Background component of buffeting response of cable-stayed bridges
尊重差异绽放光彩的英语作文
Respecting differences is a cornerstone of a harmonious society.It is through acknowledging and valuing the unique qualities of each individual that we can truly create a vibrant and diverse community.Here are some key points to consider when discussing the importance of respecting differences in an English composition.Title:Embracing Diversity:The Key to a Vibrant SocietyIntroduction:In a world that is increasingly interconnected,the importance of respecting differences has never been more crucial.Diversity in thought,culture,and lifestyle enriches our lives and broadens our perspectives.Body Paragraph1:The Benefits of DiversityCultural Exchange:When we respect and embrace the differences in culture,we open ourselves up to a wealth of knowledge and traditions.This exchange can lead to a deeper understanding of the world and its people.Innovation:Diverse perspectives are the driving force behind innovation.When people from different backgrounds come together,they bring unique ideas that can lead to groundbreaking solutions.Body Paragraph2:Overcoming Prejudice and DiscriminationEducation:Education plays a vital role in teaching individuals to respect differences.By learning about different cultures,religions,and lifestyles,we can break down barriers and foster understanding.Legislation:Laws that protect individuals from discrimination based on race,gender, sexual orientation,and other differences are essential in creating a fair and just society. Body Paragraph3:The Role of IndividualsPersonal Growth:Embracing differences allows for personal growth.It challenges our preconceived notions and encourages us to think critically and empathetically. Community Building:When individuals respect and celebrate the differences within their community,they create a strong social fabric that is resilient and supportive.Body Paragraph4:The Impact on SocietyEconomic Benefits:A diverse workforce can lead to economic growth.Different skills and perspectives can contribute to a more productive and competitive economy. Social Cohesion:Respecting differences can lead to greater social cohesion.When people feel valued and included,they are more likely to contribute positively to society.Conclusion:In conclusion,respecting differences is not just a moral imperative it is a practical necessity for a thriving society.By celebrating our diversity,we can unlock the full potential of our communities and create a world where everyone can shine.Final Thoughts:As we move forward,let us remember that it is our differences that make us strong.Let us strive to create a world where every individual is respected and valued for their unique contributions.Only then can we truly say that we are living in a society that is vibrant and full of potential.。
2025届湖北省武汉市硚口区高三起点考试七月质量检测英语试卷
2025届湖北省武汉市硚口区高三起点考试七月质量检测英语试卷一、阅读理解Where to eat in MalaysiaMalaysia offers a wide range of food choices, ranging from fine dining to street food. Elsewhere, restaurants and food stalls are readily available.Old China CafeEating here is a little like dining in a museum as the walls are lined with photos and memorabilia of the local Chinese laundryman’s association. Chinese and Asian dishes keep regulars and travellers coming back for more. The menu changes monthly.San PedroThis restaurant serves Portuguese cuisine. Try the baked fish (seabass or red snapper), curry debal chicken (can be quite spicy), fried brinjals and the black pepper crabs, Call ahead to reserve a table (and your fish), because once their fish runs out, they will close for the day.The BungalowFacing the hotel pool and the beach, this restaurant has indoor and outdoor seating. At night, the atmosphere is very romantic. The Chinese menu concentrates on traditional Hainanese dishes, but includes dishes such as fish curry, chicken rice and filet mignon.No. 7 Sup CornerEven if you miss this buffet-style restaurant at the road bend, you will not miss the number of cars parked at the road shoulder or the locals heading to it during lunchtime. It serves Malay dishes. First get your plate of rice, and then take whatever you would like to eat. Present your food plate to the lady at the counter and pay for it. Closed on Fridays and during Ramadan. Come early as there’s always a crowd outside.1．What do Old China Cafe and the Bungalow have in common?A．They are based in hotels.B．They have seasonal set menus.C．They have atmospheric settings.D．They adopt modern cooking methods. 2．Which restaurant serves western cuisine?A．Old China Cafe.B．No.7 Sup Corner.C．The Bungalow.D．San Pedro.3．What do we know about No. 7 Sup Corner?A．It is inconveniently located.B．It is a self-service restaurant.C．It requires a restaurant booking.D．It opens every day except the weekends.Norwegian playwright and author Jon Fosse has just been awarded the 2023 Nobel Prize in Literature for his “innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable”.The Swedish Academy credits Fosse as “one of the most widely performed playwrights in the world”, although the 64-year-old originally made his name as a novelist, beginning with Red, Black in 1983. He has since written many works of prose and poetry. “His literary works, spanning a variety of genres(体裁), comprises about 40 plays and a wealth of novels, poetry collections, essays, children’s books and translations,” said Anders Olsson, chairman of the Nobel Committee for Literature.Jon Fosse draws inspiration from his rural living environment and personal struggles, which have deeply influenced his distinctive writing style. Growing up in a small coastal village, Fosse was immersed in the beauty of nature and the vastness of the sea, which filled him with a sense of solitude and introspection(内省) that is reflected in his works. Fosse’s writing discussed themes of desolateness(孤独，苍凉), longing, and the search for meaning in life. Additionally, his battles with depression have enabled him to explore the depths of human emotions and existential des-pair.“He touches you so deeply when you read his works,” said Anders Olsson. “What is special about him is the closeness in his writing. It touches your deepest feelings-anxieties, insecurities, questions of life and death-which are things that every human being actually faces from the very beginning. In that sense I think he reaches very far and there is a sort of a universal impact of every-thing that he writes-it has appeal to this basic humanity.”Fosse is the first-ever laureate writing in Nynorsk, one of the two official languages of Norwegian, but only used by just 10% of the population. As The Guardian writes, “Many Nynorsk speakers see Fosse ‘as a kind of national hero’ for his championing of the language.” Fosse’s recognition on a global stage promotes the visibility and importance of Nynorsk as a writtenstandard. It will attract more attention to Nynorsk literature, inspire and encourage Nynorsk speakers to continue preserving and promoting their linguistic(语言的) heritage.4．What do we know about Jon Fosse from paragraph 2?A．His most popular work is the play Red, Black.B．He accomplished various genres of literature works.C．Many famous plays are the inspiration for his writing.D．His language skills earned him the Nobel Prize in Literature.5．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about?A．Jon Fosse’s tough experiences.B．Jon Fosse’s motivation for writing.C．The major themes of Jon Fosse’s works.D．The effect of Jon Fosse’s life on his writing style.6．What is special about Jon Fosse’s works according to Anders Olsson?A．They explore the meaning of life.B．They touch human’s deepest emotions.C．They show the bond between humans and nature.D．They appeal to readers to focus on personal feelings.7．What contribution of Jon Fosse is mentioned in the last paragraph?A．He explains the importance of linguistic diversity.B．He has improved the international status of Norway.C．He promotes the development and preservation of Nynorsk.D．He shapes the basic writing standard of Norwegian literature.It’s one of the most common questions adults ask children: what do you want to be when you grow up? Although childhood is supposed to be fun, kids also discuss important topics regarding their futures. Now, a new study finds that children who set big goals regarding their future status and education often set themselves up for success as they age.The findings, published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, are the first to reveal a connection between life goal development and future success in school or the workplace. Rodica Damian, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Houston, and otherresearchers discovered that as children grow up, their goals naturally begin to change. However, as some childhood goals fall away, other goals related to a family stay strong. These include being close to relatives, building more friendships or finding a romantic partner, and even becoming more involved in your community or helping others.During the study, researchers compared how their goals evolved as children moved from adolescence to adulthood and how a person’s goals impacted their success in school and as an employee later on. Overall, a child’s goals focusing on their education and future status were the most consistent predictors (预测因素) of income in adulthood. Simply put, when a child dreams big about doing well in school or achieving great success as an adult, these goals accurately paint a picture of how successful these children will be. So, the message is simple: dream big and dream of success, kids! Those goals can drive you to success when you grow up!“Our work proves a strong connection between a child’s life goals, educational achievement, and future occupational outcomes. This information is valuable for parents and educators who can use it to encourage children to set ambitious goals. Additionally, it helps develop strategies to support individuals in achieving their goals and reaching their full potential,” Damian concludes. 8．What does the study mainly focus on?A．Why children change their dreams over time.B．Whether childhood goals relate to future success.C．Whether early education determines future career.D．How childhood experiences impact a person’s choice.9．Which of the following goals remains strong as children grow up?A．Connecting with others.B．Achieving academic success.C．Hunting for a high-salary jobD．Improving personal social status.10．What message does the author convey in paragraph 3?A．Dreaming big is potentially associated with success.B．Childhood achievement s greatly affect future careers.C．Educational goals may be more achievable than others.D．Adjusting goals can create new opportunities for success.11．What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A．To explain the purpose of the study.B．To offer suggestions for future studies.C．To stress the significance of the study.D．To point out the limitations of the study.Spiders are master builders, expertly turning silk into complex 3D webs that serve as their home and hunting ground. To gain a deeper understanding of their world, scientists have translated the structure of a spider’s web into music.“The spider lives in an environment of vibrating (振动的) strings,” says Markus Buehler, the project’s principal investigator. “They don’t see very well, so they perceive their surroundings by detecting vibrations, which have different frequencies.” Such vibrations occur, for example, when the spider stretches a strand of silk during construction or when the wind or a trapped fly moves the web.The researchers scanned a natural spider web to capture 2D cross-sections and reconstructed its 3D network using a mathematical model. They assigned different frequencies of sound to strands of the web, creating musical “notes” that they combined in patterns based on the web’s 3D structure to generate music. Then they made a harp-like (像竖琴的) virtual instrument and played the spider web music in several live performances around the world, creating an inspiring harmony of art and science.To gain insights into how spiders build webs, the researchers also scanned a web during construction, transforming each stage into music with different sounds. “The spider’s way of ‘printing’ the web is remarkable because no support material is used, as is often needed in current 3D printing methods,” Buehler says. This knowledge could help develop new 3D printers that work like spiders, enabling them to construct complex structures without using additional materials for support.The team is also interested in learning how to communicate with spiders in their own language. They recorded web vibrations produced when spiders performed different activities, such as building a web, communicating with other spiders or sending signals to admirers. “Now we’re trying to generate signals to basically speak the language of the spider,” Buehler says. “If we expose them to certain patterns of vibrations, can we affect what they do or can we begin to communicate with them? Those are really thrilling ideas, and I believe they could be achieved inthe near future.”12．What do we know about spiders?A．They have good eyesight.B．They adapt to surroundings quickly.C．They spin a web similar to a musical structure.D．They sense the environment through vibrations.13．What is paragraph 3 mainly about?A．Steps to create spider web music.B．Ways to recreate a web’s 3D network.C．Challenges of combining music with science.D．The potential applications of 3D printing methods.14．What do the underlined words “This knowledge” in paragraph 4 refer to?A．3D printers can construct complex structures.B．Spiders’ vibration patterns vary with activities.C．Spiders build webs without using additional materials.D．The web-building process can be translated into music.15．What is Buehler’ attitude towards communicating with spiders?A．Hopeful.B．Doubtful.C．Uncertain.D．Disapproving.The storms in our lives often leave behind gifts if we open our eyes to see them. As the skies clear and you start to emerge from the loss, look for the silver linings. 16 Going through difficulties requires courage and determination. You have to dig deep and find the strength you didn’t know you possessed to overcome the challenges. 17 That self-knowledge and confidence in your abilities will serve you well going forward.Coming out the other side of trouble sometimes gives you a fresh outlook. Priorities shift.18 You have a deeper appreciation for life’s simple moments and clarity about what matters. Use that insight to guide your choices and cherish each day. 19 The old way of doing things no longer works, so you must rebuild and reimagine your life. Though change is hard, it opens up possibilities for new growth and exciting adventures. Look at this as a chance for a fresh start. You can pursue new dreams or make along-wished-for switch in your situation. The future isunwritten.Your struggles and pain have given you understanding for what others maybe going through in their own lives. You now recognize the suffering of people around you and desire to help ease their burdens. Use your experience to be there for friends and family members facing difficulties.20 Your sympathy can make a real difference.A．Dramatic changes often lead to transformation.B．They’re there if you are bent on searching for them.C．Offer a listening ear and share your story with them.D．Storms shape us, but the silver linings make us suffer.E．What seemed important before now pales in comparison.F．Now you know you have the inner power to weather storms.G．This new perspective removed previous doubt about yourself.二、完形填空In my early thirties, I decided to climb Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa at 5, 895meters above sea level.After months of preparation, I started my great 21 . At the base of the mountain, I met Mik, a local porter, who warmly 22 me. Mik’s job was to carry my equipment up the mountain, set up the tent, and carry everything back down after reaching the 23 .The first day of the climb was 24 the rain forest, across a slippery , muddy ground covered with tree roots and vines (藤蔓). Mik was carrying 30 kilos on his head! By that evening, we made it to 3,000meters. The air was 25 and it was colder. When I arrived at the campsite for the night, my tent was already set up and waiting for me.Day two was much steeper and rockier. I really had to 26 what I was doing. And I felt guilty for the tough 27 Mik had to work in. Yet when I turned to Mik, he said with the biggest smile, “pole, pole,” which means “ 28 , take it easy” in his native language. I 29 back, my burden lighter somehow.Over the next five days, the climb got 30 difficult. The temperatures could 31 from 21℃to below freezing in a few hours. At 5, 700 meters, there’s only half the oxygen 32in each breath compared to at sea level. That leaves many people with severe headache. Yet Mik always had a smile and a positive attitude. It had an enormous impact on me, giving me the 33 to keep going.Even today, when I find myself 34 with anything in life, I just think back to Mik and his smile. A great attitude can bring joy to those around you, or even 35 strangers to the top of a mountain.21．A．performance B．business C．presentation D．adventure 22．A．questioned B．congratulated C．greeted D．invited 23．A．base B．peak C．forest D．border 24．A．outside B．beside C．through D．over 25．A．thinner B．softer C．drier D．sweeter 26．A．focus on B．turn on C．bring up D．break up 27．A．locations B．conditions C．atmosphere D．competition 28．A．stop B．hurry C．relax D．move 29．A．ran B．talked C．smiled D．rode 30．A．slightly B．increasingly C．automatically D．equally 31．A．swing B．circle C．climb D．last 32．A．predictable B．available C．noticeable D．affordable 33．A．impression B．platform C．opportunity D．strength 34．A．cooperating B．struggling C．associating D．communicating 35．A．persuade B．introduce C．motivate D．recommend三、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
