a slender column 细长杆fixed at the lower end 下端固定free at the upper end 上端自由critical buckling load 临界屈曲载荷potential energy 势能fixed at both ends 两端固定hinged at both ends 两端铰支tubular member 管型杆件transverse dimention 横向尺寸stability of column 柱的稳定axial force 轴向力elliptical hole 椭圆孔plane stress 平面应力nominal stress 名义应为principal stress directions 主应力方向axial compression 轴向压缩dynamic loading 动载荷dynamic problem 动力学问题inertia force 惯性力resonance vibration 谐振static states of stress 静态应力dynamic response 动力响应time of contact 接触时间length of wave 波长resonance frequency 谐振频率自由振动free vibration固有振动natural vibration暂态transient state环境振动ambient vibration反共振anti-resonance衰减attenuation库仑阻尼Coulomb damping参量[激励]振动parametric vibration模糊振动fuzzy vibration临界转速critical speed of rotation阻尼器damper半峰宽度half-peak width相平面法phase plane method相轨迹phase trajectory解谐detuning耗散函数dissipative function硬激励hard excitation硬弹簧hard spring, hardening spring谐波平衡法harmonic balance method久期项secular term自激振动self-excited vibration软弹簧soft spring ,softening spring软激励soft excitation模态分析modal analysis固有模态natural mode of vibration同步synchronization频谱frequency spectrum基频fundamental frequency缓冲器buffer风激振动aeolian vibration嗡鸣buzz倒谱cepstrum颤动chatter蛇行hunting阻抗匹配impedance matching机械导纳mechanical admittance机械效率mechanical efficiency机械阻抗mechanical impedance随机振动stochastic vibration, random vibration 隔振vibration isolation减振vibration reduction方位角azimuthal angle多体系统multibody system静平衡static balancing动平衡dynamic balancing静不平衡static unbalance动不平衡dynamic unbalance现场平衡field balancing不平衡unbalance不平衡量unbalance质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation结构分析structural analysis结构动力学structural dynamics拱Arch三铰拱three-hinged arch抛物线拱parabolic arch圆拱circular arch穹顶Dome空间结构space structure空间桁架space truss雪载[荷] snow load风载[荷] wind load土压力earth pressure地震载荷earthquake loading弹簧支座spring support支座位移support displacement支座沉降support settlement超静定次数degree of indeterminacy机动分析kinematic analysis结点法method of joints截面法method of sections结点力joint forces共轭位移conjugate displacement影响线influence line三弯矩方程three-moment equation单位虚力unit virtual force刚度系数stiffness coefficient柔度系数flexibility coefficient力矩分配moment distribution力矩分配法moment distribution method力矩再分配moment redistribution分配系数distribution factor矩阵位移法matri displacement method单元刚度矩阵element stiffness matrix单元应变矩阵element strain matrix总体坐标global coordinates高斯--若尔当消去法Gauss-Jordan elimination Method屈曲模态buckling mode线弹性断裂力学linear elastic fracture mechanics, LEFM 弹塑性断裂力学elastic-plastic fracture mechanics, EPFM 断裂Fracture脆性断裂brittle fracture解理断裂cleavage fracture蠕变断裂creep fracture裂纹Crack裂缝Flaw缺陷Defect割缝Slit微裂纹Microcrack折裂Kink椭圆裂纹elliptical crack深埋裂纹embedded crack损伤力学damage mechanics损伤Damage连续介质损伤力学continuum damage mechanics细观损伤力学microscopic damage mechanics损伤区damage zone 疲劳Fatigue低周疲劳low cycle fatigue应力疲劳stress fatigue随机疲劳random fatigue蠕变疲劳creep fatigue腐蚀疲劳corrosion fatigue疲劳损伤fatigue damage疲劳失效fatigue