中山大学吴柏林教授“广告策划——实务与案例”绝密资料_KOTLER09
Chapter 9 – Identifying Market Segments and Selecting Target MarketsI.............................................................................................. C hapter Overview/Objectives/OutlineA.OverviewSellers can take three approaches to a market. Mass marketing is the decision to mass-produce and mass distribute one product and attempt to attract all kinds of buyers. Product-variety marketing attempts to offer a variety of products to broaden the customer base. Target marketing is the decision to distinguish the different groups that make up a market to develop corresponding products and marketing mixes for each target market. Sellers today are moving away from mass marketing and product differentiation and are moving toward target marketing because the latter is more helpful in spotting market opportunities and developing winning product marketing mixes.The key steps in target marketing are market segmentation, market targeting, and product positioning. Market segmentation is the act of dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers with different needs or responses. The marketer tries different variables to see which reveal the best segmentation opportunities. For each segment, a customer segment profile is developed. Segmentation effectiveness depends upon arriving at segments that are measurable, substantial, accessible, and actionable. The primary steps in target marketing are to identify and profile distinct groups of buyers that may require different products or marketing mixes, selecting oneor more market segments to enter, and establish and communicate the key distinctive benefitsof the product or service to the target market (positioning).The seller should target the best market segment(s). The seller must evaluate the potentialof each segment, which is a function of segment size and growth, segment attractiveness, and company objectives and resources. Then, the seller should determine how and when it can ignore segment differences (undifferentiated marketing), develop different market offers for several segments (differentiated marketing), or go after one or a more market segments (concentrated marketing). In choosing target segments, marketers need to consider the ethical choice of market targets, segment interrelationships and super segments, and potential segment invasion plans.B.Learning Objectives............................................................................................................................. U nderstand what it means to “segment” a market.............................................................................................................................. K now the basic steps in segmenting a market.............................................................................................................................. U nderstand the bases used to segment consumer and business markets.............................................................................................................................. K now how to evaluate and select segments for targeting of marketing programs.C.Chapter OutlineI (I)ntroduction - Target marketing requires the following: identify and profile distinctgroups of buyers with distinct needs/preferences, select one or more market segments,establish and communicate distinctive benefits of the market offering to each targetsegment.II.................................................................................................................... U sing Market Segmentation - Buyers differ in many ways.ntroduction1............................................................................................... Mass Marketing - One product/marketing mix available for all buyers.2............................................................................................... Micro Marketing - The response to the decline in favor for massmarketing.B. ........................................................................................................ S egment marketing - A large identifiable group within a market. Midpoint between mass and individual marketing.C. ........................................................................................................ N iche Marketing - A narrowly defined smaller group whose needs not currently met effectively.D......................................................................................................... L ocal Marketing - Programs targeted to the needs and wants of local customer groups.E (I)ndividual Marketing - “One-to-One” Marketing1............................................................................................... Mass-customization and choice board2............................................................................................... Customerization - Empowering customers with the means to design theirown products.atterns of Market Segmentation - homogenous, diffused, and clusteredpreferencesG......................................................................................................... Market Segmentation Process - survey, analysis, and profile1............................................................................................... Focus on needs-based market segmentation and market partitioning.H......................................................................................................... Effective Segmentation - Segments must be measurable, substantial, accessible,differentiable, and actionable.III. ................................................................................................................. Segmenting Consumer and Business MarketsA......................................................................................................... Bases for Segmenting Consumer Markets:1............................................................................................... Geographic - nations, states, regions, counties, cities, and neighborhoods2............................................................................................... Demographic - age and life cycle, gender, income, generation, and socialclass.3............................................................................................... Psychographic - lifestyle, personality, and values4............................................................................................... Behavioral - purchase occasions, benefits, user status, usage rate, loyaltystatus, buyer-readiness stage, and attitude5............................................................................................... Multiattribute Segmentation (geoclustering): Assumes people who livenear each other and exhibit similar traits from all of the abovesegmentation bases.a) ................................................................................... Targeting Multiple Segments - Because consumers no longer canbe neatly pigeonholed into one segment.b)................................................................................... Geoclustering via PRIZM clusters (American dreams, ruralindustria, gray power, country squires) - Focus on increasingdiversity.B. ........................................................................................................ Bases for Segmenting Business Markets1............................................................................................... Based on their stage in the purchase decision process and channelpreferences.2............................................................................................... Types of buyers: programmed, relationship, transaction, and bargainhunters3............................................................................................... Business buyer groups: price-oriented (transactional selling), solutionoriented (consultative selling), and strategic value (enterprise selling)IV.Market Targeting StrategiesA......................................................................................................... Evaluating and selecting the market segments. Factors: Segment size and growth,segment structural attractiveness, company objectives, and resources.1............................................................................................... Single-Segment Concentration - Firm concentrates on one market onlyfor its one product.2............................................................................................... Selective Specialization - Firm selects a number of attractive andappropriate segments and develops products that appeal to eachsegment.3............................................................................................... Product Specialization - Firm focus is on a product it can sell to severalsegments.4............................................................................................... Market Specialization - Firm satisfies multi-faceted needs of oneparticular group.5............................................................................................... Full Market Coverage - Firm serves all customer groups with productsthey might need.a) ................................................................................... Undifferentiated Marketing - Entire market receives the sameprogram.b)................................................................................... Differentiated Marketing - Different programs for differentsegments.B. ........................................................................................................ T argeting Multiple Segments and Super segments - use of mega marketingC. ........................................................................................................ E thical Choice of Market Targets - targeting sometimes generates controversyV.................................................................................................................... S ummaryII. Lecture“Understanding Market Segments”This discussion begins the teaching/learning process where students begin to understand that marketing and marketers cannot be all things to all people, and there is a need for increasing focus and segmentation.Teaching Objectives........................................................................................................................ T o appreciate the value of segmenting and targeting markets......................................................................................................................... T o comprehend the process through which marketers engage in segmentation......................................................................................................................... T o learn about companies/industries making use of segmentation.DiscussionU NDERSTANDING THE I SSUEMarket segmentation is a process based on factual information rather than marketer intuition. The value of market segmentation is obvious. Customers are different and are likelyto be attracted to different products throughout various stages in their lifetimes. For an illustration of this concept, consider the automobile industry.Note to the Instructor: To develop this issue, ask students to offer the names of various brands and models (placed on the board). Then, ask them to identify which brands and modelsare likely to appeal to specific characteristics - age, income, gender, etc. From this illustration, it will become obvious that not all products appeal to everyone on a mass level.The segmentation process involves dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who might require separate products or marketing mixes, recognizing that all buyers have unique needs and wants. Still, it is usually possible in consumer markets to identify relatively homogeneous portions or segments of the total market according to shared preferences, attitudes, or behaviors that distinguish them from the rest of the market. These segments may require different products and/or separate mixes, and in the contemporary one-to-one marketing approach segmentation is a critical step.T ARGETING AND P OSITIONINGMarket targeting is the follow-up to the segmentation process and is the process of evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness and selecting one or more segments to enter. Given effective market segmentation, the firm must choose which markets to serve and howto serve them. In targeting markets to serve, the firm must consider its resources and objectives in setting strategy.Market positioning is the process of formulating competitive positioning for a product and a detailed marketing mix. The firm must have a plan for how to present the product to the consumer, and the product’s position is defined by how consumers view it on important attributes. The text discusses this concept in detail.The consumer market is often segmented according to variables such as: demographics, psychographics, geographic location, behavior, etc. Major segmentation variables for business markets obviously vary from the consumer market. The important variables here are as follows:........................................................................................................ D emographics. Industry segmentation focuses on which industries buy theproduct. Company size can be used. Geographic location may be used togroup businesses by proximity......................................................................................................... O perating Variables. Business markets can be segmented by technology (whatcustomer technologies should we focus on?), user/nonuser status (heavy,medium, light), or customer capabilities (those needing many or few services)......................................................................................................... P urchasing Approaches. Five approaches are possible:o............................................................................................... S egment. “Segmentation” can be by purchasing function organ ization(centralized or decentralized).o............................................................................................... P ower structure. Selecting companies controlled by a functional specialty.o............................................................................................... T he Nature of Existing Relationships. Current desirable customers ornew desirable customers.o............................................................................................... G eneral Purchase Policies.Focus on companies that prefer somearrangements over others such as leasing, related support servicecontracts, sealed bids.o............................................................................................... P urchasing Criteria.Focus on non-compensatory criteria such as price,service, or quality.In addition, there can be situational factors that influence the business market segmentation effort. Situational segmentation may be based upon urgency (such as quickdelivery needs), specific application (specific uses for the product) or size of order (few large or many small accounts).PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICSPersonal comparisons can lead to segmentation by buyer-seller similarity (companies with similar personnel and values), attitudes toward risk (focus on risk-taking or risk-avoiding companies), or loyalty (focus on companies that show high loyalty to their suppliers).There are several steps in the segmentation and target marketing process, but first it is necessary to establish that the market can be segmented. As mentioned in the text, some of the questions a company should answer with regard to determining candidates for segmentation are:........................................................................................................ C an the market(s) be identified and measured? (I)s the segment large enough to be profitable? Related issue: Is the segmentstable and long-term? (I)s the segment reachable? (I)s the segment responsive? (I)s the segment expected not to change quickly?........................................................................................................ C an the segment be protected (protectability)? In other words, can competitorschoose to target this segment easily and with a high level of success (I)nteraction with other segments? Meaning: Will the different messages receivedcause confusion about the product among different segments?........................................................................................................ W hat is the risk with this segment or segmentation action?F INDING “H EALTHY”C USTOMERS IN THE M EDICALI NDUSTRYAs members of its industry begin to understand the mass-market approach is no longer viable, health care providers are moving from a product orientation to a marketing orientation. Market segmentation has become a tool that is widely used by a financially squeezed health care industry. Aiming their marketing efforts at those segments of the market that are likely to prove most profitable helps to conserve their limited resources. Some of the characteristics health care providers use to choose the proper target markets include underlying needs, demographics, and patterns of behavior.Because hospitals maintain detailed information on patients, the information necessary to determine the “typical” patient is available. Through medical and business records, health care marketers have access to usage rates for a predetermined number of years, services received, payment (or nonpayment) history, and, at the simplest level, name and address information. The search for data also can extend to external sources, such as state agencies, trade associations, and syndicated sources. Once the marketer has gathered this data, he or she can begin the process of analyzing it to determine market share for the various lines of health care services.Overlaying demographic with psychographic information allows hospitals to learn aboutthe people who compose the market. By combining this information with its own product line mix, and disease incidence rates, segmentation opportunities become readily apparent. For example, one hospital recently recognized the potential for outpatient substance-abuse counseling services among upscale members of the business community. Although acompetitor currently offered an in-patient program, the target group most likely to utilize the service found the in-patient option unappealing for many reasons, one of which was that many potential patients lived in close proximity to the hospital.Based on an understanding of its target market, the marketing-oriented hospital developed an outpatient program and spoke directly to the target audience via promotional efforts in publications and television. A direct mail effort also targeted the businesses where those upscale patients were likely to be found. As a result, the hospital gained significant market share and won the favor of the community. This was no small feat in today’s competitive health care marketplace.S ENIOR C ITIZENS E NJOY S URFING…T HE I NTERNETMany members of the older generation are out to dispel beliefs that they are resistant to new technology. Internet clubs, consisting of members who are in their later years, have been formed all over the United States. The seniors use the Internet to obtain many types of new information, order products, and meet and/or “chat” with other seniors throughout the country. A number of marriages have evolved out of these connections.Smart marketers realize that this segment of the market represents a substantial audience for products advertised via the Internet. Why? One reason is the information explosion. Consider the amount of information that is available on the Internet. In today’s society, few of us in the work force have the leisure time available to spend learning about the power of the Internet. We tend to bookmark the information we need on a regular basis but rarely venture out on exten sive “surfing” expeditions. Retired persons do have this kind of time, so when they log on to the Internet, they are likely to stay a while. In addition, many of the people in their golden years have physical limitations that may restrict their mobility. The Internet is an ideal way to stay connected to the outside world and beat the loneliness that may ensue from an inability to venture beyond their home.Note to the Instructor: It is important to note here that when a marketer considers the needs of one segment over all other segments, controversy is likely to ensue. A good way to begin a discussion in this topic area is to ask students for some of the dangers and/or disadvantages that may result from segmenting and targeting markets.III................................................................................................... Background ArticleIssue: Gaining Perspective On Niche Market SegmentsSource: “RTD Coffee: The Little Segment That Could -Convenience Corner,” Beverage Aisle, October 15, 2001, p. 48.Ready-to-drink coffee (RTD), the cold, refreshing, bottled offshoot of America’s classic hot morning beverage, has found a home in the convenience channel. An up-and-coming category, RTD coffee generated less than $50 million at retail in 1996, but soared to over $100 million in 1997, driven by Frappuccino from Starbucks/PepsiCo, which still owns most of the category.Today, while the bottled variety represents a tiny fraction of the overall coffee category (3 percent of total coffee sold in grocery, drug, and mass merchandisers combined), an analysis of ACNielsen Convenience Track data shows that the product is selling especially well in convenience stores (c-stores). The convenience channel owns 38 percent of the $175 million segment on a four-channel basis. But while the segment is up just percent in grocery, percentin dr ug, and down over 16 percent in mass, it’s up percent in the convenience channel.What accounts for that growth? Part of it may be explained by the product’s appeal to teens and young adults, who prefer to get their caffeine from a cold drink. The product comesin sweet flavors such as mocha and caramel. We know that families with teenagers account for21 percent of the dollars spent on the bottled coffee category across all channels, whereas they account for just percent of the population—for a dollar volume index of 137. Because kids are frequent shoppers in c-stores, they may account for some of the c-store volume.But kids aren’t the only consumer group fueling RTD coffee growth. The product indexes high with households that are affluent (dual-earners, well educated, employed in white-collar professions) and urban, segments that do not traditionally shop in c-stores as much as their counterparts. The result is an opportunity for convenience retailers to attract new customers to their stores at a time when they could certainly use some.Based on an analysis of ACNielsen Homescan consumer panel data, c-stores have experienced a decline in shopping penetration, sliding from 52 percent of the population in 1998 to 48 percent in 2000. Other channels have been chipping away at the convenience channel’s main selling proposition, with grocers installing gas pumps and drug stores and selling more food (earning the moniker “the convenience store for women”), video stores selling candy and soft drinks, and everyplace, from coffee shops to clothing stores, selling mints.Perhaps convenience store operators could use the RTD coffee segment to target more affluent consumers. If the strategy succeeds, it won’t be just the consumers who get a boost from the product.RTD Coffee Sales by Channel $174,617,058 (*)Change from One YeAgo (%)Grocery+Convenience+Drug(*)Source: ACNielsen Convenience Track, 52 wks ending 8/4/01. Grocery, Drug, Convenience combined.IV.CaseEastman Kodak Co., Funtime FilmHBS Case: 594-111 TN: 5-597-080Teaching PerspectivesThis is a rather short case, and the issues are fairly clear, leaving time for students to undertake in-depth analysis. It could also be used in the pricing module of a marketing management course since the issue of whether to take a price cut your flagship brand instead of proliferating the line is important. Because of the magnitude of the market issuch that one (1) share point in the market is worth $13 million in gross margin dollarsper year to Kodak, it captures student interest. The profitability of the business declinedby about $80 million during the last five years. Thus, Kodak must “do something”but figuring out a viable plan for stemming the share loss without loss in profitability is a challenge.While Eastman Kodak still maintained a dominant position in the . film market in 1993, its share had declined to 70 percent from 76 percent only five years earlier. This erosion was at the hands of Fuji, which held the No. 2 position at 11 percent share, andprivate label suppliers. Some observers felt the film industry had become more commodity-like as actual performance differences between brands became insignificant. To deal with this eroding share position, Kodak management prepared to launch a “fighting brand” called Funtime to compete with less expensive rivals. Funtime would involve a vertical product line proliferation strategy whereby Kodak would offer a “good, better, best” selection of films for amateur users. The case sets out the market situation and the proposed Funtime strategy. The discussion focuses on diagnosing the source of Kodak’s problems, establishing realistic objectives for the film business going forward, evaluating the Funtime strategy and developing an alternative action plan if the Funtime strategy should fail.The case is designed to:Allow students to ascertain the forces underlying amarket’s move to commodity status producing share pressure on thehigh priced offerings in the market.Expose students to the “fighting brand” strategy and more generally the issues involved in managing vertical product lineproliferation, . “good, better, best” strategies.P rovide opportunity for quantitative analysis, such as margin calculations and break-even analysis, in assessing marketing strategy.Provide a setting in which to analyze the importance of a “brand name” in consumers’ decision making and how that mayvary by customer segment, usage occasion and over time.Analysis of the case has four major parts:1.......................................................................................................... Diagnosis of th e reasons for Kodak’s market share loss and assessment oflikely development of the market if Kodak maintained the status quo.2.......................................................................................................... Specification of what Kodak’s objectives ought to be at this point. Thisinvolves possible trade-offs between market share, profitability and brandequity.3.......................................................................................................... Evaluation of the general concept of Funtime proposal and its implementationdetails given consumer behavior.4.......................................................................................................... Consideration of other action plan options such as a price cut on the flagshipGold Plus brand.There are a number of reasons for the market share shift, but they basically all revolve around the idea that the added value that Kodak delivers to consumers, relative to competitors, has declined over time, while Kodak has maintained its 17 percent price premium over Fuji and 30 percent over private label brands. The reasons can be set out along customer, competitor, and company lines. The reason is that customers “tend to view film as a commodity, often buying on price alone. Accordingly, there is a growing body of price-sens itive consumers.”Evaluating the competition in the film category, the competitors are growing and succeeding. Fuji is growing in reputation and acceptance in the . market and Polaroid, a well-known entrant into the conventional film market, is operating at low prices. In addition, private label film is becoming more acceptable and no longer perceived as low quality.Questions:。
《饭店点餐英语》课件
Common Dishes in Chinese Cuisine
A list of popular Dishes in Chinese Cuisine, such as dumping, noise, and so on
Common Dishes in Indian Cuisine
A list of popular Dishes in Indian Cuisine, such as current, naan, and so on
Introduction to Japanese Cuisine
An overview of Japanese cuisine, including its history, influence, and key characteristics
Western Cuisine Overview
A general overview of Western cuisine, including its history, influence, and key characteristics
Common Dishes in Western Cuisine
Varieties of Western Cuisine
Different styles of Western cuisine, including French, Italian, American, and so on
Introduction to Chinese Cuisine
Chinese Cuisine Overview
大学核心商务英语读写教程第2册Unit Four Brand and Promotion
To master how to analyze difficult and long sentences
Text A Cyberpromotion: Communicating with Customer Online
1. Background Information
4. Words and Expressions
⑴ advent /'æ dvənt / n.