failure疲劳断裂fatigue fracture疲劳裂纹fatigue crack疲劳寿命fatigue life疲劳破坏fatigue rupture疲劳强度fatigue strength交变载荷alternating load交变应力alternating stress应力幅值stress amplitude应变疲劳strain fatigue应力循环stress cycle应力比stress ratio安全寿命safe life过载效应overloading effect循环硬化cyclic hardening循环软化cyclic softening环境效应environmental effect裂纹片crack gage裂纹扩展crack growth, crack Propagation裂纹萌生crack initiation循环比cycle ratio实验应力分析experimental stress Analysis工作[应变]片active[strain] gage基底材料backing material应力计stress gage零[点]飘移zero shift, zero drift应变测量strain measurement应变计strain gage应变指示器strain indicator应变花strain rosette应变灵敏度strain sensitivity机械式应变仪mechanical strain gage直角应变花rectangular rosette引伸仪Extensometer应变遥测telemetering of strain横向灵敏系数transverse gage factor横向灵敏度transverse sensitivity焊接式应变计weldable strain gage平衡电桥balanced bridge粘贴式应变计bonded strain gage粘贴箔式应变计bonded foiled gage粘贴丝式应变计bonded wire gage桥路平衡bridge balancing电容应变计capacitance strain gage补偿片compensation technique补偿技术compensation technique基准电桥reference bridge电阻应变计resistance strain gage温度自补偿应变计self-temperature compensating gage 半导体应变计semiconductor strain Gage计算结构力学computational structural mechanics加权残量法weighted residual method有限差分法finite difference method有限[单]元法finite element method配点法point collocation里茨法Ritz method广义变分原理generalized variational Principle最小二乘法least square method胡[海昌]一鹫津原理Hu-Washizu principle赫林格-赖斯纳原理Hellinger-Reissner Principle修正变分原理modified variational Principle约束变分原理constrained variational Principle混合法mixed method杂交法hybrid method边界解法boundary solution method有限条法finite strip method半解析法semi-analytical method协调元conforming element非协调元non-conforming element混合元mixed element杂交元hybrid element边界元boundary element强迫边界条件forced boundary condition 自然边界条件natural boundary condition 离散化Discretization离散系统discrete system连续问题continuous problem坐标变换transformation of Coordinates 广义位移generalized displacement广义载荷generalized load广义应变generalized strain广义应力generalized stress界面变量interface variable节点node, nodal point[单]元Element角节点corner node边节点mid-side node内节点internal node无节点变量nodeless variable杆元bar element桁架杆元truss element梁元beam element二维元two-dimensional element一维元one-dimensional element三维元three-dimensional element轴对称元axisymmetric element板元plate element壳元shell element厚板元thick plate element三角形元triangular element四边形元quadrilateral element四面体元tetrahedral element曲线元curved element二次元quadratic element线性元linear element三次元cubic element四次元quartic element等参[数]元isoparametric element单元分析element analysis单元特性element characteristics刚度矩阵stiffness matrix几何矩阵geometric matrix等效节点力equivalent nodal force节点位移nodal displacement节点载荷nodal load位移矢量displacement vector载荷矢量load vector质量矩阵mass matrix集总质量矩阵lumped mass matrix相容质量矩阵consistent mass matrix阻尼矩阵damping matrix瑞利阻尼Rayleigh damping刚度矩阵的组集assembly of stiffness Matrices 载荷矢量的组集consistent mass matrix质量矩阵的组集assembly of mass matrices单元的组集assembly of elements局部坐标系local coordinate system局部坐标local coordinate面积坐标area