Meaning arrival that has been awaited
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advent of television.
这种趋势随着电Leabharlann 的出现得到了增强。and solve problems. 我们必须培养发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的 能力。
4. Words and Expressions
(4) sophisticated /
/ adj.
Meaning ahead in development; complex or intricate
Example
[解析] when television began finding its way into American homes是非限制性定语从句，修饰the late 1940, 其中 find one’s way into意为“enter；go into进入；来到 （某处）”。例如：It found its way into the papers. 这事上了报了。
4. Words and Expressions
(2)prospective/
高中英语人教版(2019)选择性必修第二册Unit-2-Bridging-Cultures-单词
Unit 2 Bridging Cultures
Vocabulary 1
plex adj. 复杂的；难懂的；（语法）复合的
2.recall v. 记起；回忆起
He recalled having read such a peom before. 他记得他过去读过这样一首诗.
●participant n. 参与者
8. presentation n. 报告；陈述；出示；拿出 present v.颁发；授予；介绍 n.目前；现在；礼物
9.engage vi. 参加；参与(活动);(使)订婚vt. 吸引(注意力、兴趣)； 雇用；聘用
●1.She tried desperately to engage him in conversation. 参加
●2.He was engaged to my sister last year. (使)订婚 ●3. A good radio script should be able to engage the listener.
●4.The old man was engaged as a guide. 归纳总结
●17.applicant n.申请人 apply v.
● 18.expose v. 使接触；使体验；显露；使暴露于（险境） ● (1)expose...to... 使…暴露于…； 使…遭受… be exposed to 暴露于；接触 ● exposure n. 接触；体验；暴露；揭露（常与介词to搭配） ● Don't expose babies to strong sunlight. 不要让婴儿受到强烈阳光的照射。
[名师点津]及物动词expose后若无宾语，则常常使用它的被动形式。 Being exposed to strong sunlight will do harm to your skin. 暴露在强光下会对你的皮肤有害
European And American Series Animation Business Template
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stock photos. If you haven’t found the public domain images you were looking for at Public Domain Archive
ACCAP1考试试题及答案
「ACCA」P1考试试题及答案1. BackgroundPerformance-related elements have caused the most controversy in recent years with some directors being awarded a bonus even though their firms have underperformed (and in some cases made substantial losses) or failed to meet or exceed the sector average.A balance between short- and long-term bonus schemes should be found. The ICGN recommends a minimum bonus period of one year (and not, for example, quarterly) and that bonuses should be based on a percentage of basic salary (or subject to a fixed "cap").A danger of bonus schemes is the directors' ability to manipulate the target results on which bonuses are based (e.g. revenue, profits). Achieving sales targets, in particular, may result in questionable, unethical practices by directors and employees.2. Best-Practice GuidelinesThe remuneration committee should consider whether directors are eligible for:•Annual bonuses. If so, performance conditions should be relevant, challenging and designed to enhance shareholder value.•Benefits under long-term incentive schemes.*Upper limits should be set and disclosed. There may be a casefor part payment in shares to be held for a significant period.In normal circumstances, shares granted or other forms of deferred remuneration should not vest, and options should not be exercisable, in fewer than three years.Directors should be encouraged to hold their shares for afurther period after vesting or exercise (subject to the need to finance any purchase costs and associated tax liabilities).Proposals for new long-term incentive schemes should be approved by shareholders and preferably replace existing schemes. Total potential rewards should not be excessive.Payouts or grants under all incentive schemes should be subject to "challenging performance criteria" reflecting the firm's objectives.Challenging performance criteria should:•relate to overall corporate performance;•demonstrate that demanding levels of financial performance have been achieved in the context of the firm's prospects and the prevailing economic environment;•be measured relative to an appropriate, defined peer group or other relevant benchmark; and•be disclosed and transparent.Criteria which reflect the firm's performance relative to comparable companies (e.g. shareholder return) should be considered."Sliding scales" generally provide a better motivator for improving corporate performance than a "single hurdle" by encouraging exceptional performance.Rewards under executive share option plans (ESOPs) and other long-term incentive schemes should normally be phased over a set period.In general, only basic salary should be pensionable.Consequences of basic salary increases (e.g. on pension costs) should be considered, especially for directors close to retirement.。
大学英语ab试题及答案
大学英语ab试题及答案一、选择题（共10分，每题1分）1. The book is believed to have been written by ________.A) a writerB) the writerC) writerD) writers答案：B2. She is ________ to win the prize.A) likelyB) probableC) possibleD) maybe答案：A3. The teacher asked the students to ________ the questions in English.A) answerB) replyC) respondD) retort答案：A4. The company is trying to ________ its market share.A) expandB) enlargeC) extendD) stretch答案：A5. The ________ of the building is impressive.A) architectureB) architectC) constructionD) structure答案：A6. He is ________ to the idea of going on a trip.A) openB) closedC) shutD) tight答案：A7. The ________ of the meeting has been postponed until next week.A) dateB) timeC) momentD) occasion答案：A8. The ________ of the project will be discussed at the meeting.A) progressB) processC) procedureD) routine答案：A9. The ________ of the novel is quite original.A) plotB) themeC) storyD) narrative答案：A10. She is ________ to the company as a consultant.A) employedB) hiredC) engagedD) involved答案：C二、填空题（共10分，每题1分）1. The ________ of the meeting should be kept confidential. 答案：content2. The ________ of the city has changed dramatically over the past decade.答案：landscape3. The ________ of the company is to provide high-quality products.答案：mission4. The ________ of the book is quite engaging.答案：narrative5. The ________ of the project was delayed due to bad weather. 答案：completion6. The ________ of the company is to innovate and lead in the industry.答案：vision7. The ________ of the painting is striking.答案：color8. The ________ of the building is quite modern.答案：design9. The ________ of the novel is complex and thought-provoking. 答案：theme10. The ________ of the company is to improve customer satisfaction.答案：goal三、阅读理解（共30分，每题3分）阅读以下短文，并回答后面的问题。
尊重差异之声音的英语作文
Respecting the diversity of voices is a fundamental aspect of fostering a harmonious and inclusive society.In a world where people come from various backgrounds,cultures, and experiences,it is essential to embrace these differences and understand that each individual has a unique perspective to offer.Firstly,respecting differences in opinions and ideas promotes creativity and innovation. When individuals are encouraged to express their thoughts freely,it leads to the generation of new ideas and solutions to problems.This is particularly important in the workplace,where diverse perspectives can lead to more effective problemsolving and decisionmaking.Moreover,acknowledging and respecting different voices helps to build a sense of community and belonging.When people feel that their opinions are valued and heard, they are more likely to contribute positively to the group and feel a sense of connection with others.This can lead to stronger relationships and a more cohesive society.In addition,respecting the diversity of voices is crucial for social progress.History has shown that it is often the voices of marginalized groups that bring about significant change and challenge the status quo.By listening to and valuing these perspectives,we can work towards a more equitable and just society.However,it is important to note that respecting differences does not mean that all opinions are equally valid.It is essential to distinguish between constructive criticism and harmful or discriminatory remarks.While we should encourage open dialogue,it is also necessary to establish boundaries and ensure that respectful communication is maintained.In conclusion,respecting the diversity of voices is a vital component of a thriving society. It encourages creativity,fosters a sense of community,and drives social progress.By valuing and listening to the unique perspectives of each individual,we can work together to create a more inclusive and harmonious world.。
英语作文respect
Respect is a fundamental aspect of human interaction,signifying the acknowledgment of the intrinsic worth of individuals and their rights.It is a multifaceted concept that encompasses various dimensions,including respect for oneself,for others, and for societal norms and values.SelfRespect:Selfrespect is the cornerstone of personal integrity.It involves recognizing ones own worth and maintaining a positive selfimage.People with high selfrespect are confident in their abilities and decisions,and they are less likely to be swayed by the opinions of others.They understand the importance of selfcare and selfimprovement,striving to be the best version of themselves.Respect for Others:Respecting others involves treating people with dignity,regardless of their background, beliefs,or social status.It means listening to their opinions,valuing their contributions, and acknowledging their feelings.In a respectful environment,individuals feel valued and appreciated,which fosters a sense of belonging and encourages open communication.Cultural Respect:Cultural respect is essential in our increasingly globalized world.It entails understanding and appreciating the diversity of cultures,traditions,and customs that exist around the globe.By respecting cultural differences,we can promote tolerance and reduce misunderstandings that may arise from ignorance or prejudice.Respect for the Environment:The environment is another aspect that requires our respect.This includes being mindful of our consumption habits,reducing waste,and supporting sustainable practices. Respecting the environment is crucial for preserving the planet for future generations.Professional Respect:In the workplace,respect is vital for maintaining a healthy and productive atmosphere.It involves recognizing the expertise and contributions of colleagues,providing constructive feedback,and promoting a culture of collaboration and mutual support.Respecting Boundaries:Understanding and respecting personal boundaries is an important part of any relationship.This means being aware of the emotional and physical space that others need and not infringing upon it without consent.Teaching Respect:Teaching respect starts from a young age.Parents and educators play a crucial role in instilling the values of respect in children.This can be done through modeling respectful behavior,teaching empathy,and encouraging open discussions about the importance of respect.Consequences of Disrespect:Disrespect can lead to various negative consequences,including damaged relationships, social isolation,and a toxic environment.It can also result in a loss of trust and respect from others.Promoting Respect:Promoting respect is a collective responsibility.It requires individuals,communities,and institutions to actively work towards creating a culture of respect.This can be achieved through education,awareness campaigns,and by setting and enforcing standards of respectful behavior.In conclusion,respect is a vital component of a harmonious society.It is not just about politeness or good manners it is about recognizing the inherent value in every individual and treating them accordingly.By fostering a culture of respect,we can build stronger relationships,create more inclusive communities,and contribute to a more peaceful and understanding world.。
如何提升吃饭氛围英语作文
如何提升吃饭氛围英语作文Title: Enhancing Dining Atmosphere: Tips for a Memorable Meal Experience。
Dining is not just about satisfying hunger; it's an experience that involves all the senses. From the aroma of delicious food to the ambiance of the surroundings, every element contributes to the overall dining atmosphere. Elevating this atmosphere can turn an ordinary meal into a memorable event. Here are some effective ways to enhance the dining atmosphere:1. Ambiance: The ambiance sets the tone for the dining experience. Choose a suitable location with pleasing decor and lighting. Soft, dim lighting creates a cozy atmosphere, while natural light can make the space feel airy and refreshing. Background music can also enhance the mood, but make sure it's not too loud to hinder conversation.2. Table Setting: Pay attention to the table setting asit can significantly impact the dining experience. Usehigh-quality tableware, including plates, glasses, and utensils. Add a personal touch with decorative elementslike fresh flowers or elegant tablecloths. Well-set tables not only look inviting but also convey a sense of hospitality.3. Menu Presentation: The way the menu is presented can influence diners' expectations and excitement. Design menus that are visually appealing, with clear descriptions of dishes and enticing images. Consider offering a variety of options to cater to different tastes and dietary preferences. A well-curated menu adds to the anticipation and enjoyment of the meal.4. Food Presentation: Presentation is key when it comes to food. Chefs should pay attention to plating techniques to make each dish visually appealing. Vibrant colors, artistic arrangements, and garnishes can elevate the dining experience. Additionally, serving food in unique orcreative vessels adds an element of surprise and delight.5. Service Excellence: Excellent service enhances the overall dining atmosphere. Train staff to be attentive, courteous, and knowledgeable about the menu. Encourage them to engage with diners in a friendly manner, anticipating their needs and providing personalized recommendations. Prompt and efficient service ensures a smooth and enjoyable dining experience.6. Interactive Elements: Incorporating interactive elements into the dining experience can make it more engaging and memorable. This could include live cooking stations where diners can interact with chefs, DIY assembly of certain dishes, or tableside presentations like flambe or carving. Interactive experiences add a sense of excitement and entertainment to the meal.7. Special Touches: Surprise and delight diners with special touches that go beyond their expectations. This could be complimentary appetizers or drinks, handwritten notes from the chef, or small gifts at the end of the meal. Thoughtful gestures make diners feel valued and create a lasting impression.8. Cultural Influences: Embrace cultural influences to add richness and diversity to the dining atmosphere. Incorporate traditional music, decor, or serving customs that reflect the cuisine's heritage. Celebrating cultural diversity enhances the authenticity of the dining experience and creates a sense of connection with the food and its origins.In conclusion, enhancing the dining atmosphere requires attention to detail and a focus on creating a holistic experience for diners. By considering elements such as ambiance, table setting, menu presentation, food presentation, service excellence, interactive elements, special touches, and cultural influences, restaurants can elevate the dining experience and leave a lasting impression on their guests. Ultimately, a memorable meal goes beyond just satisfying hunger; it creates lasting memories and fosters a sense of joy and satisfaction.。
高考英语单词知乎
高考英语单词知乎The Conundrum of After-School Tutoring: A Comprehensive Analysis.In the realm of modern education, the question of whether or not to engage in after-school tutoring has emerged as a perplexing conundrum, eliciting intense debate among parents, educators, and students alike. While proponents extol the potential benefits of tutoring for academic enhancement and personal growth, detractors question its efficacy, financial burden, and potential detrimental effects. This essay endeavors to delve into the complexities of this issue, meticulously examining the arguments on both sides of the spectrum to provide a balanced and comprehensive perspective.Arguments in Favor of After-School Tutoring.Personalized Learning: Tutoring sessions offer a unique opportunity for students to receive individualizedattention tailored to their specific learning needs. This one-on-one approach allows tutors to identify knowledge gaps, address misconceptions, and provide customizedsupport to enhance comprehension.Enhanced Academic Performance: Numerous studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between after-school tutoring and improved academic outcomes. Tutors canreinforce classroom concepts, provide additional practice, and help students develop effective study skills, leadingto higher test scores and improved grades.Increased Confidence and Motivation: Tutoring sessions can foster a sense of confidence and motivation in students. By receiving personalized support and witnessing their own progress, students develop a positive attitude towards learning and are more likely to engage fully in the classroom.Early Intervention and Prevention: Tutoring can serve as an effective tool for early intervention and prevention. By identifying and addressing learning difficulties earlyon, students can avoid falling behind and develop a strong academic foundation.Preparation for Higher Education and Careers: After-school tutoring can provide students with a competitive edge in preparing for higher education and the workforce. Tutors can assist with advanced coursework, standardized test preparation, and college applications, increasing students' chances of success.Arguments Against After-School Tutoring.Financial Burden: Tutoring can be a significant financial investment for families, especially for those with multiple children or students requiring extensive support. The cost of tutoring sessions can vary widely depending on the tutor's qualifications, experience, and the frequency and duration of sessions.Potential Inefficacy: Not all tutoring experiences are created equal. Some tutors may lack adequate qualifications or experience, and the quality of instruction may vary.Moreover, some students may not be receptive to thetutoring environment or may not dedicate sufficient effort to make it worthwhile.Overscheduling and Stress: After-school tutoring can add to students' already busy schedules, leading to overscheduling and stress. Students may have to sacrifice extracurricular activities, social time, or family time to attend tutoring sessions.Overreliance on External Support: While tutoring can be beneficial, it is important to ensure that students do not become overreliant on external support. Tutoring should complement classroom instruction, not replace it. Students need to develop their own independent learning skills and critical thinking abilities.Potential Dependency and Stigma: Some students may develop a dependency on tutoring and may struggle to function independently without it. Additionally, tutoring may carry a stigma of being "not smart enough," which can negatively impact students' self-esteem.Conclusion.The decision of whether or not to engage in after-school tutoring is not one to be taken lightly. It requires careful consideration of the individual student's needs, the potential benefits and drawbacks, and the financial implications. Parents and educators should work together to determine the best course of action for each student, weighing the arguments on both sides and making an informed decision.Ultimately, the goal of education is to empower students with the knowledge, skills, and confidence they need to succeed in school, in their careers, and in life. After-school tutoring can be a valuable tool in achieving this goal for some students, but it is not the only path to success. It is essential to find a balance between providing students with the support they need and fostering their autonomy and intrinsic motivation forlearning.English response:Huoshan Linch is a traditional Chinese martial art that has been practiced for centuries. It is known for its emphasis on internal energy cultivation, graceful movements, and practical self-defense techniques. The name "Huoshan Linch" translates to "Fire Mountain Forest Fist,"reflecting the power and strength of the martial art.One of the key principles of Huoshan Linch is the concept of "Qi," or vital energy, which is believed to flow through the body and can be harnessed to enhance physical and mental abilities. Practitioners of Huoshan Linch focus on cultivating their Qi through breathing exercises, meditation, and specific movements that help to harmonizethe body and mind.In addition to the internal energy cultivation, Huoshan Linch also includes a wide range of techniques for self-defense, including strikes, blocks, joint locks, and throws. These techniques are practiced in a controlled andrespectful manner, with an emphasis on developing skill, precision, and control.Overall, Huoshan Linch is not just a martial art, but a way of life that promotes physical health, mental clarity, and spiritual growth. Through dedicated practice and study, practitioners can develop a deeper understanding of themselves and their place in the world.Chinese response:火山林澄是一种传统的中国武术，已有数百年的历史。
我喜欢吃什么晚餐英语作文
As an English teacher,Im here to guide you through writing an essay in French English about your favorite dinner.Lets break it down into a structured format that you can follow:Title:My Favorite DinnerIntroduction:Start with a general statement about the importance of dinner in ones daily routine and how it can be a source of joy and relaxation.Mention that everyone has their own preferences when it comes to the evening meal.Body Paragraph1:Introduce your favorite dinner dish.Describe what it is,where it comes from,and why you love it.You can talk about the ingredients,the flavors,and the way its prepared.Example:My favorite dinner is a traditional French dish known as Boeuf Bourguignon.Originating from the Burgundy region of France,this hearty beef stew is a true comfort food.The slowcooked beef is tender and succulent,infused with the rich flavors of red wine,garlic, and a medley of vegetables.Body Paragraph2:Talk about the experience of eating your favorite dinner.Describe the setting,the company,and the atmosphere that makes the meal special.You can also mention any rituals or traditions associated with this meal.Example:Eating Boeuf Bourguignon is an experience that I savor.I usually enjoy it on a chilly evening,preferably with the company of close friends or family.The warmth of the dish, coupled with the soft glow of candlelight,creates an intimate and cozy atmosphere.Its a meal that I often associate with celebrations and gatherings,making it a cherished part of my culinary memories.Body Paragraph3:Discuss the nutritional benefits or the cultural significance of your favorite dinner. Explain why its not just about taste but also about the value it brings to your life.Example:Boeuf Bourguignon is not only a delight to the palate but also a nutritious meal.The beef provides a good source of protein,while the vegetables contribute essential vitamins andminerals.Moreover,the dish is a testament to the rich culinary heritage of France, reflecting the countrys love for hearty,homecooked meals.Conclusion:Wrap up your essay by reiterating your affection for your favorite dinner and how it contributes to your overall wellbeing.You can also express a desire to share this meal with others,spreading the joy it brings.Example:In conclusion,my love for Boeuf Bourguignon goes beyond its delicious taste.Its a meal that nourishes not just the body but also the soul.I look forward to sharing this culinary delight with others,hoping to inspire the same warmth and contentment that it brings to my heart.Remember to use descriptive language and sensory details to make your essay engaging and vivid.Happy writing!。
Unit2BridgingCultures单词讲义-2023-2024学年高中英语人教版选择性