coordinates体积坐标volume coordinates曲线坐标curvilinear coordinates静凝聚static condensation形状函数shape function试探函数trial function检验函数test function权函数weight function样条函数spline function节点号node number单元号element number带宽band width带状矩阵banded matrix变带状矩阵profile matrix带宽最小化minimization of band width波前法frontal method子空间迭代法subspace iteration method行列式搜索法determinant search method逐步法step-by-step method增量法incremental method初应变initial strain初应力initial stress切线刚度矩阵tangent stiffness matrix割线刚度矩阵secant stiffness matrix模态叠加法mode superposition method 平衡迭代equilibrium iteration子结构Substructure子结构法substructure technique网格生成mesh generation结构分析程序structural analysis program 前处理pre-processing后处理post-processing网格细化mesh refinement应力光顺stress smoothing组合结构composite structure。
水工试验专业英语词汇
水工常规试验Ⅰ、混凝土原材料试验（test of raw and processed materials of concrete）骨料（aggregate）abrasion volume by Los Angeles rattler，落杉矶磨耗量accumulated retained percentage，累计筛余百分率acicular and flaky grain in aggregate，针状与片状颗粒含量alkali-aggregate reaction，碱骨料反应apparent density，视密度bulk density（unit weight），容重clay lumps and friable particles in aggregate，黏土块及易碎颗粒含量coefficient of softening，软化系数crush index，压碎指标dry state，干燥状态exceeding and inferior grain in aggregate，超逊径颗粒含量fineness modulus，细度模数gaping place rate，空隙率grader retained percentage，分计筛余百分率grain composition，颗粒级配grain size，粒径lightweight matter in aggregate，轻物质含量mica content，云母含量moisture content（water rate），含水率mud content，含泥量organic content有机物质含量potential reactivity of aggregate，骨料潜在活性saturation，饱和sieving curve，筛分曲线soft grain in aggregate，软弱颗粒含量soundness，坚固性surface moisture content，表面含水率water-soluble sulphide，水容性硫化物水硬性胶凝材料（hydraulicity cementitious material）age，零期cement mark（strength of cement，cement ，cement grade），水泥标号consumptive use of water normal consistence，标准稠度用水量degree of mobilization，流动度dissolution heat（solution heat），溶解热final set，终凝flexural strength，抗挠（弯）强度flyash，粉煤灰hydration heat，水化热initial，初凝loss on ignition（ignition loss），烧失量setting time，凝结时间silica fume，硅粉soundness，水泥的安定性specific surface area，比表面积specific heat，比热water demand ratio，吸水量比外加剂（admixture）bubble stability，泡沫的稳定性bubbling ability，气泡能力chloride content，氯化物含量compressive strength rate，抗压强度比contract with dry rate，干缩率dispersing coefficient，分散系数dispersing ability of water-reducing agent，减水剂分散能力loss of slump，塌落度损失sulphate content，硫酸盐含量solid content，固体含量surface tension，表面张力water-reducing rate，减水率水（water）alkalinity，碱度calcion，钙离子carbonic acid，碳酸chlorion，氯离子equivalent consumption，当量浓度normal solution（standard solution），标准溶液PH value，PH值Water analysis，水质分析Ⅱ、混凝土（concrete）混凝土拌和物（mixture）assurance strength of concrete，混凝土保证强度bleeding rate，泌水率cement-sand ratio，灰砂比design strength of concrete，砼设计标号flowability of concrete，混凝土的流动性mix proportion（proportion of mixture），混凝土的配合比mixture uniformity，拌和物的均匀性penetration-obstruction method，贯入阻力法probability of ensuring strength of concrete，混凝土强度保证率sand rate，砂率unit consumption of water，单位用水量water retention（water retentiveness），保水性water-cement ratio，水灰比硬化混凝土（hardened concrete）axial tensile strength，轴向抗拉强度coefficient of thermal conductivity，导热系数cooling rate，冷却率core of concrete，混凝土芯样creep deformation（time deformation），徐变变形creep of concrete，混凝土徐变expand with wet and contract with dry，干缩湿胀form coefficient（form factor），形状系数freezing-melting circulation，冻融循环frost-resistance mark，抗冻标号heat property of concrete，混凝土热学性能height-diameter ratio，高径比linear expansion coefficient，线膨胀系数loss of weight，重量损失natural frequency，自振频率permeate，渗透permeated height，渗透高度permeated-resisting mark，抗渗标号relative coefficient of permeability，相对渗透系数resonance frequency，共振频率sample，试件self-grown volume deformation，自生体积变形splitting tensile strength，劈裂抗拉强度static compressive modulus of elasticity，静力抗压弹模temperature conductivity，导温系数tensile modulus of elasticity，抗拉弹性模量thermal insulation warming，绝热温升ultimate tensile strength，极限拉应变wear rate，磨损率wear-resisting strength，抗冲磨强度砂浆（cement）cement lime mortar，水泥石灰砂浆cement mortar，水泥砂浆cement-clay mortar，水泥黏土砂浆epoxy mortar，环氧砂浆lime mortar，石灰砂浆plastering mortar，抹面砂浆pointing joint mortar，沟缝砂浆Ⅲ、土（soil）accumulation curve（cumulative curve），累计曲线activity index，活性指标angle of friction，磨擦角Atterberg limits（water content as limit），阿太堡界限（界限含水量）California bearing ratio，载重比coarse-grained soil，粗粒土coefficient of compressibility，压缩系数coefficient of cubical compressibility，体积压缩系数coefficient of curvature，曲率压缩系数compression，压缩compression index，压缩指数compression modulus，压缩模量consolidated-undrained（quick）shear test，固结不排水剪（固结快煎）试验consolidation，固结consolidation coefficient，固结系数consolidation settlement，固结沉降consolidation stress，固结应力continuous grading/gradation，连续级配contraction test（shrinkage test），收缩试验core cutter method，环刀法creep curve，蠕变曲线critical slope，溢出坡降（临界坡降）Darcy’s law，达西定律degree of consolidation，固结度degree of free swelling，自由膨胀率direct shear test of reiteration，直接剪切试验direct shear test of reiteration，反复直接强度试验distribution curve，分布曲线drift soil（shifting soil，mass flow），流土effective angle of inner friction，有效内摩擦角effective strength envelope，有效强度包线expansion force，膨胀力expansion ratio（specific expansion），膨胀率filtering flow（seepage flow），渗流fine-grained soil，细粒土flow net（drift net），流网hydraulic slope，水力坡降hydrometer method，比重计法hydrostatic head method，常水头法limit equilibrium state，极限平衡法liquefaction，液化liquid limit，液限liquidity index，液性指标maximum dry density，最大干密度method of sieving，筛分法Mohr’s stress circle，摩尔应力圆Mohr-coulomb failure criteria，摩尔-库仑破坏曲线normal stress，法向应力oedometer curve，压缩曲线optimum moisture content，最优含水率piping，管涌plastic limit，塑限plasticity index，塑性指标pore water pressure，孔隙水压力porosity，空隙率principal stress，主应力proctor compaction test，普氏击实试验relative density，相对密度sand replacement method，罐砂法saturability（saturation degree，percent saturation），饱和度saturated unit weight，饱和容重seepage deformation，渗透变形seepage force(seepage pressure)，渗透力seepage line，渗透线seepage speed，渗透速度shear stress，切向应力（剪应力）shrinkage