Unit2单词讲义plex词性：形容词、名词中文意思：复杂的，合成的英文释义：posed of many interconnected parts; not simple or easy to understand 词源：来自拉丁语plexus，意为“结合在一起”例句：The instructions were so plex that I couldn't follow them.固定搭配：plex system, plex network, plex structure近义词：plicated, intricate, involvedrecall词性：动词中文意思：召回，回忆起英文释义：to bring back to a place or state; remember词源：来自拉丁语recallere，意为“召唤回来”例句：The pany recalled all the faulty products from the market.固定搭配：recall an event, recall a memory, recall a product近义词：remember, recollect, retrievequalification词性：名词中文意思：资格，条件英文释义：the fact or condition of being qualified or suitable for something词源：来自拉丁语qualificare，意为“使有资格”例句：He has the necessary qualifications for the job.固定搭配：educational qualification, professional qualification, qualification test 近义词：certification, proficiency, petencequalify词性：动词中文意思：使合格，使有资格英文释义：to make someone or something suitable or worthy of something词源：来自拉丁语qualificare，意为“使有资格”例句：She qualified for the final after winning her heat.固定搭配：qualify for a job, qualify for a loan, qualify as a doctor近义词：certify, authorize, entitleambition词性：名词中文意思：雄心，抱负英文释义：a strong desire to do or achieve something important词源：来自法语ambition，意为“野心”例句：His ambition is to bee a successful businessman.固定搭配：personal ambition, career ambition, political ambition近义词：aspiration, goal, objectiveambitious：词性：形容词中文意思：有雄心壮志的，野心勃勃的英文释义：having a strong desire to achieve success or fame词源：来自拉丁语ambitiosus，意为渴望的，贪心的例句：He is an ambitious young man who wants to bee a millionaire before he turns 30.固定搭配：ambitious goal, ambitious plan, ambitious project近义词：aspiring, enterprising, drivenadaptation：词性：名词中文意思：适应，改编英文释义：the process of adjusting to new conditions or surroundings词源：来自拉丁语adaptatio，意为适应，适合例句：The movie is a faithful adaptation of the novel.固定搭配：cultural adaptation, social adaptation, technological adaptation近义词：adjustment, modification, alterationfort：词性：名词、动词中文意思：安慰，舒适英文释义：n. feeling happy, safe, and free from pain or disfort；v. make someone feel better after a difficult experience词源：来自古英语cōmfort，意为舒适，安逸例句：She tried to fort her friend after her breakup.固定搭配：fortable bed, fortable shoes, fortable temperature近义词：solace, ease, reliefcite：词性：动词中文意思：引用，提及英文释义：to mention or refer to something as evidence or support for an argument or statement词源：来自拉丁语citare，意为引用，召唤例句：The author cited several studies to support his claims.固定搭配：cite sources, cite examples, cite statistics近义词：quote, reference, mentionparticipation：词性：名词中文意思：参与，参加英文释义：the act of taking part in an activity or event词源：来自拉丁语participare，意为分享，分担例句：The pany encourages employee participation in decisionmaking processes.固定搭配：participation rate, active participation, passive participation近义词：involvement, engagement, involvementparticipate：词性：动词中文意思：参加，参与英文释义：to take part in an activity or event词源：来自拉丁语participare，意为分享，分担例句：I will participate in the charity walk next month.presentation词性：名词中文意思：展示，陈述，报告英文释义：the act of giving or showing something to an audience词源：来自拉丁语的presentatio，意为“呈现”例句：The presentation of the new product was very successful.固定搭配：give a presentation, make a presentation, presentation skills近义词：demonstration, show, exhibitionengage词性：动词中文意思：使参与，使忙于，雇用，订婚英文释义：to involve someone in an activity or discussion词源：来自古法语的engager，意为“约束，保证”例句：I'm sorry, I can't engage in that conversation right now.固定搭配：engage in, engage with, engage someone's attention, get engaged近义词：occupy, involve, hire, betrothinvolve词性：动词中文意思：涉及，包含，使参与，牵涉英文释义：to include or affect someone or something as a participant or constituent part 词源：来自中古英语的involven，意为“缠绕，卷入”例句：The project involves a lot of work.固定搭配：be involved in, get involved, involve someone in, involve with近义词：include, prise, enpass, entailmessenger词性：名词中文意思：信使，邮递员，传令兵英文释义：a person who carries messages or letters for others词源：来自拉丁语的missimarius，意为“被派遣的人”例句：The messenger delivered the letter to her door.固定搭配：pigeon messenger, courier service, delivery messenger, mail carrier近义词：messenger boy, postman, courier, dispatcheredition词性：名词中文意思：版本，版次，一版印刷物英文释义：a particular form of a book or magazine that is published at a particular time 词源：来自拉丁语的editio，意为“编辑，修订”例句：This is the first edition of the book.固定搭配：hardcover edition, paperback edition, special edition, limited edition近义词：version, issue, printing, runoverwhelming词性：形容词中文意思：压倒性的，势不可挡的英文释义：too great to resist or overe; extremely impressive or powerful词源：overwhelm（淹没）+ ing（表示状态或特性）例句：The team's overwhelming victory left their opponents speechless.固定搭配：overwhelming majority, overwhelming evidence, overwhelming support近义词：sweeping, dominant, crushing, immensehomesickness词性：名词中文意思：思乡病，乡愁英文释义：a feeling of sadness or longing for one's home or family词源：home（家）+ sickness（疾病）例句：Being away from home for so long made him feel homesickness.固定搭配：cure homesickness, homesickness attack, homesickness remedy近义词：nostalgia, yearning, longing, sentimentalitymotivated词性：形容词中文意思：有动力的，有积极性的英文释义：having a strong reason or desire to do something词源：motivate（激励）+ ed（表示被动或完成）例句：She is highly motivated to achieve her goals.固定搭配：motivated worker, motivated student, motivated individual近义词：inspired, driven, enthusiastic, determinedmotivation词性：名词中文意思：动机，动力，诱因英文释义：the reason or reasons for doing something词源：motivate（激励）+ ion（表示抽象概念）例句：His motivation for studying hard is to get into a good university.固定搭配：lack of motivation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation近义词：drive, incentive, purpose, causemotivate词性：动词中文意思：激励，激发，推动英文释义：to give someone the enthusiasm and selfconfidence needed to do something successfully词源：motive（动机）+ ate（表示使动）例句：The coach's words motivated the team to play better.advisor词性：名词中文意思：顾问，劝告者英文释义：a person who gives professional advice or guidance词源：来自拉丁语advisus，意为“预先考虑的”例句：He is a financial advisor.（他是一名财务顾问。
喜欢自助餐厅原因英语作文
When it comes to dining options,the buffetstyle restaurant is a popular choice for many people.There are several reasons why individuals might prefer a selfservice restaurant over other dining experiences.Here are some of the key reasons why people might be drawn to the buffet experience:1.Variety:One of the most appealing aspects of a buffet is the wide array of food choices available.Diners can enjoy a diverse selection of dishes,from appetizers to desserts, often including a range of cuisines.This variety caters to different tastes and dietary preferences,ensuring that everyone can find something they enjoy.2.Freedom of Choice:Buffets offer the freedom to choose exactly what you want to eat and how much of it.Theres no need to be limited by a set menu or to worry about whether a particular dish will be to your liking.You can sample a little bit of everything or focus on your favorite items.3.Portion Control:With a buffet,you have control over the portions you consume.This is particularly beneficial for those who are watching their weight or have specific dietary needs.You can take as little or as much as you like,without the pressure of ordering a full dish that you may not finish.4.CostEffectiveness:Buffets often provide good value for money.For a fixed price, diners can enjoy an unlimited amount of food.This can be especially appealing for those who have larger appetites or who enjoy trying a variety of dishes without the worry of a mounting bill.5.Social Dining:Buffets can be a social dining experience.Friends and family can gather around the table and share their food choices,making it a communal and interactive experience.Its also a great option for large groups,as it eliminates the need for coordinating individual orders.6.Convenience:Buffets are often set up in a way that makes it easy for diners to move around and choose their food.This can be more convenient than waiting for a server to take your order or for dishes to be prepared and served.7.Freshness:Many buffets pride themselves on the freshness of their offerings.Diners can see the food being prepared or can choose from dishes that are constantly being replenished,ensuring that the food is as fresh as possible.8.Cultural Experience:Buffets can also provide a cultural experience,especially those that specialize in a particular type of cuisine.Diners can explore the flavors and dishes ofa different culture without having to travel.9.Adaptability:Buffets can be adapted to different occasions,from casual lunches to formal dinners.They can also cater to special dietary needs,such as vegetarian,vegan,or glutenfree options,making them inclusive for all diners.10.Simplicity:For some,the simplicity of a buffet is a refreshing change from the often complex dining experiences offered by other restaurants.Theres no need to navigate a complicated menu or worry about the etiquette of ordering.In conclusion,the buffetstyle restaurant offers a unique and versatile dining experience that appeals to a wide range of people for various reasons.Whether its for the variety,the freedom of choice,or the social aspect,buffets continue to be a popular choice for many diners.。
交流活动英语作文
When it comes to writing an essay about an exchange activity in English,its important to structure your thoughts in a clear and engaging manner.Here are some key points to consider when crafting your essay:1.Introduction:Begin with a captivating introduction that outlines the purpose of the exchange activity.Mention the context in which the activity took place and why it was significant.Example:The cultural exchange program was an eyeopening experience that bridged the gap between different cultures,fostering understanding and friendship among participants from diverse backgrounds.2.Background Information:Provide some background on the exchange program, including its origins,objectives,and the countries or institutions involved.Example:Organized by the International Student Association,the program aimed to promote global awareness and cultural appreciation through a series of interactive sessions and collaborative projects.3.Personal Experience:Describe your personal involvement in the exchange activity. Include details about the activities you participated in,such as workshops,discussions,or cultural performances.Example:I had the opportunity to attend a series of workshops on traditional crafts, where I learned the art of origami from a Japanese student and the intricacies of African drumming from a participant from Ghana.4.Interactions and Learnings:Discuss the interactions you had with other participants and the insights you gained from these experiences.Highlight any cultural differences or similarities that were revealed.Example:The exchange allowed me to appreciate the diversity in our approaches to problemsolving and creativity.For instance,while some cultures favored a more structured approach to tasks,others were more spontaneous and improvisational.5.Challenges and Solutions:Address any challenges you faced during the exchange and how they were overcome.This could include language barriers,cultural misunderstandings,or logistical issues.Example:Language barriers were initially a hurdle,but the use of English as acommon language and the incorporation of visual aids helped us to communicate effectively and learn from one another.6.Impact and Reflection:Reflect on the impact the exchange had on you personally and professionally.Discuss how it has influenced your worldview and your approach to future interactions with people from different cultures.Example:The exchange activity profoundly impacted my perspective on global citizenship.It taught me the importance of openmindedness and adaptability in a multicultural world.7.Conclusion:Conclude your essay by summarizing the key points and expressing your overall sentiment about the exchange experience.You may also suggest the benefits of such programs for others and the potential for future initiatives.Example:In conclusion,the cultural exchange was a transformative journey that enriched my life with new friendships,knowledge,and a deeper appreciation for the worlds rich tapestry of cultures.It is my hope that more such programs will be established to foster global harmony and understanding.Remember to proofread your essay for grammar,punctuation,and spelling errors.Also, ensure that your essay flows logically from one point to the next,making it easy for readers to follow your narrative.。
关于食堂的英语作文
The cafeteria is a central hub in many educational institutions,workplaces,and public areas,serving as a communal space for individuals to dine,socialize,and take a break from their daily routines.Writing an essay about a cafeteria can encompass various aspects,such as its importance in the community,the food served,the ambiance,and the role it plays in fostering a sense of belonging.Title:The Heart of the Community:Our School CafeteriaIn the bustling environment of our school,the cafeteria stands as a sanctuary where students,teachers,and staff converge to nourish not only their bodies but also their souls. It is a place where the aroma of freshly cooked meals mingles with the chatter of animated conversations,creating an atmosphere that is uniquely comforting and vibrant.The Importance of the CafeteriaThe cafeteria is more than just a place to eat it is a cornerstone of our school community. It is here that friendships are forged,ideas are exchanged,and the school spirit is nurtured. The cafeteria is a melting pot of cultures,as students from diverse backgrounds come together to share meals,which often include a variety of dishes that cater to different dietary preferences and cultural tastes.The Food ExperienceThe quality of the food served in the cafeteria is a testament to the institutions commitment to the wellbeing of its members.The menu is carefully curated to offer a balance of nutrition and flavor,ensuring that students have access to healthy and satisfying meals.From hearty breakfast options to a wide array of lunch choices,the cafeteria provides a culinary journey that is both delicious and nourishing.The AmbianceThe design and layout of the cafeteria contribute to its inviting fortable seating arrangements,vibrant colors,and natural lighting create a space that is conducive to relaxation and socialization.The cafeteria is also adorned with artwork and decorations that reflect the schools values and achievements,further enhancing the sense of pride and belonging among its patrons.The Role in Fostering CommunityThe cafeteria plays a crucial role in fostering a sense of community within the school.It is a space where students can unwind,away from the pressures of the classroom.It is also a platform for various events,such as cultural celebrations,talent shows,and fundraisers, which bring the school community together in a spirit of unity and camaraderie.Challenges and ImprovementsDespite its many benefits,the cafeteria also faces challenges,such as maintaining food quality,managing waste,and ensuring inclusivity.To address these issues,the school has implemented measures such as recycling programs,food waste reduction initiatives,and regular feedback sessions with students to improve the overall dining experience.ConclusionIn conclusion,the cafeteria is an integral part of our school,serving as a space for nourishment,socialization,and community building.It is a place where students can recharge their batteries,share their experiences,and feel a sense of belonging.As we continue to evolve and grow,the cafeteria remains a constant,a heart that beats with the rhythm of our school life.This essay provides a comprehensive look at the role of the cafeteria in a school setting, highlighting its significance in the daily lives of its members and the community as a whole.。
英语作文 自助餐
When it comes to dining experiences,the buffet is a popular choice for many due to its variety and convenience.Here are some key points to consider when writing an essay about buffets:1.Introduction to Buffets:Begin your essay by introducing the concept of a buffet. Mention that it is a style of dining where guests can serve themselves from a wide array of dishes laid out on a table.2.Historical Background:Provide a brief historical context of buffets.They originated in France during the19th century as a convenient way for hosts to serve large numbers of guests without the need for multiple courses served simultaneously.3.Types of Buffets:Discuss the different types of buffets available today,such as breakfast buffets,lunch buffets,dinner buffets,and themed buffets like seafood or international cuisine.4.Advantages of Buffets:Highlight the benefits of buffet dining.These may include the ability to cater to various dietary preferences,the freedom to choose portion sizes,and the convenience of not having to wait for courses to be served.5.Disadvantages of Buffets:Address the potential downsides of buffets as well.Some people may feel overwhelmed by the choices,and there can be issues with food waste if guests take more than they can eat.6.Etiquette and Manners:Talk about the proper etiquette when dining at a buffet.This includes taking only what you can eat to avoid waste,using serving utensils properly,and being mindful of other diners in line.7.Popularity and Trends:Discuss the popularity of buffets and any recent trends in the dining industry,such as the rise of vegan or glutenfree options in buffets to cater to specific dietary needs.8.Personal Experience:Share a personal anecdote or experience at a buffet to make your essay more engaging.Describe the atmosphere,the variety of food,and your overall impression.9.Conclusion:Conclude your essay by summarizing the main points and expressing your personal opinion on buffet dining.You might also suggest how buffets could be improved or adapted to changing consumer preferences.10.Future Outlook:End with a look towards the future of buffets,considering how they might evolve to meet new demands or incorporate technological advancements,such as digital menus or automated food stations.Remember to use descriptive language to paint a vivid picture of the buffet experience for your readers,and to structure your essay in a clear and logical manner.。
烤肉的重要性英语作文
Barbecuing, often referred to as BBQ, is a culinary art that has been cherished across various cultures for centuries. The importance of barbecuing extends beyond just the enjoyment of a delicious meal it encompasses social, cultural, and even health aspects that make it an integral part of many societies.Firstly, barbecuing is a social activity that brings people together. Its a tradition that encourages communal eating, where friends and family gather around a grill or smoker, sharing stories, laughter, and the anticipation of a meal thats being prepared with love and care. This communal aspect of barbecuing fosters a sense of belonging and strengthens social bonds.Secondly, barbecuing is a cultural phenomenon that varies from region to region, reflecting the diversity of flavors and cooking techniques. For instance, in the American South, barbecuing is synonymous with slowcooked meats, often pork, that are marinated in a variety of sauces and spices. In contrast, Argentine asado involves grilling large cuts of meat over an open fire, and in Japan, yakiniku is a style of barbecuing where diners cook their own meat at the table. Each of these styles is a testament to the local flavors and traditions that make barbecuing a unique culinary experience.From a health perspective, barbecuing can be a healthier cooking method compared to other forms of cooking, such as frying or deepfrying. When done correctly, grilling can reduce the amount of fat in the food, as the fat drips away from the meat onto the fire. Additionally, the Maillard reaction that occurs during grilling creates a complex flavor profile that is not only delicious but also contributes to the overall appeal of the dish.Furthermore, barbecuing is a creative outlet for many. It allows individuals to experiment with different types of meat, marinades, and cooking techniques, thus expanding their culinary skills and knowledge. The art of barbecuing is not just about the end result but also about the process of mastering the craft.Lastly, barbecuing is a tradition that has been passed down through generations. Its a way of preserving history and culture through food. The stories and memories associated with barbecuing are often deeply rooted in family and community, making it a cherished practice that connects people to their heritage.In conclusion, the importance of barbecuing cannot be understated. It is a social, cultural, and gastronomic experience that enriches our lives and brings people together. Whether its a backyard gathering or a cultural festival, the art of barbecuing will continue to be a celebrated tradition for years to come.。
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Journal of Wind Engineeringand Industrial Aerodynamics90(2002)2045–2055 Background component of buffeting response ofcable-stayed bridgesM.Gu a,*,S.R.Chen a,C.C.Chang ba State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering,Tongji University,Shanghai200092,Chinab Department of Civil Engineering,Hong Kong University of Science&Technology,Hong Kong,ChinaAbstractFor practical purpose,buffeting response of cable-stayed bridges to wind excitation is usually analytically determined by single-mode-based method,and the resultant response is written as the composition of the resonant component and the background component by the square root of sum squares(SRSS)method.The background component is sometimes neglected for simplifying computations.In the present paper,numerical computations on four representative cable-stayed bridges in China indicate that the background component usually has a significant contribution to the buffeting response of long-span cable-stayed bridges. Parametric studies on the effects of structural parameters on the buffeting background components for these four bridges are also performed.A simplified method introduced in literatures for estimation of the background component of buffeting response is then briefly discussed.Finally an approximate method for estimating thefirst vertical bending mode-buffeting response of cable-stayed bridges is proposed.r2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Cable-stayed bridges;Buffeting response;Background component;Simplified method1.IntroductionLong-span cable-stayed bridges may exhibit wind-induced vibration phenomena such asflutter,buffeting and vortex oscillation under wind excitation.Buffeting is a kind of random vibration induced by turbulence in the oncoming wind.In practical application,buffeting response of a bridge is usually estimated in frequency domain as the composition of several single degree of freedom responses using the square *Corresponding author.Fax:+86-21-65981210.E-mail address:minggu@(M.Gu).0167-6105/02/$-see front matter r2002Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.PII:S0167-6105(02)00320-3root of sum squares (SRSS)method [1,2].Although methods for multi-mode coupled buffeting response have already been studied [3,4],single-mode-based SRSS method still plays an important role in buffeting response analysis for practical purposes due to its simplicity.The buffeting response is usually separately evaluated as background and resonant components.In practical analysis of buffeting response of some bridges [5],and in some codes [6]and in methods for equivalent static load distributions [7],the background component was usually omitted for simplification of the computation procedure.However,the effect of such an omission on the total buffeting response has not been analyzed in detail.A simplified method was recommended in [5]to compute the background component of buffeting response.This method was developed based on an assumption that the function describing the spatial coherence of fluctuating wind velocity keeps a constant over the whole frequency range.This method can greatly simplify the computation procedure indeed,but its validation has not been available.In this paper,four representative cable-stayed bridges in China are computed to investigate the contribution of the background component to the total buffeting response of cable-stayed bridges.The simplified method for estimation of the background component of buffeting response of bridges introduced in [5]is then briefly discussed.Finally an approximate method for estimating the first vertical bending mode-buffeting response of cable-stayed bridges is proposed.2.Basic formulationThe deflection components of the bridge deck can be expressed as [8]vertical :h ðx ;t Þ¼Xih i ðx ÞB x i ðt Þ;ð1Þtorsion :a ðx ;t Þ¼Xia i ðx Þx i ðt Þ;ð2Þsway :p ðx ;t Þ¼Xip i ðx ÞB x i ðt Þ;ð3Þwhere x i ðt Þis the i th generalized coordinate of the bridge;B is the deck width;h i ðx Þ;a i ðx Þand p i ðx Þare the i th modal shape functions.The multi-mode coupling equation governing the bridge motion under wind action can be written in matrix style asI x 00þA x 0þC x ¼Q b ;ð4Þwhere x is the generalized coordinate vector;a prime represents a derivative with respect to dimensionless time s ¼Ut =B ;U is the wind speed on the bridge deck;I is an identity matrix;A and C are the damping and stiffness matrices,respectively;Q b is the buffeting force vector.Eq.(4)can be Fourier-transformed into reduced frequency (K )domain as:E %x ¼%Q b ;ð5ÞM.Gu et al./J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.90(2002)2045–20552046where %xand %Q b are the Fourier transforms of x and Q b vectors,respectively.A general term of the impedance matrix E is E ij ¼ÀK 2d ij þi KA ij ðK ÞþC ij ðK Þ;Kð¼B o =U Þis the reduced frequency;i ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiÀ1p ;d ij is the Kronecker delta function.If only the diagonal terms of the matrix E are kept,which means that the coupling items in the motion equation are omitted,Eq.(5)can be easily solved.Thus RMS value of the single-mode-based buffeting response can be obtained by using SRSS method to all the selected single mode-buffeting responses ass ðx Þ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiX i s 2i ðx Þq ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiX i d 2B r 2i ðx Þr B 4l I i U 2Z N 01j E ii ðK Þj 2S Q b i Q b i ðK Þd K s ;ð6Þwhere s i ðx Þis the i th single-mode response;I i is the i th generalized inertia moment ofmass;l is the main span length of the bridge;r is the air density;r i ðx Þ¼a i ðx Þor h i ðx Þor p i ðx Þ;d B ¼1for r ¼a ;B for r ¼h ;p (ð7Þand the power spectrum of the buffeting force Q b has the following form:S Q b i Q b i ðK Þ¼R %q i ðK ÞS u ðK ÞþR %r i ðK ÞS w ðK Þ;ð8ÞwhereR %q i ðK Þ¼Z l 0Zl0%q i ðx A Þ%qi ðx B Þe Àc ðK Þj x A Àx B j =l d x A l d x Bl;ð9ÞR %r i ðK Þ¼Z l 0Zl 0%r i ðx A Þ%r i ðx B Þe Àc ðK Þx A Àx B j j =ld x A l d x Bl;ð10Þ%q i ðx Þ¼2½C L h i ðx ÞþC D p i ðx ÞþC M a i ðx Þ ;ð11Þ%r i ðx Þ¼ðC 0LþC D Þh i ðx ÞþC 0D p i ðx ÞþC 0M a i ðx Þ;ð12Þc ðK Þ¼l Kl2p Bð7p l p 20Þ:ð13ÞC L ;C D and C M are the coefficients of lift,drag and moment of the bridge deck,respectively.A prime over the coefficients represents a derivative with respect to attack angle of wind.The power spectra of the longitudinal and vertical fluctuating wind speed components u ðt Þand w ðt Þin Eq.