limit，缩限skip(gap,jump) grading，间断级配specific gravity of soil particle，土粒比重steady seepage field，稳定渗流场stress path，应力路径total strength envelope，总强度包线triaxial compression test，三轴压缩试验unconfined compression strength，无侧限压缩试验unconsolidated undrained test，不固结不排水剪（快剪）试验variable head method，变水头法void(pore) ratio，空隙比water replacement method，罐水法wet density，湿密度Ⅳ、其他建筑材料钢筋（steel）bending and unbending，反复弯曲cold bending test，冷弯试验elongation test，拉伸试验nominal diameter，公称直径ratio of elongation，伸长率relaxation test，松弛试验steel strand，钢绞线tensile yield strength，抗拉屈服强度ultimate tensile strength，极限抗拉强度木材（wood）crushing strength parallel to the grain，顺纹抗压强度tensile strength parallel to the grain，顺纹抗拉强度crushing strength across the grain，横纹抗压强度tensile strength across the grain，横纹抗拉强度沥青（asphalt）brittle temperature test，脆化点试验expansion test，延伸度试验penetration test，针入度试验softening point test，软化点试验test of aging，老化试验viscosity test，粘滞性试验。
(完整word版)地质工程专业英语
(完整word 版)地质工程专业英语11地形地貌 geographic and geomorphic工程地质条件 engineering geological conditions 地形地貌条件 geographic and geomorphic conditions地形 land form地貌 geomorphology ， relief 微地貌 microrelief地貌单元 landform unit ， geomorphic unit 坡度 grade地形图 relief map 河谷 river valley 河道 river course河床 river bed(channel)冲沟 gully ， gulley ， erosion gully ， stream(brook ）河漫滩 floodplain （valley flat ） 阶地 terrace冲积平原 alluvial plain 三角洲 delta古河道 fossil river course ， fossil stream channel冲积扇 alluvial fan 洪积扇 diluvial fan 坡积裙 talus apron 分水岭 divide 盆地 basin 岩溶地貌 karst land feature, karst landform 溶洞 solution cave, karst cave 落水洞 sinkhole土洞 Karstic earth cave2地层岩性地层 geostrome （stratum ， strata ） 岩性 lithologic character, rock property岩体 rock mass 岩层 bed stratum岩层 layer, rock stratum 母岩 matrix, parent rock 相变 facies change硬质岩 strong rock ， film 软质岩 weak rock 硬质的 competent 软质的 incompetent 基岩 bedrock岩组 petrofabric 覆盖层 overburden 交错层理 cross bedding 层面 bedding plane 片理 schistosity 层理 bedding 板理（叶理） foliation波痕 ripple —mark 泥痕 mud crack雨痕 raindrop imprints造岩矿物 rock-forming minerals 粘土矿物 clay mineral 高岭土 kaolinite蒙脱石 montmorillonite 伊利石 illite 云母 mica白云母 muscovite 黑云母 biotite 石英 quartz 长石 feldspar 正长石 orthoclase 斜长石 plagioclase辉石 pyroxene ， picrite 角闪石 hornblende 方解石 calcite 构造 structure 结构 texture组构 fabric （tissue)矿物组成 mineral composition 结晶质 crystalline 非晶质 amorphous 产状 attitude 火成岩 igneous岩浆岩 magmatic rock 火山岩（熔岩）lava 火山 volcano侵入岩 intrusive （invade ） rock 喷出岩 effusive rock 深成岩 plutonic rock 浅成岩 pypabysal rock 酸性岩 acid rock中性岩 inter-mediate rock 基性岩 basic rock超基性岩 ultrabasic rock岩基 rock base (batholith) 岩脉（墙） dike岩株 rock stock 岩流 rock flow岩盖 rock laccolith （laccolite) 岩盆 rock lopolith 岩墙 rock dike 岩床 rock sill 岩脉 vein dyke 花岗岩 granite 斑岩 porphyry 玢岩 porphyrite 流纹岩 rhyolite 正长岩 syenite(完整word 版)地质工程专业英语2粗面岩 trachyte 闪长岩 diorite 安山岩 andesite 辉长岩 gabbro 玄武岩 basalt 细晶岩 aplite 伟晶岩 pegmatite 煌斑岩 lamprophyre 辉绿岩 diabase 橄榄岩 dunite 黑曜岩 obsidian 浮岩 pumice火山角砾岩 vulcanic