(8)take Kaimal’s and Panofsky’s expressions [2],respectively,asS u ðn Þ¼200zu 2ÃU ð1þ50f Þ;ð14ÞS w ðn Þ¼3:36zu 2ÃU ð1þ10f 5=3Þ:ð15ÞM.Gu et al./J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.90(2002)2045–20552047z is the elevation of the deck above water;f ¼nz =U ;n is the vibration frequency;u Ãis the friction velocity.Based on a fair approximation,Eq.(6)can be rewritten ass i ðx Þ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffis 2r i þs 2b iq ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffid 2B r 2i ðx Þr B 4l 2I i U *K 2i 2U *K 8B *z i S Q b i Q b i ð*K i ÞþZ N0S Q b i Q b i ðK Þd K s ;ð16Þwhere s r i is the resonant component of the i th mode-buffeting response,which isusually considered to be the i th total buffeting response in some practical applications;s b i is the background component of the i th mode-buffeting response;*K i ¼K i ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi1ÀA o r ð1=K i ÞðI ar =I i Þp ;*z i ¼z i ðK i =*K i ÞÀA z r ð*K i =2ÞðI ar =I i Þ;K i ¼2p Bn i =U ;A o r ¼H Ã4;P Ã4;A Ã3as well as A z r ¼H Ã1;P Ã1;A Ã2for r ¼h ;p ;a ;respectively;I ar ¼r B 2l d 0B =2is the aerodynamic moment of mode r ;d 0B ¼B for r ¼a ;1for r ¼h ;p :(n i is the i th natural frequency.It is reasonable to study the contribution of the background component to the i th total buffeting response by investigating the difference between s r i and s i :This difference,which is denoted by Z i ;is here expressed by the ratio of s r i to s i :Z i ¼s r i s i ¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi11þb i s ;ð17Þwhereb i ¼8B *zi U *Ki R NS Q b i Q b i ðK Þd KS Q b iQ b ið*Ki Þ:ð18ÞDue to the existence of a triple integration in Eqs.(16)and (18),their closed formscannot be obtained.In order to remove the triple integration item from Eqs.(16)and (18)and simplify the computation,c ðK Þin Eqs.(9)and (10),which describes the spatial correlation of fluctuating wind velocity along the bridge,was assumed to be c ð*K i Þ;namely a constant,in [5].Thus the spectrum of buffeting force S Q b i Q b i ðK Þin Eq.(3)was simplified asS Q b i Q b i ðK ÞE R %q i ð*K i ÞS u ðK ÞþR %r i ð*K i ÞS w ðK Þ:ð19ÞWith this simplification,the closed forms can be derived,which is given in Ref.[8].To check the reliability of the simplification,a ratio similar to Eq.(17)is defined based on the simplification in Eq.(19)as%Z i ¼s r i s i¼ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi11þ%b i s ;ð20ÞM.Gu et al./J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.90(2002)2045–20552048where%s i is the RMS of the i th total buffeting displacement obtained from the simplified method;%b i ¼*zip*f i6A rþ1:6750A r=ð1þ50*f iÞ5=3þ0:84=ð1þ10*f5=3iÞ;ð21Þ*f i ¼*Kiz2p Bð22ÞandA r¼2C LCLþC D2;r¼h;2C DC0D2;r¼p;2C MC0M2;r¼a:8>>>>>>>>><>>>>>>>>>:ð23Þ3.Parametric studies on background componentFor most cable-stayed bridges,the1st vertical bending buffeting usually makes most contribution to the total buffeting response,and the other mode-buffeting responses could be omitted from a practical point of view[9–12].So,only the ratio of the resonant component to thefirst vertical bending mode-buffeting response, namely Z v1;is investigated.Four representative cable-stayed bridges in China are carefully chosen and numerically studied.The main parameters of these bridges are listed in Table1.From the equations in Section2,it can be found that the main factors affecting the quantity of Z v1are n1;z1;z=U and the aerodynamic force coefficients.To disclose the effect of a certain factor on Z v1;the other factors are kept constants when this selected factor is under study.The numerical results indicate that the values of Z v1for Table1Main parameters of the our cable-stayed bridges[9–12]Name Main spanlength(m)Deck and pylon style1st mode verticalbending frequencyYangpu Bridge602Composite deck,two pylons0.286Tongling Bridge overYangtze River432Concrete box deck,two pylons0.275Hengqin Bridge240Concrete box deck,one pylon0.535Xupu Bridge590Composite deck,two pylons0.306M.Gu et al./J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.90(2002)2045–20552049all the four cable-stayed bridges vary with the factors in much the same way.Thus,only the results of Yangpu Bridge and Hengqin Bridge are shown hereafter.3.1.Effect of n 1of the bridgeTo study the effect of the first vertical bending frequency,n 1;on Z v1;n 1is assumed to vary around the original value for each of the bridges.The numerical results of Yannpu Bridge and Hengqin Bridge are presented in Figs.1and 2,respectively.In the figures,the x -axis is n 1=n v1;where n 1is the variable natural frequency and n v1is the original natural frequency of the first vertical bending mode of the bridge.The results shown in these two figures indicate that Z v1decreases with the increase in n 1in a linear way.This means that a higher natural frequency will result in a larger background component.3.2.Effect of z/UFigs.3and 4illustrate,respectively,the effects of z =U on Z v1for Yangpu Bridge and Hengqin Bridge.The value of z of Yangpu Bridge is about 60m.For Yangpu Bridge,when the velocity U equals 30m/s,i.e.z =U ¼2;Z v1is 85%;when U is 15m/s,Z v1decreases to 73%.The other bridges have the same tendencies.The results indicate that for cable-stayed bridges Z v1is usually smaller at low velocity than that at high velocity,that is to say,the lower the velocity,the larger the background component.Thus,it would be very important to take the background component into account for the estimation of fatigue life of a bridge due to buffeting.0.650.700.750.800.850.900.95 1.00 1.05 1.105060708090100A: U=40m/s; B: U=30m/s;C: U=15m/s; D: U=8m/s.DBCAηv 1(%)n/n 1Fig.1.Z v1versus frequency for Yangpu Bridge.M.Gu et al./J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.90(2002)2045–205520503.3.Effect of structural damping ratioThe effects of the structural damping ratio on Z v1for Yangpu Bridge and Hengqin Bridge are shown in Figs.5and 6,respectively.It is found from these figures that Z v1decreases with the structural damping ratio in a nearly linear way as well.0.440.460.480.500.520.540.560.587580859095100CBAA: U=50m/s B: U=25m/s C: U=10m/sηv 1(%)f (Hz)Fig.2.Z v1versus frequency for Hengqin Bridge.1234567860657075808590ηv 1(%)z/UFig.3.Z v1versus z =U for Yangpu Bridge.M.Gu et al./J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.90(2002)2045–205520513.4.Effect of aerodynamic force coefficientsFor all the four bridges,when the original values of the aerodynamic forcecoefficients (C L ;C 0L and C D )are multiplied by constants from 0.01to 20,Z v1changes little (p 3%).This seems to indicate that the aerodynamic force coefficients are not important factors affecting the quantity of Z v1:0.250.500.751.001.251.501.752.002.252.50828486889092949698ηv 1(%)z/UFig.4.Z v1versus z =U for Hengqin Bridge.0.000.010.020.030.040.050.06657075808590ηv 1(%)ζFig.5.Z v1versus structural damping ratio for Yangpu Bridge.M.Gu et al./J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.90(2002)2045–205520524.Difference between g v 1and %gv 1The above numerical results indicate that the background component usually hassignificant contribution to the first vertical bending buffeting response,and thus the background component may not be negligible in buffeting analysis of cable-stayed bridges for most cases.%Z v1is computed using Eq.(20)and then is compared with Z v1to investigate their difference.For Yangpu Bridge under a wind speed of 30m/s,%Z v1is 94.9%.This means that for Yangpu Bridge the resonant component estimated using the simplified method occupies about 95%of the first vertical bending mode buffeting response,and thus the background buffeting component could be neglected from a practical point of view.However,under the same condition,Z v1equals 84%,as shown in Fig.1.The numerical results of the other bridges also show that their %Z v1are generally over 90%,much larger than the corresponding results of Z v1:This seems to suggest that the contribution of the background response would be underestimated if the simplification method is used.5.An approximate method for resultant buffeting responseAn approximate formula for estimating the value of Z v1can be given through curve fitting on the results of Z v1of the four cable-stayed bridges asZ v1¼ð0:315K 2À3:163K þ6:415Þz 1Àð0:120K À0:2Þn 1À0:804;ð24Þwhere K ¼z =U :The precision of the above approximate formula will be discussed in the next two case studies.1000.000.010.020.030.040.050.069092949698ηv 1(%)ζFig.6.Z v1versus structural damping ratio for Hengqin Bridge.M.Gu et al./J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.90(2002)2045–20552053On the other hand,the formula for the total buffeting response of the first vertical bending mode can be derived from Eq.(17)as follows:s v1¼s r1=Z v1:ð25ÞUsing the above two formulas one can easily find the approximate total buffeting response of a cable-stayed bridge.The resonant buffeting response,s r i ;can be obtained from some practical methods,such as the buffeting response spectrum method [13].Xupu cable-stayed bridge,whose main parameters are given in Table 1,is firstly taken as an example to show the application and to investigate the precision of the present approximate method.The first vertical bending frequency of this bridge is 0.306Hz;the first bending damping ratio is assumed to be 0.01;and the wind speed at the deck level takes 17m/s.As a result,the RMS of the resonant buffeting displacement is 0.345cm from the buffeting response spectrum method.The value of Z v1is 0.755from Eq.(24).This means that for Xupu Bridge the resonant component is 75.5%of the total buffeting response of the first vertical bending mode.From Eq.(25)the RMS value of the approximate total buffeting response is 0.475cm.On the other hand,the precise RMS value of the first vertical bending buffeting displacement is 0.472cm from Eq.(16).The error between the approximate buffeting displacement and the precise one is 0.64%.Then the approximate method is used for estimating the buffeting displacement of the Qingzhou Bridge over Min River,also a cable-stayed bridge.This bridge has a main span of 605m and a steel box deck.Its first vertical bending frequency is 0.2784Hz.The structural damping ratio and the wind speed at the bridge deck level are assumed to be 0.005and 30m/s,respectively.The computed RMS resonant buffeting displacement of the first vertical bending mode,s r1;is 11.64cm using the buffeting response spectrum method.The value of Z v1is 0.591.Thus the estimated RMS value of the resultant buffeting displacement is 14.33cm from the present approximate method.Besides,the precise value is 14.14cm from Eq.(16).The error between the approximate value and the precise one is only 2.78%,which is acceptable for practical purpose.The above results are further summarized in Table 2.Table 2Estimated buffeting responses Bridge name Main span length (m)f v1(Hz)U (m/s)Z v1s r1(cm)s v1from Eq.(25)(cm)s v1from Eq.(16)(cm)Error (%)Xupu 5900.306170.7550.3450.4750.4720.64Qingzhou6050.278300.59111.6414.3314.142.78M.Gu et al./J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.90(2002)2045–20552054M.Gu et al./J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn.90(2002)2045–20552055 6.Concluding remarksIn this paper,a numerical study on four representative cable-stayed bridges in China is performed to investigate the contribution of the background component to the total buffeting response of cable-stayed bridges.The background component usually contribute around or over15%to the total response of thefirst vertical bending mode.Higher natural frequency and damping and lower wind speed will result in larger background component.The simplified method in[5]for background component of buffeting response might underestimate the background buffeting component.An approximate method for the total buffeting displacement of thefirst vertical bending mode of cable-stayed bridges isfinally derived.Two case studies indicate that the approximate method is convenient to be used and its precision is acceptable for practical purpose.AcknowledgementsThis project is co-supported by the National Science Foundation for the Outstanding Youth and University Key Teacher by the Ministry of Education, which are 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