breccia火山集块岩 volcanic agglomerate 凝灰岩 tuff沉积岩 sedimentary rock 碎屑岩 clastic rock 粘土岩 clay rock粉砂质粘土岩 silty claystone 化学岩 chemical rock 生物岩 biolith砾岩 conglomerate 角砾岩 breccia 砂岩 sandstone石英砂岩 quartz sandstone 粉砂岩 siltstone钙质粉砂岩 calcareous siltstone 泥岩 mudstone 页岩 shale 盐岩 saline 石灰岩 limestone 白云岩 dolomite 泥灰岩 marl泥钙岩 argillo-calcareous 泥砂岩 argillo —arenaceous 砂质 arenaceous 泥质 argillaceous 硅质的 siliceous有机质 organic matter 粗粒 coarse grain 中粒 medium —grained 沉积物 sediment （deposit ） 漂石、顽石 boulder 卵石 cobble 砾石 gravel 砂 sand 粉土 silt 粘土 clay粘粒 clay grain 砂质粘土 sandy clay 粘质砂土 clayey sand壤土、亚粘土 loam砂壤土、亚砂土轻亚粘土 sandy loam 浮土、表土 regolith (topsoil ） 黄土 loess 红土 laterite 泥灰 peat 软泥 ooze 淤泥 mire, oozed mud, sludge ， warp clay 冲积物（层） alluvion 冲积的 alluvial洪积物（层） proluvium, diluvium, diluvion 洪积的 diluvial 坡积物（层） deluvium 残积物(层) eluvium 残积的 eluvial风积物（层） eolian deposits 湖积物（层） lake deposits 海积物(层） marine deposits冰川沉积物（层）glacier (drift ）deposits崩积物（层） colluvial deposits ， colluvium 残积粘土 residual clay 变质岩 metamorphic rock 板岩 slate 千枚岩 phyllite 片岩 schist 片麻岩 gneiss 石英岩 quartzite 大理岩 marble 糜棱岩 mylonite 混合岩 migmatite 碎裂岩 cataclasite3地质构造地质构造 geologic structure 结构构造 structural texture 大地构造 geotectonic 构造运动 tectogenesis 造山运动 orogeny升降运动 vertical movement 水平运动 horizontal movement 完整性 perfection （integrity) 起伏度 waviness 尺寸效应 size effect围压效应 confining pressure effect 产状要素 elements of attitude 产状 attitude ， orientation 走向 strike 倾向 dip倾角 dip angle ， angle of dip 褶皱 fold 褶曲 fold单斜 monocline(完整word 版)地质工程专业英语3向斜 syncline 背斜 anticline 穹隆 dome 挤压 squeeze上盘 upper section下盘 bottom wall ， footwall ， lower wall断距 separation 相交 intersect 断层 fault正断层 normal fault 逆断层 reversed fault 平移断层 parallel fault层理 bedding ， stratification 微层理 light stratification 地堑 graben地垒 horst ， fault ridge 断层泥 gouge, pug, selvage ， fault gouge 擦痕 stria, striation 断裂 fracture破碎带 fracture zone 节理 joint节理组 joint set裂隙 fissure ， crack微裂隙 fine fissure, microscopic fissure劈理 cleavage原生裂隙 original joint 次生裂隙 epigenetic joint 张裂隙 tension joint 剪裂隙 shear joint 卸荷裂隙 relief crack裂隙率 fracture porosity 结构类型 structural pattern 岩体结构 rock mass structure 岩块 block mass结构体 structural element 块度 blockness结构面 structural plane 软弱结构面 weak plane 临空面 free face碎裂结构 cataclastic texture 板状结构 platy structure 薄板状 lamellose块状的 lumpy, massive 层状的 laminated巨厚层 giant thick —laminated 薄层状的 finely laminated软弱夹层 weak intercalated layer 夹层 inter bedding,intercalated bed ， interlayer ，intermediate layer夹泥层 clayey intercalation 夹泥 inter —clay 连通性 connectivity 切层 insequent影响带 affecting zone 完整性 integrity n.Integrate v. & a. degree of integrality 破碎 crumble 胶结 cement泥化 argillization 尖灭 taper-out 错动 diastrophism错动层面 faulted bedding plane 断续的 intermittent 破碎 crumble共轭节理 conjugated joint 散状 loose透镜状的 lens-shaped a. 岩石碎片 crag岩屑 cuttings ， debris 薄膜 membrane ， film 层理 stratification 高角度 high dip angle 缓倾角 low dip angle 反倾 anti —dip互层 interbed v 。